Perfect English Grammar PDF

The Present Simple Tense ‫زمن المضارع البسيط‬
Positive Form:
I He s
We infinitive She infinitive + es
you It ies
They
e.g. We obey our parents.
I live in Mallawy.
We always put litter in baskets.
Nasser likes geography.
Omar feeds his animals every day.
1-We add "es" to verbs ending in a hissing sound as (ss – ch – sh – o – x -z).

- pass passes - teach teaches
- push pushes - go goes
- mix mixes - fez fezzes
2 - If the verb ending in "y" preceded by a consonant; delete "y" then add "ies".
- carry carries - study studies
- marry marries - hurry hurries
Negative Form: ‫الشكل المنفى‬
I He
We don’t + infinitive She doesn't infinitive
you It
They
I don’t tell lies.
She doesn’t laugh at her friends.
But note:
If there is (always, usually, often, sometimes and frequently) in the sentence
we add (never) instead. (without any Changes)
e.g. We never shout at old people.
79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 9 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

Interrogative Form: ‫الشكل أالستفهامي‬
Yes / No Questions: )‫أسئلة تبدأ ب(هل) و أال جابه عن هذه أالسئله تكون ب(نعم) أو (ال‬
I
Do + you + infinitive + complement?
we
they
Yes, I speak English fluently. (ask)
Do you speak English fluently?
Yes, I do. (or) No, I don't.
Yes, they study hard. (ask)
Do they study hard?
Yes, they do. (or) No, they don't.
he
Does + she + infinitive + complement?
it
Yes, Kabuki comes from Japan.
Does Kabuki come from Japan?
Yes, he does. (or) No, he doesn't.
Wh Questions: ‫طريقة السؤال‬
Question word + do / does + subject + infinitive +complement?
I speak Italian fluently. (Begin with: How…….?)

How do you speak Italian?
They go to school by bus. (Begin with: How…….?)
How do they go to school?
He goes to his office at half past seven. (Begin with: What time)
What time does he go to his office?

Use:
The present simple is used to describe: :‫يستخدم المضارع البسيط لوصف‬
1 - Facts: ‫الحقائق‬
There are eight planets in our Solar System.
A dolphin is a mammal not a fish.
A bee has five eyes.
Water freezes at 0◦ Celsius.
Metal expands by heating.
The earth goes round the sun.
2 - Things that are true in general: ‫لوصف أشياء حقيقية في العموم‬

e.g. Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
Rice doesn't grow in Britain.
3 - Repeated actions (Habits): ‫لوصف العادات‬

Ahmad always prays in mosque.
Mariam always helps her mother in the kitchen.
Ahmad often helps the poor.
4 - Describing someone or something: ‫لوصف شخص أو شيء‬

Al Shahat Mabrouk has a strong body.
I'm three years older than my brother.
Maghrabi speaks two languages fluently.
Elephants are the biggest animals on land.
5 - Nationalities and jobs: ‫لإلخبار عن الجنسيات و الوظائف‬

Frédrék comes from France.
Mr. Ahmad is our English teacher.
6 - Feelings: ‫لوصف المشاعر‬

We all love our prophet Mohammad.
I like praying in Al-Azhar Mosque.
Adel doesn't like tea. He likes coffee.

7 - Timetables and programs: ‫لإلعالن عن جداول المواعيد و البرامج‬
Tomorrow is Monday.
The train to Alexandria leaves at 6 a.m.
8 - Dramatic Use: ‫لالستخدام الدرامي‬

To describe what is going on in a play or a story. ‫لوصف ما يحدث في مسرحيه أو قصه‬
Farid walks down to the blocks of flats on the corner. He goes through the
door and presses the button for the lift. He……………………
9 - To describe what is going on in a match. ‫لوصف أحداث مباراة‬
Abu Trieka gives the ball to Wael . Wael runs with ball . He passes ……….
10 - It is used to express the future with these joining words:

As soon as - after - before - till - until - when
e.g. As soon as I meet him, I shall tell him the news.
I will wait until he comes
I won't go out till it stops raining.
11 - It is used with conditional clauses. (Type 1)

e.g If you study hard, you will succeed.
If he travels to India, he will see Taj Mahal.
Keywords:
every ‫كل‬ on Fridays ‫في أيام الجمع‬

always "‫دائما‬ twice a day/a week/a month .....‫مرتان‬
often "‫غالبا‬ ever (in questions) )‫من قبل (في السؤال‬
sometimes "‫أحيانا‬ never (in negative) "‫أبدا‬
rarely "‫نادرا‬ on holidays ‫في األجازات‬
seldom "‫نادرا‬ frequently "‫مرارا‬
scarcely "‫نادرا‬ occasionally ‫من حين آلخر‬
generally "‫عموما‬

* Different Forms of the tense in brief:
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I I I
You You you
We work We don't work Do we work?
They They they
He He he
She works She doesn't work Does she work?
It It it
Exercise
Correct the verbs between brackets:
1 - The sun …………….. (rise) in the east.
2 - Bees …………………… (make) honey.
3 - Liars …………………. (not / tell) the truth.
4 - Cats …………………. (catch) mice, but they ………………. (not / eat) them.
5 - Hens ……………….. (give) us eggs, they ………………… (not / give) us milk.
6 - Teachers ……………….. (work) at school
7 - Rana …………………. (not / drink) tea very often.
8 - I ……………………… (make) my bed every morning.
9 - My father……………………… (read) the news daily.
10 - My brother usually ……………….. (play) tennis twice a week.
The Answers of the Exercise

1 rises 3 don't tell 5 give/don't give 7 doesn't drink 9 reads
2 make 4 catch/don't eat 6 work 8 make 10 plays
Exercise Mark Degree Procedure Total

Exercise

The Past Simple Tense ‫زمن الماضي البسيط‬
Tense
* Positive Form:
* There are two kinds of Verbs "Regular verbs" and "Irregular verbs":
"‫هناك نوعين من األفعال "أفعال منتظمة" و "أفعال غير منتظمة‬
(A) - Regular Verbs ‫األفعال المنتظمة‬
Infinitive + d / ed / ied
- We add "ed" to the end of a regular verb.
walk walked talk talked
- We add "d" to the end of a regular verb ending in "e".
move moved score scored
- We add "ied" to the end of a regular verb ending in "y" preceded by a
consonant letter then delete "y".
carry carried marry married
- One syllabled verbs that ending in a consonant letter preceded by a vowel
letter; we double the consonant letter:
drop dropped stop stopped
Some verbs don’t follow this rule: ‫بعض األفعال ال تتبع هذه القاعدة‬
a) verbs ending in "lop":
develop developed envelop enveloped
b) Some other verbs that aren’t stressed at the end:
open opened
e.g. I visited my sick friend last Friday.
My father in law invited me to dinner yesterday.
Abu Trieka scored three goals in yesterday's match.
I tried to mend my motorbike last Tuesday, but in vain.
My cousin married to an engineer.
Scientists developed new ways of fighting harmful insects.
Yesterday, I opened the front door and found a letter from my cousin.
(B) -Irregular Verbs ‫أفعال غير منتظمة‬

(1) - No changes: (2) – One Change: (3) – Two changes:
cut cut cut catch caught caught see saw seen
hit hit hit buy bought bought swim swam swum

e.g. Last Thursday, I bought a new monitor.
I made a delicious cake on my brother's birthday.
Negative Form:
didn’t + infinitive
e.g. I didn’t see my nephew in the wedding party yesterday.
Nader didn’t attend the meeting last Monday. He was ill.
They didn’t watch the match last Monday.
* Interrogative Form:
Did + subject + infinitive + complement?
e.g. yes, I helped my uncle on the farm.

Did you help your uncle on the farm?
Affirmative short answer: Yes, I did.
Negative short answer : No, I didn’t.
Yes, Ola cleaned the carpets.
Did Ola clean the carpet?
Yes, she did. (or) No, she didn't.
* Question Form:
Question word + did + subject + infinitive + complement?
e.g. I did my homework at six yesterday.
What time did you do your homework?
.‫( فيتم استخدامهم في السؤال أو النفى‬was - were) ‫إذا كانت الجملة تحتوى على‬
e.g. Yes, I was ill yesterday.
Were you ill yesterday?
Yes, I was. (or) No, I wasn't.
Yes, they were very busy doing some exercise.
Were they very busy doing some exercise?
Yes. they were (or) No, they weren't.
Use:
1 - To Express an action which started and finished in the past:
‫لوصف حدث بدأ و أنتهي في الماضي‬
Last Friday, I sold my old car and bought a new one.
Yesterday, I had an important meeting.
2 - To express actions that follow each other in a story:
‫لوصف أحداث متتابعة في قصة‬
Once I had a nightingale. It sang beautifully especially at night. It flew away
when I opened the cage but after three months it……………………
3 - We often prefer to use Used to to express a past situations or habits:
.‫" للتعبير عن عادات أو مواقف حدثت في الماضي‬Used to" ‫نفضل استخدام‬
Long ago, people used to live in tents.
In the olden days, people made clothes from animal skin.
Keywords
in the past ‫في الماضي‬ yesterday ‫أمس‬

in ancient times ‫في األيام الغابرة‬ ‫ مدة زمنية‬ago ‫منذ مدة زمنية‬
once upon a time ‫ذات مره‬ once ‫ذات مره‬
in the olden days ‫أيام زمان‬ last/day/week/month ‫الماضي‬......
just now ‫قبل اآلن‬ one day ‫ذات مره‬
Exercise
1 - I …………… (go) to school late yesterday.
2 - She………...... (watch) a nice film last night.
3 - Last week, my brother ……………..(not/ be) sick.
4 - They…………………….. (come) here a month ago.
5 - ……………………… (Mona / eat) her sandwiches yesterday?
6 - I………………… (write) a letter to my pen-friend an hour ago.
7 - ………………….. (you / see) your friend last weekend?
8 -…………………….. (the teacher / give) you a lot of homework yesterday?
9 - Mother…………………… (not / clean) the house yesterday because she was sick.
10 - Mahmoud……………… (feed)his cat yesterday.

1 went 4 came 7 Did you see
2 watched 5 Did Mona eat 8 Did the teacher give
3 wasn't 6 wrote 9 didn't clean 10 fed

Exercise
The Habitual Past
Used to ‫اعتاد أن‬
* Positive Form:
used to + infinitive
e.g. I used to smoke when I was young, but I don’t do this anymore.
Haitham used to have long hair when he was a child.
They used to live in a small city but now they live in Cairo.
In the past, people used to travel on horsebacks.
* Negative form:
didn't used to (or) used not to
e.g. I didn’t use to play chess when I was young.= I used not to play chess when
I was young.
He didn’t use to go to mosque, now he prays all the five times in mosque.
* Interrogative Form: Yes / No Questions
Did + subject + use to + infinitive + complement?
Yes, I used to play video games when I was a child.

Did you use to play video games when you were a child?
Yes, I did.
No, I didn't.
Did you use to eat a lot of chocolate in the Past?
Yes, he did. (or) No, he didn’t.

Use :
For actions which happened regularly in the past, but no longer happens:
e.g. Nader used to bite his nails when he had a problem, but now he no longer
does this.
There used to be a lot of kiosks in my town but now there are no longer any.
Exercise
1 - Liala Used to ……………….. (ride) a motorbike, but last year she ……………(sell) it
and ……………(buy) a car.
2 - I rarely…………….(eat) ice cream now, but I used to……………. it when I ……………..
a child.
3 - There………………(use to) be a hotel near the airport, but it ……………….(close)a
long time ago.
4 - She……………………(not / use to) go out in the evening.
5 - They………………….(not / use to) have any pets.
6 - ………………………..(your grandpa /use to / read) the newspaper before he went
to bed?
7 - ……………………………(you / use to / play) video games when you were a child?
8 - I…………………..(use to / run) every morning but after the accident I can't do
this any more.
9 - I ………………… (use to / bite) my nails when I was worried.
10 - Khalid ……………. ( not /use to / eat) a lot, so he is slim.
Answers of Exercise
1 ride/sold/bought 5 didn't use to 9 used to bite
2 eat/eat/was 6 Did your grandpa read 10 didn't used to eat
3 used to 7 Did you used to play
4 didn't use to 8 used to run

Exercise

Conjugation of Irregular Verbs
(a) No Change:
Infinitive Meaning Past past participle
broadcast ‫يذيع‬ broadcast broadcast
burst ‫ينفجر‬ burst burst
cost ‫يكلف‬ cost cost
cut ‫يقطع‬ cut cut
hit ‫ يرتطم ب‬/ ‫يضرب‬ hit hit
hurt ‫ يصيب‬/ ‫ يؤذي‬/ ‫يضر‬ hurt hurt
let ‫ يدع‬/ ‫يسمح‬ let let
put ‫يضع‬ put put
read ‫يقرا‬ read read
shut ‫يغلق‬ shut shut
spread ‫ ينتشر‬/ ‫ينشر‬ spread spread
(b) One Change:

Infinitive Meaning Past past participle
bend ‫ يلوي‬/ ‫يثني‬ bent bent
bleed ‫ يدمي‬/ ‫ينزف‬ bled bled
breed ‫يربي‬ bred bred
bring ‫يحضر‬ brought brought
build ‫يبني‬ built built
burn ‫يحرق‬ burnt / burned burnt / burned
buy ‫يشتري‬ bought bought
catch ‫ يقبض علي‬/ ‫يمسك‬ caught caught
creep ‫يزحف‬ crept crept
dig ‫يحفر‬ dug dug
dream ‫يحلم‬ dreamt / dreamed dreamt / dreamed
feed ‫ يغذي‬/ ‫يطعم‬ fed fed
feel ‫ يتحسس‬/ ‫يشعر‬ felt felt
fight ‫يحارب‬ fought fought
find ‫يجد‬ found found
flee ‫يهرب‬ fled fled
get ‫يحصل علي‬ got got
hang ‫ يتعلق‬/ ‫يعلق‬ hung hung
hear ‫يسمع‬ heard heard
hold ‫يمسك‬ held held
keep ‫ يحتفظ‬/ ‫يحفظ‬ kept kept
kneel ‫يركع‬ knelt knelt
lay ‫ يعد‬/ ‫ يجهز‬/ ‫يضع‬ laid laid
lead ‫ يؤدي إلي‬/ ‫يقود‬ led led
learn ‫يتعلم‬ learnt / learned learnt / learned
leave ‫ يرحل‬/ ‫يترك‬ left left
lend ‫ يقرض‬/ ‫ يعير‬/ ‫يسلف‬ lent lent
light ‫ يشعل‬/ ‫ ينير‬/ ‫يضئ‬ lit/ lighted lit/ lighted
lose ‫ يخسر‬/ ‫يفقد‬ lost lost
make ‫ يجعل‬/ ‫يصنع‬ made made
mean ‫ يقصد‬/ ‫يعني‬ meant meant
meet ‫يقابل‬ met met
pay )"‫يدفع (نقود مثال‬ paid paid
seek ‫يبحث عن‬ sought sought
sell ‫يبيع‬ sold sold
send ‫يرسل‬ sent sent
shine ‫ يشرق‬/ ‫يسطع‬ shone shone
shoot )‫يرمي (بالرصاص‬ shot shot
sit ‫يجلس‬ sat sat
sleep ‫ينام‬ slept slept
smell ‫يشم‬ smelt smelt
spend )‫ يقضي (وقت‬/ )‫ينفق(مال‬ spent spent
spill ‫يسكب‬ split / spilled split / spilled
spoil ‫ يفسد‬/ ‫يتلف‬ spoilt / spoiled spoilt / spoiled
stand ‫يقف‬ stood stood

strike )‫ تدق (الساعة‬/ ‫يضرب‬ struck struck
sweep ‫يكنس‬ swept swept
teach ‫ يدرس‬/ ‫يعلم‬ taught taught
think ‫ يظن‬/ ‫يفكر‬ thought thought
understand ‫يفهم‬ understood understood
weep ‫يبكي‬ wept wept
win ‫ يفوز‬/ ‫يكسب‬ won won
(c) One Irregular Change:

become ‫يصبح‬ became become
come ‫يأتي‬ came come
overcome ‫يتغلب علي‬ overcame overcome
run )"‫ يدير (عمال‬/ ‫يجري‬ ran run
beat )‫يدق(القلب‬/ ‫ يهزم‬/ ‫ يضرب‬beat beaten
(d) Two Changes:

arise ‫ ينشأ‬/ ‫ينهض‬ arose arisen
awake ‫يوقظ‬ awake / awaked awaken / awaked
bear ‫يلد‬ bore born
bear ‫ يتحمل‬/ ‫يحمل‬ bore borne
begin ‫يبدأ‬ began begun
bite ‫ يقضم‬/ ‫يعض‬ bit bitten
blow ‫ يعصف‬/ ‫يهب‬ blew blown
break ‫ ينكسر‬/ ‫يكسر‬ broke broken
choose ‫يختار‬ chose chosen
do ‫ يفعل‬/ ‫يعمل‬ did done
draw ‫ يرسم‬/ ‫ يجر‬/ ‫يسحب‬ drew drawn
drink ‫يشرب‬ drank drunk
drive ‫ يدفع‬/ ‫يقود سيارة‬ drove driven
eat ‫يأكل‬ ate eaten
fall ‫ يسقط‬/ ‫يقع‬ fell fallen
fly ‫يطير‬ flew flown
forget ‫ينسي‬ forgot forgotten
forgive ‫ يعفو‬/ ‫يسامح‬ forgave forgiven
freeze ‫يتجمد‬ froze frozen
give ‫يعطي‬ gave given
grow ‫ يزرع‬/ ‫ينمو‬ grew grown
hide ‫ يختبئ‬/ ‫يخفى‬ hid hidden
know ‫ يعلم‬/ ‫يعرف‬ knew known
lie ‫ ينام‬/ ‫يرقد‬ lay lain
mistake ‫يخطئ‬ mistook mistaken
ride ‫يركب‬ rode ridden
ring )‫ يدق (الجرس‬/ ‫يرن‬ rang rung
rise ‫ يطلع‬/ ‫ينهض‬ rose risen
shake ‫ يهتز‬/ ‫يهز‬ shook shaken
show ‫ يري‬/ ‫ يبين‬/ ‫يعرض‬ showed shown
shrink ‫ينكمش‬ shrank shrunk
sing ‫يغني‬ sang sung
sink ‫ يغوص‬/ )‫يغرق(للسفن‬ sank sunk
sow ‫ يزرع‬/ ‫يبذر‬ sowed sown
speak ‫يتكلم‬ spoke spoke
steal ‫يسرق‬ stole stolen
swim ‫يسبح‬ swam swum
take ‫يأخذ‬ took taken
tear ‫يمزق‬ tore torn
throw ‫ يقذف‬/ ‫ يلقي‬/ ‫يرمي‬ threw thrown
wake ‫ يستيقظ‬/ ‫يوقظ‬ woke / waked woken / waked
wear ‫يلبس‬ wore worn

The Future Simple Tense ‫زمن المستقبل البسيط‬
The future with "will"

* Positive Form:
will / shall + infinitive
e.g. I shall build a big mosque in the future.
Mohammad will show me how to use the internet.
‫" مع كل الضمائر‬will" ‫( و‬I - We) ‫" مع‬shall" ‫تستخدم‬
* Negative Form:
Long Form will not + infinitive
Short Form won't +infinitive
e.g. Maher won't laugh at the poor boy.
Ezz won't tell lies again.
* Interrogative Form: Yes/No Questions
Will + subject + infinitive + complement?

e.g. Yes, he will visit his sick friend.
Will he visit his sick friend?
Affirmative answer: Yes, he will.
Negative answer : No, he won't.
Question Form:
Question word + will + subject + infinitive + complement?

Mohammad will travel to Morocco tomorrow. (Ask with: When)
When will Mohammad travel to Morocco?
Use:
Generally we use "will" to talk about the future:
‫" للتعبير عن المستقبل بشكل عام‬will" ‫نحن نستخدم‬
e.g. Our exams will start next week.
Omar will fly to Paris tomorrow.

1 – We use the Future Simple for making sudden decisions:
‫نستخدم المستقبل البسيط لعمل قرارات مفاجئه‬
e.g. Oh, I've left the door open. I will go and shut it.
I'm too tired to go home. I will take a taxi.
2 - For making promises: ‫إلعطاء وعود‬

e.g. When you succeed, I will give you an amazing present.
The Syrian restaurant is fantastic. I will take you there for a meal on
your birthday.
I will give you the money you need after I sell my old car.
3 – For making threats: ‫للتهديد‬

e.g. Stop making noise or I will send you to the principal.
Stop making fun of me or I won't talk to you any more.
4 – For making predictions: ‫لعمل توقعات‬

e.g. The new president will be one of the best rulers of the history of Egypt.
He will be fit as he exercises a lot.
The new factory will be the biggest in the area.
5 – For guesses and giving opinion with these expressions:

‫للتخمين و إبداء الرأي مع هذه التعبيرات‬
I'm sure ‫أنا متأكد‬ I expect ‫أنا اعتقد‬
I think ‫أنا أعتقد‬ In my opinion ‫في رائيي‬
I believe ‫أنا أؤمن‬ Perhaps ‫ربما‬
I think / I'm sure / I believe you will have a nice view from our balcony.
In my opinion, this job will suit you.
6 – For future facts: ‫لوصف الحقائق المستقبلية‬

e.g. I'll be thirty three next month.
She will be in Prep Two next year.

Keywords:
tomorrow "‫ غدا‬in the future ‫في المستقبل‬

shortly "‫ قريبا‬sooner or later "‫عاجال" أم أجال‬
probably ‫ ربما‬tonight ‫الليلة‬
someday ‫ في يوم ما‬in a few minutes/hours ‫في دقائق معدودة‬
next day/week/month ‫ الشهر القادم‬, ‫ األسبوع القادم‬, ‫اليوم التالي‬
Exercise
1- Azza: Did you phone Rania?
Hager: Oh, no, I forget. I……………………… (phone) her now.
2 - Oh, I forget to bring milk from the supermarket. I……………(go) and get some.
3 - Ezz: I need some money. Samy: Ok. I………………………(lend) you some.
4 - I ………………………..(not / tell ) anybody what happened. I promise.
5 - Wael: I'm trying to move this cupboard, but it's too heavy.
Nour: Well, I ……………………….(help) you
6 - My brother is twelve years old. Next year, he………………………..(be) thirteen.
7 - Hani practices everyday. He……………………(become) a good boxer.
8 - We are in grade five. Next year, we…………………………….(be) in grade six.
9 - The sun …………………..(rise) at 5:48 tomorrow.
10 - Don't worry about exams. I'm sure you…………………..(pass).
Answers of the Exercise

1 will phone 3 will lend 5 will help 7 will become 9 will rise
2 will go 4 won't tell 6 will be 8 will be 10 will pass

Exercise

The Future Tense
The Present Continuous Tense for the Future
Positive Form:
am
is + verb + ing
are
e.g.I'm travelling to London tomorrow.
Use:
When you've already planned to do something. It's fixed and arranged.

.‫عندما تكون قد خططت لفعل شيء ورتبت له‬
e.g. I'm flying to America tomorrow .I've got my plane ticket.
2 - For future arrangements: ‫للترتيبات المستقبلية‬
I'm meeting Maher at four o'clock tomorrow.
Al Ahli are playing Al Zamlik at four p.m on Sunday.
Exercise(1).
1 - she………………. ( play) badminton on Thursday afternoon.
2 - My sister ………………….. (go) to the dentist on Wednesday evening.
3 - We ………………………. (have) dinner at KFC on Thursday.
4 - I ……………………….. (not / do) anything tomorrow morning.
5 - She ………………….. (meet) the boss on Monday.
6 - The friends ………………………. (stay) in their chalet this weekend.
7 - I ………………… (not / use) the car this evening, so you can use it.
8 - Uncle Shady …………………… (come) to visit us tomorrow.
9 - We …………………….. (stay) at home tonight.
10 - She …………………(travel) to France next week.
Answers of Exercise (1)
1 is playing 3 are having 5 is meeting 7 am not using 9 are staying
2 is going 4 am not doing 6 are staying 8 is coming 10 is travelling

Exercise
The Future Tense
With
am / is / are + going to + infinitive
* Positive Form:
am
is + going to + infinitive
are
e.g. When I grow up I'm going to be an engineer.
This evening, I'm going to visit my aunty.
* Negative form:
am
is not + going to + infinitive
are
e.g. This apple looks awful; I'm not going to eat it.
* Interrogative Form: Yes/No Questions
Am
Is + subject+ going to + infinitive?
Are
Are you going to spend the weekend in Alexandria?
Question Form:
Question Form + am / is / are + subject + going to + infinitive + complement?

When I grow up. I am going to be a footballer. (Ask)
What are you going to be when you grow up?
When I grow up I'm going to build a big mosque. (Ask)
What are you going to do when you grow up?
Use:
1 - When you have already decided to do something (Decision)
(but perhaps not arranged to do it)
)‫عندما تكون بالفعل قد قررت أن تفعل شيئا" (و لكن ربما لم ترتب له‬
e.g. This beach is so crowded ,tomorrow we are going to look for a quieter one.
Adel is busy today. He is going to do his homework.
2 - When you expect something to happen. (Prediction with evidence)
)‫عندما تتوقع أن يحدث شيء ما (و هناك ما يدل علي ذلك‬
e.g.The sky is cloudy. It's going to rain.
Evidence
There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. It's going to sink.
Evidence
3 - To express intentions: ‫لوصف النوايا‬

I'm going to be a computer programmer when I grow up.
= I intend to be a computer programmer when I grow up.
I'm going to do my best this term.
= I intent to do my best this term.
4 - To express plans: ‫لوصف الخطط‬
I'm going to get a job this summer holiday.
= I plan to get a job this summer holiday.
Exercise (1)
1 - Where …………………………… (you / go) this evening?
2 - When I grow up ……………………………. (I / be) a footballer.
3 - Adel is busy today. He……………………………. (do) his homework.
4 - Ramy and Ahmad ……………………………… (watch) a funny film this evening.
5 - My sister ………………………………………. (take) an English test tomorrow.
6 - When I am twenty. I ………………………………. (learn) French.
7 - What …………………………… (they / do) this evening?
8 - What film …………………………………. (you / watch) this evening?
9 - What ………………………………….. (Nada / do) when she grows up?
10 - My friends …………………………. (not / visit) the zoo this summer.
1 are you going to go 4 are going to watch 7 are they going to do
2 am going to be 5 is going to take 8 are you going to watch
3 is going to do 6 am going to learn 9 is Nada going to do
10 aren't going to visit

Exercise (2)
1 - I can't come with you, Tamer.It …………………….. (rain).
2 - Radwa…………………..(not/play) video games this evening.
3 - When I go to the zoo, I …………….. (feed) the animals.
4 - Adel is hungry. He ………………….. (eat) a piece of cake.
5 - Baher's motorbike isn't clean. He ………………… (wash) it this evening.

1 is going to rain 3 am going to feed 5 isn't going to wash
2 isn't going to play 4 is going to eat

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)

The present Continuous Tense ‫زمن المضارع المستمر‬
* Positive Form:
I am
He / She / It is + infinitive + ing
You / We / They are
e.g. Look! Ali is praying.

Smell! Huda is cooking.
Watch out! The oil in the pan is burning.
Ola is cleaning her bedroom.
Listen! El Hosary is reciting some verses.
* Spelling notes: ‫مالحظات لغوية‬

* Verbs ending in "e" preceded by a consonant letter; Omit "e" then add "ing" to
the end of the verb.
write writing give giving move moving
* Verbs ending in "ie"; drop "ie" then add "ying" to the end of the verb:
die dying tie tying lie lying
* Some verbs ending in a consonant preceded by a vowel; double the consonant
letter then add "ing" :
swim swimming run running travel travelling
* Negative Form:
I am not
He / She / It is not infinitive + ing
You / We / They are not
e.g. I'm not studying science now.
She isn't playing computer games at this moment.
Look at the cat! It isn't drinking its milk. It seems to be ill.
They aren't quarreling at this moment.

Interrogative Form: Yes / No Question
Am I
Is he / she / it infinitive + ing + complement?
Are you / we / they
e.g. Yes, I am studying grammar now.

Are you studying grammar now?
Affirmative answer : Yes, I am.
Negative answer : No, I am not.
e.g. Yes, she is playing computer games.
Is she playing computer games?
Yes, she is. (or) No, she isn't.
e.g. Yes, they are praying now.
Are they praying now?
Yes, they are. (or) No, they aren't.
Wh Questions:
am
Question word is + subject + infinitive + ing complement?
are
He is studying grammar now. ( Ask with : What )
What is he doing now?
* Use:
1 - To describe actions that are happening at the time of speaking:
‫لوصف أحدث تقع أثناء لحظة التحدث‬
e.g. Look! Smoke is coming from the kitchen.
Smell ! My mother is cooking.
Hurry up! The train is leaving.
2 – To describe actions that are happening around the time of speaking:
‫لوصف أحداث تقع‬
e.g. They are building a mosque at present.
Mr. Ahmad is teaching us English this year.
They are building a new mosque in our village.
3 – For temporary actions: )"‫لوصف أإلحداث المؤقتة (والتي ال تستغرق وقتا" طويال‬
e.g. He is an active journalist but he isn't working at present.
I'm living with some friends till I find a flat for rent.
4 – For changes happening around now, often with these words:
‫ غالبا" مع هذه الكلمات‬.‫لوصف اإلحداث المتغيرة‬
( get – increase – grow – change – improve – become )
e.g. My English is getting better.
The population of Egypt is increasing rapidly.
5 – For future arrangements, often with these expressions such as:
‫لوصف ترتيبات مستقبلية غالبا"مع هذه التعبيرات‬
( on Monday – tonight - next week – tomorrow )
e.g. I'm playing tennis on Monday afternoon.
I'm visiting my ill uncle this evening.
We use "always" in the present continuous tense to express annoyance
e.g. Amer is always playing video games.
This means that Amer plays video games too often.
Note : Generally we use "action verbs" in continuous tenses not "stative verbs"
such as: "‫عموما" نحن نستخدم أفعال تدل علي نشاط في أالزمنه المستمرة وليس أفعال دائمة الحدوث "وصف حاله‬
1 – Verbs of senses : ‫أفعال الحواس‬
smell – hear – see – notice – taste – touch
2 – Verbs of emotions: ‫أفعال العاطفه‬
love - like – wish – want – hate
3 – Verbs of thinking: ‫أفعال التفكير‬
Think – believe – know – understand – mean
4 – Verbs of possession: ‫أفعال التملك‬
own – possess – belong
5 – Some other verbs: ‫أفعال آخري‬
contain – consist – appear – matter
We use the Present Simple with these verbs: ‫نستخدم المضارع البسيط مع هذه األفعال‬
e.g. I am owning a house. (x)
I own a house. (√ )
I am liking coffee. (x)
I like coffee. (√ )
She is wanting a pen. (x)
She wants a pen. (√ )

We can use some of these verbs in the continuous tenses if they are used as
action verbs. ‫يمكن استخدام بعض هذه األفعال في األزمنة المستمرة إذا استخدمت كأفعال تدل علي نشاط‬
e.g. I am having my breakfast now. ( having here is an action verb meaning
"eating" )
I am thinking of a solution for my problem.
Keywords:
at present ‫في الوقت الحالي‬ now ‫أالن‬

pay attention! ‫أنتبه‬ smell ‫شم‬
at this moment! ‫في هذه اللحظة‬ listen ‫استمع‬
be careful! "‫كن حذرا‬ look! ‫أنظر‬
watch out! ‫احترس‬ watch! ‫شاهد‬
hurry up! ‫أسرع‬ still ‫ما زال‬
look out! ‫احترس‬ ssh! ‫شش‬
this/week/month/ year ‫العام‬/‫الشهر‬/ ‫هذا األسبوع‬ hey! ‫تستخدم للتنبيه‬
stop! ‫توقف‬ as long as ‫طالما‬
* Different Forms of the tense in brief:

Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I am walking I am not walking Am I walking?

