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IMPORTANT FACTORS:
• visibility for auditoriums and covered stadiums
• flexibility for exhibition halls and certain type of
manufacturing facilities
SKIN – ETFE
(polymeric
• All reinforced concrete (RC) including precast membrane)
• Plastic coated textile material (fabric) –for roofing /
cladding
• Fiber reinforced plastic –for roofing / cladding
• Laminated timber PTFE
STRUCTURE SKIN
• Each of previous materials is applicable up to a certain
value of the (long) span.
• Steel is the MAJOR material for long-span structures,
allowing for the maximum spans to be reached.
• The frequent use of steel is due to its advantages: i.e. Bubble diagram showing use of materials
light weight, high strength-to-weight ratio, ease of
fabrication, ease of erection and convenient cost. Source: (Georgescu, 2017)
GROUP MEMBERS-
STADIUM ROOFING TECHNOLOGY ADITI, JASMINE, TAGE, VISHESH
NEW METHOD OF CLASSIFICATION PROPOSED BY GEORGESCU
• Built on the basic structural elements composing the structure (i.e.
plate/shell, beam, bar, cable, membrane) versus structural rigidity of
the structures
(rigid=solid wireframes, flexible= dotted wireframes, rigid-flexible =
combined dotted and solid wireframes)
• Practical method
• Related to the calculation method and computer analysis of the
space structure
• Allowing for new structural types to be included anytime in the
future
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION FOR LONG SPAN SPACE STRUCTURES MODERN CLASSIFICATION FOR LONG SPAN SPACE STRUCTURES
GROUP MEMBERS-
STADIUM ROOFING TECHNOLOGY ADITI, JASMINE, TAGE, VISHESH
BEIJING OLYMPIC STADIUM, BEIJING (BIRD’S NEST) –
CAPACITY: 91,000 – (after 5 years of construction, opened in June, 2008)
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
I. CONCRETE
BOWLCONSTRUCTION:
Concrete pumped to
heights and poured inside
the reinforcement for bowl
MEMBRANE + RIGID STRUCTURE (was needed to be done
before winters) –
LONGER SPAN-330 m completed in 5 months.
(thick rebars are difficult to
SHORTER SPAN-220 m handle)
HEIGHT- 69 m
2. STEEL STRUCTURE:
MATERIALS- STEEL (44,000 tonnes) +
• First set of beams were on the
INFLATABLE ETFE (ethylene tetra
outside which was then
fluoroethylene)
covered by 24 pillars .
• These pillars serve as the
CONCEPT- Bird’s nest not only bones of the structure.
- The skeleton is on the
aesthetically but also structurally.
GROUP MEMBERS-
STADIUM ROOFING TECHNOLOGY ADITI, JASMINE, TAGE, VISHESH
AIR-SUPPORTED MEMBRANE STRUCTURES
• The pressure inside the air-supported membrane structure is relatively low (only 1,003 standard atmospheres) so that people can live inside the structures
• Membrane material = fabric substrate + coating (mainly PVC and PTFE= poly-tetra-fluoro-ethylene)
• Membrane material suitable for use as air cushions is a type of polymeric material (that does NOT include a fabric substrate) such as ETFE (=ethylene tetra-
fluoro-ethylene)
• Basic requirements for membrane materials: strength, light transmission, self cleaning capacity and fire resistance
• SPAN – 250m
• An air supported structure supported by positive air pressure.
• It required 250,000 cubic feet per minute (120 cubic m per second)
to keep it inflated.
• Air pressure was supplied by twenty 90hp (67 kW ) fans.
• The stadium had a fiberglass fabric roof that was self-supported by
air pressure and was the third major sports facility to have this
feature.
• The inflatable roof over the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome was
made from ten (10) acres of fabric, weighing approximately
580,000 pounds.
• During winter months, warm air circulated between the layers to
Fiber glass fabric roof
help melt snow on the roof.
GROUP MEMBERS-
STADIUM ROOFING TECHNOLOGY ADITI, JASMINE, TAGE, VISHESH
BEIJING NATIONAL AQUATICS CENTER
CONCEPT-
• Shaped as a cube to symbolize earth
• Covered with “bubbles” to symbolize water
DRUM JOINT
• rThe geometry of building is based on Phelan-Weaire Phelan-Weaire Polyhedral Array geometry
Polyhedral Array
STRUCTURAL FORM-
• 176m * 176m * 29m
• 3D Vierendeel space frame
• All walls are approximately 3.6m thick and the roof zone 7.2m
deep
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS-
SECTION
STRUCTURE - 3D Vierendeel space frame
• The final structure is comprised of 22,000 tubular steel members
connected by 12,000 nodes
• Repetitive geometric polyhedrons
• Ductile structure to deal with the seismic conditions found in
Beijing
SKIN -
• Ethylene Tetra Fluoro Ethylene (ETFE) foil cushions that form the
cladding
• The large cushions are actually in three layers (outer, middle
and inner), with their contained air pressurised to 200pa, giving
an effect similar to a cavity wall structural details Ethylene Tetra Fluoro Ethylene (ETFE)
GROUP MEMBERS-
STADIUM ROOFING TECHNOLOGY ADITI, JASMINE, TAGE, VISHESH
OPEN-WEB LATTICED SHELL STRUCTURES THE ROOF OF THE NATIONAL GRAND THEATER IN BEIJING
• Composed of single-layer lattice shell + double-layer lattice shell + linking • Looks like a flower with many petals
structure with bar and beam elements. • The petals are designed as double-layer
• The parts of the structures that mainly resist bending forces are designed lattice shells
as double-layer lattice shells. • The parts among the petals are designed
• The parts of the structure that mainly resist membrane forces are designed as single-layer lattice shells.
as single layer lattice shells
• Structural configurations:
GROUP MEMBERS-
STADIUM ROOFING TECHNOLOGY ADITI, JASMINE, TAGE, VISHESH