NkD/ghf;rhpq;

Guhr]];
(M- SCHEME)

e. Iadhug;gd;> M.E., M.I.S.T.E.

Kjy;th;
= NuZfhk;ghs; ghypnlf;dpf; fy;Y}hp
Ngh@h; - 606 907.
 KAL PATHIPPAGAM– 99446 50380, 96266 26747

Unit – I : FOUNDRY TECHNOLOGY

1. What is pattern?
Casting d; khjphp tbtk; (model) pattern MFk;. ,J
wood, metal kw;Wk; plasticMy; nra;ag;gl;;bUf;Fk;.
PatternI gad;gLj;jp moulding sandy; mould
cUthf;fg;gLfpwJ.
2. List out the various pattern materials.
1. Wood 2.Metal 3. Plaster 4. Plastic 5. Wax
3. What are the advantages of using wood as pattern
material?
1. tpiy FiwT> vspjpy; fpilf;Fk;.
2. ntl;b tbtikg;gJ vspJ.
3. Fiwe;j vil cs;sjhy; ifahs;tJ vspJ.
4. What are the advantages of using aluminium as pattern
material?
1. cWjpahdJ. ePbj;J ,Uf;Fk;. msTfs;
Jy;ypakhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2. <uj;jhy; cUtk; khwhJ.
3. Machine moulding y; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
4. mjpf cw;gj;jpf;F Vw;wJ.
5. Metald; gug;G smoothMf ,Ug;gjhy; patternd;
tbtk; mouldy; ed;whf mikAk;.
5. List out the factors for selecting pattern material.
1. cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; castingd; vz;zpf;if.
2. Castingd; juk;.
3. Castingd; msT kw;Wk; tbtk;.
4. Moulding kw;Wk; casting nra;Ak; tpjk;.
5. Castingd; surface finish.
6. Castingd; Jy;ypak;.
6. What are the types of pattern?
1. Single piece pattern 5. Sweep pattern
2. Split pattern 6. Skeleton pattern
3. Match plate pattern 7. Segmental pattern
4. Loose piece pattern 8. Shell pattern

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM– 99446 50380, 96266 26747

7. What is the use of dowel pin?

,uz;L gFjpfshf nra;J gphpf;Fk; tifapy;
nghUj;jg;gl;bUg;gJ split pattern MFk;. xU gFjp
mouldd; fPo; ghjpiaAk; kw;nwhU gFjp mouldd; Nky;
ghjpiaAk; cUthf;FfpwJ. ,e;j ,uz;L gFjpfSk;
dowel pin %yk; rhpahf nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ.
8. What is the need of loose piece pattern?
rpy patternfis mouldy; ,Ue;J xNu pieceMf vLf;f
KbahJ vdNt solid pattern cld; loose piece patternfs;
vspjpy; gphpf;Fk; tifapy; nghUj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
9. What are the pattern making allowances?
1. Shrinkage allowance 4. Distortion allowance
2. Machining allowance 5. Rapping allowance
3. Daft allowance
10. What is shrinkage allowance?
Mouldy; cUf;fpa metalI Cw;Wk; NghJ Fsph;e;J jpl
epiyia milfpwJ. FspUk; NghJ metal RUq;fp
msT FiwfpwJ. ,ij epth;j;jp nra;a pattern MdJ
casting msit tpl rw;W nghpjhf nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
,J shrinkage allowance MFk;.
11. What is draft allowance?
PatternI mouldy; ,Ue;J ntspNa vLf;Fk; NghJ
mouldd; Kidfs; Nrjkilayhk;. ,ijj; jtph;f;f
patternd; nrq;Fj;Jg; gf;fq;fs; rw;W rhpthf
nra;ag;gl;l Ntz;Lk;. ,J draft allowance MFk;.
12. List out the various moulding tools?
1. Shovel 2. Riddle 3. Rammer 4. Trowel
5. Slick 6. Lifter 7. Sprue pin 8. Strike off bar
9. Bellows 10. Swab 11. Gate cutter 12.Draw spike
13. Vent rod 14. Mallet
13. List out the uses of rammer, trowel and slick.
1) Moulding boxy; kz;iz mOj;jp epug;Gtjw;F
rammer gad; gLfpwJ.
2) Mouldd; gug;ig smooth Mf khw;wTk; Nrjkile;j
gFjpia rhp nra;aTk; trowel gad;gLfpwJ.