He He he
She is walking She is not walking Is she walking?
It It it
You You you
We are walking We are not walking Are we walking?
They They they

Exercise
1 - I……………………… (eat) a cheese sandwich now.
2 - Listen! the baby …………………………(cry). She must be hungry.
3 - Look! the cat ……………………… (climb) the tree.
4 - Hurry up! the bus……………………….(come).
5 - The children ……………………….. (not / play) computer games now.
6 - We…………………………(listen) to music at the moment.
7 - They ……………………….. (watch) an Islamic program now.
8 - Look out! the water …………………. (boil).
9 - Hend…………………………..(not / study) grammar at present.
10 - Ssh! someone …………………. (knock) at the door.

1 am eating 5 aren't playing 9 isn't studying
2 is crying 6 are listening 10 is knocking
3 is climbing 7 are watching
4 is coming 8 is boiling

Exercise (1)

The Past continuous Tense ‫زمن الماضي المستمر‬
* Positive Tense:
I / He / She / It was
+ verb + ing
You / We / They were
e.g. It was raining all day yesterday.
They were reciting some Quranic verses between two and three o'clock
yesterday's night.
They were studying science when the lights went out.
* Negative Form:
I / He / She / It was
+ not + verb + ing
You / We / They were
e.g. Mohannad wasn't driving carefully when he had an accident.
They weren’t quarrelling when the police arrived.
* Interrogative Form: Yes / No Questions:
Was I / he / she / it
+ verb + ing + complement?
Were you / we / they
Yes, Heba was sweeping the floor. (ask)
Was Heba sweeping the floor?
Yes, she was. )‫(في اإلثبات‬
No, she wasn't. )‫(في النفي‬
Wh-Questions:
was I / he / she / it
Question word + + verb + ing + complement?
were you / we / they

I was visiting my sick friend at half past five. (Use: What)
What were you doing at half past five?
* Use:
1 - It is used to describe an action was going on during a certain time in

the past: ‫لوصف حدث كان مستمرا" في الحدوث في وقت معين في الماضي‬
e.g. At five o'clock last night, I was helping my mother.
Between four and five o'clock yesterday, they were digging a hole.
2 - It is used to describe an action was going on and interrupted by
another action: ‫لوصف حدث كان مستمرا" في الماضي ثم قطعه حدث ماضي أخر‬
e.g. Nasser hurt his back while he was fixing my laptop.
3 - It is used to describe two actions were going on during a time in the
past: ‫لوصف حدثين كانا مستمرين في نفس الوقت في الماضي‬
e.g. While I was driving my truck I was listening to some Quranic verses on the
radio.
My brother was praying while I was reading a book about Omar Bin El
Khatab's biography.
* Keywords:
while ‫بينما‬ as ‫بينما‬ just as ‫بينما‬ when ‫عندما‬
all + a long period of time

e.g. all day yesterday all morning
Notes:
while
as + past Continuous + Past Simple
just as
e.g. While Salma was cooking, she dropped a plate.
while
Past Simple + as + Past continuous
just as

e.g. I met Fady as I was walking home.
My teacher found some mistakes while he was correcting my quiz.
while
as + past Continuous + Past Continuous.
just as
e.g. As I was washing the dishes, I was listening to the radio
while
Past continuous+ as + Past continuous
just as
e.g. Medhat was writing an essay while I was marking the exam paper.
* In case of having no subject: ‫في حالة عدم وجود فاعل‬

While + verb + ing , Past simple
e.g. While he was digging a hole, he saw a snake.
While digging a hole, he saw a snake.
During + noun, past Simple

e.g. While I was reading, I heard loud noise.
While reading, I heard loud noise.
During my study, I heard loud noise.
When + past continuous + Past Simple

When I was sending an e-mail, the electricity cut off.
When + Past Simple + past continuous
When my father came, I was playing computer games.
Past continuous + When + Past continuous
We were doing our homework when my father was reading a magazine.
Past Simple + When + past continuous
I fell down when I was sweeping the floor.
Past continuous + When + Past Simple
Hesham was looking through the window when he saw the fire.
* In case of having no subject: ‫في حالة عدم وجود فاعل‬
on noun / verb + ing
When my cousins arrived, I was praying.
On my cousins arrival, I was praying.
Exercise (1)
1 - They ………………………….. (play) tennis at four thirty.
2 - He ……………………… (search) for his lost watch all yesterday afternoon.
3 - It ……………………….. (rain) heavily all night long. Our guests had to stay the
nights with us.
4 - ……………………… (yousef / help) his father at ten o'clock last Friday morning.?
5 - Mother ………………………………… (make) lunch at two o'clock yesterday.
6 - We …………….. (not/wash) the dishes yesterday afternoon. We were studying.
7 - What ……………………………. (you / do) at six o'clock yesterday morning?
8 - I …………………………………… (iron) the shirt when the phone rang.
9 - I …………………………………. (cycle) to school when I fell off my bike.
10 - Nora ………………………………… (lay) the table when the light went out.

1 were playing 4 Was Yousef helping 7 were you doing 10 was laying
2 was searching 5 was making 8 was ironing
3 was raining 6 weren't washing 9 was cycling
Exercise (2)
1 - ………………………. (you / sunbathe) when the cat fell in the swimming pool?
2 - As he ……………………….. (cross) the street, a car hit him.
3 - She ……………………… (drop) her ring as she………………….. (wait) for the bus.
4 - ……………………………. (Wael / ride) his bike when you met him?
5 - While he …………………. (travel), he……………. (lose) his money.

1 Were you sunbathing 3 dropped / was waiting 5 was travelling/lost
2 was crossing 4 Was Wael riding

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)

The Future Continuous Tense ‫زمن المستقبل المستمر‬
* Positive Form:
will
+ be + infinitive + ing
shall
‫ فتستخدم مع كل الضمائر‬will ‫( أما‬I - We)‫ مع‬shall ‫*تستخدم‬
e.g. I shall be watching a science fiction film at 6 p.m.
My friends will be arriving tomorrow morning.
* Negative Form:
will
+ not + be + infinitive + ing
shall
won't ‫ هو‬will not ‫و أختصار‬.shan't ‫ هو‬Shall not ‫* إختصار‬
e.g. At six o'clock tomorrow I won't be studying, so I can meet you then.
* Interrogative Form: Yes / No Questions
Will + subject + be + infinitive + ing + complement?
Will you be studying French tomorrow morning?

Yes, we will. (or) No, we won't.
Will they be working at their office at five tomorrow?

Yes, they will. (or) No, they won't.
* Question Form:
Question word + will + be + infinitive + ing + complement?
Ali will be washing his car tomorrow afternoon. (Ask with: What)
What will Ali be doing tomorrow afternoon?
Hadeer will be reading a story at five o'clock in the evening. (Ask with: What time)
What time will Hadeer be reading a story?

Use:
1- To describe an action that will be going on at a certain time in the

future.
‫يصف حدث سيكون مستمرا" في وقت معين في المستقبل‬
e.g. Adam will be repairing my television at seven thirty.
2 - To express definite future: ‫للتعبير عن حدث مؤكد في المستقبل‬

e.g. Hurry up! The train will be leaving in a few minutes.
I'll be meeting you after fifteen minutes.
3 - It's also used to describe an action which is a result of a routine.

.‫يصف حدث يكون نتيجة لروتين مستقبلي‬
e.g. I will be seeing Ali tomorrow as we work in the same school.
4 - It is used to express an action will be going on in a long period in the

Future .‫يصف حدثا" سيكون مستمرا" خالل فتره طويلة نسبيا" في المستقبل‬
They will be building a hospital in my town next year.
5 – For polite requests: ‫للطلب و االستفسار بإسلوب مهذب‬

Will you be visiting us on next Friday?
Will you be coming tomorrow?
Note the difference:

Present continuous: I am seeing him tomorrow. )‫(إتفقنا علي ذلك‬
Be going to:I am going to see him tomorrow. )‫(هذا قصدي و قد ال نكون قد إاتفقنا‬
Future Continuous: I shall seeing him tomorrow. )‫(هذا هو روتيننا العادي‬
Exercise
Do as shown between brackets:
1 - Murad will be visiting Hurghada during the next week. (Negate)
2 - I shall be washing up the dishes at 6 p.m. (Negate)
3 -The French tourists will be arriving on Monday morning. (Ask)
4 - Medhat will be washing his car tomorrow morning. (Ask with: What)
5 -Noha will be reading a magazine at six in the evening. (Ask with: What time)

Answers
1 - Murad won't be visiting Hurghada during the next week.
2 - I shan't be washing up the dishes at 6 p.m.
3 - When will the French tourists be arriving?
4 - What will Medhat be doing tomorrow morning?
5 - What time will Noha be reading a magazine?

Exercise (1)

The present Perfect Tense ‫زمن المضارع التام‬
* Positive Form:
I / We / You / They + have
+ Past Participle
He / She / It + has
e.g. I've lost my wallet.
Ouch! I've hurt my back.
She has already posted the letter.
They have finished their work.
* Negative Form:
Have
+ not + past participle
Has
e.g. I haven't seen Ayman for along time.
Emad hasn't smoked for ages.
* Interrogative Form: Yes, No Questions
e.g. Yes, I have cleaned my room.

Have you cleaned your room?
No, she hasn't arrived yet.
Has she arrived yet?
Question Form:
Question word + have / has + subject + past participle + complement?
e.g. I have collected 500 different stamps so far. (ask)

How many different stamps have you collected so far?
Safaa has been to France. (ask)
Where has Safaa been to?

Use:
When we use the present Perfect, there is a connection with the present:
‫عندما نستخدم المضارع التام فيكون هناك صلة بين الماضي القريب و الحاضر‬
1 - To talk about a period of time that continued to the present or has an
effect on the present:‫للتحدث عن فتره زمنيه استمرت للوقت الحاضر أو لها تأثير علي الحاضر‬
e.g. The mechanic have cleaned all the parts; The engine looks like new.
Adam has repaired three TV sets since seven o'clock.
2 - To give or announce a recent happening.‫للتنويه عن حدث وقع منذ وقت قريب‬

e.g. Ouch! I've cut my thumb.
He has had his lunch.
3 -For a complete action at unknown time: ‫يصف حدث اكتمل في وقت غير معروف في الماضي‬
e.g. She has never married before; She is still single.
I have been to America.
4 - After a superlative: ‫يستخدم بعد صيغة التفضيل القصوى‬

It's the most intelligent boy I've ever seen.
5 - With "already" to indicate an action that had happened sooner than
expected. ‫" إلي حدث وقع قبل موعده المتوقع‬already" ‫تشير‬
e.g. She has started her new job.
6 - With "recently" and "lately" to indicate an action in the near past.

e.g. She has recently got a very well paid job.
Dad's health hasn't been well lately.
7 - With "ever" to ask about past experience or situations:

‫" للسؤال عن الخبرات و المواقف الماضية‬ever" ‫مع‬
e.g. Have you ever eaten caviar?
No, I have never eaten it.
Have you ever meet El Sharawy?
Yes, I have met him in Saudi Arabia.
Note:
We use "ever" in questions. ‫" في السؤال‬ever" ‫تستخدم‬
We use "never" to make negative sentence without using "not".
"not" ‫" في النفي بدون استخدام‬never" ‫تستخدم‬

8 - With "yet" in questions and negative sentences.
‫" في السؤال و النفي‬yet" ‫تستخدم‬
e.g. No, I haven't told them about the accident yet. (Ask)
Have you told them about the accident yet?
9 - With "just" to announce a recent happening.
‫" للتنويه عن حدث وقع منذ وقت قريب‬just" ‫مع‬
e.g. I've just received a letter.
10 - With "since" to say when exactly the action began.

‫" لنقول متى بدأ الحدث بالضبط‬since" ‫مع‬
e.g. I have learned English since 1990.
11 - With "for" to say how long the period is. ‫" لنقول كم استغرق الحدث من وقت‬for" ‫مع‬
e.g. I have learned English for 22 years.
Keywords:
for ‫لمدة‬ since ‫منذ‬

already ‫بالطبع‬ lately "‫مؤخرا‬
just "‫توا‬ recently "‫حديثا‬
so far ‫لالن‬ never "‫أبدا‬
yet ‫حتى اآلن‬ ever ‫من قبل‬
a moment seven o'clock

a second the morning
a minute breakfast
an hour Monday
a day July
for a week since winter
a month 2012
a year Eid El Fiter
a long time Christmas
a short time "past simple"
ages "we met"

e.g. I haven't seen Ismail for a month.
I haven't seen Ismail since October.
Hani hasn't kept an animal for twelve years.
Hani hasn't kept an animal since 2000.
Present Perfect since Past Simple
e.g. I haven't smoke since I left school.
I haven't played chess since I was in Primary Five.
Exercise
1 - I…………………………..(already / post) the letter.
2 - Uncle Hazem…………………..(recently / buy) a new car.
3 - ………………………………………..(the weather / not / be) dreadful lately?
4 - My father………………………………….(not / smoke) for three years.
5 - Adel and I ……………………………..(know) each other since we were at school.
6 - ………………………………………(you / ever / eat) caviar?
7 - My brother …………………………………(never / be) to France.
8 - The bell………………………………………(just / ring).
9 - ……………………………………………..(the wedding party /start) yet?
10 - Everything is going fine .We …………………………….(not / have) any problems
so far.
The Answers of The Exercise

1 have already posted 6 Have you ever eaten
2 has recently bought 7 has never been
3 Hasn't the weather been 8 has just rung
4 hasn't smoked 9 Has the wedding party started
5 have known 10 haven't had

Exercise (1)

The past perfect Tense ‫زمن الماضي التام‬
* Positive form:
had + past participle
e.g. My wife had washed up the dishes.

He felt sick because he had eaten bad food.
After he had returned to India he wrote about his travels.
* Negative form:
had + not + past participle
e.g. I hadn’t eaten my sandwiches.

He hadn’t cleaned his room.
* Interrogative form: Yes, No Questions
Had + subject + past participle + complement?

e.g. Yes, he had written a letter.
Had he written a letter?
Affirmative answer: yes, he had.
Negative answer : No, he hadn't.
Wh Questions:
Question word + had + subject + p.p + complement?

e.g. Nasser had fixed my computer. (Begin with : What)
What had Nasser fixed?
* Use:
It is used to describe an action that had happened before another action

in the past.
:‫يصف الماضى التام حدث وقع قبل حدث أخر فى الماضى إذن‬
.‫الحدث االول "االقدم" نضعه فى زمن الماضى التام‬
.‫الحدث الثانى "أألحدث" نضعه في الماضي البسيط‬

e.g. After I had written the letter, I posted it.
‫الحدث االول‬ ‫الحدث الثانى‬

.‫فمن البديهي أن كتابة الخطاب اقدم من ارسالة بالبريد‬
e.g. He felt angry after he had lost his wallet.
Zaher felt sick because he had eaten bad food.
* Keywords:
after ‫بعد‬ till / until ‫حتى‬

by the time ‫قبل‬ as soon as ‫بمجرد أن‬
hardly..... when ‫ حتى‬....‫لم يكد‬ when ‫عندما‬
scarcely……… when ‫ حتى‬....‫لم يكد‬ before ‫قبل‬
no sooner…… than ‫ حتى‬....‫لم يكد‬
After
past perfect + past simple
As soon as
e.g. After I had written an e-mail, I sent it.
As soon as Ali had finished his exercise, he had a bath.
as soon as
past Simple past perfect
after
He answered all the questions after he had read the exam paper
carefully.
Hala went shopping as soon as her mother had given her the money she
needed.
Before
past simple past perfect
By the time
e.g. Before he entered the zoo, he had bought a ticket.
By the time he reached the airport, the plane had taken off.

before
past perfect past simple
by the time
e.g. I had visited my sick friend before I went to mosque.

I had seen a snake by the time I shouted.
till
Negative Past simple + + past perfect
until
e.g. He didn’t go out till he had done his homework.

She didn’t marry him until he had started to pray.
* We use "when" according to the meaning of the sentence:
When + past simple + past perfect
e.g. When I entered the classroom the teacher had explained the lesson.
)‫هنا المدرس بدأ شرح الدرس قبل دخولي الفصل (ربما يكون قد فاتني جزء من شرح الدرس‬
When + past perfect, past simple
e.g. When I had entered the classroom the teacher explained the lesson.
‫هنا أنا دخلت الفصل قبل أن يشرع المعلم في الشرح‬
When + past simple + past simple
e.g. When I entered the classroom the teacher explained the lesson.
‫هنا توافق دخولي الفصل مع بداية شرح المعلم‬
-:‫" والفاعل و نستخدم‬when" ‫"نحذف‬Phrase" ‫" إلى‬clause" ‫* عند التحويل الجملة من‬
on + verb + ing
e.g. When the robber saw the policeman, he ran away.
On seeing the policeman the robber ran away.
After + subject + had + p.p = Having + p.p
e.g. After I had seen the accident, I wrote my story.
Having seen the accident I wrote my story.
:‫ كاالتى‬phrase ‫ إلى‬clause ‫ من‬after ‫ يمكن تحويل الجملة التي بها‬-
After + verb + ing, Past simple
e.g. First I had breakfast, then I went out for a walk.
After having breakfast, I went out for a walk.
I went out for a walk after having breakfast.

no sooner than
Subject + had + hardly + P.p + when
scarcely when
e.g. I had no sooner opened the box than I found a big spider.
He had hardly heard the bad news when he began to cry.
They had scarcely reached the station when the train left
"Inversion" ‫ أول الجملة فنقوم بعمل‬No sooner, Scarcely, Hardly ‫* إما إذا استخدمنا‬
)‫)وذلك بتقديم الفعل المساعد على الفاعل‬

e.g. No sooner had I opened the box than I saw A big spider.
Hardly had he heard the bad news when he began to cry.
Scarcely had they reached the station when the train left.
‫ نقوم بحذف هذة الروابط و الفاعل‬phrase ‫ الى‬clause ‫ لتحويل جملة بها آحدى الروابط السابقة من‬-
:‫و نستخدم بدال" منهما‬
Immediately on (verb+ing)
+
Immediately after (noun)
e.g. No sooner had I seen the scorpion than I screamed.
Immediately on seeing the scorpion, I screamed.
As soon as had he arrived, he phoned his grandmother.
Immediately after his arrival, he phoned his parents.
It wasn’t until
+ past perfect + that + past simple
It was only when
e.g. First he revised his lessons perfectly, then he passed the exam
It wasn’t until he had revised his lessons perfectly that he passed the exam.
It was only when he had revised his lessons perfectly that he passed the exam.
: ‫ كاآلتى‬phrase ‫ الى‬clause ‫ من‬before ‫* يمكن تحويل الجملة التى بها‬

Before + verb + ing , past perfect.
e.g. First I cleaned my room, then I had a rest.
Before I had rest, I had cleaned my room.
I had cleaned my room before having a rest.

Exercise
1 - I ………………… (go) to bed after I …………….. (finish) my supper.
2 - Before she ………………(go) shopping, she …………… (ask) her mother for some
money.
3 - When I …………………. (arrive) at the party, Dina …………………... (already / leave).
4 - By the time he ……………… (reach) the airport, the plane………………..(take off).
5 - The chairman ……………… (not / speak) until he ………………..(hear) all the
arguments.
6 - Magellan ……………….. (sail) half way round the world before he ……………(die).
7 - Saber ………………….. (pick up) the apple that …………….. (fall) off the tree.
8 - John………………….(not / see) a pyramid before he …………………… (go) to Egypt.
9 - She .............. (not / go) shopping till she ............... (finished) her housework.
10 - Mother…………….(not / make) a cake until she …………… (buy) sugar, flour,
butter and candles from the supermarket.

1 went / had finished 6 had sailed / died
2 went / had asked 7 picked up / had fallen
3 arrived / had already left 8 hadn't seen / went
4 reached / had taken off 9 didn't go / had finished
5 didn't speak / had heard 10 didn't make / had bought

Exercise (1)

The Future Perfect Tense
Tense
Positive Form:
will
+ have + Past participle
shall
e.g. I will have finished my homework by six o'clock.
Negative Form:
won't
+ have + past participle
shan't
e.g. I won't have cleaned all the rooms at nine o'clock tomorrow.
Interrogative Form: Yes / No Questions
Will + subject + past participle + complement?
e.g. Yes, I will have finished my work by one o'clock.

Will you have finished your work by one o'clock?
Question Form:
Question word + will + subject + P.p + complement?
He will have slept ten hours by lunchtime.

How long will he have slept by lunchtime?
Use:
1 - To express an action that will be completed before another future

action.
e.g. She will have cooked dinner before her husband arrives.
2 - To describe an action will be completed in a certain time in the future:
e.g. He will have prayed El Asr by three thirty

3 - To describe a logic deduction:
e.g. It's nine o'clock. I'm sure he will have reached Cairo Airport.
Exercise
Do as shown in brackets:
1 - They will have finished their homework by eight o'clock. (Make negative)
2 - He will have prayed El Maghrab prayer by six thirty. (Make negative)
3 - He will have cooked rice. (Use: What)
4 - He will have slept ten hours by lunchtime. (use: How long)
5- Yes, she will have finished her homework by one o'clock. (Ask)

1 - They won't have finished their homework by eight o'clock.
2 - He won't have prayed El Maghrab prayer by six thirty.
3 - What will have he cooked?
4 - How long will have he slept?
5- Will she have finished her homework by one o'clock?

Exercise (1)

The present Perfect Continuous Tense ‫زمن المضارع التام المستمر‬
Positive Form:
have
+ been + (infinitive + ing)
has
Positive Form:
e.g. We have been living in Mallawy since 1980.

It has been raining for two hours.
The baby has been sleeping all the day.
Negative Form:
haven't
+ been + (infinitive + ing)
hasn't
e.g. We haven't been sleeping when the fire broke out.
Interrogative Form:
Have
+ subject + been + infinitive + ing?
Has
e.g. Yes, the baby has been crying when you were out.
Has the baby been crying when I was out?
Your eyes are red and watery. Have you been crying?
Ali has a black eye and Wael has a cut lip. Have they been fighting?
Use:
1 - To talk about an action which began in the past and is still continuing.
:‫يستخدم لوصف حدث بدء في الماضي و مازال مستمرا" إلي أالن‬
We have been studying English since seven o'clock.
I have been waiting here for two hours.
2 - We often use the present perfect continuous with the long action verbs;

‫غالبا" نستخدم المضارع التام مع األفعال التي تستغرق مدة طويلة‬
play, do, learn, live, rain, work, study, sleep, write, read.
e.g. you speak Spanish fluently. How long have you been learning it?
Amgad is so exhausted. He has been working hard for twelve hours.
Otham has been looking for a job since last March but he hasn't found
a suitable one yet.
Keywords:
for ‫لمدة‬ since ‫منذ‬ How long………..? ‫ما المدة‬

How long have you been studying English?
I have been studying English since last year /for a year.
Exercise (1)
1 - You speak Spanish very well How long ………………………. (you / learn) it?
2 - Ali is very tired. He ………………………………….(work) hard
3 - Your eyes are red and watery ………………………(you / cry)?
4 - Sami ……………………………….(look for) a job since last October, but she hasn't
found a suitable one yet.
5 - Tamer has a black eye and Mohsen has a cut lip……………………………………(they /
fight)?

1 Have you been learning 4 has been looking for
2 has been working 5 Have they been crying
3 Have you been crying 6 has been making

Exercise (1)

The Past Perfect Continuous ‫زمن الماضي التام المستمر‬
* Positive Form:
had been + (infinitive + ing)
e.g. Hani had been sleeping for nine hours when I phoned.
The team had been exercising all the morning.
* Negative Form:
hadn't been + (infinitive + ing)
He hadn't been working since ten o'clock
Had + subject + been + (infinitive +ing) + complement?

e.g. Yes, I had been studying English all yesterday morning.
Had you been studying English all yesterday morning?
* Question Form:
Question word + had + subject + been + (infinitive +ing) + complement?

e.g. He had just been parking his car when the bus hit him.
What had he been doing when the bus hit him?
Use:
1 - It expresses an action that was going on in the past and interrupted by

another past action. ‫يصف حدثا" كن مستمرا" في الماضي عندما قطعه حدث ماضي آخر‬
e.g. When I entered the stadium, they had been playing for half an hour.
I had been playing football when I fell down.
2 - To express repetition in the past ‫يصف تكرر الحدث في الماضي‬
e.g. We had been trying to reach you on the phone yesterday.
Keywords: (Words that express continuity)

all the morning for ten days the whole day

Exercise
1 – Nour……………………. (sleep) for seven hours when I phoned.
2 – He……………………….. (work) since ten o'clock
3 - When Hatem entered the club, they ……………….….(play) for an hour.
4 - I ………………….. (try) to reach you on the phone yesterday.
5 - Islam ………………………(play) football when he hurt his leg.

1 had been sleeping 4 had been trying
2 hadn't been working 5 had been playing
3 had been playing

Exercise (1)

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense ‫زمن المستقبل التام المستمر‬
Positive Form:
will + have + been + verb + ing
shall + have + been+ verb + ing
By the end of this month, he will have been living here for ten years.
By next April, he will have been teaching at this school for twenty years.
Negative form:
will not (won't) + have + been + verb + ing
shall not (shan't) + have + been + verb + ing
By six o'clock, I shan't / won't have been sleeping for 35 hours.
By night, She won't have been eating for two days.
Interrogative Form:
Will + Subject + been + verb +ing + complement?

Shall+ Subject + been + verb +ing + complement?
yes, we will have been living here for 5 years next year.
Will you have been living here for 5 years next year?
yes, we will. (or) No, we won't
Question Form:
Question word will /shall + Subject + been + verb +ing + complement?
I will have been studying English for six hours by nine o'clock. (use: How long)
How long will you have been studying English by nine o'clock?
Use:
1 - It is used to express an action that continuous long and finishes in a certain
time in the future: ‫يستخدم لوصف حدث يستمر لفترة طويلة و ينتهي في وقت معين في المستقبل‬
e.g. By ten o'clock, they will have been working 22 hours.
2 - To give a reason to what will happen in the future. ‫العطاء سبب لما سيحدث في المستقبل‬
e.g. I will be tired tomorrow because I will have been driving all night.
He will be drunk because he will have been drinking all night.

Exercise
1 - By the end of March, she………………….. (work) here for seven years.

2 - By eight o'clock, he…………………. (not / sleep) for fifty hours.
3 - We ………………….. (live) here for 5 years next year.
4 – I………………….. (study) English for six hours by nine o'clock.
5 - He will be drunk because he ………………….. (drink)all night

1 will have been working 4 will have been studying
2 won't have been sleeping 5 will have been drinking
3 will have been living

Exercise (1)

Exercise (1)
Put the verbs between brackets in their right form:
1 - The sun always ……………. (set) in the west. Look! It…………… (set) now
2 - While we ……………… (travel) at great speed, one of the tyres of our
car…………… (burst).
3 - I still …………………. (read) the play when you came tonight.
4 - When I……………………….. (visit) him yesterday he ………………….. (play) video games.
5 - Look! That boy………… (run) after the bus. He …………………. (want) to catch it.
6 - It's a lovely day today. The sun ……………. (shine) and the birds…………. (sing).
7 - Eman ……………………………(make) a dress for herself at the moment.
She……………… (make) her own clothes.
8 - He ……………… (clean) his gun when it accidentally ……………….. (go) off and (kill)
his neighbour.
9 - As I …………………. (cross) the road yesterday I …………………. (step) on a banana
skin and (fall) down.
10 -My mother ………………………. (be) in the kitchen; she ……………………… (cook) dinner.
All the Tenses

Exercise (2)
1 - I ………………. (already /learn) how to play chess I can play it skillfully now.
2 - My ……………… (learn) how to play chess. I think she still needs practice.
3 - When we got back we found the babysitter……………. (already / go) home.
4 - Asmaa: Where are you going? Are you going shopping?
Yes, I………………….. (buy) something for dinner.
5 - Don't worry about your sunglasses. I'm sure you…………….(find) them.
6 - I ………………….. (walk) along the street when suddenly I heard footsteps
behind me. Somebody……………… (follow) me. I ……………… (be) scared and I
…………. (start) to run
7 - Don't put the dictionary away. I …………….. (use) it.
8 - What time …………………… (the banks / close) here?
9 - The cost of living …………………….. (rise). Every year Things are more expensive

10 - Mozart…………………… (be) an Austrian musician and composer. He ……………..
(write) more than 600 pieces of music. He ………………….. (be) only 35 years
when he (die).
Exercise (3)
Put the verbs between brackets in their right form:
1 - I…………..(not/work) tomorrow, so we can go out somewhere.
2 - That man can't see the hole in the ground. He………………(fall).
3 - Some of the guests…………..(already/go) home before I arrived at the party.
4 - She………………..(hurt) her hand while she ……………… (wash) the dishes.
5 - This is the first time I…………………. (ever / drive) a car
6 - Adel used to ……………………….(travel) a lot, but not any more.
7 - There's very little petrol left in the tank. We……………..(run out) of petrol.
8 - We ………………(not / be) to the farm for ages.
9 - I and Rasheed ………………….(knew) each other since we ……………(be) students at
the university.
10 - Last night, I …………………….. (drop) a plate when I ………………… (do) the washing
up. Fortunately it …………………(not / break).
Exercise (4)
1 - I ………………………. (understand) the English lesson yesterday.
2 - Where …………………… (you / be) last night?
3 - Younis …………………….. (not / wear) his new T-shirt on Monday.
4 - My Mum………………………… (not / wash) the dishes now.
5 - Nadia ……………………… (not / have) blonde hair.
6 - What …………………. (you / do) at the moment ?
7 - I …………………….. (clean) my room tomorrow.
8 - Where ………………………. (Gamal / travel) next week?
9 - Soheer ………………………. (not / watch) TV every day.
10 - Kareem usually……………………… (sleep) early to get up early.

1 sets / is setting 5 is running / wants 9 was crossing/stepped
2 were traveling/ burst 6 is shining/are singing fell

3 was still reading 7 is making/makes 1 is / is cooking
4 visited /was playing 8 was cleaning/went/killed 0

1 have already learnt 6 was walking/was following/was/started
2 has been learning 7 am going to use
3 had already gone 8 do the banks close
4 am buying 9 is rising
5 will find 10 was/wrote/was/died

1 am not working 6 travel
2 is going to fall 7 are going to run out
3 had already gone 8 haven't been
4 hurt / was washing 9 have known / were
5 have ever driven 10 dropped /was doing/wasn't broken

1 understood 5 doesn't have 9 doesn't watch
2 were you 6 are you doing
3 Wasn't wearing 7 am going to clean 10 sleeps
4 isn't washing 8 will Gamal travel

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Exercise (3)
Exercise (4)
Exercise (1)
Use the Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous & Present Perfect:
1 - He………………….. (not/ring) me up since last October.
2 - Our car…………………….. (not/break) down for a long time.
3 - We ………………………… (come) to this school 6 years ago.
4 - I …………………….. (sleep) in my brother's room this week.
5 - I often ……………………….. (write) letters to my friends at weekends.
6 - Ahmad ……………………… (help) his brother with his homework every day.
7 - They………………………. (play) football on Saturdays.
8 - Omar always …………………… (get up) early.
9 - We rarely ………………………… (go) to the club.
10- I ………………………. (like) staying at home, but I …………… (hate) doing the
housework.
1 - Mahmoud ………………………. (get) married last month.
2 - The postman ………………… (come) here every morning to deliver letters.
3 - Esam always ……………………….. (have) a bath in the morning.
4 - I ………………………. (wait) for the guests to come for a long time.
5 - My parents ………………………….. (go) to the club this evening.
6 - Do you know the countries which ……… (take) part in the Second World War?
7 - The population of the world …………………… (increase) very fast.
8 - How often ………………….. (she / send) e-mails to her friends?
9 - The River Amazon ……………………… (flow) into the Atlantic Ocean.
10 - I think the weather ……………………….. (be) nice this afternoon.

1 - A: Why are wearing your trainers?
B: I…………………… (go) walking.
2 - ……………………………. (you / go) out last night?
3 - Ali is not coming to the zoo with us because he ………………… (already / visit) it.
4- That bag looks heavy. I…………………….. (help) you with it.
5 - Mohammad ………………… (be) our prophet.

