92 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

(c) The function f has limit 0 at x! œ 0 since both the right-hand and left-hand limits exist and equal 0.

cos
79. lim x sin "
x œ lim "
sin ) œ 1, ˆ) œ x" ‰ 80. xÄ
lim _ 1
x
œ lim cos )
1 ) œ "
1 œ 1, ˆ) œ x" ‰
xÄ „_ )Ä0 ) x )Ä!

4
3
81. lim 3x 4
œ lim x
5 œ lim 3 4t
œ 3
, ˆt œ "x ‰
x Ä „ _ 2x 5 x Ä „_ 2 x t Ä 0 2 5t #

lim ˆ "x ‰ œ lim zz œ 1, ˆz œ x" ‰

"Îx
82. xÄ_ zÄ!

83. lim ˆ3 2‰ ˆ
x cos x" ‰ œ lim (3 2))(cos )) œ (3)(1) œ 3, ˆ) œ "x ‰
xÄ „_ )Ä0

84. xÄ_
lim ˆ x3 cos x" ‰ ˆ1 sin "x ‰ œ lim a3)# cos )b (1 sin )) œ (0 1)(1 0) œ 1, ˆ) œ "x ‰
)Ä!

2.5 INFINITE LIMITS AND VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES

positive 5 positive
1. lim "
3x œ_ Š positive ‹ 2. lim 2x œ _ Š negative ‹
xÄ! xÄ!

3 positive positive
3. lim x 2 œ _ Š negative ‹ 4. lim "
x 3 œ_ Š positive ‹
xÄ# xÄ$

5. lim 2x
x 8
œ _ Š negative
positive ‹
6. lim 3x
2x 10
œ_ negative
Š negative ‹
xÄ ) xÄ &

4 positive negative
7. lim œ_ Š positive ‹ 8. lim "
œ _ Š positive †positive ‹
x Ä ( (x 7) x Ä ! x (x 1)

2 2
9. (a) lim 3x
œ_ (b) lim 3x
œ _
xÄ! xÄ!

2 2
10. (a) lim x
œ_ (b) lim x
œ _
xÄ! xÄ!

4 4
11. lim œ lim œ_ 12. lim "
œ lim "
œ_
xÄ! x x Ä ! ax b xÄ! x x Ä ! ax b

13. lim tan x œ _ 14. lim sec x œ _

xĈ ‰ xĈ ‰

15. lim (1 csc )) œ _

)Ä!

16. lim (2 cot )) œ _ and lim (2 cot )) œ _, so the limit does not exist
)Ä! )Ä!

17. (a) lim x

"
4
œ lim "
(x 2)(x 2)
œ_ Š positive"†positive ‹
xÄ# xÄ#
(b) lim x
"
4 œ lim "
(x 2)(x 2) œ _ Š positive"†negative ‹
xÄ# xÄ#
(c) lim x
"
4
œ lim "
(x 2)(x 2)
œ _ Š positive"†negative ‹
xÄ # xÄ #
(d) lim x
"
4
œ lim "
(x 2)(x 2)
œ_ Š negative"†negative ‹
xÄ # xÄ #

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 Section 2.5 Infinite Limits and Vertical Asymptotes 93

x x positive
18. (a) lim x 1 œ lim (x 1)(x 1) œ_ Š positive †positive ‹
xÄ" xÄ"
x x positive
(b) lim x 1
œ lim (x 1)(x 1)
œ _ Š positive †negative ‹
xÄ" xÄ"
x x negative
(c) lim x 1
œ lim (x 1)(x 1)
œ_ Š positive †negative ‹
xÄ " xÄ "
x x negative
(d) lim x 1
œ lim (x 1)(x 1)
œ _ Š negative †negative ‹
xÄ " xÄ "

x
19. (a) lim #
"
x
œ0 lim "
x
œ _ "
Š negative ‹
xÄ! xÄ!
x
(b) lim #
"
x
œ0 lim "
x
œ_ "
Š positive ‹
xÄ! xÄ!
x 2
(c) lim #
"
x
œ # #
"
œ2 "Î$
2 "Î$
œ0
x Ä È2
x " " " ‰ 3
(d) lim x
œ ˆ 1
œ
xÄ 1 # # #

x 1 positive x 1 positive
20. (a) lim 2x 4
œ_ Š positive ‹ (b) lim 2x 4
œ _ Š negative ‹
xÄ # xÄ #
x 1 (x 1)(x 1) 2†0
(c) lim 2x 4
œ lim 2x 4
œ # 4
œ0
xÄ" xÄ"
x 1 "
(d) lim 2x 4 œ 4
xÄ!