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM– 99446 50380, 96266 26747
3) Mouldd; gug;Gfis rPuhf;fTk;> tl;l tbt
Kidfis rhp nra;aTk; slick gad;gLfpwJ.
14. Give the uses of lifter, sprue pin and strike off bar.
1) Mouldy; cs;s cjphp kz;iz ntspNa vLf;fTk;>
mouldI rhp nra;aTk; lifter gad;gLfpwJ.
2) Runner kw;Wk; riser Jisfis mouldy; cUthf;fg;
sprue pin gad;gLfpwJ.
3) Ramming nra;j gpwF moulding boxy; ,Ue;J
mjpfg;gbahd kz;iz mfw;w strike of bar
gad;gLfpwJ.
15. What are the uses of swab, gate cutter and draw spike?
1) Mouldy; ,Ue;J patternI vLf;Fk; Kd; patternI Rw;wp
rpwpjsT jz;zPh; nrYj;j swab gad;gLfpwJ.
2) ,J mouldy; gate ntl;Ltjw;F gate cutter
gad;gLfpwJ.
3) Mouldy; ,Ue;J patternI ntspNa vLg;gjw;F draw
spike gad;gLfpwJ.
16. What are cope and drag?
Moulding ,uz;L ngl;bfspy; nra;ag;gl;lhy;> Nky;
cs;s ngl;b cope vd;Wk; fPo; cs;s ngl;b drag
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. ,uz;L ngl;bfSk; dowel pin
%yk; rhpahfg; nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ.
17. List out the various binders used in moulding sand? Give
an example.
a) Clay type binders : Bentonite and kalvanite
b) Organic binders : Wood, resin, linseed oil and dextrin.
c) Inorganic binders : Portland cement and sodium silicate
18. List out the properties of moulding sand.
1. Porosity 2. Plasticity 3. Adhesiveness
4. Cohesiveness 5. Refractoriness 6. Collapsibility
19. What are the types of moulding sand?
1. Green sand 2. Dry sand 3. Loam sand
4. Facing sand 5. Parting sand 6. Core sand
20. What are the elements in gating system?
1) Pouring cup 2) Sprue 3) Runner 5)Gate 6) Riser.

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM– 99446 50380, 96266 26747

21. What is the function of riser?

Mouldy; cUfpa metal epuk;gpaTld; riser topNa Nky;
Nehf;fp tUk;. ,J castingy; shrinkage Vw;gLk; NghJ
cUfpa metalI nfhLj;J rhpahd msT fpilf;fr;
nra;fpwJ.
22. What are the types of moulding?
1. Green sand moulding 2. Dry sand moulding 3. Loam moulding
4. Bench moulding 5. Floor moulding. 6. Pit moulding
7. Sweep moulding 8. Plate moulding 9. Machine moulding
23. What are the advantages of dry sand moulding?
1. Green sand mouldI tpl cWjpahdJ.
2. ifahSk; NghJ cilahJ.
3. msTfs; Jy;ypakhf ,Uf;Fk;.
4. Surface finish ed;whf fpilf;Fk;
5. Blow holes Nghd;w Fiwfs; ,Uf;fhJ.
24. State the applications of loam moulding and pit moulding.
 nghpa cylinder, bells, gears, ,ae;jpug; gFjpfs;
Nghd;wit loam mouldingy; jahhpf;fyhk;.
 Moulding boxy; jahhpf;f Kbahj nghpa castingfis
pit mouldingy; nra;ayhk;.
25. List out the types of moulding machines.
1. Squeezer machine
a. Top squeezer machine
b. Bottom squeezer machine
2. Jolt machine
3. Sand slinger
26. What is core and core print?
 Castingy; cs;sPlw;w (hollow)mikg;G kw;Wk; Jis
Vw;gLj;j gad;gLtJ core MFk;.
 Patterny; Vw;gLj;Jk; projection MdJ core print MFk;.
Mouldy; core seatI cUthf;f core print gad;gLfpwJ.
,e;j Core seaty; core rhpahf nghUj;jg;gLfpwJ.
27. List out the types of core boxes.
1. Half core box 4. Strickle core box
2. Dump core box 5. Gang core box
3. Split core box