1 hasn't rung 3 came 5 write 7 play 9 go
2 hasn't broken 4 am sleeping 6 helps 8 gets up 10 like / hate

1 got 3 has 5 are going 7 is increasing 9 flows
2 comes 4 have waited 6 took 8 does she send 10 will be

1 am going 3 has already visited 5 is
2 Did you go 4 will help

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Exercise (3)
Exercise (1)

Use the Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Continuous & Present Perfect:
1 - They ……………….. (do) a lot of homework yesterday.
2 - Listen! Someone ……………………….. (knock) at the door.
3 - ……………………….. (your mother / cook) at the moment?
4 - He always ………………….. (go) for a walk in the morning.
5 - She usually …………………….. (try) to help others.
6 - I ………………………. (have) my hair cut a week ago.
7 - ……………………….. (you / ever/swim) in the river?
8 - How often ………………… (it/ rain) in Egypt?
9 - She …………… (not / see) her friends yesterday.
10 - Last night, I ……………………….. (read) an exciting story.
Exercise(2)
1 - She………………………. (just / eat) her sandwich.
2 - ………………………………….. (your brother / play) tennis every Friday?
3 - I ……………………. .(brush) my teeth every day.
4 - Where …………………….. (you/ go) now?
5 - The wind …………………….. (blow) hard now.
6 - She …………………… (make) a nice cake yesterday.
7 - I ……………… (be) ill yesterday.
8 - ……………………………. (you/ever/go) to London?
9 - We …………… (not/ do) much work yesterday.
10 - We ……………. (not/ hear) from him since he left.
Exercise (3)
1 - Excuse me, ……………………….. (you / speak) English ?
2 - I can't eat anything. I ………………… (just / have) lunch.
3 - Vegetarians ……………………….. (not / eat) meat.
4 - The Olympic Games ………………………………. (take) place every four years.
5- I can't remember your address. I ……………………….. (forget) it.

1 did 5 tries 9 didn't see
2 is knocking 6 had
3 Is your mother 7 Have you ever swum 10 read
4 goes 8 does it rain

1 has just eaten 5 is blowing 9 didn't do
2 Does you brother play 6 made
3 brush 7 was 10 haven't heard
4 are you going 8 Have you ever gone

1 Do you speak 4 take
2 have just had 5 have forgot
3 don't eat

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Exercise (3)
Pronouns
Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive
pronoun Pronoun Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns
I me my mine myself
He him his his himself
She her her hers herself
It it its its itself
You you your yours yourself
You you your yours yourselves
We us our ours ourselves
They them their theirs themselves
Examples:
1 - I am a teacher. 1 - She is a doctor.

2 - Pupils ask me. 2 - Nurses help her
3 - Teaching is my job. 3 - Helping patients is her job.
4 - This grammar book is mine. 4 -This clinic is hers.
5 - I wrote it myself. 5 -She chose it herself.
* Subject pronoun and Object Pronoun

Subject pronoun Object Pronoun
I me
He him
She her
It it
You you
We us
They them
* Position & use:

* Subject Pronouns:
- We often use subject pronouns at the beginning of sentences:
- Verbs come after subject pronouns:
.‫غالبا" نستخدم ضمائر الفاعل في بداية الجمل و يأتي بعدها األفعال‬
e.g. I like English very much.
He studies geography everyday.
They are helping their uncle.
* Object Pronoun:
- We often use the object pronouns at the end of sentences.
‫غالبا" نستخدم ضمائر المفعول في نهاية الجمل‬
- After verbs or prepositions. ‫تستخدم بعد األفعال و حروف الجر‬
- After "let" and "between". "between" ‫" و‬let" ‫و تستخدم بعد‬
- Before "all" and "both". "both" ‫" و‬all" ‫قبل‬
e.g. My teachers like me.

His friends meet him everyday.
Let us go to the club.
Mona is sitting between me and her brother.
You are taller than them all.
Nasser is older than us both.
* Possessive Adjectives and Possessive Pronouns:

Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns
my mine
his his
her hers
its its
your yours
our ours
their theirs
* Possessive Adjectives:
* Position & use:
- Possessive adjectives precede nouns ‫صفات الملكية تصف األسماء‬
e.g. My favourite hobby is reading.
His school is near his house.
Her dress is blue.
The cat drank its milk.
Your grammar book is very useful.
Our teacher of English is very kind.
Their farm is near Mallawy.
* Possessive Pronouns:
- Possessive Pronouns often follow verbs: ‫غالبا" تأتي ضمائر الملكية بعد األفعال‬
- They usually come at the end of sentences: ‫عادتا" تأتي ضمائر الملكية في نهاية الجمل‬
- With some expressions: ‫و تأتي مع هذه التعبيرات‬

a friend of mine a relative of hers
a colleague of yours a neighbour of ours
e.g. My car is black, but yours is dark blue.
Please, give me my pen and take yours.
This is my grammar book and that is yours.
I forgot my rubber can you give me yours.
* Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
myself
himself
herself
itself
yourself /
yourselves
ourselves
themselves
1 - We use reflexive pronouns for emphasis. ‫نستخدم الضمائر المنعكسة للتأكيد‬

e.g. The president himself attended the meeting.

I myself saw the thief.
2 - We use a reflexive pronoun when we refer to the same person.
‫نستخدم الضمير المنعكس عندما نشيرالي الشخص نفسه‬
e.g. She saw herself in the mirror.
* Demonstrative Pronouns ‫ضمائر االشاره‬

This ‫ هذه‬/ ‫هذا‬ These ‫هؤالء‬
That ‫ تلك‬/ ‫ذلك‬ Those ‫أولئك‬
1 - This ‫لإلشارة للمفرد القريب‬
e.g. This computer is mine.
2 - That ‫لإلشارة إلي المفرد البعيد‬

e.g. Ali: Can you see that plane?
Baha: Yes, I can. It's a war airplane.
3 - These ‫لإلشارة إلي جمع قريب‬
e.g. These flowers are so lovely.
4 -Those ‫لإلشارة إلي الجمع البعيد‬
e.g. Those buildings are very far
Exercise (1)
A- Choose the correct answer from (a, b and C)

1 - …………………am very happy today.
a-You b-I c-He
2 -Can ………………….talk together, please?
a- we b- us c- our
3 -Are these………………….books?
a- us b- our c- ours
4 -Look! He is cutting the tree…………………
a- yourself b- herself c- himself
5 - Did you see …………… purse?
a- mine b- me c- my
6 -These are not ………………… pens. They are Mohannad's.
a- your b-you c- yours
7 - Come and play with …………………
a- me b- myself c- me
8 - Tamer and Magdy painted the house ………………
a- yourselves b- ourselves c- themselves
9 - Come on, children. Behave ………………
a-ourselves b- yourselves c- themselves
10 - The red dress is Mona's but the purple one is……………….
a- me b- mine c- my
Exercise (2)
Fill in with a suitable pronoun:
1 - Eman is rich, but …………… is not happy.
2 - You can take …………… pencil and give me ……………
3 - ………. boys over there are making a fire.
4 - He introduced me to a friend of………………
5 - Amer studied ………. lessons carefully.
6 - Where's Nahd? her aunt wants to see …………….
7 - We can't do these sums. Will you help …………………. with them, please?
8 - My mother made all these cakes …………………………
9 - I took this photo ………………….
10 - Samy can't remember where ……………….. hid the keys.
Exercise (3)

Use (He – She – It – We – They - You) instead of the underlined nouns:
1 -The door is closed. ……………… is not open.
2 -The baby is sitting. …………….. is not standing .
3 -Mother is in the bedroom. ……………. is not in the kitchen.
4 -The boys are quite. ……………….. are not noisy.
5 -Ahmad and Nader are tall …………….. are not short.
6 -The cat is on the table. …………….. is drinking milk.
7 -This is Mr. Ahmad . …………….. is my father.
8 -I like Adel . …………….. play together.
9 -This is my uncle. ……………….. is an engineer.
10 -I go to school on foot. ............... is near my house.

1 I 3 our 5 my 7 me 9 yourselves
2 we 4 himself 6 your 8 themselves 10 mine

1 she 3 those 5 his 7 us 9 myself
2 my / yours 4 his 6 her 8 herself 10 he

1 It 3 She 5 They 7 He 9 He
2 It/ He/ She 4 They 6 It 8 We 10 It

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Exercise (3)
Verb to be "‫فعل "يكون‬

* Positive Form:
In the Present Simple In the Past Simple The Past participle

I am I I
He He He
She is She was She
It It It been
We
We We
You
You are You were
They
They They
Examples:
In the present Simple:
1 - I am a teacher.
2- He is an optician.
3 - She is a clever surgeon.
4 - It is our school.
5 - You are an intelligent boy.
6 - We are believers in one God.
7 - They are highly qualified doctors.
In the Past Simple:

1 - I was in a wedding party yesterday.
2 - He was in Mallawy Swimming Pool last Sunday.
3 - She was a singer but she repented.
4 -That / It was really fantastic.
5 - You were on the farm with your uncle last year.
6 - We were in a boat on the Nile in the morning.
7 - They were in the hospital to visit their sick friend.
* Negative Form:

In the present In the past
I am not am not I was not wasn't
He is not isn't He was not wasn't
She is not isn't She was not wasn't
It is not isn't It was not wasn't
We are not aren't We were not weren't
You are not aren't You were not weren't
They are not aren't They were not weren't
Examples:
I am not an officer.
She isn't a doctor.
We aren't clever at drawing.
I wasn't fat last year.
They weren't late for school yesterday.
*Interrogative Form:
Am + I + complement?
Am I teacher?
Yes, you are. (affirmative short answer)
Yes, you are a teacher. (affirmative long answer)
No, You aren't. (negative short answer)
No, you aren't a teacher. (negative long answer)
he
Is + she + complement?
It
Is she a babysitter?
Yes, she is.
Yes, she is a babysitter.
No, she isn't.
No she isn't a babysitter.
we

Are + you + complement?
they
Are you an astronaut?
Yes, I am.
Yes, I am an astronaut.
No, I am not.
No, I am not an astronaut.
I
Was + he + complement?
she
It
Was he at school yesterday?
Yes, he was.
Yes, he was at school yesterday.
No he wasn't.
No, he wasn't at school.
you
Were + we + complement?
they
Were you on the farm last Monday?
Yes, I was.
Yes, I was on the farm last Monday.
No, I wasn't.
No, I wasn't on the farm last Monday.
Questions Form:
am
Question word + is + subject + complement?
are
They are my cousins.
Who are they?
Fahmi is my friend.
Who is your friend?
Use:

1 - It is used as a main verb: "‫تستخدم كفعل رئيسي بمعني" يكون‬
e.g. I'm a teacher of English.
Mohammed Morsi is our president.
They are good men.
2 - It is used as an auxiliary verb in continuous tenses:
‫يستخدم كفعل مساعد في أالزمنه المستمرة‬
e.g. I'm studying English now
Ali is helping his uncle on the farm.
They have been playing tennis since two o'clock.
3 - It's used to form passive form: ‫يستخدم في تكوين المبني للمجهول‬
To be + past participle
e.g. I am invited to dinner by my father in law.
A computer will be bought by me.
Clothes are being washed.
4 - To express necessity. "to" ‫للتعبير عن الضرورة مع حرف الجر‬
To be + to + infinitive
You are to study hard.
She is to clean her room.
We were to take our sick grandfather to hospital.
Exercise ( 1 )
1 - Hend ……………(be) my sister.
2 - My father ……………(be) a policeman.
3 - Today ……………(be) my birthday. I……………(be) twenty years old.
4 -……………………….(Adly / be) at the club last Monday?
5 - These……………(be) Reem and Lamia. They……………(be) my friends.
6 -A: Where ……………(be) you from? B: I……………(be) from Algeria?
7 - He ……………(be) poor . He can't buy this car.
8 - Aswan ……………(be) in Egypt.
9 - Paris ……………(be / not) in England.
10 - I……………(be / not) at school yesterday.
Exercise (2)
1 - A: ……………………(you/be) asleep when I called you?
B: Yes, I ………………….(be).
2 - A: What……………………(be) your job?
B: I…………….(be) an electrician.
3 - We…………………(be) good friends, but not any more.
4 - We……………..(be) clever students. We always get the full marks.
5 - That woman over there……………..(be) our neighbour. Her flat………………….(be)
opposite ours. We usually have coffee together in the afternoon.
6 - A:………………… (your brother / be) at home now?
B: Yes, he is.
7 - Where……………………(be) my trousers?
8 - The scissors……………………..(be) in the drawer.
9 - That………………………. (be) the best news I've heard for a long time.
10 - This…………………………(be) really wonderful information.

1 is 3 is / am 5 are / are 7 is 9 isn't
2 is 4 Is Adly 6 are / am 8 is 10 wasn't

1 Were you / was 5 is / is 9 is
2 is / am 6 Is 10 is
3 were 7 are
4 are 8 are

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Verb to Have / Have got "‫فعل "يملك‬

Verb to Have
* Positive Form:
Present Past Past Participle

I
You have
We
They
had had
He
She has
It
.‫ له‬/ ‫ عنده‬/ ‫ لديه‬/ ‫" يملك‬have" ‫تعني‬
e.g. I have a new camera.
She has a white teddy bear.
They had a lot of work yesterday.
:‫لها أيضا" معاني آخري منها‬
e.g. I always have a shower every morning. ‫يأخذ حمام‬
She often has her breakfast at work. ‫يتناول طعام‬
:‫و تستخدم في األزمنة التامة و التامة المستمرة‬
e.g. I have cleaned all the dishes.
She has already tidied her room.
We had studied geography before we did our homework.
Noha has been sleeping since ten o'clock.
Negative Form:
Present Past
I
You don't have
We
They didn't have
He
She doesn't have
It
e.g. I don't have enough money to buy a new car.
She doesn't have a mobile phone, so she uses her brother's.
I didn't have any time to visit my sick friend yesterday.
I
Do you have + complement?
we
they
Yes, I / you / we / they + do.

No, I / you / we / they + don't.
e.g. Do you have many friends?

Yes, I do.
No, I don't.
he
Does she have + complement?
it
Yes, he / she / it + doesn't.
No, he / she / it + doesn't.
e.g. Does she have a pink dress?

yes, she does.
No, she doesn't.
Exercise
1 - We have a new computer. (Use: What)
2 - Mona has a pink dress. (Negate)
3 - They had a lot of homework yesterday. (Negate)
4 - I always have a shower every morning. (How often)
5 - He often has his lunch at the office. (Where)
6 - No, I don't have enough money to buy a new car. (ask)
7 - I have my breakfast at seven o'clock. (What time)
8 - We had our lunch after school. (negate)
9 - Malak has a nice puppet (Negate)

10 - My friend has a beautiful villa. (What)

1 - What do you have?
2 - Mona doesn't have a pink dress.
3 - They didn't have much homework yesterday.
4 - How often do you always have a shower?
5 - Where does he often have his lunch?
6 - Do you have enough money to buy a new car?
7 - What time do you have your breakfast?
8 - We didn't have our lunch after school.
9 - Malak doesn't have a nice puppet.
10 - What does your friend have?

Exercise (1)
Verb To Have got
* Positive Form:

I
You have got
We
They
had had
He
She has got
It
.‫ له‬/ ‫ عنده‬/ ‫ لديه‬/ ‫" يملك‬have got" ‫تعني‬

e.g. I have got a new camera.
She has got a white teddy bear.
They had a lot of work yesterday.
Negative Form:
Present Past
I
You haven't got
We
They
didn't have
He
Sh hasn't got
It
e.g. I haven't got enough money to buy a new car.
She hasn't got a mobile phone, so she uses her brother's.
I haven't got any time to visit my friend yesterday.
I
Have you got + complement?
we
they
Yes, I / you / we / they + have.
No, I / you / we / they + haven't.
e.g. Have you got many friends?

Yes, I have.
No, I haven't.
he
Has she got + complement?
it
Yes, he / she / it + has.

No, he / she / it + hasn't.
e.g. Has she got a pink dress?

Yes, she has. (or) No, she hasn't.
Exercise
1 - We have got a new computer. (Use: What)
2 - Mona has got a pink dress. (Negate)
3 - Malak has got a nice puppet (Negate)
4 - My friend has got a beautiful villa. (What)
5 -No, I haven't got enough money to buy a new car. (ask)

1 - What have you got?
2 - Mona hasn't got a pink dress.
3 - Malak hasn't got a nice puppet.
4- What has your friend got?
5 - Have you got enough money to buy a new car?

Exercise (1)
Verb to do "‫فعل "يفعل‬

I
You do
We
They
did done
He
She does
It
Use:
‫ يقوم ب‬/ ‫ يؤدي عمل‬/ ‫( يعمل‬do) ‫* تعني‬
e.g. I always do my homework every day.
Sameer does his homework in the evening.
They did their homework after school yesterday.
‫( تستخدم للتأكيد‬do + infinitive) *
e.g. I do believe you.

I did see the thief.
‫( مع العاب القوي‬do) ‫* و تستخدم‬
e.g. I always do karate on Fridays.
She does the long jump in the club.
They do gymnastics together.
.‫* و يستخدم في النفي‬
e.g. We don't write on school walls.
Good Muslims don't throw litter in the street.
Clever students don't waste their time.
.‫* و يستخدم في السؤال‬
e.g. Do you study English everyday?
Does Ahmad always help his friends?
How do you go to school?
What do you do on holidays?

:‫و يستخدم مع بعض التعبيرات‬
do an experiment ‫يقوم بتجربة‬ do………….work ‫يؤدي عمل‬
do a research on ‫يقوم ببحث عن‬ do………. job ‫يؤدي وظيفة معينة‬
do an operation ‫يقوم بعملية جراحية‬ do homework ‫يؤدي الواجب‬
do housework ‫يقوم بأعمال منزلية‬ do………..things ‫يفعل أشياء‬
do……………best ‫يبذل قصارى جهده‬ do something wrong ‫يرتكب خطأ‬
Exercise (1)
Correct the Verbs between brackets:
1 - They always……………(do) his homework after studying his lessons.
2 - My brother …………………..(do) operations in his clinic.
3 - …………………..(do) your utmost to succeed.
4 - Nour ………………….(not / do) the housework at night.
5 - I……………………(do) my best last year to get high marks.
6 - El Sharway …………………(do) great things in his life.
7 - I…………………..(do) a research on planting medical herbs at present.
8 - We …………….. (do) our homework at four yesterday.
9 - Our science teacher always …………….(do) experiments in the science lab.
10 - Hassan and Maged often………………(do) the long jump at weekends.

1 do 3 Do 5 did 7 am doing 9 does
2 does 4 doesn't do 6 did 8 did 10 do

Exercise (1)
Negation ‫طريقة النفي‬

1 - We add "not" after "Helping verbs" and "Modal verbs":
‫" بعد األفعال المساعدة واألفعال الناقصة‬not" ‫نضع‬
Helping Verbs
1 - Verb to be:
Affirmative form Long negative form Short negative form
am am not ________
is is not isn't
are are not aren't
was was not wasn't
were were not weren't
Examples:
I am a doctor. (Negate)
I am not a doctor.
She is a nurse. She isn't a nurse.
You are a student. You aren't a student.
I was at school yesterday. I wasn't at school yesterday.
You were on the farm last Monday. You weren’t on the farm last Monday.
2 -Verb to have + P.p:

Affirmative form Long negative form Short negative form
have + p.p have + not + p.p haven't + p.p
has + p.p has + not + p.p hasn't + p.p
had + p.p had + not + p.p hadn't + p.p
Examples:
I have cleaned my room. I haven't cleaned my room.

She has seen a wolf. She hasn't seen a wolf.
We had made a cake. We hadn't made a cake.
Modal verbs:
Affirmative form long negative form Short negative form
will will not won't
would would not wouldn't
shall shall not shan't
should sould not shouldn't
can can not can't
could could not couldn't
may may not mayn't
might might not mightn't
must must not mustn't
ought to ought not to oughtn't to
need to don't/ doesn’t / didn’t need to needn't
Examples:
I will help him. I won't help him.

She can speak Portuguese. She can't speak Portuguese.
In the Present Simple. ‫النفي في زمن المضارع البسيط‬
I / You / We / They don’t + infinitive

He / She / It doesn’t + infinitive
Examples:
I walk to school. I don’t go to school.

Lubna speaks French. Lubna doesn’t speak French.
In the Past Simple:

didn't + infinitive
e.g. They recognised the murderer. They didn't recognise the murderer.
Notes:
and or
:‫عند ربط فعلين‬
e.g. Mohammad studied his lessons and did his homework.
Mohammad didn't study his lessons or do his homework.
and or
:‫عند ربط مفعولين‬
Amer studied English and Math. Amer didn't study English or Math.
and and
:‫" و تبقى كما هى‬and"‫عند ربط فاعلين ال تتغير‬
e.g. Adham and Wael are engineers. Adham and Wael aren't engineers.
still no longer
This fish is still fresh.
This fish isn't no longer fresh.
many (countable nouns)

a lot of
much (uncountable nouns)
e.g. I have got a lot of books to read.
I haven't got many books to read.
e.g. She put a lot of sugar in my tea.
She didn't put much sugar in my tea.
I have a lot of work to do.
I don't have much work to do.
So neither
e.g. Ahmad studied French, so did his brother.
Ahmad studied French, neither did his brother.
Both of neither of
e.g. Both of them are here. Neither of them is here.
"neither of" ‫ال حظ تغيير الفعل من جمع الى مفرد مع‬
Frequently
always
often
usually are changed to
sometimes never
occasionally ‫يتم تغييرهم ألي‬
ever
someday
e.g. I always get up late. I never get up late.
He often helps the poor . He never helps the poor.
She usually does karate She never does karate.
Some day you will know the truth. You will never know the truth.
(Or) Never will you know the truth.
"Inversion" ‫" في بدية الجملة يتم تقديم الفعل المساعد على الفاعل و يسمى ذلك‬never" ‫ال حظ عند وضع‬
recently
just yet
already
He has just cleaned his room. He hasn't cleaned his room yet.
They have already finished their homework. They haven't finished their
homework yet.
"yet" ‫" ب‬recently, just, already" ‫ مع إستبدال‬not ‫"بإستخدام‬have, has" ‫نالحظ نفى‬
f
‫ب‬
3 - Both……….and neither…………… nor
e.g. Both Yasser and Khalid are acrobats. Neither Yasser nor Khalid is
acrobat.
‫" أن يتفق مع اقرب فاعل لة (أى الفاعل الثانى) إذا كان يربط فاعلين أما إذا كان يربط مفعولين‬nor" ‫البد للفعل بعد‬
.‫فيبقى كما هو‬
I met Ahmad and his wife. I met neither Ahmad nor his wife.
Both Nader and his friends were at the club. Neither Nader nor his
friends were at the club.
Both the teachers and their principal are highly qualified. Neither the
teachers nor their principal is highly qualified.
4 - either…………..or neither………………nor ‫أو‬.............‫أما‬
e.g. She is either a doctor or a nurse. She is neither a doctor nor a nurse.
also

too either
as well
e.g. He is rich too. She isn't rich either.
He has a car as well. He doesn’t have a car either.
He also bought a villa. He didn’t buy a villa either.
Someone not………… any one
Somebody no one
e.g. I met someone in the street.
a - I didn't meet any one in the street.
b - I met no one in the street.
not……………any one
Something
nothing
e.g. I bought something for my wife.
a - I didn't buy anything for my wife.
b - I bought nothing for my wife.
not………..any where
Somewhere
nowhere
She found her ring somewhere.
She didn't find her ring anywhere.
She found her ring nowhere.
not……………..any
Some
no
e.g. I have some money.
I don’t have any money.
I have no money.
If "some" is part of the subject, It's changed into "no" only.
e.g. Some pupils are absent today.
No pupils are absent today.
every not every

e.g. Every bride wears in white. Not every bride wears in white.
each not each

e.g. Each pupil in my class got a prize.
Not each pupil in my class got a prize.
all not all or none of the
e.g. All the students are clever.
Not all the students are clever.
None of the students is clever.
every
each no
all
e.g. She cleaned every room.

She cleaned no room.
e.g. The head teacher gave each pupil a prize.
The head teacher gave no pupil a prize.
used not to
Used to
didn't use to
e.g. He used to play football in the street.
a - He didn't use to play football in the street.
b - He used not to play football in the street.
don’t need to
need to
needn't
e.g. You need to pay your furniture in cash.
You needn't pay your furniture in cash.
You don’t need to pay your furniture in cash.
ought to ought not to

You ought to help him do his homework.
You oughtn't to help him do his homework.
not as…………….as

As………….as
not so……………as
e.g. Samy is as clever as Tarek.
a - Samy isn’t as clever as Tarek.
b - Samy isn't so clever as Tarek.
* Imperatives
Affirmative Imperative Negative Imperative
Open the door. Don't open the door.
Let the window open at night. Don't let the window open at night.
Put some sugar in my tea. Don't Put any sugar in my tea
* Deduction ‫االستنتاج‬
In the Present Simple:
must + infinitive can't + infinitive
e.g. He must be tired. He can't be tired.
In the Past Simple:

must have p.p can't +have + p.p
e.g. He must have been tired. He can't have been tired.
* Necessity ‫الضرورة‬
In case of prohibition: ‫في حاله المنع و التحريم‬
must mustn't
You must park here. You mustn't park here.
You must take a photo here. You mustn't take a photo here.
In case of unnecessity: ‫في حالة عدم الضرورة‬

needn't
must
don't / doesn't / didn't have to
e.g. You must take a taxi; It is late.

a - You needn't take a taxi; It isn't late.
b - You don't have to take a taxi; It isn't late.
Exercise (1)
Negate The following sentences:
1 - I'm sad. 6 - He is waiting for the bus.
2 - They were at the zoo. 7 - She does judo.
3 - Dad fixed the car. 8 - They are painting the wall.
4 - Mum bought fruit. 9 - I stay up late.
5 - We can speak French. 10 - You should shout in the classroom.
Exercise (2)
Negate the following sentences:
1 - We will travel abroad this year. 6 - The children made noise.
2 - My sister wrote her homework. 7 - Adel is my best friend.
3 - Maged is playing tricks on his friends. 8 - They have already cleaned the house.
4 - I sent the letter yesterday. 9 - He has just arrived.
5 - My mother gets up late. 10 - They always come on time.
Exercise (3)
Make these sentences negative:
1 - The child learnt how to swim. 6 - The know something about the plan.
2 - His father reads a lot. 7 - Write your name on the question paper.
3 - She does her housework after supper. 8 - All those boys are polite.
4 -I want some sugar and tea. 9 - Some animals wake up at night.
5 - Ali read most stories, and so did I. 10 -Some day he will be wise.
Exercise (4)
Make these sentences negative:
1 - Those children used to play in the dust.
2 - Both the school and the hospital lie in this area.
3 - Pupils who pay attention to their teacher learn something
4 - Ahmad did his best in this race.
5 - His parents have just come from New Jersey.
Exercise (5)
Choose the write word(s):
1 - Nobody ………….. the money.
a) stole b) steal c)hasn't stolen d) didn't steal
2 - She hasn't got …………….. photos.
a) a lot of b) a large amount of c) many d) much
3 - I didn't buy a new suit ……………
a) also b) too c) neither d) either
4 - …………..has made a noise.
a) No one b) Any one c) Anybody d) Both of the
5 - She didn't go to the theater; ……………..did I.
a) still b) so c) either d) neither
6 - ………….the tiger and the lion were shot.
a) Either b) Neither c) Both d) Each
7 - He didn't write the lesson……………… study it.
a) either b) and c) and not d) or
8 - They never …………….the widows.
a) didn't clean b) clean c) don't clean d) cleans
9 - He isn't at home; he ………………… gone out.
a) must have b) can't have c) would have d) will have
10 - I asked him for some ink, and he gave me …………..
a) not b) no c) any d) some
Exercise (6)
Choose the write word(s):
1 - She hardly likes………………..of these blouses.
a) either b) neither c) both d) some
2 - Don't let ………………… disturb you.
a) one b) anyone c) everyone d) someone
3 - We have not had………………rainy days this winter.
a) much b) many c) some d) a lot
4 - She made no mistakes and neither …………………
a) did I b) I did c) do I d) I do
5 - ……………….. modern inventions are useful.
a) None of b) Every c) Not all d) Not every

1 - I'm not sad. 6 - He isn't waiting for the bus.
2 - They weren't at the zoo. 7 - She doesn't do judo.
3 - Dad didn't fix the car. 8 - They aren't painting the wall.
4 - Mum didn't buy fruit. 9 - I don't stay up late.
5 - We can't speak French. 10 - You shouldn't shout in the
classroom.

1 - We won't travel abroad this year. 6-The children didn't make noise.
2 - My sister didn't write her homework. 7 - Adel isn't my best friend.
3 - Maged isn't playing tricks on his friends. 8 - They haven't cleaned the house yet.
4 - I didn't send the letter yesterday. 9 - He hasn't arrived yet.
5 - My mother doesn't get up late. 10 - They never come on time.

1 - The child didn't learn how to swim. 6 - They know nothing about the plan.
2 - His father doesn't read at all. 7 - Don't write your name on the
3 - She doesn't do her housework question paper.
after supper. 8 - Not all those boys are polite.
4 -I don't want any sugar or tea. 9 - No animals wake up at night.
5 - Ali didn't read most stories, and 10 - He will never be wise.
neither did I.

1 - Those children didn't use to / used not to play in the dust.
2 - Neither the school nor the hospital lies in this area.
3 - Pupils who don't pay attention to their teacher learn nothing
4 - Ahmad didn't do his best in this race.
5 - His parents haven't come from New Jersey yet.

1 stole 3 either 5 neither 7 or 9 must have
2 many 4 No one 6 Both 8 clean 10 some

1 neither 3 many 5 Not all
2 anyone 4 did I

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Exercise (3)
Exercise (4)
Exercise (5)
Exercise (6)
Forming Questions ‫طريقة عمل سؤال‬

(1) - Yes, No Questions
We often make questions by changing the word order; we put the auxiliary verb
or the modal verb before the subject.
:‫غالبا"نكون سؤال عن طريق تغيير الترتيب الخاص بالجملة فنقوم بوضع الفعل المساعد أو الناقص قبل الفاعل‬
* Auxiliary verbs: ‫األفعال المساعدة‬

1 - Verb to be (am - is - are - was - were)
2 - Verb to have + P.P (have / has / had + P.p)
* Modal verbs: ‫األفعال الناقصة‬

(Can / could / shall / should / will / would / may / might /must)
Examples:
e.g. Yes. I'm an accountant.
Are you an accountant?
Yes, I am. (Affirmative short answer)
No, I am not. (Negative short answer)
e.g. Yes, we can help you.
Can you help me?
Yes, we can. (or) No, we can't.
Note these changes:

I / We You some any
Me / us you never ever
My / our your a lot of much (with uncountable nouns)
Mine / ours yours a lot of many (with countable nouns)
myself yourself
ourselves yourselves
e.g. There is some sugar in the cup.
Is there any sugar in the cup?
yes, there is some. (or) No, there isn’t any.
e.g. No, he has never been to Mecca.

Has he ever been to Mecca?
Yes, he has. (or) No, he hasn't.
If there isn't an auxiliary verb or a modal verb we use:\
:‫أذا لم يوجد في الجملة فعل مساعد أو ناقص نقوم باستخدام‬
* In the Present Simple: ‫في زمن المضارع البسيط‬
(We use : do / does)
e.g. Yes, I pray the five times in mosque.
Do you pray the five times in mosque?
Yes, I do. (or) No, I don’t.
Yes, she works in a hospital.
Does she work in a hospital?
Yes, she does. (or) No, she doesn’t.
* In the past simple: ‫في زمن الماضي البسيط‬

(We use : did)
e.g. Yes, I helped my neighbour.
Did you help your neighbour?
Yes, I did. (or) No, I didn’t.
Yes, they gave the poor man some money.
Did they give the poor man any money?
Yes, they did. (or) No, they didn't.
* We use this kind of questions for:
Use Examples Answers

Giving information Does Ali work in a bank? Yes, he does.
Requesting Could you pass me the salt, please? Ok.
Making a suggestion Shall we meet at four o'clock? All right.
Offering Can I help you carry this box? Yes, please.
Inviting Would you like to come to my party? Yes. I'd love to.
Asking permission May I use your Dictionary, please? Ok,here you are.
2-Wh-Questions
The word order of most questions: ‫يكون ترتيب الجملة االستفهامية كاألتي‬
Question word + auxiliary verb + subject + Main verb + Complement?

