ABSTRACT

In the modern world, the need for uninterrupted, reliable power supply is mandatory. In the
modern complex system the chance of abnormal operating conditions cause abnormal voltage
and current levels that may damage various equipment of the system has increased such damage
may cause interruption of supply for long periods and loss of property.
The aim of the present projects is to protect the generator transformer unit. All the modern
turbo-generator are 2 pole machines and are driven by steam turbines. Since the efficiency of
steam turbine is high at large speeds, the turbo-generators are designed for speed up to 3000 rpm.
Modern turbo-generators have typical ratings of 60 mw, 120 mw, and 250 mw, 500 mw, 1000
mw. In this project we are studying the protection of turbo–generator .
The turbo-generator protection can be provided with two types of relays, one is with single
function relays and the other is comprehensive multifunction relay having encapsulated in one
single module. The latter has a number of protection function within the relay case does have a
number of advantages as compared with single function generator protection relays. The relay is
more compact and requires less external connections. Using numerical techniques, enhanced
features such as measurement functions, event and disturbances recording, alternative setting
group can also provide remote communications, printing and testing facilities. These features can
simplify the tasks of commissioning, maintenance, and trouble-shooting and post-fault analysis.
Transformer is a piece of static device which is used to step-up or step-down the voltage with out
change in power and frequency. Generator-transformer is a one of costliest piece of device in
power system. It also works as link between generating station and transmission system. In order
to protect this device from abnormal conditions protections is needed. In transformer faults may
occur in auxiliary equipment, windings, or may due to short circuits and overloads.
To over come these type of faults we can apply, differential protection, buchholz protection.
Relays play a major role in protection of generator-transformer also. In this project we also
studying protection of generator transformer.
In addition, a self monitoring feature, together with remote communications, allows tile
monitoring of the relay and the generator on demand, will improve availability of the protection
system.
 INDEX

TOPICS PAGE NO

ABSTRACT

CONTENTS

LIST OF SYMBOLS

LIST OF FIGURES

CH. NO CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1. IMPORTANCE OF PROTECTION 1

2 GENERATOR 3

2. DEFINATION
2.1 WORKING PRINCIPLE 3
2.2 GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION 5
2.3 GENERATION COOLING 6
2.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 8

3 CIRCUIT BREAKERS 9

3.1ARC PHENOMENA 9
3.2ARC INTERRUPTION 10
3.3 DEFINATION 11
3.4 PRINCIPLE 12
3.5 CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS 13
3.6MINIMUM OIL CIRCUIT BREAKERS 13
3.7 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS 14
 3.8 AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKERS 15
3.9 SULPHUR HEXAFLUORIDE CIRCUIT BREAKER(SF6) 16

4 RELAYS 18

4 INTRODUCCTION TO RELAY 18
4.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF A PROTECTIVE RELAY 18
4.2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF RELAYS 19
4.3 OVER CURRENT RELAYS 19
4.4 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 20
4.5DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY 21
4.6 IMPEDANCE RELAY 22
4.7 REACTANCE RELAY 22
4.8 MHO RELAY 23

5 GENERATOR PROTECTIONS 25

5. GENERATOR PARAMETERS 25
5.1GENERATOR PROTECTION FUNCTIONS 26
5.2TYPES OF PROTECTIONS FOR AN ALTERNATOR 26
5.3ANALYSIS OF FAULTS AND PROTECTION SCHEMES 28
5.4 ELECTRICAL PROTECTIONS 28
5.5 GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL 29
5.6 EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 33
5.7 STATOR INTER TURN FAULT PROTECTION 64(GIT) 35
5.8NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE CURRENT PROTECTION 41
5.9 GENERATOR BACKUP IMPEDANCE PROTECTION 42
5.10 LOSS OF EXCITATION 42
5.11 POLE SLIPPING (98G) 44
5.12 OVER VOLTAGE 45
5.13 OVER FLUXING 48
5.14 FAILURE OF THE PRIME MOVER 56

CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
 LIST OF SYMBOLS

SYMBOLS: UNITS:
V: - Voltage in Volts
i :- Current in Ampere
z :- Impedance in Ohm
r :- Resistance in Ohm
λ :- Flux linkages in Wb.turn
L :- Inductance in Henry
x :- Reactance in Ohms
ψ :- Flux linkages in Volts
ω :- Angular speed in rad / sec
T :- Torque in Nm
Pin :- Power in Watts
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG.NO. FIGURE NAME PAGE NO.

2 GENERATOR 3
2.1 GENERATOR PRINCIPAL 4
2.2 GENERATOR CONSTRUCTION 6
2.3 STATOR AND ROTOR 7
2.4 HYDROGEN COOLING SYSTEM 8
2.5 COOLING SYSTEM 8
2.6 GENERATOR THERMAL PLANT 9
3.1 CIRCUIT BREAKER 12
3.2 REPRESENTATION OF ELECTRIC ARC IN OIL CB 14
3.3 MOCB 15
3.4 VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER 16
3.5 DOUBLE ARC & ARC QUENCHING IN ABCB 18
3.6 SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER 19
4.1 OVER CURRENT RELAY 22
4.2 GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY 23
4.3 GENERATOR DISTANCE PROTECTION RELAY 24
4.4 GENERATOR IMPEDANCE RELAY 25
4.5 GENERATOR REACTANCE RELAY 26
4.6 GENERATOR MHO RELAY 26
5.1 PERCENTAGE DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME FOR GENERATOR
STATOR WINDING 32
5.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR HIGH IMPEDANCE
DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME 33
5.3 GRTSH OF DIFFERENTIAL SCHEME 35
5.4 STATOR EARTH FUALT PROTECTION 36
5.5 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION BY LOW FREQUENCY
INJECTION METHOD 38
5.6 INTER TURN FAULT PROTECTION 39
5.7 ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION 40
5.8 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION FOR
BRUSHLESS GENERATORS 41
5.9 NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE PROTECTION 44
5.10 OFFSET MHO DISTANCE RELAY CHARACTERISTICS 46
5.11 REVERSE POWER PROTECTION 49
5.12 CAPACITY CURVE OF A GENERATOR 57