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28. What are the essential qualities of core sand?
1) High refractoriness 2) Good permeability
3) Good stability 4) Good collapsibility
5) Sufficient strength and hardness
29. List out the core binders. Give an example.
1) Oil binders : Linseed oil
2) Water soluble binders : Starch and dextrin
3) Resin binders : Phenol formaldehyde and urea
30. List out the steps in core making.
1) Core sand preparation 2) Core moulding
3) Baking 4) Core finishing
31. What are the types of cores?
1. Green sand core 2. Horizontal core 3. Vertical core
4. Balanced core 5. Hanging core 6. Drop core
32. List out the ovens used for heating the core.
1) Batch type ovens 2) Continuous type ovens 3) Dielectric type
ovens
33. What are the allotropy stages of iron?
1)  - iron 2) - iron 3) - iron 4)  - iron
34. What are the different micro structures of steel?
1. Austenite 2. Ferrite 3. Cementite
4. Pearlite 5. Leduburite 6. Martensite
35. What is iron-carbon equilibrium diagram?
 ,Uk;ig ntg;gg;gLj;Jk;NghNjh my;yJ Fsph;tilar;
nra;Ak;NghNjh> ,Uk;gpy; cs;s fhh;gd; msT kw;Wk;
ntg;gepiyia nghWj;J ,Uk;gpd; epiyfspy; Vw;gLk;
khw;wj;ijf; fhl;Lk; tiuglNk iron-carbon equilibrium
diagram vdg;gLk;.
 fhh;gd; msit X – mr;rpYk;> ntg;gepiyia Y–
mr;rpYk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;L ,e;j tiuglk;
tiuag;gLfpwJ.
36. What is hypo eutectoid steel and hyper eutectoid steel?
0.8%f;Fk; Fiwthf fhh;gd; fye;Js;s steel MdJ
hypo-eutectiod steel vdg;gLk;. rhpahf 0.8% fhh;gd;
fye;Js;s steel MdJ eutectoid steel vdTk;> 0.8%

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Kjy; 2% tiu fhh;gd; fye;Js;s steel MdJ hyper
eutectoid steel vdTk; miof;fg;gLk;.
37. What are uses of tap hole and tuyers in cupola furnace?
 cUfpa cNyhfj;ij ntspNaw;w tap hole cs;sJ.
 Tuyers (jpwg;Gfs;) %yk; fuel vhptjw;F fhw;W
nry;fpwJ.
38. List out the furnaces used for melting of non-ferrous metals.
1. Pit furnace
2. Coke fired stationary furnace
3. Oil fired tilting furnace
39. Mention the furnaces used melting of steel.
1) Direct arc furnace 2) Indirect arc furnace 3) Induction furnace
40. List out the various casting processes.
1. Sand casting 4. Centrifugal casting
2. Gravity die casting 5. Continuous casting
3. Pressure die casting 6. Chilled casting
i) Hot chamber die casting 7. Malleable casting
ii) Cold chamber die casting
41. What are the applications of pressure die casting?
Carburettor body, crank case, fuel pump parts, sound horn,
wiper Nghd;wit jahhpf;fyhk;. NkYk; toys, cameras,
clocks, wahing machine parts Nghd;wtw;iw jahhpf;fg;
gad;gLfpwJ.
42. Mention the applications of centrifugal casting.
Water pipes, gun barrels, flywheel, bush bearings, gears
kw;Wk; brake drum Nghd;w castingfis jahhpf;fg;g
gad;gLfpwJ.
43. What are the applications of chilled casting and malleable
casting?
 Railway brake shoes, wheel rims, crusher jaws, machine
slide ways Nghd;wit chilled casting Kiwapy;
jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 Wagon wheel hub, door hinges, pipe fittings, locks, levers,
cranks, textile machine parts Nghd;wit jahhpf;fg;
malleable casting Kiw gad;gLfpwJ.

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44. List out the various defects in casting?

1) Blow holes 2) Slabs 3) Honey combing 4)Swells
5) Shifts 6) Cold shuts 7) Hot tears 8)Fins
9) Internal air pockets 10) Runout
45. What are the causes for blow holes?
1. kz;zpd; mjpf <uj; jd;ik
2. mjpfkhf ramming nra;tJ
3. Vent holes Fiwthf ,Ug;gJ.
46. What is swells and shift?
 Swells : Castingd; Nkw;gug;G nghpjhfp tpLtJ.
 Shifts : Castingd; gFjpfs; jtwhf nghUe;jp ,Ug;gJ.
47. What is cold shuts and hot tears.
 Cold shuts : Mould cavity rhpahf epug;gg; glhky;
,Ug;gJ
 Hot tears : Castingd; ntspg;Gwk; my;yJ cl;Gwj;jpy;
njhlh;r;rpaw;W ,Ug;gJ
48. What is fins and run out?
 Fins : ,izAk; gFjpapy; cs;s nky;ypa projection
 Run out : Mouldy; ,Ue;J cUfpa metal ntspNaWtJ