* Question Words ‫كلمات االستفهام‬

* When…………………?)‫؟‬.....................‫للسؤال عن الزمان (متى‬
e.g. Mohammad Morsi became president of Egypt on 24 July.
When did Mohammad Morsi become president of Egypt?
Our Great Revolution against Mubarark's spoiled regime was
on 25th January 2011.
When was our Great Revolution against Mubarak's spoiled regime?
The Second War began in 1938
When did the Second War begin?
We fast in Ramadan.
When do we fast?
Where………….?)‫؟‬.................‫للسؤال عن المكان (أين‬
e.g. I live in Mallawy.
Where do you live?
I am from Egypt.
Where are you from?
The Eiffel Tower is in France.
Where is the Eiffel Tower?
Who………………..? )‫؟‬...............‫للسؤال عن الفاعل العاقل (من‬

e.g. Mohammad is our prophet.
Who is our prophet?
Morsi is our president.
Who is our president?
Gorham Bill invented the telephone.
Who invented the telephone?
‫( ألن السؤال‬Inversion) ‫* نالحظ عدم إستخدام فعل مساعد من خارج الجملة أو تقديم فعل مساعد على الفاعل‬
.‫عن الفاعل نفسة و الذى بدورة غير موجود بالجملة االستفهامية‬
* Whom = (Who)…………..?)‫؟‬................‫للسؤال عن المفعول به العاقل (من‬
e.g. The lion killed the zookeeper yesterday.
Whom / Who did the lion kill yesterday?
I met the president yesterday.
Whom / Who did you meet yesterday?
Why…………………..?)‫؟‬.................‫ ما السبب‬/ ‫للسؤال عن السبب (لماذا‬

e.g. I didn't go to school yesterday because I was ill.
Why didn't you go to school?
I go to the gym to keep fit.
Why do you go to the gym?
:‫"تكون اإلجابة ب‬Why" ‫ لالجابة عن السؤال المبدؤء ب‬-
.‫" لبيان السبب‬Because" -
.‫" لبيان الغرض‬To" -
* Whose………………………? )‫؟‬.........‫للسؤال عن المالك (ملك من‬
This is Ahmad's scooter.
Whose scooter is this?
These are Mona's dolls.
Whose dolls are these?
* Which……….......? )‫؟‬............... ‫ أيهم‬/ ‫ أيهما‬/ ‫للسؤال عن أالختيار(أى‬

e.g. The plane is faster than the train.
Which is faster: The plane or the train?
I prefer English to math.
Which do you prefer: English or math?
* What……………….? )‫؟‬.............‫ ماذا‬/ ‫للسؤال عن الفاعل أو المفعول الغير عاقل( ما‬
e,g. An ornament is on the shelf.
What is on the shelf?
‫( ألن السؤال‬Inversion) ‫*نالحظ عدم إستخدام فعل مساعد من خارج الجملة أو تقديم فعل مساعد على الفاعل‬
.‫عن الفاعل نفسة و الذى بدورة غير موجود بالجملة االستفهامية‬
My mother bought a kilo of aubergines.
What did your mother buy?
Ali typed the letter.
What did Ali type?
* What……………job? )‫؟‬.............‫للسؤال عن الوظيفة (ما وظيفة‬

My father is an oculist.

What is your father?
What is your father's job?
What does your father do?
* What colour…………..? )‫؟‬................‫للسؤال عن االلوان ( ما لون‬

John's eyes are blue.
What colour are John's eyes?
* What size……………….? )‫؟‬.............‫ مقاس‬/ ‫ الحجم ( ما حجم‬/ ‫للسؤال عن المقاس‬

My shoes are size forty four.
What size are your shoes?
* What time………………?)‫؟‬...........‫للسؤال عن الوقت (ما وقت‬

I always get up at four o'clock.
What time do you get up?
* What shape…………….? )‫؟‬...............‫للسؤال عن الشكل (ما شكل‬

My stamps are rectangular.
What shape are your stamps?
* What kind of person………………..? )‫؟‬.............‫للسؤال عن نوع الشخصية(ما نوع الشخصية‬

Our president is pious and wise.
What kind of person is your president?
* What kind / What sort…………….? )‫؟‬..........‫للسؤال عن النوع (ما نوع‬

It's a sports club.
What kind / sort of club is it?
* What nationality.............? )‫؟‬...............‫للسؤال عن الجنسية ( ما جنسية‬

Kabuki is Japanese.
What nationality is Kabuki?
* What……telephone number? ‫ ؟‬................‫للسؤال عن رقم التليفون (ما رقم التليفون الخاص بـــــــ‬
What is your telephone number?
My telephone number is 01228837797

* What Language …………..? )‫؟‬.................‫للسؤال عن اللغة (ما اللغة‬
The Prophet Saleh Spoke Arabic.
What language did the Prophet Saleh Speak?
* What subject……………..? )‫؟‬.............‫للسؤال عن المادة الدراسية ( ما المادة الدراسية‬

I studied science and history yesterday.
What subjects did you study yesterday?
* What for………………? )‫؟‬...............‫ (لماذا‬/ ‫ فيما تستحدم‬/ ‫ما فائدة‬

Scissors are used for cutting.
What are scissors used for?
* How…………..? ( In what way) )‫؟‬.........‫للسؤال عن الكيفية (كيف‬

I go to school on foot.
Shahd speaks English fluently.
How does Shahd speak English?
This machine works by pressing on this green button.
How does this machine work?
* How many + countable noun……………? )‫؟‬..........‫للسؤال عن العدد ( كم عدد‬

There are 114 Chapters in the Holy Quran.
How many Chapters are there in the Holy Quran?
The spider has got eight legs.
How many legs has the spider got?
There are eight planets in our solar system.
How many planets are there in our solar system?
* How much + Uncountable noun…………….? )‫للسؤال عن الكمية ( كم الكمية‬

We need three kilos of sugar.
How much sugar do you need?
There's a jar of jam in the fridge.
How much jam is there in the fridge?

* How much = What price…………..? )‫؟‬...............‫ سعر‬/ ‫للسوأل عن الثمن ( ما ثمن‬
This camera costs 1000 pounds.
How much / What price is this camera?
How much / What price does this camera cost?
A kilo of mangoes is 10 pounds.
How much is a kilo of mangoes?
Khalid paid fifty pounds for this book.
How much did Khalid pay for this book?
* How tall = What height……………………? )‫؟‬.............‫للسؤال عن الطول لالشياء القائمة ( كم الطول‬

Abdul Allah is 2 metres tall.
How tall /What height is Abdul Allah?
This tree is 30 metres tall.
How tall / What height is this tree?
* How long / What length…………? )‫؟‬........‫للسؤال عن الطول لالشياء الممتدة على االرض(كم طول‬
My school wall is 100 metres.
How long /What length is your school wall?
* How long /What length……….? )‫؟‬....‫للسؤال عن طول المدة الزمنية ( كم المدة الزمنية‬
Medhat spent three years in Mecca.
How long did Medhat spend in Mecca?
Mubarak's spoiled regime lasted 30 years.
How did Mubarak's spoiled regime last?
* How often = How many times………? )‫؟‬........‫للسؤال عن عدد المرات(كم مرة‬

We pray five times a day.
How often / How many times do we pray a day?
I visit Mecca once every four years.
How often do you visit Mecca?
* How far / What distance………..? )‫؟‬..........‫للسؤال عن المسافات (كم المسافة‬
My house is 300 metres from the mosque.
How far / What distance is your house from the mosque?
* How old = What age…………………? ) ‫؟‬................‫للسؤال عن العمر (كم العمر‬

My grandfather is 99 years old.

How old / What age is your grandfather?
I'm 32 years old.
How old are you?
* How high / What height..?)‫؟‬..‫للسؤال عن االرتفاعات العالية للجبال و األبراج و المباني(كم االرتفاع‬
This mountain is 1000 metres high.
How high is this mountain?
* How heavy / What weight………..? )‫؟‬.......‫للسؤال عن الوزن (كم الوزن‬

Nasser weighs 100 kilos.
How heavy / What weight is Nasser?
* How deep / What depth………? )‫؟‬.....‫للسؤال عن أألعماق (كم العمق‬

The Blue Nile is forty metres deep.
How deep / What depth is the Blue Nile?
* How fast / What speed………..? )‫؟‬...‫ ما سرعة‬/ ‫للسؤال عن السرعة (كم‬

My car can run at a speed of 200 kilometres an hour.
How fast is your car?
* How wide / What width…………..? )‫؟‬.........‫ ما عرض‬/ ‫للسؤال عن العرض (كم‬

The Suez Canal is 35 metres wide.
How wide is the Suez Canal?
Our class is 6 metres wide.
How wide is your class?
Notes:
‫( أي تقديم الفعل المساعد على الفاعل و ذلك الن السؤال عن‬Inversion) ‫إذا كن السؤال عن الفاعل فال يتم عمل‬
.‫الفاعل نفسه و الذي بدورة غير متواجد في الجملة‬
Colombus discovered America.
Who discovered America?
The book is on the table.
What is on the table?
Dark frightens children.
What frightens children?
The blue car is mine.

Which car is yours?
100 million people live on Egypt.
How many people live on Egypt?
Exercise (1)
Make Questions:
1 - My family is fine.
2 - Morsi is our president.
3 - Azza designs beautiful dresses.
4 - They went to city centre last Thursday.
5 - He has a shower everyday.
6 - My brother is playing tennis in the club.
7 - We were happy because we got high marks in English.
8 - We have been playing chess since two o'clock.
9 - I'm laying the table because it's lunchtime.
10 - Mum has cooked chicken and macaroni for lunch.
Exercise (2)
Ask questions to the underlined words:
1 - I saw Wael Goma on the shore yesterday.
2 - Mohsen went to the hospital to mend the water pipe.
3 - This train goes at a speed of 200 kilometres per hour.
4 - I have been in the army for 14 months.
5 - She paid 300 pounds for the dress.
6 - This is Ahmad's science book.
7 - Our class is 8 metres wide.
8 - The pyramid is 137 metres high.
9 - We pray five times a day.
10 - I will travel to Saudi Arabia by air.
Exercise (3)
Choose the write word:
1 - How (wide - fast - far - long) is Alexandria from Aswan?
2 - (Whose - Whom - What - Why) do you need the money?
3 - (Who - Whom - What - How) do they do their work?
4 - How (much - many - often - long) cups of coffee do you drink daily?

5 - What (long - depth - width - height) is this street?
6 - How (far - many - long - much) did the journey take? It took seven hours.
7 - (When - Where - What - Whose) time is it now?
8 - (When - Where - What - Which) one did you buy? The red one
9 - How (heavy - tall - high - long) is the River Nile?
10 - How (much - many - fast - high) is your car?
Answers of (1)
1 - How is your family?
2 - Who is our / your president?
3 -What does Azza design?
4 - Where did they go last Thursday?
5 - How often does he have a shower?
6 - Where is your brother playing tennis?
7 - Why were you happy?
8 - How long have you been playing chess?
9 - Why are you laying the table?
10 - What has your mother cooked for lunch?
1 - Who / Whom did you see on the shore yesterday?

2 - Why did Mohsen go to the hospital?
3 - How fast is this train?
4 - How long have you been in the army?
5 - How much did she pay for the dress?
6 - Whose book is this?
7 - How wide is you class?
8 - How high is the pyramid?
9 - How many times do we pray?
10 - How will you travel to Saudi Arabia?

1 far 3 How 5 width 7 What 9 long
2 Why 4 many 6 long 8 Which 10 much

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Exercise (3)
Question Tags ‫السؤال المذيل‬

Question Tags are short questions added on to statements:
‫األسئلة المذيلة هي عبارة عن أسئلة قصيرة تضاف إلي الجمل الخبرية‬
Use
- When we want to confirm something.‫عندما نريد تأكيد شيء ما‬

- When we want to find out if something is true or not. ‫عندما نريد التحقق من شيء‬
a) A positive statement is followed by a negative question.
‫الجملة المثبتة يتبعها سؤال منفي‬
Rule:
Affirmative statement, negative tag? ‫ سؤال منفي؟‬,‫جملة مثبتة‬

Your father is a doctor , isn’t he?
b) A negative statement is followed by a positive question.

‫الجملة المنفية يتبعها سؤال مثبت‬
Rule:
Negative statement, affirmative tag? ‫سؤال مثبت؟‬,‫جملة منفية‬
Your father isn’t a doctor, is he?
Notes:
1 - Pronouns are used instead. (in questions) ‫الضمائر تستخدم في السؤال و ليس األسماء‬
Ali plays football well, doesn’t he?
2 - Contractions are used in the negative questions:
‫االختصارات فقط هيا التي تستخدم في األسئلة المنفية‬

Hadi played volleyball yesterday, didn’t he?
Mona was ill yesterday, wasn't she?
3- Don’t forget the comma (,) after the statement and the question mark after
the question. ‫ال تنسى الفاصلة بعد الجملة الخبرية و ال تنسي عالمة االستفهام بعد السؤال‬
You haven't been to Istanbul have you? ,

The doctor will do the operation, won't he?
:‫ إذا كانت الجملة تحتوى على فعل مساعد فاننا نستخدمة فى السؤال‬- 1
Ayman will travel to London, won't he?
.‫( فى الماضى‬did) ‫ ( فى المضارع و‬do / does ) ‫ – إذا لم يكن فى الجملة فعل مساعد فاننا نستخدم‬2
Anwar helps his uncle, doesn’t he?
They clean their room, don’t they?
Our Egyptian Army destroyed Barlif Line, didn’t they?
‫ الن السؤال الغرض منه التاكد من معلومة معينة‬.‫ أإلجابة تكون متوافقة مع الجملة الخبرية من حيث االثبات و النفى‬- 3
.‫لها رصيد من المعرفة المسبقة‬
You live in Mallawy, don’t you? Yes, I do.
She studies English hard, doesn’t she? Yes, she does.
Our father didn’t travel to Aswan, did he? No, he didn’t.
You pray every time, don’t you? Yes, I do.
* Special Forms of question tags:

1 - I'm older than you, aren't I?
aren't I ‫ الى‬am I ‫* الحظ تحويل‬
I'm not older than you, am I?
2 - Close the door firmly, will you?

(or) , won't you?
3 - Let's go for a walk, shall we? ‫اقتراح‬

(1st person: Imperative) *
4 - Let us play in the garden, will you? ‫طلب إذن‬
(2nd person: Allow us to) *
5 - You'd rather stay for lunch, wouldn't you?
( would ‫'هي اختصار لــــ‬d) *
6 - You'd better leave now, hadn't you?
(had ‫'هي اختصار لـــ‬d) *
7- None of your friends liked the film, did they?
8 - Nothing was said, was it?
9 - Khalid hardly ever goes to parties, does he?
10 -Adnan never gets up late, does he?
(none -hardly -never-barely-even-no-scarcely-nobody- no one - neither ‫الن‬
.‫ يقومون بنفى الجملة فبالتالى نجعل السؤال المذيل فى حالة االثبات‬- nothing)
11 - Every one warned you against smoking, didn't they?
12 - Someone is making noise, aren't they?
13 - No sugar is allowed, is it?
14 - No one would object, would they?
15 - Neither of them complained, did they?
( everyone - everybody -someone) ‫*الحظ إستخدام اسلوب الجمع فى السؤال الذى تبدأ جملتة بــــ‬
16 - We needn't to ask, need we?

17 - We need to ask, don’t we?
18 - They used to play video games, didn't they?
Command Tags
)‫ (أحقا" ذلك‬Command Tags )‫(أسئلة تعليقية‬
1
2
3
Ahmad lives in Mallway. Does he?
I like English and science. Do you?
I wasn't happy at the party. Wasn't you?
Nobody helped her. Didn't they?
Exercise (1)
(A) Verb to (be):
Add a question tag:
1 - I'm too tired. 6 - Maha and Heba aren't in the class.
2 - I'm not late. 7 - They weren’t in the park.
3 - Amira's on holiday. 8 - This isn't very funny.
4 - My mother was ill yesterday. 9 - There wasn't enough time to show
5 - We are the champions. all the products.
10 - These are you shoes.
Exercise (2)
Add a question tag:
Verbs in Present Simple / Past Simple
1 - You know where Ahmad lives……. 6 - They don't like us…………
2 - Medhat works very hard……… 7 - Wael has to work hard for his exams.
3 - They came by car ………… 8 - We don't have to wait……….
4 - You always have coffee in the morning… 9 - You don't like onions………..
5 - They had their lunch at two o'clock……. 10 - Nadia didn't buy a new dress….
Exercise (3)
Add a question tag:
1 - You can swim well…………… 6 - Let's go to Al Alazhar Park……….
2 - Samer is absent today. ……….. 7 - His father won't buy a new car………
3 - I'm afraid I'm a little late………. 8 - Stop that noise……………….
4 - This winter has been cold……….. 9 - Let me read it for you…………….
5-Rasha spends a lot of money on clothing. 10 - We never write a letter in red ink..
Exercise (4)
1 - The plants haven't been watered,…. 6 - I'd better go,………………
2 - you can swim well,……………… 7 - Stop that noise,……………..
3 - He is early this morning,………….. 8 - Let's go for a walk,…………………..
4 - You broke the window,……………… 9 - Don't ask silly questions,…………..
5 - I'm good at English,……………… 10 - Pass me the salt,…………………
Answers of Exercise (1) Answers of Exercise (2)

1 , aren't I? 6 , are they? 1 , don't you? 6 , do they?
2 , am I? 7 , were they? 2 , doesn't he? 7 , doesn't he?
3 , isn't she? 8 , is it? 3 , didn't they? 8 , do we?
4 , wasn't she? 9 , was there ? 4 , don't you? 9 , do you?
5 , aren't we? 10 , aren’t they? 5 , they didn't? 10 , did she?
.Answers of Exercise (3)

1 - , can't you? 6 - , shall we?
2 - , isn't she? 7 - , will he?
3 - , aren't I? 8 - , will you?
4 -, hasn't it? 9 - , will you?
5 - , doesn't she? 10 - , do we?

1 have they? 5 aren't I? 9 will you?
2 can't you? 6 hadn't he?
3 isn't he? 7 won't you? 10 will you?
4 didn't you? 8 shall we

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Exercise (3)
Exercise (4)
Active and Passive Voice ‫المبني للمعلم و المبني للمجهول‬

1 - To change active statements into passive:
‫لكي تغير الجمل المبنية للمعلوم إلي جمل مبنية للمجهول‬
- Follow these steps: ‫أتبع الخطوات اآلتية‬
(1) - We replace the subject with the object and vice versa.
‫نقوم باستبدال الفاعل بالمفعول و العكس‬
(2) - The new subject will be followed by (verb to be) in the same tense of the
statement, then the past participle of the main verb.
‫" في نفس زمن الجملة المبنية للمعلوم ويكون مناسب للفاعل الجديد ثم نتبعه‬verb to be" ‫نضع بعد الفاعل الجديد‬
‫" للفعل الرئيسي للجملة‬Past participle"‫بــ‬
(3) - The new object will be preceded by the preposition "by" if necessary.
‫" عند الضرورة‬by" ‫نضع قبل المفعول الجديد حرف الجر‬
(A) _ The Present Simple
am / is / are + p.p
e.g. I help my friend. (Active Statement)
1 - My friend
2- is
3- helped
4- by me.
- My friend is helped by me. (Passive Statement)
e.g. Nasser repairs computers. (Active Statement)
1 – Computers
2– are
3– repaired
4– by Nasser.
Computers are repaired by Nasser. (Passive Statement)
e.g. Mr. Helal speaks French.
French is spoken by Mr. Helal.
(B) - The Past Simple Tense
was / were + p.p
e.g. Our teacher explained the lesson.
The lesson was explained by our teacher.
e.g. The servant washed the dishes.
The dishes were washed by the servant.
e.g. Emad bought a new bike.
A new bike was bought by Emad.
(c) - The Future Simple
Will / shall + p.p
e.g. My Uncle will buy a new yacht.
A new yacht will be bought by my uncle.
e.g. President Morsi will open a new project next Monday .
A new project will be opened by President Morsi next Monday.
e.g. I shall watch the match tomorrow.
The match will be watched tomorrow.
(D) - The Present Continuous

am being / is being / are being + p.p
e.g. Mother is cooking lunch now.
Lunch is being cooked by my mother now.
e.g. My sister is washing the dishes.
The dishes are being washed by my sister now.
(E) - The Past Continuous

was being / were being + p.p
e.g. Wael was watching a football match at six yesterday.
A football match was being watched by Wael at six yesterday.
e.g. Basma was collecting shells on the beach.
Shells were being collected by Basma on the beach.
(F) - The Present Perfect

have been / has been + p.p
e.g They have visited the Egyptian Museum.
The Egyptian Museum has been visited by them.
e.g. Murad has memorized twenty five Quranic Chapters so far.
Twenty Quranic Chapters have been memorized by Murad so far.
(G) - The Past Perfect

had been + p.p
e.g. They had checked the weather forecast.
The weather forecast had been checked by them.
e.g. I had packed my suitcase.
My suitcase had been packed.

(H) - The Future Perfect
Will have been + p.p
e.g. I will have finished my homework by six o clock.
My homework will have been finished by six o clock.
e.g. Khalid will have cleaned the room.
The room will have been cleaned by Khalid.
(I) - Modal Verbs

will / shall / can / could /ought to /
may / might / should / must + be + p.p
e.g. you Should help the poor.
The poor should be helped.
e.g. We must perform prayers in mosque.
Prayers must be performed in mosque.
e.g. Medhat can speak three languages.
Three languages can be spoken by Medhat.
(J) - Other verbs

have to / has to / had to / am to / is to /are to /
am going to / is going to / are going to / needn't + be + p.p
e.g. She has to do her homework.
Her homework has to be done.
e.g. Shahd has to clean all the rooms.
All the rooms have to be cleaned by Shahd.
e.g.The government is going to build a new bridge.
A new project is going to be built by the government
.
Notes
e.g She will be washing all the clothes tomorrow morning.

All the clothes will be washed tomorrow morning
The Present Perfect Continuous Tense The Present Perfect Tense

e.g. I have been writing invitation cards all day.
Invitation cards have been written by me all day.
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense The Past Perfect Tense

e.g. They had been playing volleyball for half an hour
Volleyball had been played by them for half an hour.
The Future Perfect Continuous The Future Perfect Tense

e.g. By next year he will have been teaching English for seven years.
By next year English will have been taught by him for seven years.
* Subject pronouns are changed into object pronouns and vice

versa:
Subject pronouns Object pronouns Object pronouns Subject pronouns
I by me me I
He by him him He
She by her her She
It by it it It
You by you You You
We by us us We
They by them them They
e.g. I invited him to dinner.

He was invited to dinner by me.
e.g. We will visit them next week .
They will be visited by us next week.
(1)
e.g. Sakespeare wrote "Hamlet".
"Hamlet" was written by Shakespeare.
e.g. Gerham Bill invited the telephone.
The telephone was invited by Gerham Bill.
e.g. An earthquake destroyed the town.
The town was destroyed by an earthquake.
(2)
e.g. The doctor examined the patients.
The patients were examined.
e.g. The police caught the thief.
The thief was caught.
e.g. We must respect the law.
The law must be respected.
e.g. We must perform five times a day.
Five times must be performed a day.
"own" "possess" verb to have (3)

"belong to"
e.g. Mohammad has a very beautiful villa.
A very beautiful villa is possessed (owned) by Mohammad.
A very beautiful villa is belonged to Mohammad.
*- Note these Examples:

e.g I have lunch at two oclock.
Lunch is eaten by me at two o'clock.
e.g Ali has a shower every morning.
A shower is taken by Ali every day.
(4)
e.g. We gave Mum some flowers on her birthday.
(a) - Mum was given some flowers on her birthday.
(b) - Some flowers were given to Mum on her birthday.
(to) -
(5)
e.g. Ezz speaks English fluently.
English is fluently spoken by Ezz.
e.g. Nasser wrote his composition carefully.
Nasser's composition was carefully written.
.(don't /doesn't /didn't) (6)

verb to be

e.g. I don't understand this lesson.
This lesson isn't understood.
e.g. She doesn't eat rice.
Rice isn't eaten by her.
e.g. They didn't wash the car.
The car wasn't washed by them.
e.g. Ali didn't see the spiders.
The spiders weren't seen by Ali.
(7)
e.g. The nurse looks after the patients.
The patients are looked after.
(8)
(let) (Reflexive pronoun)
Let + reflexive pronoun + be + p.p

e.g. He let people cheat him.
He let himself be cheated.
e.g. Don't let anyone hear you.
Don't let yourself be heard.
"Nobody " "No one" (9)

e.g. Nobody locked the doors.
The doors weren't looked.
(10)
(someone - somebody - everybody - people)
e.g. Someone opened the window.
The window was opened.
(to be) (to get) (11)
arrested - caught - dressed - killed - stuck -burnt - hurt - beat -

confused - divorced - lost - delayed - elected - married
e.g. The police arrested the thief.
The thief got arrested.
e.g. The criminal killed he bank manager.
The bank manager got killed.
(12)
e.g. He told me that he wrote a letter.
I was told that a letter was written.
(13)
People say / think / believe / know / report / consider / suggest....
(a) It + verb to be + p.p.

(b) Subject + verb to be + p.p + to + infinitive.
e.g People say that peace will prevail.

(a) It is said that peace will prevail.
(b) Peace is said to prevail.
e.g. People know that Ahmad Zewail won Nobel Prize.
(a) It is known that Ahmad Zewail won Nobel Prize.
(b) Ahmad Zewail is known to win Nobil Prize.
(to) (14)
(make – hear – help – see)
e.g. They helped him solve the problem.
He was helped to solve the problem.
e.g. He made us work hard.
We were made to work hard.
But note:
They let us go.
We were let go.
We were allowed to go.
2 - Passive Orders
a)
Let + object +be + p.p

e.g. Clean the board.
Let the board be cleaned.
e.g Set up this program.
Let this program be set up.
(b)
Don't + let + object + be + p.p.
e.g. Don't waste your time.
Don't let your time be wasted.
e.g. Don't turn the lights off.
Don't let the lights be turned off.
3 - Passive Questions
e.g. Did you write the lesson ?

You wrote the lesson.
The lesson was written.
Was the letter written?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(2) - (3 )
Who By Whom
Whom Who
e.g. Why has he neglected his work?
(1) - He has neglected his work.
(2) - His work has been neglected.
(3) - Why has his work been neglected?
e.g. Who solved the problem?
(1) - X solved the problem
(2) - The problem was solved
‫?‪(3) - By whom was the problem solved‬‬
‫?‪e.g. Whom will you meet today‬‬
‫‪(1) - You will meet X.‬‬
‫‪(2) - X will be met.‬‬
‫?‪(3) - Who will be met‬‬
‫‪Changing into passive‬‬
‫لتحويل جمة المبنى للمجهول إلى مبنى للمعلوم نعكس الخطوات السابقة كاألتي‪:‬‬
‫)‪ - (1‬المفعول أصبح فاعال" والعكس‪.‬‬
‫)‪ - (2‬تحذف " ‪ "by‬و كذلك "‪."verb to be‬‬
‫)‪ – (3‬نأتي بالفعل األصلي في زمن )‪.(verb to be‬‬
‫‪A- The letter was written by Nahla.‬‬

‫‪1- Nahla‬‬
‫‪2-‬‬ ‫‪Wrote‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬ ‫‪the letter.‬‬
‫‪- Nahla wrote the letter.‬‬
‫‪Notes:‬‬
‫‪ -1-‬في حالة عدم وجود مفعول به نقوم بوضع فاعل مناسب للجملة‪:‬‬
‫‪e.g. Patients are checked up.‬‬
‫‪Doctors check up patients.‬‬
‫‪-2-‬يمكن تحويل الجملة االستفهامية بنفس الخطوات (و المطلوب هو الحل النهائي فقط) أما باقي الخطوات فتكتب في‬
‫المسودة‪.‬‬
‫‪Use:‬‬
‫‪We use passive form when:‬‬

‫‪ -1‬عندما يكون الفاعل غير معروف‪.‬‬
‫‪e.g. The bank was robbed.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬عندما يكون التركيز على الفعل و ليس الفاعل‪.‬‬
‫‪e.g. My computer was repaired.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬للخجل أو الكسوف أو الخوف من العقوبة‪.‬‬
‫‪e.g. The light bulb was broken.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬و هو لغة السياسة‪.‬‬
‫أ‪/‬أحمد كامل ‪79778880010‬‬ ‫‪997‬‬ ‫كتاب ‪perfect English Grammar‬‬
e.g. Palestinian Case is reported to be solved.
.‫ و هو لغة العلم‬-5
e.g. The telephone was invented by Gorham Bill.
.‫ و أحيانا" يتحتم معنى الجملة أن تبنى للمجهول‬- 6
e.g. Mr. Ahmad was born in Mallawy.
The causative ‫السببيه‬
Positive form:
subject + have + object + p.p
‫الصيغية ألسببيه تستخدم لتدل علي أن الفاعل قد جعل شخصا" (متخصص في هذا العمل) يؤدي الفعل له و لم يفعله هو‬
.‫بنفسه‬
Examples:
The barber cut my hair.
I had my hair cut.
Nasser mended my computer.
I had my computer mended.
"have" "‫" بدال‬get" ‫يمكن استخدام‬
I had my flat painted.
I got my flat painted.
Show the difference:

a) I mended the water pipe. (I myself mended it)
b) I had the water pipe mended. (I made someone else mend it)
Exercise (1)
Change into Passive:
1 - My mother makes delicious cakes.
2 - They grow apples in Lebanon.
3 - They sell all types of furniture in this shop.
4 - The farmer's wife collects the eggs every morning.
5 - They invited me to the wedding.
6 - Tall trees surround the house.
7 - Water covers most of the earth's surface.
8 - Somebody stole my body.
9 - Rana took all these photographs.
10 - Hatem and Essam are putting up the tent.
1 - Delicious cakes are made by my mother.
2 - Apples are grown by them in Lebanon.
3 - All types of furniture are sold by them in this shop.
4 - The eggs are collected by the farmer's wife every morning.
5 - I was invited by them to the wedding.
6 - The house is surrounded with tall trees.
7 - Most of the earth's surface is covered with water.
8 - My mobile was stolen.
9 - All these photographs were taken by Rana.
10 - The tent is being put up by Hatem and Essam.
Exercise (2)
Change into Passive:
1 - She was watering the plants when it started to rain.
2 - We haven't seen Manal in City Stars.
3 - I'm writing some letters now.
4 - Radwa has bought two beautiful dresses.
5 - The children can do this puzzle.
6 - My class will visit the Egyptian Museum.
7 - They wash the cars here everyday.
8 - You should answer all the questions in the exam.
9- The police had caught the thief.
10 - They built this house about twenty years ago.
1 - The plants were being watered by her when it started to rain.
2 - Manal hasn't been seen in City Stars.
3 - Some letters are being written by me now.
4 - Two beautiful dresses have been bought by Radwa.
5 - This puzzle can be done by the children.
6 - The Egyptian Museum will be visited by my class.
7 - The cars are washed here everyday.

8 - All the questions in the exam should be answered.
9- The thief had been caught by the police.
10 - This house was built by them about twenty years ago.
Exercise (3)
1 -The earth has destroyed many houses in the area.
2 - They were painting our school last March.
3 - A burning cigarette has caused the accident.
4 - The teacher won't accept the answers not written in ink.
5 - We were writing the reports at 11 a.m. this morning.
6 - I've repaired the TV.
7 - The police have arrested three people.
8 - They are growing beautiful flowers in the garden.
9 - He is translating an important research
10 - Zewail always helps the young scientists.

2 - Our school was being painted by them last March.
3 - The accident has been caused by a burning cigarette.
4 - The answers not written in ink won't be accepted by the teacher.
5 - The reports were being written at 11 a.m. this morning.
6 - The TV has been repaired.
7 - Three people have been arrested.
8 - Beautiful flowers in the garden are being grown.
9 - An important research is being translated.
10 - The young scientists are always helped by Zewail.