(x 2)(x 1)
21. (a) lim x
x
3x 2
2x
œ lim x (x 2)
œ _ Š negative †negative
positive†negative ‹
xÄ! xÄ!
x 3x 2 (x 2)(x 1) x 1 "
(b) lim x 2x œ lim x (x 2) œ lim x œ 4 ,xÁ2
xÄ# xÄ# xÄ#
x 3x 2 (x 2)(x 1) x 1 "
(c) lim x 2x œ lim x (x 2) œ lim x œ 4 ,xÁ2
xÄ# xÄ# xÄ#
x 3x 2 (x 2)(x 1) x 1 "
(d) lim x 2x
œ lim x (x 2)
œ lim x
œ 4
,xÁ2
xÄ# xÄ# xÄ#
(x 2)(x 1)
(e) lim x
x
3x 2
2x
œ lim x (x 2)
œ _ Š negative †negative
positive†negative ‹
xÄ! xÄ!

x 3x 2 (x 2)(x ") (x 1)
22. (a) lim x 4x
œ lim x(x #)(x 2)
œ lim x(x #)
œ "
#(4)
œ "
8
xÄ# xÄ# xÄ#
x 3x 2 (x 2)(x " ) (x 1) negative
(b) lim x 4x œ lim x(x #)(x 2) œ lim x(x #) œ_ Š negative †positive ‹
xÄ # xÄ # xÄ #
x 3x 2 (x 2)(x ") (x 1) negative
(c) lim x 4x
œ lim x(x #)(x 2)
œ lim x(x #)
œ_ Š negative †positive ‹
xÄ0 xÄ! xÄ!
x 3x 2 (x 2)(x ") (x 1) 0
(d) lim x 4x
œ lim x(x #)(x 2)
œ lim x(x #)
œ (1)(3)
œ0
xÄ" xÄ" xÄ"
x " negative
(e) lim x(x #)
œ _ Š positive †positive ‹
xÄ!
x " negative
and lim x(x #) œ_ Š negative †positive ‹
xÄ!
so the function has no limit as x Ä 0.

3 3
23. (a) lim 2 t
‘œ _ (b) lim 2 t
‘œ_
tÄ! tÄ!

" "
24. (a) lim t
7‘ œ _ (b) lim t
7‘ œ _
tÄ! tÄ!

2 2
25. (a) lim ’ x" (x 1)
“œ_ (b) lim ’ x" (x 1)
“œ_
xÄ! xÄ!
2 2
(c) lim ’ x" (x 1)
“œ_ (d) lim ’ x" (x 1)
“œ_
xÄ" xÄ"

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94 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

1 1
26. (a) lim ’ x" (x 1)
“œ_ (b) lim ’ x" (x 1)
“œ _
xÄ! xÄ!
1 1
(c) lim ’ x" (x 1)
“œ _ (d) lim ’ x" (x 1)
“œ _
xÄ" xÄ"

" "
27. y œ x 1
28. y œ x 1

3
29. y œ #x
"
4
30. y œ x 3

x 3 " 2x 2
31. y œ x 2 œ1 x # 32. y œ x 1 œ# x 1

Copyright (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

 Section 2.5 Infinite Limits and Vertical Asymptotes 95
x x
33. y œ x "
œx 1 x
"
"
34. y œ x
"
1
œx " x
#
1

x % $ x2 "
35. y œ x " œx " x " 36. y œ #x % œ "# x " #x
$
%

x 1 " x 1 "
37. y œ x
œx x
38. y œ x
œx x

39. Here is one possibility. 40. Here is one possibility.

Copyright (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

96 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

41. Here is one possibility. 42. Here is one possibility.

43. Here is one possibility. 44. Here is one possibility.

45. Here is one possibility. 46. Here is one possibility.

47. For every real number B 0, we must find a $ 0 such that for all x, 0 kx 0k $ Ê x
"
B. Now,
"
x
B ! Í "
x
B 0 Í x # "
B
Í kxk "
ÈB . Choose $ œ "
ÈB , then 0 kxk $ Ê kxk "
ÈB
" "
Ê x
B so that lim x
œ _.
xÄ!

