INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

ECN-554
Microwave and Millimeter Wave Circuits

Two port Gain Calculation

Prof. Darshak Bhatt

Condition for stability

• Necessary and sufficient condition for unconditional stability:

• Mu Stability Test

• The advantage of the µ test is that only a single parameter

needs to be evaluated. There are no auxiliary conditions like
the K test derivation earlier

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Mason Semantic

• Path: continuous succession of branches traversed in their

indicated direction, no node being encountered more than
once.
• Forward Path: Path connecting input to output nodes.
• Input Node: A node having only out-going branches.
• Output Node: A node having only in-going branches.
• Path Gain: Product of the branch multiplier.
• Loop: Path which originates and terminates at the same
node, no node being encountered more than once.
• Loop Gain: Product of the branch multipliers around the
loop.

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Mason’s Rule
• Select input and output nodes
• The gain T from input to output is then:
• T=(ΣkPkΔk)/Δ with Pk the path gain of the k-th forward path
and with Δ and Δk given by:
• Δ=1-(sum of all individual loop gains)
+ (sum of the loop gain products of all possible
combinations of two non-touching loops)
-( sum of the loop gain products of all possible
combinations of three non-touching loops)
+ (sum of the loop gain products of all possible
combinations of four non-touching loops)
-…..
Δk=value of Δ using loops not touching the k-th path
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Input Reflection Coefficient of a loaded
2-Port Network

• How many paths ?

• How many loops ?

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Transmission Coefficient of a loaded 2-
Port Network

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Power Gain

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Attributes of Power Gain

• For matched loads we have Γ𝐿 = 0 and Γ𝑖𝑛 = 𝑆11 and the

power gain is :

• For lossless device 𝐺𝑃 = 1 and we have the power

conservation relation :

• Features of Power Gain 𝐺𝑃 :

o 𝐺𝑃 ( 𝑠 , Γ𝐿 ) finds applications in power amplifier design
• Problem: what if all the power is reflected at the input ?
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Transducer Power Gain

• Transducer Power Gain :

• Power delivered to the load (rms)

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Available Power from the source

• Flow graph solution :

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• How many paths ?
• How many loops ?

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Attributes of Transducer Power Gain

• 𝐺𝑇 ( 𝑠 , Γ𝑠 ,Γ𝐿 ), , function of both source and load impedances

• 𝐺𝑇 = 𝑆21 2 for Γ𝑠 = Γ𝐿 = 0 (matched loads at input and
output).

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Available Power Gain

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑁𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑃𝐴𝑉𝑁

• 𝐺𝐴 = =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝐴𝑉𝑆

• 𝐺𝐴 ( 𝑠 , Γ𝑠 ) finds applications in LNA design

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Amplifier Gains

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Attributes of the Power Gains

• Which power gain to use?

– 𝐺𝑇 is the ultimate gain figure of merit that matters
• But we will find that:
– 𝐺𝑇 is easy to use with unilateral devices 𝑆12 = 0.
– 𝐺𝑇 is difficult to use with bilateral devices 𝑆12 ≠ 0.
• For bilateral transistors we shall start the design of
the amplifier using 𝐺𝐴 or 𝐺𝑃 and make these power
gains equal to 𝐺𝑇 by appropriate matching:
∗
– 𝐺𝑇 Γ𝑆 = Γ𝑖𝑛 , Γ𝐿 = 𝐺𝑃 (Γ𝐿 )
∗
– 𝐺𝑇 Γ𝑆 , Γ𝐿 = Γ𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐺𝐴 (Γ𝑆 )
• Note: 𝐺𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐺𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐺𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
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