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Exercise (3)
Direct and Reported Speech ‫الكالم المباشر و الكالم المنقول‬
Direct Speech:

Direct speech means the words actually spoken:
‫الكالم المباشر هو الكالم الذي قيل مباشرة" علي لسان صاحبة دون تبديل أو تغيير‬
e.g. Ahmad says "I'm clever"
"says" is called the introductory verb. )‫" يسمي فعل تقديمي )فعل القول‬says"
B- Reported speech )‫الكالم الغير مباشر (المنقول‬
Reported speech gives the exact meaning of what is said.
:‫الكالم الغير مباشر هو الكالم الذي تم نقلة بنفس المعني مع بعض التغيير في الضمائر واألزمنة و الظروف و الكلمات‬
e.g. Ahmad says that he is clever.
* Steps of changing the direct speech to Reported Speech:

‫خطوات تغيير الكالم المباشر إلي كالم غير مباشر‬
When the introductory verb is in the present, direct statements can be
reported without any changes of tenses.
.‫عندما يكون فعل القول في زمن المضارع فالجمل داخل األقواس ال تتغير‬
e.g. She says, "I'm very tired now."
She says that she is very tired now.
When the introductory verb is in the past tense, we have to change the verb of
the direct statement (which is in the present tense) into the past tense except
when we report a fact.
:‫عندما يكون فعل القول في زمن الماضي فالبد من تغيير األزمنة و الظروف و الكلمات فيما عدا الحقائق‬
e.g. Ali said, "I want an Mp3."
Ali said that he wanted an MP3 .
Scientists said, "It takes 28 days for the moon to go round the Earth"
Scientist said that it takes 28 days for the moon to go around the Earth.
Our science teacher said, "Metals expands by heating."
Our science teacher said that metal expands by heating.
1-Changing the "introductory verb" into "reporting verb":

:‫يتغير فعل القول هكذا‬
Introductory verb Reporting verb
say ,says ,said say , says , said
say to says to , said to tell , tells , told
2-Omitting the comma and the inverted commas ( "......" ) putting "that"

just after the reporting verb.
‫" بعد فعل القول‬that" ‫نقوم بحذف الفاصلة و عالمات التنصيص و نربط باستخدام‬
3-Changing the tenses to the past as follows: ‫تتغير األزمنة كالتالي‬
present simple past simple
past simple past perfect
present perfect past perfect
present continuous past continuous
4Changing words and time words as follows: 5- Changing modals as follows:

: ‫ نقوم بتغيير كلمات وظروف الزمان و المكان كالتالي‬- 4 :‫ تغيير األفعال الناقصة كاألتي‬- 5
this that shall , will would
these those can could
here there may might
now at once must must / had to
now then should should
ago before ought to ought to
near far might might
today that day would would
tonight that night could could
yet "‫تلغي غالبا‬ had to had to
at the moment at that moment come go
a year ago a year before so thus
tomorrow the day after/the following day
next week the week after/the following week
yesterday the day before /the previous day
last night the previous night/the night before
Examples

e.g. Ali said," I'm very sorry."
Ali said that he was sorry.
The English teacher said to the pupils." I will give you a test tomorrow."
-The English teacher told the pupils that he would give them a test the day
after.
Notes on tenses ‫مالحظات علي األزمنة‬
1 – The present simple can remain unchanged or it can be change into past
simple:
)‫زمن المضارع البسيط يمكن أن يبقي كما هو أو يتم تغييره إلي ماضي بسيط (في حالة وصف شخص أو شيء‬
e.g. "I'm happy to be in Alexandria" said Omar.
Omar said that he is (was) happy to be in Alexandria.
But when expressing facts it remains unchanged.
‫لكن عند وصف حقيقة يبقي كما هو دون تغيير‬
e.g. Our science teacher said, "The Earth goes round the sun. "
Our science teacher said that the Earth goes round the sun.
2 – The past simple can be left unchanged or it can be changed into past
perfect:
‫زمن الماضي البسيط يمكن أن يترك دون تغيير أو يتغير إلي ماضي تام‬
e.g. Ayman said, "Lamees arrived on Monday."
Ayman said that Lamees arrived (had arrived) on Monday.
But in time clauses it doesn't change. ‫ألكن في عبارات الزمن ال يتغير‬
e.g. Khaled said, "When I saw them, they were playing ping pong."
Khaled said that when he saw them, they were playing ping pong.
3 – Unreal past tenses: ‫الماضي االفتراضي‬

(after "wish", "would rather" etc.) Don’t change:
e.g. Nancy said," I wish I lived near my work."
Nancy said she wished she lived near her wok.
4 – Conditional sentences: Type 2 /3 remain unchanged:

‫" الثانية و الثالثة تبقي دون تغيير‬If" ‫حاالت‬
Adel said, "If my children were older, I would live abroad."
Adel said that if his children were older, he would live abroad.
5 – But in type (1) the tenses are changed in the usual way:
‫" يتم تغيير األزمنة بالطريقة المعتادة‬If" ‫لكن الحالة األولي من حاالت‬
e.g. He said, "If I get a seat on the plane, I'll be home at twelve"
He said that if he got a seat on the plane, he'd be home at twelve.
:‫ أحيانا" يكون المخاطب فى الكالم المباشر‬- 6
e.g. "Your garden is very nice, Hany" I said.
I told Hani that his garden is (was) very nice.
:(wished) ‫– إذا إستخدمت كالمات التحية فإن فعل القول يتحول إلى‬7
e.g. Wael said to me," Good morning".
Wael wished me a good morning.
(thanked) ‫ – و فى حالة الشكر يتحول فعل القول الى‬8
e.g. Medhat said to his friend, "Thank you very much."
Medhat thanked his friend.
:(agreed) ‫ و فى حالة الموافقة فإن فعل القول يتحول الى‬- 9
e.g. Noura said, " yes, I'll come with you."
Noura agreed to come with us.
:(refused) ‫ – و فى حالة الرفض يتحول فعل القول الى‬10
e.g. Ashraf said to me, " No, I won't lend you any money."
Ashraf refused to lend me any money.
2 – Questions
e.g. Rasha said, "Where is the station?"

Rasha asked where the station is (was).
:‫ في حالة الجملة االستفهامية يتحول فعل القول الى‬-1
ask
Say wonder
inquire
want to know /would like to know
.‫( يمكن ان يتبعها أو ال يتبعها مفعول أما باقى هذه الكلمات ال يتبعها مفعول‬ask) ‫ كلمة‬- 2
‫ أما أذا كان مبدوء بفعل مساعد فإننا‬,‫ إذا كان السؤال مبدوء بأداة استفهام نستعملها كأداة ربط‬- 3
.‫( كادأة ربط‬whether) ‫( أو‬If) ‫نستخدم‬
.‫ تتحول صيغة االستفهام إلى صيغة إثبات و ذلك بوضع الفاعل قبل الفعل المساعد‬- 4
‫(و نقوم بتغيير الضمائر و الظروف و‬do - does - did ) ‫ تحذف عالمات االستفهام و يتم حذف‬- 5

.‫األزمنة كما تعلمنا في الجمل الخبرية‬
e.g. "Did you live in Cairo or Giza?" my teacher said to me.

My teacher asked me if I lived in Cairo or Giza.
"Where is Hani?" I wonder.
I wonder where is Hani.
"Will it rain tomorrow?" I want to know.
I want to know if it will rain tomorrow.
3 - Commands, Requests and Advice
e.g. The master said to the servant," Go out quickly."

The master ordered the servant to go out quickly.
(ordered - commanded) ‫ يحول فعل القول فى حالة األمر الى‬- 1
:‫ ( و يتبعها لفعل فى المصدر‬to ) ‫ نربط بإستخدام‬- 2
:"‫( و يتبعها الفعل فى المصدرأيضا‬not to) ‫ و فى حالة النفى نستخدم‬- 3
The officer said to the soldier," Don't fire."
The officer ordered the soldier not to fire.
(prayed - begged) ‫ فى حالة األستعطاف يحول فعل القول الى‬- 4
e.g. The poor boy said to the rich man," Please, give me something to eat."
The poor boy said to the rich man to give him something to eat.
(advised) ‫ فى حالة النصيحة يحول فعل القول الى‬- 5
My parents said to me," You had better not to stay up late."
My parents advised me not to stay up late.
:‫ و يمكن إستخدمهما فى جميع الحاالت‬asked ‫ أو يحول الى‬told ‫ في حالة الطلب العادى يبقى فعل القول‬- 6
e.g. "lend me your pen." Ayman said to me.
Ayman told (asked) me to give him my pen.
ordered - commanded ‫في حالة األمر‬
prayed - begged ‫في حالة االستعطاف‬
advised ‫في حالة النصيحة‬
told- asked ‫في حالة الطلب العادي‬
Note these cases:
e.g. He said to me, "stay for lunch."

He insisted on staying for lunch.
He insisted that I should stay for lunch.
e.g. "Let's read the instruction first." (Begin with: He suggested)
He suggested reading the instruction first.
He suggested that we should read the instruction first.
e.g. Maged said to me," Could you help me, please?" (request)
Maged requested (asked) me to help him.
e.g. "Can I carry this bag for you?" said Ramy to me.
Ramy offered to carry that bag for me.
e.g. "Why don’t we go out for a walk?" Nour said. (Suggestion)
Nour suggested going out for a walk.
Nour suggested that we should go out for a walk.
e.g. I said to Hani, "If I were you, I would give up smoking."
I advised Hani to give up smoking.
e.g. My father said to me," If your sister leaves the house follow her."
My father ordered me to follow my sister if she left the house.
(Note that we begin with the imperative) ‫الحظ أننا بدأنا بجملة األمر‬
e.g. Ahmad said to me, "This suit is new, I bought it last month"
Ahmad told me that that suit was new and he bought it the month
before.
e.g. Fady said to his sister, "My shirt is dirty .Why didn’t you clean it?"
Fady told his sister that his shirt was dirty and asked her why she didn’t
(hadn’t) clean it.
e.g. "The enemy soldiers are coming near." said the captain, "Attack them
quickly."
The captain said that the enemy soldiers are coming near and
ordered us to attack them quickly.
‫" و لكن عند إختالف نوعية‬and added that" ‫" أو‬and" ‫عند و جود أكثر من جملة من نفس النوع نربط‬
‫الجمل نقدم كل جملة بالفعل الذى يدل عليها‬
Exercise (1)
Change into indirect:
1 - She says, "I'm very tired."
2 - Suzan says, "It may rain tomorrow."
3 - Dina says, "I like watching television."
4 - The teacher says to us, "I'm pleased with your marks."
5 - Noura says, "I don't like games."
6 - Mahmoud says to me, "I phoned you yesterday."
7 - Riham said, " I am sorry."
8 - Adel said," It's getting dark."
9 - Noura said to Salwa, "I don't like watching this program."
10 - Hazem said to his father," I have a lot of homework."
Answer of Exercise (1)

1 - She says that she is very tired.
2 - Suzan says that it may rain tomorrow.
3 - Dina says that she likes watching television.
4 - The teacher tells us that he is pleased with our marks.
5 - Noura says that she doesn't like games.
6 - Mahmoud tells me that he phoned me yesterday.
7 - Riham said that she was sorry.
8 - Adel said that It was getting dark.
9 - Noura told Salwa that she didn't like watching that program.
10 - Hazem told his father that he had a lot of homework.
Exercise (2)
1 - My uncle said, "I have no money with me now"
2 - She said to me, "This is the house my father is building for us."
3 - Our teacher said, "The earth is round."
4 - The tourist said to the guide, "Who built this pyramid? How high is it?"
5 - She said, "I have to be here again on Monday."
6 - "don't speak loudly," the father said to his son.
7 - She said,"I'm writing the invitation cards now."
8 - I said to the servant, "Who left the door open? Shut it quickly."
9 - He said, "Dolphins are mammals."
10 - Nesreen said to her sister, "I went to the theater yesterday to see the
new play."
Answers of Exercise (2)ِ

1 - My uncle said that he had no money with him then.
2 - She told me that that was the house her father was building for them.
3 - Our teacher said that the earth is round.
4 -The tourist asked the guide who had built that pyramid and how high is /was
it.
5 - She said that she had to be there again on Monday.
6 - The father asked his son not to speak loudly.
7 - She said that she was writing the invitation cards then.
8 - I asked the servant who had left the door open and ordered him to shut it
at once.
9 - He said that Dolphins are mammals.
10 - Nesreen told her sister that she went / had gone to the theater the
previous day to see the new play.
Exercise (3)
1 - "Could you get out of the car, please?" said the driver to me. "I have to
change a wheel.
2 -The man said to me, "I've run out of petrol. Could you give me a lift to the
nearest village?"
3 - She said to me, "I'll phone you as soon as I arrive."
4 - He said to the teacher, "These are not my copybooks."
5 - Omar said to Anwar, "Make haste. Don't forget your bag."
6 - They said to their dad, "we are doing our homework at the moment."
7 - "Don't waste your time," said the teacher to Maher. The exam will be next
month."
8 - Mom said to Nada, "You are making a lot of noise."
9 - They said, "We don't have any children."
10 - The prisoner said to the judge, "Why have you put me in prison? I'm
innocent. Have pity on my poor children."

1 - The driver asked me to get out of the car and that he had to change a wheel.
2 -The man told me that he had run out of petrol and asked me to give him a lift
to the nearest village"

3 - She told me that she would phone me as soon as she arrived.
4 - He told the teacher those were not his copybooks.
5 - Omar asked Anwar to make haste and told him not to forget his bag.
6 - They told their dad that they were doing their homework at that moment.
7 - The teacher advised Maher not to waste his time and told him that the exam
would be the following month.
8 - Mom told Nada that she was making a lot of noise.
9 - They said that they didn't have any children.
10 - The prisoner asked the judge why he had put him in prison and that he was
innocent and asked him to have pity on his poor children.
Exercise (4)
Report the following:
1 - "Is Hager absent today?" ,Said the teacher to me.
2 - "Are you studying French this summer?" ,said the father to his sons.
3 - "Were you here yesterday?" ,said the teacher to the class.
4 - Mother said, "Did Omar do his homework?"
5 - " Does she understand the lesson?" ,I said
6 - I said to the boys, "Have you hurt yourselves."
7 - "How long have you been in Britain?" ,he said.
8 - Khaled said to me, "will you be at home this evening?"
9- "Why are you and Adel going for the holiday?", She said to me.
10 - He said to me, "Did you sell your car?"
1 - The teacher asked me if Hager was absent that day.
2 - The father asked his sons if they were studying French that summer.
3 - The teacher asked the class if they were there the previous day.
4 - Mother asked if Omar had done (did) his homework
5 - I asked if she understood the lesson.
6 - I asked the boys if they had hurt themselves.
7 - He wanted to know how long we had been in Britain.
8 - Khaled asked me if I would be at home that evening
9 - She asked me why I and Adel were going for the holiday.
10 - He asked me if I sold my car.
Adverbs ‫الظروف‬
An adverb is usually formed by adding "ly" to an adjective:
‫…" للصفة‬.ly" ‫يتم تكوين الظرف باضافة‬
brave ‫ شجاع‬bravely ‫بشجاعة‬
quick ‫ سريع‬quickly ‫بسرعة‬
happy ‫ سعيد‬happily ‫بسعادة‬
foolish ‫ أحمق‬foolishly ‫بحماقة‬
polite ‫ مؤدب‬politely ‫بأدب‬
angry ‫ غاضب‬angrily ‫بغضب‬
But some words ending in "ly" are not adverbs but adjectives:
‫……"ليست ظروف و لكنها صفات‬ly" ‫لكن بعض الكلمات الي تنتهي ب‬
silly ‫ سخيف‬ugly ‫ قبيح‬elderly ‫كبير السن‬
lovely ‫ جميل‬lively ‫ حيوي‬fatherly ‫أبوي‬
friendly ‫ ودود‬cowardly ‫ جبان‬sisterly
motherly brotherly ‫ أخوي‬lonely ‫وحيد‬
Examples:
e.g. We should help elderly people.

Talking to frozen faced people is a silly mistake.
Grandpa Ali gave me a fatherly smile.
When the above-mentioned words are used as adverbs, they must be expressed
by a phrase: ‫و لكي يتم تكوين ظرف من الكلمات المذكورة أعاله فالبد من أستخدم هذا التعبير‬
in a / an ………………….. way
in a friendly way ‫بطريقة ودية‬ in an elderly way
in a sisterly way in a cowardly way ‫بطريقة كالجبناء‬
in a silly way ‫بطريقة سخيفة‬ in a fatherly way ‫بشكل ابوي‬
in an ugly way ‫بطريقة قبيحة‬ in a lovely way ‫بطريقة جميلة‬
e.g. My teacher treats me in a friendly way.
Don't behave with your friends in a silly way.
Some "ly" adverbs are used in the place of "very" for emphasis:

"‫"بمعني جدا‬very" ‫……" تستخدم لتحل محل‬.ly" ‫بعض الظروف التي تنتهي ب‬
extremely ‫ بشكل كبير‬/ "‫جدا‬ amazingly ‫بشكل مدهش‬
incredibly ‫بشكل ال يصدق‬ terribly ‫بشكل فظيع‬
terrifically ‫بشكل مخيف‬ fantastically ‫بشكل رائع‬
unbelievably ‫بشكل ال يصدق‬ tremendously ‫بشكل مروع‬
Some adverbs not ending in "ly": "……ly" ‫بعض الظروف ال تنتهي بــــــ‬
well ‫بشكل جيد‬ always "‫دائما‬ rather ‫و االكثر من ذلك‬
soon "‫قريبا‬ often "‫غالبا‬ almost "‫تقريبا‬
ever ‫من قبل‬ sometimes "‫أحيانا‬ very "‫جدا‬
never ‫أبدأ‬ quite ‫إلي حد ما‬ seldom "‫نادرا‬
Some adverbs are used as both adverbs & adjectives:

‫بعض الظروف تستخدم كصفات و ظروف‬
fast ‫ سريع‬/ ‫بسرعة‬ enough ‫ كاف‬/ ‫بشكل كاف‬

hard ‫ صعب‬/ ‫بجد‬ late ‫ متاخر‬/ ‫بشكل متاخر‬
high ٍ‫ عال‬/ ‫بشكل عا ٍل‬ low ‫ منخفض‬/ ‫بشكل منخفض‬
e.g. a) Let's catch the fast train. (adjective)

b) The train ran fast. (adverb)
e.g. a) Climbing a mountain is a hard work. (adjective)

b) He tried hard to solve the problem. (adverb)
e.g. a) We had a late supper. (adjective)

b) We had supper late. (adverb)
e.g. a) Ahmad had an early breakfast this morning. (adjective)

Ahmad had his breakfast early this morning. (adverb)
e.g. a) Skyscrapers are high building. (adjective)
b) The bird flew high in the sky. (adverb)
e.g. a) This is a low building. (adjective)

b) The plane flow low. (adverb)
e.g. a) There is enough food for us today. (adjective)

b) He was late for school because he didn't get up early enough. (adverb)
Use:
1 - It usually modifies a verb: ‫الظرف يصف الفعل‬
A tortoise walks slowly.
A good Muslim always smiles.
2 - It may modifies another adverb: ‫يمكن للظرف أن يصف ظرفا" آخر‬

e.g. A cheetah can run very quickly.
Good students work extremely well.
3 - It may modifies a whole sentence: ‫يمكن للظرف أن يصف جملة كاملة‬

e.g. Luckily, the thief was arrested.
Unfortunately, we lost our bike.
3 - Adverbs of frequency (occurrence) are:

always "‫دائما‬ sometimes "‫أحيانا‬ occasionally ‫من حين آلخر‬
rarely "‫نادرا‬ generally "‫عموما‬ ever ‫من قبل‬
seldom "‫نادرا‬ frequently ‫بشكل متكرر‬ usually "‫عادتا‬
often "‫غالبا‬ never "‫أبدا‬
* These adverbs follow "verb to be", but before other verbs:
‫" و لكنها تأتي بعد األفعال االخري‬verb to be" ‫هذه االفعال تسبق‬
e.g Zeinab is always late.
Zeinab always comes late.
Adverb order: )‫ترتيب الظروف داخل الجملة (كيفية – ظرف مكان – ظرف زمان‬

a) manner b)place c)time
My father was working very hard at his office all day yesterday.
manner place time
Some adverbs of time can also come at the beginning of a sentence:

‫بعض ظروف الزمان يمكن أن تأتي في بداية الجملة‬
Last year, Ali went to Saudi Arabia.
More exact expressions are usually put before more general ones:
‫الظروف األكثر دقة تأتي قبل الظروف األعم‬
th
e.g. He was born at 10 a.m on 14 March in the year 1687.
Exercise (1)
Write the following sentences with the given adverbs:
1 The bottle was empty. (quite) 6 Baher didn't run quickly. (enough)
2 I saw him after that. (never) 7 I saw your keys. (somewhere)
3 It's better to say nothing. (much) 8 They worked hard. (certainly)
4 You know that I can't drive. (well) 9 The problem is difficult. (extremely)
5 Walaa has told me she respects 10 Have you marched in a
me a lot. (frequently) demonstration? (ever)
Exercise (2)
Put the given adverbs in their correct places:
1 - They stayed (all day-quietly)
2 - The head master spoke to us( at his office - very rudely - this morning)
3 - I saw Fatma off (at 7o'clock - at the stadium - last night)
4 - Haidy played (at the opera - last night - beautifully - in the concert).
5 -I shall meet Usama (outside the office - tomorrow - at 2 o'clock).
Exercise (1)
Correct the (adjectives or adverbs) between brackets
1 - I hadn't seen my friends for a long time. When we met , we laughed and
talked…………….. (happy).
2 - It is…………….(large) company in the country.
3 - The emperor died ……………………(peaceful) at his palace.
4 - The journey took a long time because the train travelled so……………….(slow).
5 - The climber was too nervous to go ……………………..(high) than halfway up the
mountain.
6 - I can't hear you, could you speak a bit ………………..(loud)?
7 - Traffic in big cities is getting ……………(bad) every year.
8 - Yesterday, I went to bed…………………..(late). I felt so ……………..(bad) when I
woke up because I had a terrible nightmare.
9 - Blind men walks………………….(slow) to avoid falling or hitting something.
10 - I exerted great effort to make this book…………………..(perfect)

1 The bottle was quite empty. 6 Baher didn't run quickly enough.
2 I never saw him after that. 7 I saw your keys somewhere.
3 It's much better to say nothing. 8 They certainly worked hard.
4 You know that I can't drive well. 9 The problem is extremely difficult.
5 Walaa has told me frequently she 10 Have you ever marched in a
respects me a lot. demonstration?
1 - They stayed quietly all day.
2 - The head master spoke to us very rudely at his office this morning.
3 - I saw Fatma off at the stadium at 7o'clock last night.
4 - Haidy played beautifully in the concert at the opera last night.
5 -I shall meet Usama outside the office at 2 o'clock tomorrow.

1 happily 3 peacefully 5 higher 7 worse 9 slowly
2 the largest 4 slowly 6 louder 8 late/bad 10 perfect

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Exercise (3)

Adjectives ‫الصفات‬
* An adjective is a word that describes a noun: ‫الصفة هي كلمة تصف االسم‬
Adjectives usually come before their nouns. ‫الصفات تأتي قبل األسماء‬
e.g. Nabila has a very beautiful dress.
We had a nice day in Al Fayoum.
I saw a small boy riding a white big horse.
* An adjective comes before the following verbs: ‫و أيضا" تأتي الصفة قبل هذه األفعال‬
1 - Verb to be:
am is are was were
2 - Linking verbs:
sound feel look seem appear
3 - Verbs of senses:
taste touch hear see smell
4 - Continuity verbs:
keep hold remain stay
5 -Thinking and believing verbs:
think prove consider deem ‫يعتقد‬ believe
e.g. Saber seems angry because he lost his wallet.

Boray looks stupid in his new suit.
Fried fish taste delicious in this restaurant.
Medhat is happy because he passed his exams.
Mangoes are delicious dessert.
* Definite and indefinite articles come before adjectives.
‫تأتي أدوات المعرفة و أدوات النكرة قبل الصفات‬
Haidy bought a new computer.
Walaa has a nice doll.
Ali sold the old car and kept the new one.
They have only one form, which is used with singular and plural, masculine
and feminine nouns. ‫للصفات شكل واحد مع الفرد و الجمع و المذكر و المؤنث‬
a good boy good boys

a good girl good girls
Adjectives that ending in "ly" : "ly"‫الصفات التي تنتهي بـــ‬

Some words ending in ........ "ly" are used as adjectives not adverbs:
‫"هي صفات و ليست ظروف‬ly"‫هناك بعض الصفات التي تنتهي بــــ‬
silly ugly elderly friendly
cowardly lovely lively fatherly
motherly brotherly sisterly lonely
miserly
e.g. My grandmother lives a lonely life.

Flowers are lovely in spring.
Present participles and Past participles can be adjectives:

Present participles: (verbs + ing) Describes an action:
interesting boring tiring swimming
confusing burning amusing cooking
Notes:
delightful impressive
.‫( يصف ما يحدث‬Present participle) ‫ يالحظ أن اسم الفاعل‬- *
e.g. Journey to the Center of the Earth is an interesting story.
Climbing mountains is a tiring work.
Watching football matches is exiting.
Watching films is so boring.
Past participles: often (verbs + ed) Describes the result of an action.
.‫( يصف نتيجة الحدث‬Past participles) ‫ يالحظ أن اسم المفعول‬- *
interested tired confused
bored amused cooked
Notes: ‫مالحظات‬
burnt written grown kept
e.g. The burnt children were rushed to the hospital.

Ali is interested in reading history books.
I like spicy cooked chicken.
Comparison of Adjectives & Adverbs

* Sameness: ‫التماثل‬
When two people or things are the same, we use this form:
:‫عندما يكون هناك تماثل (تشابه) في الصفة نستخدم هذا الشكل‬
as + adjective /adverb + as
Ali Mona
Ali works as hard as Mona.
Today Yesterday
Today is as hot as yesterday.
2 - Difference: )‫التابين (االختالف‬
When two people or things are not the same, we use this form:
:‫عندما يكون هناك اختالف في الصفة نستخدم هذا الشكل‬
not as / so + adjective / adverb + as
Mallawy isn't as big as El Minia.
Trains aren't so fast as planes.
Silver isn't so expensive as gold.
* Comparative degree: )‫درجة المقارنة بين (أثنين‬

When two people or things are different, we use these forms:
:‫عندما يكون هناك شخصين أو شيئين مختلفين نستخدم هذا الشكل‬
(A) - Short adjectives (one syllable)

adjective + er + than
A lion is stronger than a tiger.
Travelling by bus is cheaper than travelling by plane.
A horse is faster than a donkey.

Alexandria is hotter than Aswan.
A laptop is smaller than a computer.
A rabbit is heavier than a mouse.
Short adjectives ending in "e" we add "r". : "r"‫" نضيف لها‬e"‫الصفات التي تنتهي بـــــ‬
fine finer wide wider
nice nicer large lager
Short adjectives ending in a consonant letter preceded by one vowel letter. We

double the consonant letter.
:‫ نقوم بمضاعفة الحرف الساكن‬.‫الصفات القصيرة التي تنتهي بحرف ساكن قبله متحرك‬
big bigger fat fatter
hot hotter thin thinner
Short adjectives that ending in "Y" preceded by a consonant. We change "Y" to

"I" and add "er".
"er" ‫" ونضيف‬i" ‫" إلي‬Y" ‫" مسبوقا" بحرف ساكن يتغير حرف‬y" ‫الصفات القصيرة التي تنتهي بحرف‬
ugly uglier easy easier
(B) - Long adjectives (two or more syllables)

more + adjective / adverb + than )‫(فى حالة ذيادة الصفة‬
Less + adjective / adverb + than )‫(فى حالة نقص الصفة‬

:‫*الصفة الطويلة غالبا" تنتهي بالمقاطع التالية‬
ful ent ant ing able ible less less ous ive ed al
e.g. Playing chess is more interesting than playing cards.

Gold is more expensive than silver.
Ahmad speaks English more fluently than his brother.
Superlatives: ‫صيغة التفضيل العليا‬
When one person or thing is the most different, we use these forms:
‫عندما يكون شخص أو شيء مختلفا" كثيرا" عن غيره نستخدم هذه اإلشكال‬
(A) Short adjectives & adverbs (one syllable)
the + adjective / adverb + est
Al-Masjed Al Haram
Al-Masjed Al Haram is the oldest mosque in the world.
The Nile
The Nile is the longest river in the world.
Asia is the biggest continent in the world.
Abdul Aziz is the youngest pupil in the class.
* Long adjectives & adverbs (two or more syllables)

The most + adjective /adverb )‫(فى حالة ذيادة الصفة‬
The least + adjective /adverb )‫(فى حالة نقص الصفة‬
Surely, Arabic is the most beautiful language of all.
Irregular adjectives & adverbs

positive comparative Superlative
good/ well/ right better than the best
bad/ ill/ wrong worse than the worst
much /many/ a lot more than the most
little / few less than the least
far from further /farther than the furthest/farthest
late later / latter the latest / last
old older / elder than the oldest / eldest
Positive Comparative Superlative

good-looking better-looking than the best-looking
nice-behaved nicer-behaved than the nicest-behaved
much-admired more-admired than the most-admired
We use "in" before places and "of" before people:

‫" قبل الناس‬of" ‫" قبل األماكن و‬in" ‫نستخدم‬
Cairo is the biggest city in Africa.
Russia is the biggest country in the world.
Mohannad is the shortest student in the class.
Rania is the best of them all.
Nour is the cleverest of the two.
We can add (much - a lot) or ( a bit) before adjectives to give more details.
‫( قبل الصفات إلضافة تفاصيل أدق‬a bit) ‫(أو‬much – a lot ) ‫يمكن أن نضع‬
e.g. Studying English is much more interesting than studying French.
Travelling by plane is a lot more expensive than travelling by trains.
Exercise(1)
Correct the adjectives between brackets:

1 - Everest is………………………… (high) mountain in the world.
2 - The climber was too nervous to go …………. (high) halfway up the mountain.
3 - What is ………………………… (small) country in the world?
4 - You look ……………….. (lovely) in your new dress.
5 -It was ………………………………….. (bad) mistake I've ever seen.
6 - Life in the city is……………. (noisy) life in the city.
7 - We stayed at …………………………… (cheap) hotel in the town.

8 - Light travel …………………….. (fast) sound
9 - She's one of …………………….. (good) players of the team.
10 - Don't you think it is …………… (easy) to drive a car than to ride a motorbike?
Exercise(2)
Correct the adjectives between brackets:

1 - Cheating……………………… (bad) thing in the world.
2 - Hala is as……………………… (pretty) as Hend.
3 - Aya is ………………… (good) of them all.
4 - English is ………………………… (easy) language of all.
5 - Playing chess is ……………….. (interesting) playing cards.
6 -Medhat is ……………… (happy) because he has found a new job.
7 - A horse is………………… (heavy) a donkey.
8 - Mohannad speaks Turkish ……………….. (fluent) his brother.
9 - Roses are ……………….. (lovely) plants.
10 - The less you talk about it, ……………………… (good).

1 the highest 6 noisier than
2 higher than 7 the cheapest
3 the smallest 8 faster than
4 lovely 9 the best
5 the worst 10 easier

1 the worst 4 the easiest 7 heavier than
2 pretty 5 more interesting than 8 more fluently than 10 the best
3 the best 6 happy 9 lovely

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)

The conditional Clauses
Conditional sentences consist of two parts:
If clause, + main clause
The zero conditional:
This form expresses scientific facts & situations that are always true:
e.g. If you boil water, it evaporates.
If clause, + main clause.
Form
If + present simple, + Present Simple

e.g. If water freezes, it turns into ice
Type (1) :The First Conditional
This form expresses real possibilities.

e.g. If you study hard, you will get high marks.
If you visit Al Fayoum, You will enjoy your time there.
Form
If + Present Simple, + will + infinitive.
Possible Variations:
1- Future:
If + present Simple, + will + infinitive.
If he travels to Paris, He will see the Eiffel Tower.
If there is wind, I will fly my kite
2- Probability:
If + Present Simple, + may / might + infinitive
e.g. If you come to my wedding party, you may / might see Abu Treika.
If he travels alone, he may / might feel lonely.