Q&A.7
 KAL PATHIPPAGAM– 99446 50380, 96266 26747

Unit – II : WELDING TECHNOLOGY

1. Define welding. List out its uses.

 xNu khjphpahd my;yJ NtWgl;l ,uz;L
cNyhfq;fis ntg;gg;gLj;jp ,izg;gJ welding
vdg;gLk;.
 Automobile bodies, air craft, machine frame, boilers, ship
building, railway wagons Nghd;wtw;iw fabrication
nra;a welding gad;gLfpwJ.
2. What are the types of welding? Give example.
1) Plastic welding or pressure welding
Example : Electric resistance welding.
2) Fusion welding or non – pressure welding.
Example : Electric arc welding, gas welding.
3. List out the equipment needed for arc welding.
1. Welding generator(D.C) 6. Protective shield
or transformer(A.C) 7. Gloves
2. Electrode holder 8. Apron
3. Electrode 9. Chipping hammer
4. Cables 10. Wire brush
5. Earthing clamps
4. What are the types of consumable electrodes?
1. Bare electrodes: flux G+rg;gl;bUf;fhJ.
2. Lightly coated electrodes: nky;ypa layer Mf flux
G+rg; gl;bUf;Fk;.
3. Heavily coated electrodes: 1 Kjy; 3 mm tiuapyhd
jbkDf;F flux G+rg;gl;bUf;Fk;.
5. Give the expansion of MIG and TIG
 MIG - Metal Inert Gas welding
 TIG - Tungsten Inert Gas welding
6. What are the advantages of atomic hydrogen welding?
1. jukhd weld joint fpilf;fpwJ.
2. Smooth kw;Wk; uniform weld cz;lhfpwJ.
3. mjpf ntg;gk; fpilf;fpwJ.
4. A.C. supply nfhLg;gjhy; lq;];ld; electroded;
MAl;fhyk; mjpfk;.
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7. What is plasma? List out the advantages of plasma arc

welding.
Ionised gas MdJ plasma vdg;gLk;. ,jpy;
jet
fpilf;fFk; mjpf ntg;gj;jpidf; nfhz;L metalfs;
xd;whf ,izf;fg; gLfpd;wd.
Advantages of plasma arc welding :
1) midj;J metalfisAk; ,e;j Kiwapy; weld nra;ayhk;.
2) Filler rod Njitapy;iy.
3) Welding speed mjpfk;.
4) mjpf thickness cs;s workpieceI vspjpy; weld
nra;ayhk;.
5) jukhd welding joint fpilf;fpwJ.
8. Write the applications of plasma arc and submerged arc welding.
 Stainless steel, carbon steel, monel metal, titanium, copper,
brass kw;Wk; gy cNyhfq;fis plasma arc welding
Kiwapy; weld nra;ayhk;.
 Low carbon steel, alloy steel Nghd;wtw;iw weld nra;a
gad;gLfpwJ. NkYk; pressure vessel, boiler
Nghd;wtw;iw fabrication nra;a submerged arc welding
Kiw gad;gLfpwJ.
9. What is electro slag welding? Give its applications.
 cUfpa slag topahf kpd;rhuk; nrYj;Jk; NghJ
Vw;gLk; mjpf ntg;gj;jpdhy; ,uz;L fdkhd
metalfis cUf;fp ,izg;gJ electro slag welding
vdg;gLk;.
 Boiler plate, turbine shaft, stainless steel kw;Wk; carbon steel
Nghd;wtw;iw weld nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.
10. What is resistance welding? List out the types of
resistance welding.
 kpd;jil (resistance) %yk; Vw;gLk; ntg;gj;jpdhy;
metal I plastic epiyia milar; nra;J mOj;jk;
nfhLj;J ,izg;gJ resistance welding vdg;gLk;.
 Resistance weldingd; tiffs; :
1. Butt welding 3. Seam welding
2. Spot welding 4. Projection welding