48. For every real number B 0, we must find a $ 0 such that for all x, ! kx 0k $ Ê "
lx l
B. Now,
"
lx l
B ! Í lxl "
B
. Choose $ œ "
B
. Then ! kx 0k $ Ê lxl "
B
Ê "
lxl
B so that lim "
lxl
œ _.
xÄ!

2
49. For every real number B 0, we must find a $ 0 such that for all x, 0 kx 3k $ Ê (x 3)
B.
2 2 (x 3) 2
Now, (x 3)
B ! Í (x 3)
B 0 Í 2
"
B
Í (x 3)# B
Í ! kB $k É B2 . Choose

$ œ É B2 , then 0 kx 3k $ Ê (x
2
3) B 0 so that lim 2
œ _.
x Ä $ (x 3)

1
50. For every real number B 0, we must find a $ 0 such that for all x, 0 kx ( 5)k $ Ê (x 5) B.
1
Now, (x 5)
B ! Í (x 5)# "
B
Í kx 5k "
ÈB . Choose $ œ "
ÈB . Then 0 kx ( 5)k $
Ê kx 5k "
Ê (x
"
5)
B so that lim "
œ _.
ÈB xÄ & (x 5)

Copyright (c) 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley

 Section 2.5 Infinite Limits and Vertical Asymptotes 97

51. (a) We say that f(x) approaches infinity as x approaches x ! from the left, and write lim f(x) œ _, if
xÄx
for every positive number B, there exists a corresponding number $ 0 such that for all x,
x! $ x x! Ê f(x) B.
(b) We say that f(x) approaches minus infinity as x approaches x! from the right, and write lim f(x) œ _,
xÄx
if for every positive number B (or negative number B) there exists a corresponding number $ 0 such
that for all x, x! x x! $ Ê f(x) B.
(c) We say that f(x) approaches minus infinity as x approaches x! from the left, and write lim f(x) œ _,
xÄx
if for every positive number B (or negative number B) there exists a corresponding number $ 0 such
that for all x, x! $ x x! Ê f(x) B.

" "
52. For B 0, x
B 0 Í x B
. Choose $ œ B" . Then ! x $ Ê 0 x "
B
Ê "
x
B so that lim "
x
œ _.
xÄ!

53. For B 0, "

x
B 0 Í "
x
B 0 Í x "
B
Í "
B
x. Choose $ œ "
B
. Then $ x !
Ê "
B
x Ê "
x
B so that lim "
x
œ _.
xÄ!

54. For B !, x
"
#
B Í x
"
#
B Í (x 2) "
B
Í x 2 "
B
Í x 2 "
B
. Choose $ œ B" . Then
" " "
2 $ x 2 Ê $ x 2 ! Ê B x 2 0 Ê x # B 0 so that lim x # œ _.
xÄ#

" "
55. For B 0, x # B Í ! x 2 B. Choose $ œ B" . Then # x # $ Ê ! x # $ Ê ! x 2 "
B
" "
Ê x #
B ! so that lim x #
œ _.
xÄ#

" " " 1 x

56. For B 0 and ! x 1, 1 x B Í 1 x# B Í (" x)(" x) B. Now # 1 since x 1. Choose
$ "
#B
. Then " $ x " Ê $ x 1 0 Ê " x $ "
#B
Ê (" x)(" x) B" ˆ 1 # x ‰ B"
" "
Ê 1 x B for ! x 1 and x near 1 Ê lim " x œ _.
xÄ"

" "
57. y œ sec x x
58. y œ sec x x

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98 Chapter 2 Limits and Continuity

59. y œ tan x "

x
60. y œ "
x
tan x

x
61. y œ È4 62. y œ "
x È4 x

" 1
63. y œ x#Î$ x
64. y œ sin ˆ x 1
‰

2.6 CONTINUITY

1. No, discontinuous at x œ 2, not defined at x œ 2

2. No, discontinuous at x œ 3, " œ lim g(x) Á g(3) œ 1.5

xÄ$

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