3- Advice:
e.g. If + present Simple, + should + infinitive.
If you have a toothache, you should see a dentist.
If you are unfit, you should take exercise everyday.
4- Obligation:
If + present Simple, + must + infinitive.
e.g. If the traffic light is red, you must stop.
If you are in a hospital, you must speak quietly.
5- Request:
If + Present Simple, + Imperative.
If you see Mohammad, remember me to him.
If you meet Hala, give her this book.
Type (2) :The second conditional
This type expresses unlikely or imaginary situations:
If I were / was a superhero, I would save people lives.

If I were a millionaire, I would help the poor.
Form
If + past Simple, + would + infinitive.

All the pronouns can take "were" instead of "was" (verb to be)
"verb to be" "was" "were"
Note

There's no difference in time between the first and second types of
conditional sentences.
Type(2), like type (1), refers to the present, and the past tense in the
. (If-clause) is not a true past ,it's used to indicate
We use this form to talk about something that may happen in the future only if
an impossible condition is fulfilled.
Type (3) The Third conditional
If he had run quickly, he would have caught the bus.

If he had studied hard, he would have succeeded.
Form
If + Past Perfect, + would have + p.p
Usage
It expresses an action that is impossible to happen or didn't happen in the

past.
There are some words can take the place of "If": "If"
Unless = If not "If"
If you don't study hard, you won't succeed. (Use: unless)

Unless you study hard, you won't succeed.
If you didn't study hard, you wouldn't succeed. (Use: unless)
Unless you studied hard you wouldn't succeed.
If you hadn't studied hard, you wouldn't have succeeded. (Use: unless)
Unless you had studied hard, you wouldn't have succeeded.
But for (or) Without + noun / infinitive + ing = Unless

"If "without" or "But for" *
not" and "unless"
If Tamer doesn't exercise hard, he will lose the tennis match. (Use: Without)
But for / Without exercising hard, Tamer will lose the match. (Use: Unless)
Unless Tamer exercises hard, he will lose the tennis match.
Should + subject + infinitive "If"

e.g. If he gets up early, He will arrive at school on time. (Use: should)
Should he get up early, he will arrive at school on time.
e.g. If he came with us to the zoo, he would have a nice time. (Use: should)
Should he come with us to the zoo, he would have a nice time.
Were = If "If" (were)

Were + subject + to + infinitive
e.g. If she worked hard, she would achieve more success.
Were she to work hard, she would achieve more success.
e.g. If I were taller, I would join the basketball team.
Were I taller, I would join the basketball team.
Had = If
Had + subject + p.p "If"
If he had succeeded in his exams, his father would have given him a present.
Had he succeeded in his exams, his father would have given him a present.
In case of + noun / verb + ing "If"

e.g. If you work hard, you would succeed.
In case of working hard, you would succeed.
In case of your hard work, you would succeed.
e.g. If you worked hard, you would succeed.
In case of working hard, you would succeed.
In case of your hard wok, you would succeed.
e.g. If you had worked hard, you would have succeeded.
In case of working hard, you would have succeeded.
In case of your hard work, you would have succeeded.

" Without" "If it weren't for"
Without + noun / verb + ing = If it weren't for + noun

e.g. If he didn't practice a lot, he wouldn't win the match.
Without his practice, he wouldn't win the match.
If it weren't for his practice, he wouldn't win the match.
" Without" "If it hadn't been for"
Without + noun / verb + ing = If it hadn't been for + noun

e.g. If you hadn't travelled to London, you wouldn't have seen Big Ben.
Without traveling to London, you wouldn't have seen Big Ben.
If it hadn't been for your travel to London, you wouldn't have seen Big Ben.
Exercise (1)
1 - If metal gets hot, it………………… (expand)
2 - If she had money, she ……………………… (buy) that dress.
3 - If you heat water, it ……………. (turn) into steam.
4 - If I knew you number, I……………….. (ring) you
5 - If you ……………. (build) up your muscles, you would be a weightlifter.
6 - If she gets up early, she…………… (catch) the school bus
7 - If you came up with a good idea for a game, I………………… (play) with you.
8 - If they…………… ( play) well, they will win the match.
9 - If she didn't bite her nails, they ………….. (not / look) so terrible.
10 - If you don't eat fresh food, you……………………. (not / get) enough vitamins.
Exercise (2)
1 - If you put a nail in water, it………………….. (sink)
2 - When you exercise, you ……………………… (feel) tired.
3 - When he travels to Cairo, she …….………….. (see) the Pyramids.
4-Without his practice, he ……………………………. (win) the race.
5 - If I were a millionaire, I ……………………… (help) the poor.
6 - When you see Murad, .................. (give) him this letter
7 - If it hadn't been for your travel to Giza, you .................... (see) Sphinx.
8 - Unless you run fast, you ……………………. (miss) the bus
9 - Had he passed the driving test, his father ……………………. (buy) him a car.
10 -Were she to work hard, she ………………….. (succeed).

1 sinks 4 wouldn't win 7 wouldn't have seen
2 will feel 5 would help 8 will miss
3 will see 6 give 9 would have bought 10 would succeed
Exercise (1)
1 expands 3 turns 5 built 7 would play 9 wouldn't look
2 would buy 4 would ring 6 will catch 8 play 10 won't get

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Relative pronouns ‫ضمائر الوصل‬

Who / Whom / Which / That ‫ الالتي‬/ ‫ الذين‬/ ‫ اللذان‬/ ‫ التي‬/ ‫ألذي‬
1- Who: "‫ و يأتي بعدها الفعل مباشرا‬,‫تحل محل الفاعل العاقل‬

We use "Who" when we are talking about people: ‫" عند التحدث عن الناس‬Who" ‫نستخدم‬
e.g. Here is the man, He killed his wife.
Here is the man who killed his wife.
e.g. The thieves were caught, they robbed the bank.
The thieves who robbed the bank were caught.
2- Whom: "‫ و يأتي بعدها الفاعل مباشرا‬,‫تحل محل المفعول العاقل‬

We use "Whom" when we are talking about people: ‫" عند التحدث عن الناس‬Who" ‫نستخدم‬
e.g. This boy is my servant, I punished the boy.
I punished the boy whom is my servant.
:‫مالحظات‬
"Whom". ‫ يمكن حذف ضمير الوصل‬- 1
e.g. This is the man, I met him yesterday.
This is the man whom I met yesterday.
or This is the man I met yesterday.
.Whom ‫ بدال" من‬Who ‫ يمكن استخدام‬- 2
e.g. She is the girl. I saw her this morning.
She is the girl who I saw this morning.
Which: ‫تحل محل الفعل أو المفعول الغير عاقل‬
We use "Which" when we are talking about things:
‫" عند التحدث عن االشياء‬Which" ‫نستخدم‬
e.g. I answered the question. It was difficult.
I answered the question which was difficult.
e.g. This is the letter, I wrote it.
This is the letter which I wrote.
:‫" عندما تحل محل المفعول‬which" ‫ يمكن حذف‬:‫ملحوظة‬
e.g. The film was nice. I saw it.
The film I saw was nice.
:‫* أذن ضمير اإلشارة إذا حل محل المفعول به يمكن حذفه‬
" Which" ‫" أو غير عاقل‬Who" "‫سواء أذا كان عاقال‬

4 - That "which" ‫تستعمل بدال" من‬
We use "that" instead of "Who" and "Which". (people & things)
)‫" )الناس و األشياء‬which" ‫" أو‬who" ‫" بدال" من‬that" ‫نقوم باستخدام‬
e.g. This is the villa. My father will buy it.
This is the villa that "which" my father will buy.

The teacher praises the pupils. They work hard.
The teacher praises the pupils that "who" work hard.
"that" ‫" عن استخدام‬whom" ‫" أو‬who" ‫ولكن يفضل استخدام‬
5- Whose: ‫ سواء للعاقل أو لغير العاقل‬, ‫تحل محل ضمير الملكية‬

We use "whose" to replace possessive adjectives:
‫" لتحل محل صفات الملكية‬whose" ‫نقوم بإستخدام‬
my her our their
his its your
e.g. This is the man. I teach his son.
This is the man whose son I teach.
6 - Where ‫للداللة علي المكان‬
e.g. This is the place. I was born in it.
This is the place where I was born.
This is the hospital. My father was treated in it.
This is the hospital where my father was treated.
."where" ‫" عند الربط بـــ‬in" ‫الحظ حذف حرف الجر‬
‫" الذي‬in" ‫ و هنا البد أن نبقي علي حرف الجر‬where ‫" للداللة علي المكان بدال" من‬which" ‫يمكن استخدام‬
."where" ‫نحذفه عند استخدام‬
e.g. This is the place. I was born in it.
This is the place where I was born.
This is the place in which I was born.
7 - When ‫تستخدم للداللة علي الزمن‬
We use "when" after "time words" ‫" بعد الكلمات الدالة علي الزمن‬When" ‫نستخدم‬
e.g. September is the month. schools starts in September.
September is the month when school starts.
e.g. The day I returned home. My wife had a baby.
The day when I returned home, my wife had a baby.

Why ‫والذي بسببة‬
We use "why" to say the reason:
He refused to come to the party. The reason was unknown.
The reason why he refused to come to the party was unknown.
General Remarks:
.‫ ال يتكرر االسم أو الضمير الذي يحل محل الوصل محلة‬- 1
."‫ مطلقا‬whose ‫ بدال" من‬that ‫ ال تستعمل‬- 2
.‫ و لكن يفضل وضع حرف الجر في نهاية الجملة‬, which ‫ أو‬whom ‫ حرف الجر يمكن ان يسبق ضمائر الوصل‬-3
(a) I know that girl. You spoke to her.
I know that girl to her you spoke.
Or I know that girl (whom) you spoke to.
(b)This is the camera. I'm fond of it.
This is the camera of which I'm fond.
or This is the camera (which) I'm fond of.
:‫" فإن حرف الجر دائما" يسبقة‬whose" ‫* أما مع ضمير الوصل‬
Here is the lady. We live in her house.
Here is the lady in whose house we live.
Advanced Notes
Defining Relative Clauses
We use defining relative clauses to define or identify the person or thing we
are talking about.
e.g. Have you been to the new mall which has opened recently?
(which has opened recently?) tells us exactly which mall we are talking
about.
We omit (that, who, which) when they are the object of the relative clause.
e.g. There's the shop (which/that) I bought those cakes from.
Amer is the boy (who/ that) the principal has honored.
Non-defining relative clauses
We use Non-defining relative clauses to add information about the person or
thing we are talking about. We don't need this information to identify the
person or thing we are talking about.
We must put commas(,) before relative pronoun and at the end of the clause.
We can't omit the relative pronoun (as is possible in some defining relative
clauses).

e.g. This new mall, which holds 90.999 people, opened last week.
We can't use that in non-defining relative clauses.
Exercise (1)
Join using a suitable relative pronouns. (defining clauses)
1 - This is the lady. She injured in the accident.
2 - My cousin works in a factory. It's going to close down next month.
3 - The Taj Mahal is a place. It's made of marble.
4 - We know a lot of people. They live in the USA.
5 - Where is the cheese? It was in the fridge.
6 - What was the name of the champion? He won the race.
7 - He went back to the village. He grew up there.
8 - Nobody expected that enormous damage. It was caused by "Tsunami".
9 - This is our classmate. His father is a scientist.
10 -The girl succeeds every year. she is clever.
Exercise (2)
Join using suitable relative pronouns
1 -The book is useful. I read it last week.
2 -I visited my friend. He was absent from school.
3 - This man is an engineer. I saw him yesterday.
4 -My father bought a new car. Its colour is white.
5 - There is the officer. You spoke to him.
6 - The policeman caught the thief. He stole the money.
7 - I saw the girl. The girl's eyes are blue.
8 - You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it.
9 - The bed has no mattress. I sleep on this bed.
10 - The man was sitting at the desk. I had come to see this man.
Exercise (3)
1 - I know the real name of the actor. The actor plays James Bond.
2 - Have you been to the café? The café has opened next to Omar Afandi.
3 - I was talking about the girl. The girl lives close to me.
4 - That's the dog. The dog bit me.
5 - She's the lady. Her cat has just died.

1 - This is the lady who injured in the accident.
2 - My cousin works in a factory which is going to close down next month.
3 - The Taj Mahal is a place which is made of marble.
4 - We know a lot of people whom live in the USA.
5 - Where is the cheese which was in the fridge?
6 - What was the name of the champion who won the race?
7 - He went back to the village where he grew up.
8 - Nobody expected that enormous damage which was caused by "Tsunami".
9 - This is our classmate whose father is a scientist.
10 - The girl who is clever succeeds every year.

1 - The book which I read last week is useful.
2 - I visited my friend whom was absent from school.
3 - That man who I saw yesterday is an engineer.
4 - My father bought a new car whose colour is white.
5 - There is the officer to whom you spoke.
6 - The policeman caught the thief who stole the money.
7 - I saw the girl whose eyes are blue.
8 - You sent me a present for which I thank you.
9 - The bed which I sleep on has no mattress.
10 - The man who I had come to see was sitting at the desk.

1 - I know the real name of the actor who plays James Bond.
2 - Have you been to the café which has opened next to Omar Afandi?
3 - I was talking about the girl who lives close to me.
4 - That's the dog which bit me.
5 - She's the lady whose cat has just died.
Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)

Necessity - Certainty - Deduction
a - Necessity (No Choice) )‫الضرورة ( ليس هناك أي اختيار‬

* In the Present ‫في المضارع‬
It's raining; we must / have to / have got to take a taxi
* Prohibition ‫ تحريم‬/‫ حظر‬/ ‫منع‬
The light is red, you mustn't cross.
There's a speed limit; you mustn't (aren't) allowed to go over ninety.
* In the Past ‫في الماضي‬
It was raining; we had to take a taxi.
* In the Future ‫في المستقبل‬
It is going to rain; we will have to take a taxi.
But note the difference: ‫لكن الحظ الفرق‬

You are late; you must take a taxi. (It's necessary to take a taxi)
)‫أنت متأخر يجب أن تقل تاكسي (أنة من الضروري أن تقل تاكسي‬
You are late; you must have taken a taxi. (You didn't take a taxi but it was
necessary)
)‫أنت متأخر كان يجب أن تقل تاكسي (كان من الضروري أن تقل تاكسي و لكنك لم تفعل‬
Lack of necessity ‫انعدام الضرورة‬
* In the Present
It isn't raining; we needn't / don't have to / haven't got to take a taxi.
* In the Past
It wasn't raining; we didn't have to take a taxi.
* In the Future
It isn't raining; we won't have to take a taxi.
But note the difference: ‫الحظ الفروق بين هذه الجمل‬
a - We have plenty of time; we needn't take a taxi. (It isn't necessary to take a
taxi as we have plenty of time)
‫ لذا فلسنا في حاجة إلي تاكسي (ليس من الضروري إن نقل تاكسي حيث إننا لدينا المزيد من‬,‫لدينا المزيد من الوقت‬
)‫الوقت‬
b - We have plenty of time; we needn't have taken a taxi. (We took a taxi but
it wasn't necessary as we have plenty of time)

‫ لذا فلم نكن في حاجة إلي تاكسي "لم يكن من الضروري ان نقل تاكسي حيث اننا كان لدينا‬, ‫كان لدينا المزيد من الوقت‬
)‫المزيد من الوقت) (ولكنهم ركبوا تاكسي‬
a - I didn't have to add any salt to the salad. (I didn't add any because it
wasn't necessary)
)‫لم أضف أي ملح للسلطة (لم أضف ألنة غير ضروري‬
b - I needn't have added any salt to the salad. (I added some; but it wasn't
necessary)
)‫كان علي إال أضيف أي ملح للسلطة (إنا أضفت بعض الملح و كان يجب إال أضيف‬
We can also use "shouldn't" and "oughtn't to" to show that there is some
choice (means It's advisable ……… not to)
You shouldn't / oughtn't to smoke it's bad for your health = It's advisable for
you not to smoke.
Certainty ‫التأكد‬
You are mistaken. affirmative present
you aren't mistaken. negative present
She plays tennis well. affirmative present
She doesn't play tennis well. negative present
you were mistaken. affirmative past
You weren't mistaken. negative past
He killed the man. affirmative past
He didn't kill the man. negative past
Uncertainty ‫عدم التأكد‬

You may / might be mistaken. affirmative present
You may not / might not be mistaken. negative present
You may / might have been mistaken affirmative past
You may not / might not have been mistaken. negative past
Deduction ‫أالستنتاج‬
you must be mistaken. affirmative present
You can't be mistaken. negative present
You must have been mistaken. affirmative past
You can't have been mistaken. negative past

Note: ‫ملحوظة‬
Don't confuse "must" to express necessity, with "must" to express
deduction.
‫" للتعبير عن االستنتاج‬must" ‫" للتعبير عن الضرورة و‬must" ‫ال تخلط بين‬
e.g. You must be on time . ‫يجب أن تكون حسب الميعاد‬
You must be annoyed. ‫البد أنك متضايق‬
Deduction based on evidence. ‫االستنتاج المبني علي دليل‬
Here are the prisoner's footprints; he escaped this way. (Certain)
Here are the prisoner's footprints; he must have escaped this way. (Near
certain)
Her face is pale; she is ill. (certain)
Her face is pale; she must be ill. (Near certain)
Exercise (1)
Choose the write words:
1 - She added some sugar to the tea, but she needn't…………….
(add - adding - have added- have to add) any.
2 - Rania may be annoyed ; (I'm sure – I'm not sure – she must be – she
can't be)
3 – Haifa has a son of thirty; so she (needn't be – doesn't have to be –
Can't be - must be) over forty five.
4 – I (had to – mustn't – didn't have to – won't have to ) go to his
party. I promised him I would go and I fulfilled my promise.
5 – You are in the mosque. You (may – must – mustn't – might not ) smoke
Exercise (2)
Fill with a word(s) from the list:
shouldn't have done shouldn't has been
have been mustn't certain uncertain may
1 - My watch is missing; it must……………stolen.

2 - I'm uncertain; he ………………have had an accident.
3 - Basma is ill I'm……………………….
4 - You…………… go over 90. It's the maximum speed limit.
5 - He has parked where there is a "No Parking" sign He……………. that.
1 have added 3 must be 5 mustn't
2 I'm not sure 4 had to

1 have been 4 mustn't
2 may 5 shouldn't have done
3 certain

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)

The Gerund
Positive Form:
Infinitive + ing
It's formed by adding "ing" to the verb. ‫" للفعل‬ing" ‫يتكون بإضافة‬
A gerund used as a noun. ‫" يستخدم كأسم‬ing" ‫الفعل المضاف له‬
Use:
1-It can be the subject of a sentence: ‫يمكن أستخدامة كفاعل للجملة‬

e.g. Smoking is harmful to health.
Watching films is a waste of time.
2-It can be the object of a sentence: ‫يمكن أستخدامة كمفعول للجملة‬

e.g. I don't like wasting time.
He doesn't like eating between meals.
2-After prepositions: ‫يمكن إستخدامة بعد حروف الجر‬

Some verbs and adjectives are followed by prepositions:
‫بعض األفعال و الصفات يأتي بعدها حروف جر‬
accuse of ‫متهم ب‬ certain of ‫واثق من‬
afraid of ‫خائف من‬ excuse …..for ‫يعتذر علي‬
be accustomed to ‫يتعود علي‬ give up ‫يستسلم‬
blame…..for ‫يلوم علي‬ instead of ‫بدال"من‬
congratulate on ‫يهنئ علي‬ object to ‫يعترض علي‬
fond of ‫مغرم ب‬ persist in ‫يصر علي‬
insist on ‫مصر علي‬ prefer to ‫يفضل أن‬
look forward to ‫يتطلع إلي‬ succeed in ‫ينجح في‬
apologize for ‫يعتذر عن‬ worried about ‫يقلق علي‬
believe in ‫يؤمن ب‬ thank for ‫يشكر ألجل‬
prevent… from ‫يمنع من‬ think of ‫يفكر في‬

e.g. Ahmad is used to spending his holiday in Alexandria.
I must apologize for not helping you.
His principal blamed him for arriving late.
3-After certain verbs: ‫بعد بعض األفعال‬

avoid ‫يتجنب‬ go ‫يذهب‬
come ‫يأت‬ hear ‫يسمع‬
deny ‫ينكر‬ imagine / fancy ‫يتخيل‬
enjoy ‫يستمتع‬ practice ‫يمارس‬
finish ‫ينهي‬ propose ‫يعرض‬
remember ‫يتذكر‬ see ‫يري‬
e.g. I saw him coming.

Fancy seeing you after such a long time.
I fancy riding a horse.
you should avoid smoking
yesterday I enjoyed reading some Islamic short stories.
Note the use of the following verbs: ‫الحظ إستخدام هذة االفعال‬
A) "begin - start - continue" They are followed by (verb + ing)
or (to + infinitive):
We began working. = We began to work
She continued running = She continued to run
.
B) "hate - dislike - like - love - prefer) are followed by:
A gerund for general statements ‫كجمل عامة‬
Infinitive + to for particular events ‫لألحداث الخاصة‬
e.g. Ali likes reading books. (General statement)
Nasser likes to read history books. (particular event)
e.g. I prefer swimming to cycling. (General statement)
Murad prefers to swim in the Red Sea. (particular event)
When the above five verbs (No:B) are preceded by "would" they mean particular
events, and so are (usually) followed by to + infinitive:
e.g. Salah would love to read detective stories.

I'd prefer to play volleyball.
Rahema would like to go shopping on Fridays.
4- After some phrases: ‫بعد بعض العبارات‬
It's no use ‫ال فائدة من‬ there's no harm in ‫ال ضرر من‬
feel like ‫يحب‬ would you mind….? ‫هل تمانع‬
can't help ‫ال يستطيع مساعدة‬ have difficulty in ‫لدية صعوبة في‬
can't stand ‫ال يطيق‬ can't bear ‫ال يستطيع تحمل‬
e.g. I feel like going out for a meal.
It's no use crying over spilt milk.
Would you mind opening the window, please?
Mahmoud Talat sometimes has difficulty in studying grammar.
It was so funny. I couldn't stop laughing.
5- After certain words: ‫بعد بعض الكلمات‬
busy worth without
e.g. He is busy cleaning his room.
"The message" is worth watching.
This history book worth reading.
I can't study without using my dictionary.
6- It can be used as an adjective: ‫يمكن إستخدامة كصفة‬
a loving mother a moving car a boring film
an interesting adventure
e.g. A loving mother gives her children love and care.

I love listening to interesting adventures from my uncle.
7 - with some connectives: ‫مع بعض الراوابط‬
In spite of Before because of
In spite of studying hard, he didn’t pass his test.
Before going to school, she often prays.
Hassan didn't join the army because of being short.
8- After these expressions: ‫بعد هذه التعبيرات‬
How about…………………..? ‫و ماذا عن‬
What about………………..? ‫و ماذا عن‬
Look forward to…………. ‫يتطلع إلي‬

In addition to…………… ‫باإلضافة إلي‬
I object to…………… ‫أعترض علي‬
How about travelling to Aswan in the midyear holiday?
What about moving a new house?
I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon?
In addition of being polite, she's also pretty.
They object to coming to school on Saturday.
am
is + used to + infinitive
are
He is used to driving so fast.
She is used to going to school early.
They are used to working together.
Exercise (1)
1 – We need to change our routine. We can't go on ……………. (live) like this.
2 – I've given up …………….. (try) to lose weight, it's impossible.
3 – Have you finished …………………… (read) the newspaper yet?
4 – My memory is getting worse. I keep ……………………… (forget) things.
5 – Nobody can stop Manal …………………. (do) what she wants.
6 – Would you mind ………………………… (not/ interrupt) me all the time?
7 – I'm afraid there aren't any chairs. I hope you ……… (not/mind/stand).
8 – It's better to avoid ……………………… (travel during the rush hour.
9 – He didn't fancy ……………………….. (play) tennis.
10 – Could you stop………………………… (make) so much noise?
Fill in the spaces with words from the list:

to disturb is busy not lending lending
feel like would like getting get
1 - Samira……………..cleaning the room.
2 - I ……………. having a glass of lemonade.
3 - We all look forward to ……………… good exam results.
4 - Sherif hates ………………… people when they are busy.
5 - Marwa apologized for ………………………me her camera.
1 living 3 reading 5 doing 7 Won't mind standing 9 playing
2 trying 4 forgetting 6 not interrupting 8 traveling 10 making

1 is busy 3 getting 5 not lending
2 feel like 4 to disturb

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Infinitives ‫الفعل في المصدر‬
"To + infinite" ‫أفعال يأتي بعدها‬

agree ‫يوافق‬ offer ‫يعرض‬ decide ‫يقرر‬ appear ‫يظهر‬
refuse ‫يرفض‬ plan ‫يخطط‬ attempt ‫يحاول‬ pretend ‫يتظاهر‬
seem ‫يبدو‬ learn ‫يتعلم‬ forget ‫ينسي‬ manage ‫ينجح‬
dare ‫يتجرأ‬ tend ‫يميل إلي‬ fail ‫يفشل‬ arrange ‫يرتب‬
afford ‫يتمكن من‬ hope ‫يأمل‬ threaten ‫يهدد‬ promise ‫يعد‬
e.g. It was raining, so we decided to take a taxi.

He failed to pass the driving license test.
He managed to run his father's factory.
Negative Form:
verb + not + to + infinitive
He pretended not to see me as he passed me in the street.
:‫أما األفعال اآلتية فلها قاعدتين كاألتي‬
1) Verb + to + infinitive
2) Verb + object + to + infinitive
want ‫يريد‬ expect ‫يتوقع‬
mean ‫يقصد‬ help ‫يساعد‬

ask ‫يسأل‬ would ( like / prefer) ‫يفضل‬/‫يحب‬

I asked to see the manager.
I asked Tom to see the manager.
:‫أما األفعال اآلتية فتأخذ القاعدة اآلتية‬
Verb + object + to + infinitive
tell ‫يخبر‬ remind ‫يتذكر‬
order ‫يأمر‬ warn ‫يحذر‬
get ‫يحصل علي‬ persuade ‫يقنع‬
force ‫يجبر‬ teach ‫يدرس‬
invite ‫يدعوا‬
Please, remind me to phone Ali tomorrow.
He invited me to have coffee with him in his house.
:‫أما األفعال اآلتية فلها قاعدتين‬
advise ‫ينصح‬ recommend ‫يوصي‬

allow ‫يسمح‬ encourage ‫يشجع‬
permit ‫يأذن‬
1 -verb + verb + ing (without object)
2 -verb + object + to + infinitive
He doesn't allow smoking in his house.
He doesn’t allow anyone to smoke in his house.
. "To" ‫أما أألفعال الناقصة فيأتي بعدها الفعل في المصدر بدون‬
I can't move this box; could you help move it, please?
:‫مع أفعال الشعور نستخدم‬
Verb + object + infinitive
I heard her leave the house.
."To" ‫ " فيأتي بعده الفعل في المصدر بدون‬except"‫" و‬but" ‫أما حرفي الجر‬
There's nothing to do but wait till he come back.
:‫و بعد‬
the first ‫األول‬ the last ‫األخير‬
the second ‫الثاني‬ the only ‫الوحيد‬
to + infinitive : ‫نستخدم‬
Mohammad is the first one to come and the last to leave the office.
"To + ‫و بعد الصفة نستخدم "المصدر‬

I was delighted to see him.
:‫و يأتي في العبارة اآلتية‬
It + verb to be + adjective + of + object + to + infinitive + complement.
It was kind of you to help the old woman.
It is nice of him to help his wife.
Exercise (1)
Correct the verbs between brackets: (Gerund -Infinitive)
1 - We need to change our routine. We can't go on …………… (live) like this.
2 - She managed ……………………… (solve) her own problems.
3 - He failed ………………….. (pass) the mid-year examinations.
4 - I've given up ………………….. (try) to lose weight ,It's impossible.
5 - He pretended ……………….. (be) ill to absent himself from school.
6 - The headmaster asked …………….. (photocopy) some important sheets.
7 - Have you finished ………………………… (read) the newspaper yet?
8 - It is nice of you ………………… (give) me such a beautiful present.
9 - Please, remind me …………………….. (set) the alarm clock.
10 - My memory is getting worse. I keep ………………. (forget) things.
Exercise (2)
Correct the verbs between brackets: (Gerund -Infinitive)
1 - Nobody can stop Anwar ………………… (do) what he wants.
2 - Ragab invited me ……………….. (have) a cup of tea and some pancakes in the
French Cafe.
3- The boss ordered us ……………………(send) invitation e-mails to all the best
customers.
4 - What about……………………….. (go) to the club in the evening?
5 - Would you mind ………………………………. (not / interrupt me all the time?
6 - She denied ……………………………. (break) the CD player.
7 - The headmaster asked ...................... (photocopy) some important sheets.
8 - Mr. Ahmad recommended me .......................... (buy) an electronic dictionary.
9 - It's better to avoid …………………….. (travel) during the rush hour.
10 - He didn't fancy …………………… (play) tennis.

1 living 3 to pass 5 to be 7 reading 9 to set
2 to solve 4 trying 6 to photocopy 8 to give 10 forgetting

1 doing 3 to send 5 not interrupting me 7 to photocopy 9 travelling
2 to have 4 going 6 breaking 8 to buy 10 playing

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)

Read this story ‫أقرأ هذه القصة‬
I saw a film last Monday. The film was about an officer and a very
beautiful girl. The officer fell in love with the girl but the girl was in love with
a university student. So the officer shot the university student and married
the girl.
The Definite Article ( The )) ‫أداة التعريف ( الــ‬
It precedes singular and plural nouns: ‫تأتي قبل االسم المفرد و الجمع‬
- It is used: ‫تستخدم في الحاالت اآلتية‬
1- Before names of things of which there's only one:
)‫قبل أسماء األشياء الفريدة (التي ال يوجد منها غير واحد فقط‬
the sun ‫ الشمس‬the moon ‫ القمر‬the sky ‫ السماء‬the Mufti ‫المفتي‬
the world ‫العالم‬ the Equator ‫خط االستواء‬ the universe ‫الكون‬ the Earth ‫األرض‬
e.g. The moon goes round the earth which goes round the sun.
There are three planes flying high in the sky.
2 - When the noun is used in the singular to mean all things of the same kind:
‫عندما يستخدم االسم في حالة المفرد ليعني جميع األشياء من نفس النوع‬
The horse is useful. (All horses)
The camel is the ship of the desert. (All camels)
3 - When we speak of a particular thing: )‫عندما نتحدث عن شيء معين (معرف للمستمع‬
The coffee of Brazil is of good quality.
The cotton of Egypt is widely exported.
4 - Before names of places and things known to all:

‫قبل أسماء األماكن و األشياء المعروفة للجميع‬
the shore ‫ الشاطئ‬the beach ‫ الشاطئ‬the market ‫ السوق‬the desert ‫الصحراء‬
the cathedral‫الكاتدرائية‬ the office ‫ المكتب‬the internet ‫االنترنت‬ the radio ‫الراديو‬
the cinema ‫السينما‬ the theater ‫ المسرح‬the club ‫النادي‬
5 – Before adjectives used as nouns in a plural sense ( or to mean a class of
people ): ‫قبل الصفة لتشير إلي طبقة معينة من الناس‬
the poor ‫ الفقراء‬the needy ‫ المحتاجين‬the rich ‫ األغنياء‬the sick ‫المرضي‬
the dead ‫الموتى‬ the disabled ‫ المعوقين‬the living ‫ األحياء‬the injured ‫المصابين‬
the old ‫كبار السن‬ the young ‫صغار السن‬ the deaf ‫ الصم‬the blind ‫المكفكفون‬
The rich should help the poor.
The young should help the old.
The old should give advice to the young.
There are schools built for the blind.
6 – Before nationalities to mean all the people in the country.

‫قبل الجنسيات لتعني جميع الشعب داخل الدولة‬
the Spanish ‫األسبان‬ the Egyptians ‫المصريين‬
the French ‫الفرنسيين‬ the British ‫البريطانيين‬
7 - Before superlatives: ‫قبل صفات التفضيل القصوى‬

Sheraton is the highest building in Egypt.
Mohammad is the last messenger of God.
8 – Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a

second time: ‫قبل االسم الذي أصبح معروفا" نتيجة لذكره للمرة الثانية‬
Nasser's car hit a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree.
I watched a match yesterday; the match was between Al Ahli and Al Zamalik
9- Before names of seas, lakes, oceans, rivers, chains of mountains, oases,

group of islands, deserts, geographical sites and directions :
‫قبل أسماء البحار و البحيرات و األنهار و السالسل الجبلية و الواحات و مجموعة الجزر و الصحاري و المواقع‬
‫الجغرافية واالتجاهات‬
the Alps ‫جبال األلب‬ the Bahamas ‫جزر الباهاما‬
the Congo ‫الكنغو‬ the Himalayas ‫جبال الهمااليا‬
the Sahara ‫الصحراء ألكبري‬ the Sudan ‫السودان‬
the River Nile ‫نهر النيل‬ the Suez Canal ‫قناة السويس‬
the Red Sea ‫البحر األحمر‬ the North ‫الشمال‬
the Siwa Oasis ‫واحة سيوه‬ the Middle East ‫الشرق األوسط‬
But Note: ‫لكن الحظ‬

Mount Everest ‫قمة افرست‬ lake Nasser ‫بحيرة ناصر‬
Lake Victoria ‫بحيرة فيكتوريا‬

10 – Before compound and political names of countries:
‫قبل األسماء المركبة و السياسية للبالد‬
the A.R.E ‫جمهورية مصر العربية‬ the Arab Republic of Egypt.
the U.S.A ‫الواليات المتحدة األمريكية‬ the United States of America
the U.K ‫المملكة المتحدة‬ the United Kingdom
11 – Before name of devices and instruments: (Inventions & discoveries):

)‫قبل أسماء اآلالت و المعدات (المخترعات و المكتشفات‬
the computer ‫الحاسب اآللي‬ the radio ‫الراديو‬
the piano ‫البيانو‬ the dishwasher ‫غسالة اإلطباق‬
the sewing machine ‫آلة الخياطة‬
12 – Before these words: ‫قبل هذه الكلمات‬

the only ‫الوحيد‬ the previous ‫السابق‬
the following ‫التالي‬ the last ‫االخير‬
the next ‫ القادم‬/ ‫التالي‬ the first ‫األول‬
the same ‫نفس الشيء‬ the second ‫الثاني‬
13 – Before a noun made definite by adding a phrase or a clause:

‫قبل االسم الذي أصبح معرفا" نتيجة إلضافة عبارة أو شبه جملة‬
The girl in pink is my cousin.
The boy over there is my brother.
14 – With periods of the day: ‫قبل فترات اليوم‬
in the morning ‫في الصباح‬ in the evening ‫فى المساء‬
in the afternoon ‫بعد الظهر‬
15 – Before proper names of hotels, clubs, theaters, restaurants and cinemas:
‫قبل أسماء العلم للفنادق و المسارح و المطاعم و السينما‬
the Ahly Club ‫النادي األهلي‬
the Zamalik Club ‫نادي الزمالك‬
the Renaissance Cinema ‫سينما رينيسانس‬
the Sheraton Hotel ‫فندق شيراتون‬
the Four Seasons Hotel. ‫فندق فور سيزون‬

16 – Before names of holy books and magazines: ‫قبل أسماء الكتب المقدسة و المجالت‬
the Holy Quran ‫القران الكريم‬ the times ‫جريدة ذا تايمز‬
the Bible ‫اإلنجيل‬ the AlAhram Weekly ‫جريدة األهرام األسبوعية‬
the Egyptian Gazette ‫جريدة ذا ايجبشن‬
‫جازيت‬
:‫ – عندما نعنى الفكرة العامة أو المعنى العام لشئ ما مثل‬17

the countryside ‫الريف‬ the ground ‫األرض‬
the town ‫المدنية‬ the sea ‫البحر‬
Living in the country is quieter than living in the town.

:‫ – مع االماكن االتية إذا كان الذهاب اليها ليس من اجل الغرض التى اسست من اجلة‬18
school ‫مدرسة‬ church ‫كنيسة‬
mosque ‫جامع‬ court ‫محكمة‬
prison ‫سجن‬ university ‫جامعة‬
bed ‫سرير‬
The electrician went to the mosque to check the electric current.

* (The ) is not used: ‫ال تستخدم (الـــ ) في هذه الحاالت‬
1 – Before names of people: ‫قبل أسماء الناس‬
Ali Ahmad Haidy David
2 – Before uncountable nouns : ‫قبل األسماء التي ال تعد‬

oil ‫زيت‬ biology ‫علم األحياء‬
water ‫ماء‬ luggage ‫أمتعة‬
bravery ‫شجاعة‬ copper ‫نحاس‬
running ‫الجري‬ breakfast ‫إفطار‬
news ‫خبر‬
3 – Before title + proper noun : ‫ أسم علم‬+ ‫قبل لقب‬

King Fahd Professor Farouk El Baz
President Morsi is a religious man.
Professor Zawail won Nobel Prize.

Note: ‫الحظ‬
(We can use "the" before the title alone) ‫" قبل اللقب بمفردة‬the" ‫يمكننا أن نستخدم‬
the captain the president
The doctor advised me to have a rest.
The teacher advised us to revise for the exam.
4 – Before names of places used for their primary purpose.

‫قبل أسماء األماكن التي نذهب إليها من أجل الغرض التي أسست من أجلة‬
I always go to school on time. (to learn).
Hend went to hospital yesterday. (to be cured)
Muslims go to mosques five times a day. (to pray)
5 – Before plural nouns in a general sense. ‫قبل االسم الذي يعد عندما نتحدث عنه بشكل عام‬
Camels are useful animals.
Horses are strong animals.
Before such uncountable nouns as: ‫قبل هذه األسماء التي ال تعد‬
6 –Before name of meals: ‫قبل أسماء الوجبات‬
breakfast ‫اإلفطار‬ lunch ‫ الغداء‬supper ‫عشاء مبكر‬ dinner ‫عشاء‬
6 – Before names of languages: ‫قبل أسماء اللغات‬

Arabic ‫ لغة عربية‬English ‫ لغة إنجليزية‬French ‫لغة فرنسية‬ Italian ‫لغة ايطالية‬
e.g. English Language is widely spoken.

7 – Before school subjects: ‫قبل المواد الدراسية‬
Mathematics ‫رياضيات‬ science ‫علوم‬
history ‫تاريخ‬ chemistry ‫كيمياء‬
8 – Before names of sports: ‫قبل أسماء األلعاب الرياضية‬

football ‫كرة قدم‬ volleyball ‫كرة طائرة‬
tennis ‫تنس‬ basketball ‫كرة سلة‬
9 – Before activities: ‫قبل األنشطة‬

swimming ‫السباحة‬ listening ‫االستماع‬
running ‫الجري‬ smoking ‫التدخين‬

10 – Before abstract nouns: ‫قبل األسماء المجردة‬
happiness ‫السعادة‬ freedom ‫الحرية‬
bravery ‫الشجاعة‬ courage ‫الشجاعة‬
11 – Before most countries and cities names: ‫قبل معظم أسماء البالد و المدن‬
Egypt ‫مصر‬ Cairo ‫القاهرة‬
France ‫فرنسا‬ Mallawy ‫ملوي‬
Gordon ‫األردن‬ Tunisia ‫تونس‬
Alexandria ‫اإلسكندرية‬ England ‫انجلترا‬
14 - Before foods and drinks: ‫قبل أسماء األكالت و المشروبات‬

macaroni ‫مكرونة‬ tea ‫شاي‬
spaghetti ‫إسباجيتي‬ coffee ‫قهوة‬
milk ‫لبن‬ cheese ‫جبنه‬
oil ‫زيت‬ lemonade ‫عصير ليمون‬
15 – Before names of seas mountains, islands, lakes (singular nouns):

)‫قبل أسماء بعض البحار و الجبال و الجزر و البحيرات (أسمء مفردة‬
Mount Everest ‫قمة افرست‬ Lake Nasser
Lake Victoria
16 – Before names of continents: ‫قبل أسماء القارات‬

Africa ‫إفريقيا‬ Europe ‫أوربا‬
Asia ‫آسيا‬ America ‫أميركا‬
Australia ‫استراليا‬
7 – Before the word "work" to mean the place of work:
‫" لتشير إلي مكان العمل‬work" ‫قبل كلمة‬
e.g. I always go to work on time.
18 – Before the word "home" if it preceded by "get – go – return – leave -
come "
e.g. He always returns home at four o'clock.

19 – Before "Days of the week, months, seasons and feasts:
Saturday ‫السبت‬ January ‫يناير‬
Sunday ‫األحد‬ February ‫فبراير‬
Monday ‫االثنين‬ March ‫مارس‬
summer ‫الصيف‬ autumn ‫الخريف‬
spring ‫الربيع‬ Eid El Fiter ‫عيد الفطر‬
Christmas Day ‫عيد الميالد‬
.(the) ‫و لكن إذا حددت فيجب وضع‬

The June of 2012 was full of historical events.
The summer of 2012 was extremely hot.
20 –People, plants and jobs )‫الناس و النباتات و الوظائف (في الجمع‬

Compressed dates are good for pregnant women.
Trees give us oxygen.
Teachers should help students get high marks.
But note: ‫لكن الحظ‬
(The) ‫إذا حددنا اشخاص أو أشياء معينة فيجب و ضع‬
The teachers of my school are highly qualified teachers.
21 – Before names of colours and the five senses.

‫قبل أسماء االلوان و الحواس الخمس‬
red ‫أحمر‬ sight ‫رؤية‬
blue ‫أزرق‬ taste ‫تذوق‬
green ‫أخضر‬ touch ‫لمس‬
A bride always wears in white.
My favourite colour is light blue.
22 – With means of transport if it preceded by "by":
"by" ‫قبل الموصالت إذا سبقت بكلمة‬
I always go to school by bus.

Exercise
Put a , an , the if necessary.
1 - Kabuki is…………… Japanese but Sushi is ………………Chinese.
2 - I bought ……………computer yesterday.
3 - I bought ……………..nice trousers and…………………..lovely T-shirt yesterday.
4 - What………….pity! I forgot my bag at ………….shop.
5 - Yacoub is…………………..famous Egyptian surgeon.
6 - Living in ……………..village is quieter than living in………..city.
7 - ……………… more you study, …………….. more marks you get.
8 - ……….Dinner is …………..last meal of………………..day.
9 - ……………..rich should help…………..poor.
10 - ……………..apple fell of ………………tree over there.

1 __ /___ 3 ___ / a 5 a 7 The / the 9 The/ the
2 a 4 a / the 6 the / the 8 _ /the/the 10 an /the

Exercise (1)

The Indefinite Articles "A–An"
1- ( a ) is used before a singular noun begins with a consonant sound:

‫( يستخدم قبل االسم المفرد الذي يبدأ بصوت ساكن‬a)
a dog a boy a girl a nurse
Note: ‫ملحوظة‬
a uniform a union a European country a unique case
‫( و هو من الحروف الساكنة‬y) ‫( و هو من الحروف المتحركة مثل‬U) ‫* نالحظ نطق حرف‬

.(European) ‫( في كلمة‬E) ‫كما نالحظ عدم نطق‬
2 – ( An ) is used before a singular noun begins with a vowel sound:

‫( يستخدم قبل االسم المفرد الذي يبدأ بصوت متحرك‬An)
an apple an egg an insect

an umbrella an elephant an orange
an L-plate an hour an honorable man an Mp3
‫ (قبل الكلمة التى تبدأ بصوت متحرك‬An ) ‫نالحظ و ضع‬

.‫ ( صامت‬H ) ‫ تبدا بحرف‬hour ‫نالحظ ان‬
( An im pi three ) ‫ تبدا بصوت متحرك‬Mp3 ‫نالحظ ان‬
( An il plate) ‫ تبدا بصوت متحرك‬L-plate ‫نالحظ ان‬
.‫ ( قبل الصفة‬an / a ) ‫إذا جائت صفة قبل االسم فاننا نضع‬
I read an interesting story yesterday.
Nabil is a very industrious worker.
Abu Trieka is a popular player.
B – ( An /A ) are used: (a /an) ‫استخدامات أدوات النكرة‬

1 - When the name is mentioned for the first time: ‫عندما يذكر االسم ألول مرة‬
There is a policeman at the door.
I bought an Mp3 yesterday.

2 – When the noun is used as an example of a class:
‫عندما يستخدم االسم كمثال أو نموذج لطبقة معينة‬
A child needs love and care. (any child)
A school is a place where we can learn. (any school)
3 – With names of professions and noun complement: ‫مع الوظائف و االسم المكمل‬
She is a nurse.
Ali is a clever boy.
4 – In exclamations: (Before singular countable nouns)
)‫في حالة التعجب (مع األسماء المفردة التي تعد‬
What a beautiful island!
What a pity!
What a surprise!
5 - In expressions of speed, price and number of times:

.‫مع تعبيرات السرعة و السعر و عدد المرات‬
This car runs at 300 miles an hour.
These apples are ten pounds a kilo.
We pray five times a day.
We visit our uncle once a week.
We fast three lunar days a month.
6 – When we mean only "one" ‫عندما نقصد "واحد" فقط‬

I have a car. (one car)
She ate an apple. (one apple )
See the difference between (one) and (an / a) ‫الحظ الفرق بين (واحد) و أدوات النكرة‬
A shot is no good. (general)
One shot is no good. (means I need more than one)
7 – Before nationalities + nouns: ‫قبل الجنسيات التي تسبق أسماء‬

He is an Egyptian person.
She is an American soldier.

8 – "A" can precede Mr. /Mrs. /Miss + name If "he" or "she" is stranger to
the speaker or the listener.
‫ لو أنة غريب عن التكلم أو المستمع‬.‫ أسم‬+ Mr. /Mrs. /Miss‫(يمكن أن تسبق‬a)
Secretary: A Mr. Ahmad wants to meet you, sir.
Principal : Ok. Let him in.
This means that Ahmad is a stranger to the Principal.
‫هذا معناه إن أحمد غريب عن المدير‬
9 – Before names of some diseases. ‫بعد بعض أسماء اإلمراض‬
I had a terrible headache yesterday.
My wife had a common cold last Monday.
10 – In certain numerical expressions: ‫مع بعض التعبيرات الرقمية‬

a couple ‫زوج من‬ a lot of ‫كثير من‬
a score ( 20 ) ‫من‬20 a great deal of ‫كمية كبيرة من‬
a dozen ‫دستة‬ a little ‫قليال" للكمية‬
a gross (144) ‫قاروسه‬ a few ‫قليال" للعدد‬
With a few and a little to mean that is enough.

‫ عندما نقصد أنة قليل لكنة كاف‬a little‫ و‬a few ‫مع‬
"a few" with countable nouns (apples - cars - cats)
"a little" with uncountable nouns. (sugar - milk - news)
She had a few eggs but she could make a delicious cake.
Let's go and have a drink. We've got a little time before the train leaves.
I have a lot of friends in my new school.
She has a couple of mugs.
* We can't use (a - an ) in these cases:

:‫( في الحاالت اآلتية‬a - an) ‫ال تستخدم أدوات النكرة‬
:‫ قبل االسماء الجمع‬- 1
cars tables men bacteria
:‫ قبل الوجبات‬- 2
breakfast ‫اإلفطار‬ lunch ‫ الغداء‬supper ‫ عشاء مبكر‬dinner ‫عشاء‬
:‫ قبل االسم المجرد المعنوي‬- 3

happiness bravery fear love
:‫ قبل االسم الذي ال يعد‬- 4
news milk water furniture
5- With these words: ‫مع هذه الكلمات‬

man mankind nature society
Man should seek for peace.
Nature is beautiful in spring.
But Note: ‫لكن الحظ‬
The nature of a Jew is not to be of one's word.
Exercise (1)
Put "a","an" or "the" if necessary.
1 - I read……. book which Ali gave me.
2 - They have ………. house with ……….. garden.
3 - She is …………Indian, but her husband is American.
4 -……….. elephant has tusks as well as teeth.
5 -……………children like sweets.
6 - There is ……..university in El Minia that includes many colleges.
7 -……..Alps are………..highest mountains in Europe.
8 -What ……… interesting story?
9 - ………man I met on the train told me ……… unusual story.
10 - ………..war is very bad, and ……………peace should prevail.
Exercise (2)
Put "a","an" or "the" if necessary.
1 - There is ………….Knock on ………. door.
2 - ……………. young must respect …………..old.
3 -There is ……………. table and……………chair on this room.
4 - He always smokes ……………cigarette with ……..cup of……….. coffee.
5 - Every year there is ………………boat race on …………..Nile River.
6 - Where is …………..hat that I bought yesterday?
7 - Some people like to drink…………. black coffee.
8 - He walks till late at …………….. night.
9 - I like ….....lot of milk in my tea.
10 - The train runs at a speed of 200 kilometres ………. hour.

1 the 3 _____ 5 ______ 7 The / the 9 The / an
2 a / a 4 An 6 a 8 an 10 __ /___
1 a / the 3 a / a 5 a / the 7 ____ 9 a

2 The / the 4 a /a / __ 6 the 8 ____ 10 an

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)

Plural nouns ‫جمع األسماء‬
* Plural form is usually formed by adding "s" to a singular noun such as:
‫" لنهاية االسم المفرد‬S"‫يتم الجمع عادتا" بإضافة حرف‬
a boy boys a table tables
a girl girls a car cars
a book books a bed beds
a cat cats a bird birds
Note: Indefinite articles (A /An) must be omitted: ‫البد من حذف أدوات النكرة‬
Nouns ending in a hissing sound as ( sh - ch - ss - s - o - x- z )

we add "es" : "es" ‫األسماء التي تنتهي بحروف هامسة نضيف لها‬
a bush ‫شجره قصيرة مورقة‬ bushes
a beach ‫شاطئ‬ beaches
a class ‫فصل دراسي‬ classes
a bus ‫أتوبيس‬ buses
a potato ‫ثمرة بطاطس‬ potatoes
a fox ‫ثعلب‬ foxes
a fez ‫طربوش‬ fezzes
a quiz ‫اختبار صغير‬ quizzes
Note: Nouns ending in "z" .We double "z" such as:
‫" نقوم بمضاعفته كما في األمثلة‬Z"‫األسماء التي تنتهي بــــــ‬
a fez ‫طربوش‬ fezzes
a quiz ‫اختبار صغير‬ quizzes
Irregular nouns: ‫أسماء غير منتظمة‬

a man ‫رجل‬ men a foot ‫قدم‬ feet
a woman ‫إمراءة‬ women a tooth ‫سنة‬ teeth
a child ‫طفل‬ children a penny ‫بنس‬ pence / pennies
a mouse ‫فأر‬ mice a die ‫حجر النرد‬ dice
a louse ‫قملة‬ lice a brother ‫أخ‬ brethren/ brothers
an ox ‫ثور‬ oxen
I we himself/herself/itself themselves
He / she / it they his/her/it their
you you am / is are
my our was were
me us this these
him / her / it them that those
myself ourselves
Consider the following: ‫راعي األتي عند الجمع‬
Nouns ending in "y" preceded by a consonant. We delete "Y" then add "ies":
‫" لنهاية االسم‬ies" ‫" مسبوقا" بحرف ساكن يحذف و نضيف‬Y" ‫األسماء المنتهية بحرف‬
a country ‫بلد‬ countries
a butterfly ‫ فراشة‬butterflies
a baby ‫رضيع‬ babies
a hobby ‫هواية‬ hobbies
an army ‫جيش‬ armies
Note: Except for family names: ‫فيما عدا أسماء األسر‬

the kenedys ‫ أسرة كيندي‬/ ‫عائلة‬
Nouns ending in "O" with an English origin. We add "es" :

: "es" ‫" وذات أصل إنجليزي نضيف لنهايتها‬O" ‫األسماء التي تنتهي بحرف‬
a tomato ‫ثمرة طماطم‬ tomatoes
a mosquito ‫بعوضة‬ mosquitoes
a motto ‫شعار‬ mottoes
a volcano ‫ بركان‬volcanoes
a negro ‫زنجي‬ negroes

Nouns ending in "is" ; We change "is" into "es" :
‫" عند الجمع‬es" ‫" تتحول إلي‬is"‫األسماء المنتهية بــــــ‬
an oasis ‫واحة‬ oases
an analysis ‫تحليل‬ analyses
an axis ‫محور‬ axes
a diagnosis ‫تشخيص‬ diagnoses
a thesis ‫موضوع‬ theses
Thirteen nouns ending in "f" or "fe" We delete them and add "ves" :
‫" لنهاية الكلمة‬ves" ‫" يتم حذفهم و إضافة‬fe" ‫" أو‬f"‫ثالثة عشرة كلمة تنتهي بــــــــ‬
a thief ‫لص‬ thieves a sheaf ‫ حزمة‬sheaves
a wife ‫زوجة‬ wives a half ‫نصف‬ halves
a knife ‫ سكينة‬knives a wolf ‫ذئب‬ wolves
a life ‫حياة‬ lives a calf ‫عجل‬ calves
a leaf ‫ ورقة شجر‬leaves an elf ‫ جني‬/ ‫ عفريت‬elves
a self ‫ نفس‬selves a loaf ‫ رغيف‬loaves
a shelf ‫رف‬ shelves
Four other nouns can be formed by two ways: ‫هؤالء األربعة أسماء يمكن جمعهم بالطريقتين‬
a wharf ‫رصيف السفن‬ wharves wharfs
a hoof ‫حافر‬ hooves hoofs
a scarf ‫ايشارب‬ scarves scarfs
a dwarf ‫قزم‬ dwarves dwarfs
We add "s" only to the other nouns ending in "f" or "fe" :

‫" فقط‬s" ‫أما باقي األسماء فنضيف لها‬
a roof ‫سطح بناء‬ roofs
a gulf ‫خليج مائي‬ gulfs
a safe ‫خزنة‬ safes
a cliff‫منحدر صخري‬ cliffs

Nouns ending in "ings": "ings"‫هناك أسماء تنتهي بـــ‬
belongings ‫ ممتلكات‬savings ‫مدخرات‬ lodgings ‫ غرف إيجار‬surroundings ‫محيط‬
Some nouns are the same in plural and in singular:

‫بعض األسماء لها نفس الشكل في المفرد والجمع‬
a sheep ‫ خروف‬sheep ‫خراف‬
a fish ‫سمكة‬ fish ‫سمك‬
a craft ‫حرفة‬ craft ‫حرف‬
a means ‫وسيلة‬ means ‫وسائل‬
a deer ‫غزال‬ deer ‫غزالن‬
a sardine ‫سمكة سردين‬ sardine ‫سمك سردين‬
a salmon ‫سمكة سالمون‬ salmon ‫سمك سالمون‬
Nouns ending in "us" with foreign origin. "us" changed into "i" :
‫" عند الجمع‬i" ‫"و ذات أصل أجنبي تتحول إلي‬us" ‫األسماء المنتهية بــــــ‬
a bacillus ‫ بكتريا عصوية الشكل‬bacilli
a cactus ‫نبتة الصبار‬ cacti
a fungus ‫فطر‬ fungi
a coccus ‫مكور‬ cocci
Some nouns are only plurals: )‫بعض األسماء ليس لها مفرد في اللغة االنجليزية (جمع فقط‬
wages ‫ أجور‬goods ‫بضاعة‬
people ‫ ناس‬amends ‫تعويض‬
clothes ‫مالبس‬ billiards ‫بالياردو‬
police ‫شرطة‬ alms ‫صدقات‬
cards ‫ أورق لعب‬clergy ‫رجال الدين‬
vermin ‫هوام‬ cattle ‫ماشية‬
- Things that have two halves: ‫أشياء لها نصفان متشابهان‬

scissors ‫ مقص‬glasses ‫نظارة‬ jeans ‫بنطلون جينز‬ tweezers ‫ملقاط‬
socks )‫جوارب(شراب‬ spectacles ‫نظارة‬ shorts ‫شورت بنطلون قصير‬ pliers ‫زردية‬
pants ‫ بنطلون قصير‬seals ‫ ضمانات‬/ ‫أختام‬ shoes ‫حذاء‬ pyjamas ‫بيجامة‬
trousers ‫ بنطلون‬compasses ‫برجل‬ pincers ‫كماشة‬
shears‫مقص كبير‬/ ‫مجز‬ tights ‫بنطلون ضيق‬ binoculars‫تليسكوب بعينيين‬
Note:
They can be preceded by (a pair of): (a pair of) ‫هذه األسماء يمكن أن تسبق بــــــ‬
e.g. A pair of scissors are used to cut paper.
I bought a pair of shoes yesterday.
Nouns ending in "um" or "on" ;They are changed into "a":

a datum ‫ وحدة بيانات‬data
a bacterium ‫جرثومة‬ bacteria
an erratum‫خطأ مطبعي‬ errata
a criterion ‫معيار‬ criteria
a phenomenon ‫ظاهرة‬ phenomena

a curriculum ‫منهاج دراسي‬ curricula (or) curriculums
a memorandum ‫مذكرة‬ memoranda (or) memorandums
‫األسماء المذكورة أعاله لها طريقتين في الجمع‬
Uncountable Nouns
They have no plural form, and are not preceded by an indefinite article (a - an):
(a - an)‫هذه األسماء ليس لها جمع و ال تسبق بأدوات نكرة‬
They can be divided into the following groups:
‫و يمكن تقسيمهم إلي المجموعات اآلتية‬
Mass nouns ink water cheese rice milk
Abstract nouns beauty love honesty bravery friendship
Sports & games football tennis volleyball chess swimming
General Subjects history geography chemistry English Arabic
Materials gold silver copper wood glass
Meals breakfast lunch supper dinner
Countries & Towns Egypt Cairo Paris London Sudan
Collective Nouns luggage baggage furniture stationary
Notes:
Some nouns are countable when we refer to the whole thing and
uncountable when we refer to part of a whole.
‫هناك أسماء تكون جمع عندما نشير إلي الشيء ككل و ال تجمع عندما نشير إلي جزء منه‬
e.g. I'd like a chicken. (a whole chicken)
I'd like some chicken. (part of a chicken)
Exercise (1)
Change into plural:
1 - The boy is doing his homework.
2 - That man is wearing a red fez.
3 - This child is helping his mother with the housework.
4 - I hurt myself with the knife.
5 - A cat can catch a mouse.
6 - There was a flower in that vase.
7 - My friend made this sandcastle.
8 - I haven't got any rice.
9 - This shirt is made of cotton.
10 - I pay for electricity, but I don't pay for light.
Exercise (2)
1 - That baby was ill yesterday.
2 - There is a bench in the park.
3 - There is a story on that shelf.
4 - Her mother goes to work by car.
5 - There isn't a battery in the radio.
6 - I'm going to put this new furniture in my new house.
7 - Does she know who was playing that lovely music?
8 - On my grandfather's farm; there's a goose, a sheep, an ox, and a buffalo,
but not a fox.
9 - He goes to work by bus.
10 - A good pupil is someone who works hard to get a full mark.
Exercise (3)
Change into singular:

1 - Horses are beautiful and fast animals.
2 - Those naughty boys have Knives in their hands.
3 - We saw geese and oxen on the farms.
4 - The thieves stole watches and boxes of jewels.
5 - Classrooms have blackboards.
6 - Babies can't dress themselves.
7 - Our trousers are made of cotton.
8 - Cats can catch mice but they can't eat them.
9 - In our shops we buy mouses and keyboards.
10 - These sheets are very useful.
Exercise (4)
1 - A teacher can be a man or a 6 - The page of this book is torn.
woman. 7 - My mother put the knife on the shelf
2 - An eye can be blue or brown. 8 - He is waiting for the bus.
3 - The ox pulled the branch of the tree. 9 - My sister wrote her homework.
4 - The leaf fell from the tree. 10 - I'm cooking fish and rice.
5 - A mother is kind to a little child.

1 - The boys are doing their homework.
2 - Those men are wearing red fezzes.
3 - These children are helping their mothers with the housework.
4 - We hurt ourselves with the knives.
5 - Cats can catch mice.
6 - There were flowers in those vases.
7 - Our friends made these sandcastles.
8 - We haven't got any rice.
9 - These shirts are made of cotton.
10 - We pay for electricity, but We don't pay for light.

1 - Those babies were ill yesterday.
2 -There are benches in the parks.
3 - There are stories on those shelves.
4 - Their mothers go to work by cars.
5 - There aren't batteries in the radios.
6 - We were going to put this new furniture in our new houses.
7 - Do they know who were playing that lovely music?
8 - On our grandfathers' farm; There're geese, sheep, oxen, and buffalo
(buffaloes), but not foxes.
9 - They go to work by buses.
10 - Good pupils are everyone who work hard to get full marks.

1 - A horse is a beautiful and fast animal.
2 - This naughty boy has a Knife in his hand.
3 - I saw a goose and an ox on the farm.
4 - The thief stole a watch and a box of a jewel.
5 - A Classroom has a blackboard.
6 - A baby can't dress himself / herself / oneself.
7 - My trousers are made of cotton.
8 - A Cat can catch a mouse but it can't eat it.
9 - In our shop we buy a mouse and a keyboard.
10 - This sheet is very useful.

1 - Teachers can be men or women. 6 - The pages of these books are torn.
2 - Eyes can be blue or brown. 7 - Our mothers put the knives on the
3 - The oxen pulled the branches of shelves
the trees. 8 - They are waiting for the buses.
4 - The leaves fell from the trees. 9 - Our sisters wrote their homework.
5 - Mothers are kind to little children. 10 - We are cooking fish and rice.

Prepositions ‫حروف الجر‬
Time
At - On - In
At: )‫ فترات الوجبات‬- ‫ أقسام اليوم‬- ‫تستخدم مع الفترات الزمنية(الساعة‬
at nine o'clock at half past four at three fifteen
at midnight ‫في منتصف اليوم‬ at lunchtime ‫أثناء وقت الغداء‬
I get up at seven o'clock.
e.g.
I have my lunch at half past one.
:‫و أيضا" تستخدم في هذه التعبيرات‬

at the weekend at Christmas at night
at the age of at the moment at present
at the same time
El Sharawy died at the age of eighty four.
We often go to the zoo at the weekend.
e.g.
I'm studying English at present.
On: ‫تستخدم مع التواريخ و األيام‬

on 23rd March. on Fridays on holiday
on Christmas Day (but) at Christmas
Notes:
on Saturday night (but) at night
On Christmas Day many people celebrate all over the world.

On Saturday night, we stayed up all the night revising for the exam.
On the sixth of October we destroyed Barlif Line.
On Fridays we usually go to the zoo.
e.g.
We sometimes visit our uncle's farm on holidays.

In ‫تستخدم فى الفترات الطويلة‬
in + month in Marh in June in August
in + season in winter in summer in spring
in + part of a day in the morning in the afternoon in the evening
in + century in the 17 th century in 18 th century in 19 th century
in + a period of time in a few weeks in six month in three
years
I learned French in 11 months.
e.g.
It rains in Egypt January.
Means of Transport
yB ‫تستخدم مع جميع و سائل المواصالت بشرط أال يكون هناك فاصل‬
by train bB plane yB tram yB car yB boat
land yB "‫برا‬ sea yB "‫ بحرا‬air yB "‫جوا‬
By - In - On
In ‫تستخدم في حالة وجود فاصل بينها و بين وسيلتين هما‬
in a car ni a taxi
ni ‫تستخدم مع و سائل المواصالت التي تركب من اعلي وبعض الموصالت االخري‬

on a donkey on a bus on a bicycle
on a horseback on a plane on foot ‫مشيا" علي األقدام‬
In - With - Of
In : ‫تستخدم مع كل ما يلبسه اإلنسان‬
a girl in a red dress a young man in brown T-shirt
a woman in gold earrings. a bride in a white dress

With ‫تستخدم مع األشياء التي يحملها اإلنسان‬
a lady with a handbag a man with blue shoulder bag
: ‫و تستخدم مع الصفات الجسمية و البدنية‬
a man with a red hair a boy with blue eyes
Of ‫تستخدم مع الصفات و السمات و العمر‬

a man of violent temper a girl with a smile
a woman of fifty- three
Exercise (1)
Put the suitable prepositions:
1 - ……….summer we like to go swimming, diving and surfing.
2 - I usually get up ……………… seven o'clock.
3 - Keep quite. Your father is talking …………….the phone.
4 - Don't eat a lot …………….sweets It's not good for your teeth.
5 - I sometimes go shopping ………………………. weekends.
6 - My sister's birthday is ……………..June.
7 - Our English exam is ………………1st March.
8 - I never go to work …………………..Fridays.
9 - A: Can I have a glass………water? B: Yes, of course.
1 0-Ssh! Your sister is sleeping ……………………..her bed.
Exercise (2)
Put the suitable prepositions:
1 - I never watch TV………………night.
2 - We should help Ramy. He's………………..trouble.
3 - A farmer usually works………………… a farm.
4 - This office sells nice holidays…………………Hurghada ……………..Egypt.
5 - Tins are made ……………. metal.
6 - He is very good …………….maths.
7 - The camera is ………..the drawer.
8 - Cotton is grown ………………Egypt.
9 - Cakes are made …………… flour, milk, sugar and butter.
10 - We go to school ………….. bus.

1 in 3 on 5 at 7 on 9 of
2 at 4 of 6 in 8 on 10 in

1 at 3 on 5 of 7 in 9 from
2 in 4 to / in 6 at 8 in 10 by

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Subject Inversion ‫تقديم الفعل المساعد علي الفاعل‬

‫و هو عبارة عن تغير في ترتيب الجملة و ذلك بتقديم الفعل المساعد علي الفاعل‬
1-In questions & questions Tags: ‫في أألسئلة و أألسئلة المذيلة‬
a) Do you speak English?
b) You can speak English, Can't you?
2-When we begin with adverbs or adverb phrases: ‫عندما تبدأ الجملة بظرف‬
a) Never have I seen a panda.
b) In vain ‫ فائدة‬/ ‫ دون جدوي‬did they try to solve the mystery.
3-With some conjunctions ‫مع بعض الروابط‬

a) He likes chocolate, so does his sister.
b) He doesn't like chocolate, neither does his sister.
4-When we begin with the following words: ‫عندما نبدأ الجملة بهذه الكلمات‬
a) Not only did he break his promise, but he also told a lie.
b) Neither does he work hard, nor does he let others work.
c)No sooner had the teacher left the class than the pupils grew noisy.
d) Hardly had she seen her lost child when she burst into tears.
e) Scarcely did the headmaster enter the school when the pupils greeted him.
f) So happy was she that she prayed all night.
g) Such a fat man was he that he couldn't run.
5-Instead of "If": "If" ‫مع بدائل‬

a) Should it rain……………..=If it rain………..
b) Were he a rich man…..= If he were a rich man…….
c) Had I seen him……………= If I had seen him……..
6-When we begin with "Here" or "There": "There" ‫" أو‬Here" ‫عندما نبدأ الجملة بـــــ‬
a) Here is the man I talk you about.
b) There does Ali live.
.‫ إذا كان الفاعل ضمير ال يحدث تغيير‬:‫ملحوظة‬
e.g. There he lives.
Uses of Some - Any

Some
.‫ تستخدم قبل األسماء التي تعد و التي ال تعد‬- 1
.)‫ تستخدم كصفه يتبعها اسم أو تستخدم كضمير (في آخر الجملة‬- 2
.‫ تستخدم في الجمل المثبتة‬- 3
"yes" ‫ تستخدم في السؤال في حاله العرض أو الطلب و أذا كانت االجابه المتوقعة بــــ‬- 4
e.g. Ali has bought some new shoes.
I'll bring you some bread, shall I?
No, thanks I've still have some.
Any
.‫ تستخدم قبل االسماء التي تعد و التي ال تعد‬- 1
.)‫ تستخدم كصفه يتبعها اسم أو تستخدم كضمير (في آخر الجملة‬- 2
.)‫ تستخدم في الجمل المنفية (أو تحمل في معناها النفي‬- 3
.‫ تستخدم أساسا" في السؤال‬- 4
"If" ‫ تستخدم أحيانا" مع جمل‬- 5
e.g. I haven't any butter.
He hasn't any friends.
Did you see any cars?
If you need any thing, just ask me.
If you have any problems, you can discuss them with me.
Exercise
Put some some/any/something/nothing/everything:
1 - You can catch…………….bus. They all go to the zoo.
2 - Could you please tell me ……………….. details about the accident?
3 - These T-shirts are not sold. You can have …………..T-shirt you like.
4 - Few people have………………………knowledge of metaphysics.
5 - I met…………………..interesting people at the festival.
6 - Could you post………………letters for me?
7 -A: ……………………………awful has happened!
B: you must tell me………………..
8 – Could I ask you …………… questions about your travels to the moon?
9 - Could you give me …………………..water, please? 10 - I haven't ……………. spare
time to do any other activity.

10 - A: How's………..?Is there……………………………wrong with you?
B: No,…………….is ok.
1 any 4 some 7 something 10 Everything

2 some 5 some 8 some anything
everything
3 any 6 some 9 some

Exercise (1)

Uses of Much - Many
Much
.‫ تستخدم قبل األسماء التي ال تعد‬- 1
.)‫ تستخدم كضمير (في نهاية الجملة‬- 2
.‫ تستخدم لتصف الجمل المنفية و المثبتة و االستفهامية‬- 3
e.g. I haven't much money / time / luck.
We have much oil in the kitchen, so we needn't any.
Many
.‫ تستخدم لتصف األسماء التي تعد‬- 1
.)‫ تستخدم كضمير (في نهاية الجملة‬- 2
.‫ في الجمل المنفية و المثبتة و االستفهامية‬- 3
e.g. I didn't make many mistakes.
She has a great many books.
‫" و تصف الكلمات التي تعد و التي ال تعد و لكن في اإلثبات‬Many - Much" ‫أما هذه الكلمات فتحل محل كال" من‬
.‫فقط‬
a lot of plenty of lots of a great deal of
e.g. We have much time.
or We have a lot of time.
e.g. In the library there are many books.
or In the library there are a lot of books.
Exercise
Find the mistakes and correct them.
1 – I have much friends.
2 – We need many flour to make a big cake.
3 – She doesn't have a lot of money.
4 – Anwar doesn't give his father a lot of help.
5 – Salwa didn't buy lots of books from the book fair.
The answers of the Exercise
1 – I have many friends.
2 – We need much flour to make a big cake.
3 – She doesn't have much money.
4 – Anwar doesn't give his father much help.
5 – Salwa didn't buy many books from the book fair.

Uses of (a) little - (a) few
(a) little
:‫تستخدم مع األسماء التي ال تعد‬
(a) little energy - money - luck
(a) few
:‫تستخدم مع األسماء التي تعد‬
(a) few students - letters - boys
little "‫قليال" جدا‬

.)‫تدل علي كمية قليلة جدا" ال تكفي (أو يدل علي أفكارا" سلبية‬
Hurry up we've got little time.
Noha: Oh sorry, we have little sugar.
Rasha: So, we can't make tea.
Few "‫قليال" جدا‬

.)‫تدل علي عدد قليل جدا" ال يكفي (أو يدل علي أفكارا" سلبية‬
He isn't popular, he has few friends.
a little ‫قليل و لكنه يكفي‬

.)‫تدل علي كمية قليلة و لكنها تكفي (أو يدل علي أفكارا" إيجابية‬
Let's go and have a drink. We've got a little time before the train leaves.
.)‫(لديهم وقت للشراب و إن كان قليل‬
a few ‫قليل و لكنه يكفي‬
.)‫تدل علي عدد قليل و لكنه يكفئ (أو يدل علي أفكارا" إيجابية‬
She had a few eggs but she could make a delicious cake.

Uses of All - every - whole
All about – Every
e.g. They told me all about their holiday.

Everybody enjoyed the party.
Every seat in the theater was taken.
Everybody looks tired today.
Whole
e.g. Have you read the whole book?

She has spent all her life in Morocco.
The whole book = all the book
The whole life = all her life
:‫ملحوظه‬
.‫" اسم ال يعد‬whole" ‫آل يأتي بعد‬
e.g. All the money. (√ )
The whole money. (x)
Uses of No – None
No one came to visit me yesterday.

No system of running the firm is perfect.
I have no oranges = I haven't any oranges.
I have no money = I haven't any money.
None of the people I met were / was Italian.
(any) ‫( مع فعل مثبت لتحل محل‬none - no) ‫تستخدم‬
None + ‫ اسم جمع‬+ ‫فعل مفرد أو جمع‬
.‫" كصفة‬any" ‫" تساوي‬No"
.‫" كضمير‬any" ‫" تساوي‬None"

Uses of both - neither - either
‫يتم استخدام هذه الكلمات عند التعبير عن شيئين و يمكن استخدام اسم بعدهما‬
Both restaurants are very good.
Neither restaurant is expensive.
We can go to either restaurant.
(these - my) ‫( بعدهم فيجب استخدام‬of) ‫و عند استخدام‬
.(of) ‫( يمكن حذف‬both) ‫و مع‬
Both my parents = Both of my parents
.‫( بعدها‬us - you - them) ‫و يمكن استخدام‬
Can either of you speak English?
."both" ‫" مع‬of" ‫و في هذه الحالة ال يمكن حذف‬
: ‫ملحوظة‬
.‫ يمكن وضع فعل مفرد أو جمع‬neither of ‫بعد‬
Neither of children want(s) to go to bed.
Neither of us is (are) married.
Notes:
Is he British or American?
Neither, he is Australian.
Do you want tea or coffee?
Either, I don't mind.
He is either Spanish or Italian.
Neither Bassem nor Wael came to the party.

As
1 -As reason = because
As tomorrow is a public holiday all the shops will be shut.
2 - as time = when
I saw her as she opened the letter.
. ‫الحدثان تما في نفس الوقت‬
Just as I sat down, the telephone rang.
3 - as during
Kholoud burnt herself as she was taking the cakes out of the oven.
4 - as comparison
Nasser is as intelligent as Sayed.
5 - as conjunction
e.g. Do as I say.
Take the medicine on its time as the doctor told you.
6 - as contrast
Tired as I was, I tried to help them.
7 - as like
Like ‫مثل‬
What a beautiful house! It's like a palace.
Don't move anything, leave everything as it is.
:"as" ‫" و‬like" ‫الحظ الفرق بين‬
Like + noun / pronoun + verb + ing
e.g. I like pizza very much.
I like it very much.
I like eating pizza very much.
such as ‫تتبع باسم و ليس فعل‬
The sports, such as parachuting, can be very dangerous.
Every one is ill at home, our house is like a hospital.
(like) ‫شيء مبالغ فيه مع استخدام‬
During the war this hotel was used as a hospital.
(as) ‫شيء غير مبالغ فيه مع استخدام‬
as if as though ‫كما لو كان‬
The house looked as if nobody was living in it.
I don't like Yehia, He talks as he knews everything.
:‫ الحظ‬.‫تستخدم احيانا" مع الماضي البسيط لتعبر عن الحاضر‬
('S) - (Of)
They treat me as if I were their new son.
1 - 'S
:)"‫تستخدم للملكية إذا كان االسم (اسم شخص أو حيوانا‬
Ali's car Mona's dress
‫'مالك‬s‫مملوك‬ ‫'مالك‬s‫مملوك‬
a police man's hat horse's tail
2 - Of ‫تستخدم مع األشياء‬
the door of the room

the key of the door / car
:‫و ممكن في بعض األحيان أن تشذ هذه القاعدة‬
The book's title = The title of the book
‫( أكثر شيوعا" و استخدام‬Of) ‫ولكن‬
:‫ يمكن أستخدمهما بشكل متساو في حالة ما إذا كان االسم منظمة أو مجموعه من الناس‬: ‫ملحوظة‬
The government's decision = The decision of the government
The company's success = the success of the company
.(Of) ‫يالحظ أن أداة التعريف سبقتا كال االسمين في حالة استخدام‬
‫'( مع األماكن‬s) ‫ممكن أن تستخدم‬
The world's population
The hotel's entrance
Note
Tamer's flat is much larger than Ali's.

.‫الحظ عدم استخدام اسم المملوك في المرة الثانية‬
:‫تستخدم مع الكلمات الزمنية‬
Today's work next week's holiday Monday's ……….
Note
a friend of mine ( hers / his / yours / ours / theirs)

‫البد أن تتبع )‪ (of‬في هذه الحالة بنفس الشكل السابق أي إن كل الضمائر تنتهي بحرف )‪ (S‬ما عدا )‪(mine‬‬
‫‪a friend of Khalid's‬‬
‫‪a friend of my brother's‬‬
‫‪It was a good idea of Nader's to go swimming.‬‬
‫‪Of + noun + 's‬‬

‫و تستخدم )‪ ('s‬مع األماكن الجغرافية‪:‬‬
‫كالقارات ‪ -‬الدول ‪ -‬الواليات ‪ -‬المدن ‪..................‬‬
‫‪Egypt's Future‬‬ ‫‪- London's water supply‬‬
‫و تستخدم )‪ ('s‬مع األماكن اآلتية لتدل علي مكان (سواء منزل أو محل أو‪ )..........‬لصاحبة‪:‬‬
‫منزل عمتي ‪My aunt's = My aunt's house‬‬
‫‪The barber's = the barber's shop‬‬
‫أما أذا كان االسم آخرة "‪ "S‬فنضع )'( فقط‪.‬‬
‫منزل عائلة السيد جونسون ‪The Johnsons's = The Johnsons' house‬‬

Capitalization
We capitalize the initial letter of: ‫نكتب الحرف األول كبير في المواضع اآلتية‬
1 – At the beginning of sentences: ‫في بداية كل جملة‬
e.g. Helal can speak three languages.
Open the door, please.
How old are you?
2 – Proper nouns: ‫أسماء العلم‬

1 – Names of people: ‫أسماء الناس‬
Ahmad Mona Mohammad David
2- Languages: ‫ألغات‬
Arabic French English Hebrew
3 – Nationalities: ‫الجنسيات‬
Arab French English Israeli
4 – Continents: ‫القارات‬
Africa Europe Australia Asia
5 – Countries: ‫البالد‬
Egypt France Australia Palestine
6 – Cities: ‫ألمدن‬
Cairo Paris Sydney Jerusalem
7 – Towns and villages: ‫المدن الصغيرة و القري‬
Mallawy Shubra Nuba El Rairamoun
Beni Hassan Tel Al Amarna
8 – Mountains, hills, plateaus: ‫الجبال و التالل و الهضاب‬
Mount Everest the Himalayas
9 – Oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, channels and canals:
‫المحيطات و البحار واألنهار و القنوات و الترع‬
Pacific Ocean Mediterranean Sea
Lake Victoria Nile River
Suez Canal
10 – Political Parties: ‫أألحزاب السياسية‬

The Freedom and Justice Party
The Egyptian Democratic Party
El Wafd Party
11 – Organization, institution, companies and factories:
‫المنظمات و المؤسسات و الشركات و المصانع‬
World Health Organization Federal Bureau of Investigation
Ceramica Cleopatra
12 – Names and Pronoun pertaining to Allah. ‫األسماء و الضمائر التي تعود علية سبحانه‬
Allah – God - The Holy Spirit – He – Him – You – Thou – Thee
13 – Adjectives derived from proper nouns: ‫الصفات المشتقة من أسماء العلم‬

Egypt Egyptian Europe European
Shakespeare Shakespearean
13 - The pronoun ( I ): ‫" في جميع المواضع‬I" ‫الضمير‬

I like my school very much.
Last Monday, I visited my sick friend.
14 – Personal titles before names: ‫األلقاب الشخصية قبل األسماء‬

Queen Elizabeth President Morsi Prince Charles
Princess Diana Doctor Khalid Captain Salim
15 –Titles of books, plays, films, musical works and magazines:

‫أسماء الكتب و المسرحيات و األفالم و اإلعمال الموسيقية و المجالت‬
A Tale of Two Cities Merchant of Venice
Around the World in Eighty Days. The Message
The Egyptian Gazette Brave Heart
Al Ahram Weekly The Mask
16 –At the beginning of every verse. ‫في بداية كل بيت شعري‬

To be or not to be that's the question.
17 –The word "dear" in Letters ‫" في الخطابات‬Dear" ‫كلمة‬

Dear Ahmad, Dear sir,
18 – Abbreviations: ‫االختصارات‬
Mr. ------ mister Mrs. ------ mistress
‫‪M.A -------Master of Arts‬‬ ‫‪D.Mus ---- Doctor of Music‬‬
‫العالقات األسرية ‪* Family Relationship‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬إذا وجدت كلمة العالقة بمفردها فتكتب بحرف كبيير‪.‬‬
‫‪I hope Uncle won't be late.‬‬
‫‪brother, sister, cousin.‬‬ ‫فيما عدا‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬إذا وجدت كلمة العالقة و معها أسم العلم‪:‬‬
‫‪I asked Uncle Ali and Aunt Nessma to help me get high marks in English.‬‬
‫‪brother and sister‬‬ ‫فيما عدا‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬إذا وجدت كلمة العالقة ومعها اسم علم وقبلهم صفة ملكية‪.‬‬
‫?‪Has my Aunt Sameera arrived yet‬‬
‫‪brother and sister‬‬ ‫فيما عدا‪:‬‬
‫‪ -4‬وال يوضع الحرف الكبير إذا كان هناك صفات الملكية قبل نوع العالقة بدون اسم علم‪.‬‬
‫‪We asked our uncle to give up smoking.‬‬
‫‪ – 5‬إذا كانت العالقة تشير إلى قسيس أو راهب‪.‬‬
‫‪Father Brown‬‬ ‫‪Brother Joseph‬‬
‫‪ – 6‬إذا ذكر الصف الدراسي‪.‬‬
‫‪Ahmed is in Primary One.‬‬
‫‪Mona is Secondary Two.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬لإلشارة إلى شخص في الكالم المباشر‪.‬‬
‫"?‪"Well Doctor, is my father better‬‬
‫‪ – 8‬لإلشارة إلى الشخص المعين الذي يشغل مهنة معينة‬
‫‪The Secretary was reading the letter while the Chairman was sitting silently‬‬
‫ما عدا إذا استخدمت المهنة بشكل عام‪.‬‬
‫‪My father is a diplomat.‬‬
‫‪Important Notes:‬‬
‫ال يوضع حرف كبير في فصول السنة و اتجاهات البوصلة ما عدا االختصارات‪:‬‬
‫‪spring, summer, north, south‬‬
‫‪But: N – E – W – S‬‬
‫مع مالحظة وضع حرف كبير في االتجاهات إذا دلت على مناطق‪:‬‬
‫‪The East‬‬ ‫‪The West‬‬ ‫‪The Middle East‬‬
‫أسماء اله اإلغريق تكتب بحروف كبيرة ولكن كلمة"‪ "God‬تكتب "‪"god‬هكذا بحروف صغيرة‬
‫‪Mars: god of war‬‬
‫* الصفات المشتقة من أسماء ال تكتب بحرف كبير إذا ألحقت باسم مادة‬
‫‪french wood‬‬ ‫‪arabic leather‬‬ ‫‪egyptian cotton‬‬

Punctuation Marks ‫عالمات الترقيم‬
Question Mark (?):
:‫ توضع في نهاية الجملة االستفهامية‬-1

How old are you?
What's your name?
Can you help me mend this computer, please?
.‫ يوضع في نهاية الجملة الخبرية التي في مضمونها سؤال‬-2
You saw him?
He killed her?
.‫ ال توضع في أخر سؤال الكالم الغير مباشر‬-3
He asked me how many brother I have .
They asked her what subject she liked.
Exclamation Mark ( ! ) :
.‫ الخوف و الفرح الشديد‬, ‫ الغضب‬, ‫ الدهشة‬, ‫ تستخدم في حالة الحيرة‬- 1

Oh my God!
Good Heavens!
I can't stand spiders!
.‫ – توضع بعد كلمات التحيات‬2
A: Hello!
B: Hi!
.‫ – إذا جاءت " ! " بعد كلمة واحدة يمكن وضع الحرف الذي يليها كبير أو صغير‬3
Help! Throw me a rope!
Hurry! I have got the job!
The Full Stop (.) :

.‫ – توضع في نهاية الجملة الخبرية وأالمرية‬1
My name is Ahmed.
Clean the board, please.

.‫ – أالختصارات‬2
Dr. Doctor R.d. road U.S.A United State of America
.( . ) ‫ – إذا كان أخر الجملة اختصار فال نضع‬3
I visited the U.S.A
.‫ تستخدم كعالمة عشرية‬- 4
a.303 rifle ₤ 1.50
‫ تستخدم مجموعة من النقاط في الكالم المقتبس الناقص‬-5
…………….my father………………..
Apostrophe ( ' )
:)‫ – توضع مكان الحروف المحذوفة (االختصارات‬1
isn’t is not can't can not
o'clock of the clock '69 for 1969
)‫ – تستخدم في حالة الملكية (مع األشخاص و الحيوانات و األسماء المجردة‬2
Ahmad's car is new.
Khalid's book is on the table.
( S ) ‫ – نضيف ) ' ( مع االسم الجمع الذي آخرة‬3
The boys' class is next to the head teacher's officer.
The girls' dolls are in the cupboard.
( S )‫' ( الجمع الذى ال ينتهي ب‬s )‫ – يضاف لالسم‬4
men's wear children's toys women's carriages
.( 's ) ‫ (فيمكن إضافة ) ' ( أو‬S ) ‫ إذا كان االسم ينتهي ب‬-5
Dickens' novels Dickens's novels ‫روايات ديكنز‬
Jesus' disciples Jesus's disciples ‫حواري عيسي‬
:‫ – في بعض التعبيرات الزمنية‬6

after an hour's delay.
without a moment's hesitation.
tomorrow's world
:‫ – مع المدارس و الكنائس التي تذكر بعد قسيس أو راهب‬7
ST Peter's is the largest school in the…………….
:‫ – بعد أسماء المحالت و البيوت‬8
the butcher's the baker's the chemist's
uncle's house

‫‪ -‬مع مالحظة وضع )‪ ('s‬بعد االسم األخير في مجموعة األسماء‪.‬‬
‫‪My uncle and aunt's house‬‬
‫‪ ( 's ) - 9‬تشير أحيانا" للجمع‪.‬‬
‫يضع النقط علي الحروف ‪He always crosses the t's and dots the i's.‬‬
‫ال أستطيع قراءة حروف الــــ "‪"z‬بشكل جدا" ‪I can't read the Z's very well.‬‬
‫) ‪Colons ( :‬‬
‫تستخدم مثل الـــ ) ‪ ( -‬تماما" بعد الكلمة الجامعة وقبل االنواع و لكن مع فارق واحد و هو أنها ال يمكن إن توضع في‬
‫حالة و جود الكلمة الجامعة فى نهاية الجملة‪:‬‬
‫‪My sister finds all school subjects easy: French, history, English, Math‬‬
‫‪everything.‬‬
‫) ; ( ‪Semi colons‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬تحل محل النقطة لتربط جملة متكاملة و لكن مترابطة‪.‬‬
‫‪The restaurant was empty; it was early.‬‬
‫) _ ( ‪The Dash‬‬
‫‪ -1‬تستخدم في القؤائم بعد الكلمة الجامعة ألنواع بعدها و ممكن إن تستخدم في أخر الجملة قبل الكلمة الجامعة تقع فى‬
‫أخر الجملة‪.‬‬
‫‪I need some new clothes _ a couple of shirts a pair of trousers and shoes.‬‬
‫) ( ‪The brackets‬‬
‫‪ – 1‬تستخدم أساسا" الحتواء تعليق أو توضيح أو شرح داخل الجملة‪.‬‬

‫‪Shakespeare (1564 – 1616) and Donne (……………).‬‬
‫مالحظات‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬جميع عالمات الترقيم تستخدم داخل األقواس ما عدا ( ‪) .‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬ال يمكن وضع عالمات الترقيم قبل القوس األول و لكن بعد القوس الثاني‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 3‬ال يمكن وضع القوس األول في آخر السطر‪.‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬ال يمكن وضع القوس الثاني في أول السطر‪.‬‬

‫) ‪Hyphen ( -‬‬
‫تستخدم في الحاالت اآلتية‪:‬‬
‫‪ – A‬كلمة في أخر السطر و لم يتبقى لها مكان يكفى أخر الحروف‪.‬‬
‫‪ – B‬لجمع كلمتان منفصلتان في كلمة واحدة‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬إذا كان أول حرف في الكلمة يبدأ" بحرف ساكن‪.‬‬

‫‪anti-communism‬‬ ‫‪to-morrow‬‬ ‫‪ice-cream‬‬
‫‪ - 2‬رقم ‪ +‬صفة‪:‬‬
‫‪sixty-strong‬‬ ‫‪thirty-odd men‬‬ ‫‪two-bad boys‬‬
‫‪ - 3‬عند مضاعفات الرقم عشرة‪.‬‬
‫‪twenty-one‬‬ ‫‪forty-nine‬‬ ‫‪thirty-seven‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬للتواريخ و الطرق‪.‬‬
‫‪The 1914-1918 War.‬‬ ‫‪Cairo-London Airline‬‬
‫ملحوظة ‪ :‬يمكن التعويض عنها باستخدام ) ‪( from – to‬‬
‫‪From 914 to 1918 War‬‬
‫لجمع كلمة مع الحقة ‪:‬‬
‫كقاعدة عامة ال تفصل الكلمة عن البادئة أو أالحقة‪:‬‬
‫‪overtake‬‬ ‫‪overcome‬‬ ‫‪armful‬‬
‫‪spoonful‬‬
‫*و لكن يتم الفصل بينهم عندما‪:‬‬
‫‪ –1‬إذا كان الحرفين متشابهين‬
‫‪ski-ing‬‬ ‫‪co-operate‬‬
‫‪ – 2‬لنفرق بين الكلمات المتشابه فى الحروف‪.‬‬
‫إصالح ‪re-form‬‬ ‫يعيد تشكيل ‪reform‬‬
‫‪ – 3‬بعد )‪(self – co - non‬‬
‫‪co-pilot‬‬ ‫‪self-interest‬‬ ‫‪non-starter‬‬
‫‪ – 4‬قبل )‪(like‬‬
‫‪sheep-like‬‬ ‫‪ant-like‬‬
‫‪ – 5‬التأتأة والتلعثم (ألتهتهة)‬
‫‪G-g-g give me-e th –th that‬‬

Exercise (1)
Punctuate the following:
1 - how kind you are
2 - the father said to his son dont walk near the canal
3 - theres a new t shirt too its nice and soft
4 - when mahmoud was seven he could speak french
5 - the capital of sudan is khartoum
6 - is Africa bigger than europe
7 - there s some milk jam cheese and honey in the fridge
8 - its our duty to look after our world
9 - would you like to go to hady s party
10 - i ll arrive at school at eight o clock what about you
Exercise (2)
1 - reem and daila have nice dolls
2 - frist i study arabic then engilsh
3 - last week adel went to al fayoum to visit his uncle nagi
4 - there re beautiful waterwheels and waterfalls in wady el rayyn
5 - cairo is the capital of egypt
6 - does hani like the weather in luxor
7 - esam and i went to the butchers
8 - A: whats your favourite month hisham
B: april
9 - i don t live in alexandria
10 - lets go shopping what do we need to buy
Exercise (3)
1 - the street was empty it was late
2 - my father visited some european countries france england greece turkey
spain and italy
3 - help theres a spider on the bed
4 - whats your fathers job
5 - i visited the u s a

6 - the girls teddy bears are in the cupboard
7 - yes thats right now its hassans turn
8 - we visited the egyptian museum last friday
9 - i need some new clothes a couple of t shirts a pair of shorts and socks
10 - yes nabil can speak italain

1 - How kind you are!
2 - The father said to his son, "Don’t walk near the canal."
3 - There's a new T-shirt too. It's nice and soft.
4 - When Mahmoud was seven, he could speak French
5 - The capital of Sudan is Khartoum
6 - Is Africa bigger than Europe?
7 - There's some milk, jam, cheese and honey in the fridge.
8 - It's our duty to look after our world.
9 - Would you like to go to Hady's party?
10 - I'll arrive at school at eight o'clock. What about you?

1 - Reem and Daila have nice dolls.
2 - Frist, I study Arabic then English.
3 - Last week, Adel went to Al Fayoum to visit his uncle Nagi.
4 - There're beautiful waterwheels and waterfalls in Wady El Rayyn.
5 - Cairo is the capital of Egypt.
6 - Does Hani like the weather in Luxor?
7 - Esam and I went to the butchers'.
8 - A: What's your favourite month, Hisham?
B: April.
9 - I don't live in Alexandria.
10 - Let's go shopping. What do we need to buy?

1 - The street was empty; it was late.

2 - My father visited some European countries: France, England, Greece, Turkey
Spain and Italy.
3 - Help! There's a spider on the bed.
4 - What's your father's job?
5 - I visited the U.S.A
6 - The girls' teddy bears are in the cupboard.
7 - Yes, that's right. Now it's Hassan's turn.
8 - We visited the Egyptian Museum last Friday.
9 - I need some new clothes- a couple of T-shirts, a pair of shorts and socks.
10 - Yes, Nabil can speak Italian.

Exercise (1)
Exercise (2)
Exercise (3)
With My Best Wishes

Ahmad Kamel Hassan
01228837797


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The Present Simple Tense ‫زمن المضارع البسيط‬

1-We add "es" to verbs ending in a hissing sound as (ss – ch – sh – o – x -z).

Negative Form: ‫الشكل المنفى‬

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 9 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

Wh Questions: ‫طريقة السؤال‬

Question word + do / does + subject + infinitive +complement?

I speak Italian fluently. (Begin with: How…….?)

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 7 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

The present simple is used to describe: :‫يستخدم المضارع البسيط لوصف‬

2 - Things that are true in general: ‫لوصف أشياء حقيقية في العموم‬

3 - Repeated actions (Habits): ‫لوصف العادات‬

4 - Describing someone or something: ‫لوصف شخص أو شيء‬

5 - Nationalities and jobs: ‫لإلخبار عن الجنسيات و الوظائف‬

6 - Feelings: ‫لوصف المشاعر‬

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 8 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

8 - Dramatic Use: ‫لالستخدام الدرامي‬

10 - It is used to express the future with these joining words:

11 - It is used with conditional clauses. (Type 1)

every ‫كل‬ on Fridays ‫في أيام الجمع‬

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 4 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

The Answers of the Exercise

Exercise Mark Degree Procedure Total

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 5 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

(B) -Irregular Verbs ‫أفعال غير منتظمة‬

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 6 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

e.g. yes, I helped my uncle on the farm.

in the past ‫في الماضي‬ yesterday ‫أمس‬

The Answers of the Exercise

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 8 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

The Habitual Past

Used to ‫اعتاد أن‬

* Interrogative Form: Yes / No Questions

Did + subject + use to + infinitive + complement?

Yes, I used to play video games when I was a child.

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 1 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

Exercise Mark Degree Procedure Total

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 97 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

(b) One Change:

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 97 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

(c) One Irregular Change:

(d) Two Changes:

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 94 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

The future with "will"

* Interrogative Form: Yes/No Questions

Will + subject + infinitive + complement?

Question word + will + subject + infinitive + complement?

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 95 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

2 - For making promises: ‫إلعطاء وعود‬

3 – For making threats: ‫للتهديد‬

4 – For making predictions: ‫لعمل توقعات‬

5 – For guesses and giving opinion with these expressions:

6 – For future facts: ‫لوصف الحقائق المستقبلية‬

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 96 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

tomorrow "‫ غدا‬in the future ‫في المستقبل‬

Answers of the Exercise

Exercise Mark Degree Procedure Total

79778880010 ‫أحمد كامل‬/‫أ‬ 90 perfect English Grammar ‫كتاب‬

When you've already planned to do something. It's fixed and arranged.

2 is going 4 am not doing 6 are staying 8 is coming 10 is travelling

Exercise Mark Degree Procedure Total

* Interrogative Form: Yes/No Questions

Question Form + am / is / are + subject + going to + infinitive + complement?

There is a hole in the bottom of the boat. It's going to sink.