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM– 99446 50380, 96266 26747

11. Give the difference between upset butt welding and flash
butt welding.
 Upset welding Kiwapy; weld nra;a Ntz;ba ,uz;L
metalfspd; Kidfs; njhl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;gb
copper jaw tpy; nghUj;jg; gl;bUf;Fk;.
 Flash butt welding Kiwapy; weld nra;a Ntz;ba
workpiceced; Kidfs; air gap ,Uf;Fk;gb
jawf;fspy; nghUj;jg; gl;bUf;Fk;.
12. What is spot welding? Give its applications.
 Sheet metalfis xd;wpd; kPJ kw;nwhd;iw itj;J
(lap) rPuhd ,ilntspapy; weld nra;tJ spot welding
vdg;gLk;. ,U xU resistance welding tifahFk;.
 Boxes, cans, automobile frames, air conditioners
Nghd;wtw;iw weld nra;a spot welding gad;gLfpwJ.
13. What is seam welding? List out its applications.
 Sheet metalfis xd;wpd; kPJ kw;nwhd;iw itj;J
njhlh;r;rpahf weld nra;tJ seam welding vdg;gLk;.
 Radiators, drums, leak proof tanks, automobile silencers
Nghd;wtw;iw weld nra;a seam welding gad;gLfpwJ.
14. What is thermit? Give the applications of thermit welding.
 Thermit vd;gJ aluminium powder kw;Wk; iron oxide
(1:3) Nrh;e;j fyit MFk;.
 fdkhd gFjpfs;> rails, pipes, shafts, cables kw;Wk;
cile;j machine framefs; Nghd;wtw;iw ,izf;f
thermit welding gad;gLfpwJ.
15. What is solid state welding? Give its types.
MetalI cUf;fhky; jpz;k epiyapy; ,izg;gJ solid
state welding MFk;. ,jd; tiffs; gpd;tUkhW :
1. Friction welding 3. Diffusion welding
2. Ultrasonic welding 4. Explosive welding
16. List out the applications and advantages of friction
welding.
Application
Aero engine shafts, gas turbine shafts Nghd;wtw;iw
weld nra;ayhk;. PinionI shaft clDk;> rodI yoke

Q&A.10
 KAL PATHIPPAGAM– 99446 50380, 96266 26747
clDk;> flangeI pipe clDk; ,izf;f friction welding
gad;gLfpwJ.
Advantages
1. Muk;g nryT FiwT.
2. NtWgl;l metalfis ,izf;fyhk;.
3. vspa kw;Wk; Ntfkhd nray;Kiw.
4. jukhd weld fpilf;Fk;.
5. Power Fiwthf Njitg;gLk;.
6. Distortion FiwT.
17. List out the applications of ultrasonic welding.
1. 3mm tiu jbkDila metalfis ,izf;fg;
gad;gLfpwJ.
2. nky;ypa sheetfis fdkhd sheetfSld;
,izf;fyhk;.
3. Electrical kw;Wk; electonic nghUl;fis weld
nra;ayhk;.
4. Plastic nghUl;fisak; ,izf;fyhk;.
5. Nuclear reactor, aircraft NtiyfSf;F gad;gLfpwJ.
18. What are the techniques uses in diffusion welding?
1. Hot pressure technique
2. Gas pressure technique
3. Vacuum furnace technique
19. List out the advantages and disadvantages of explosive
welding.
Advantages
1. vspa kw;Wk; Ntfkhd nray;Kiw.
2. mjpf strength cila ,izg;G
3. nghpa gug;Gfis ,izf;fyhk;.
Disadvantages
1. Mgj;jhd nray;Kiw. vdNt mjpf ftdk; Njit.
2. vspjpy; nehWq;Fk; jd;ik nfhz;l metalfis
,izf;f KbahJ
3. Fiwe;j cUFepiy cila metalfis ,izf;f
Vw;wjy;y.

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 KAL PATHIPPAGAM– 99446 50380, 96266 26747

20. What is the principle involved in electron beam welding?

Give its applications.
,k;Kiwapy; mjpNtf electron beamI nghUspd; kPJ
Ftpar; nra;Ak; NghJ cz;lhFk; ntg;gj;jpdhy;
welding nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
Applications:
1. Automobile kw;Wk; Mfha tpkhd ghfq;fis
,izf;fyhk;.
2. Tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum Nghd;w m;jpf
cUF epiy cila metalfis ,izf;f
gad;gLfpwJ.
3. Pressure vessel, turbine ghfq;fis ,izf;fyhk;.
21. What is LASER? List out the advantages of laser beam
welding.
Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
vd;gjd; RUf;fNk LASER MFk;.
Advantages :
1. ntg;gj;ij vspjpy; fl;Lg;gLj;jyhk;.
2. Jy;ypakhf weld nra;ayhk;.
3. Distortion Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
4. Heat treatment nra;j nghUisAk; mjd; gz;G
khwhky; weld nra;ayhk;.
5. Oxidation ghjpg;G ,Uf;fhJ.
22. What is gas welding? Name the gases used in gas welding.
 Oxygen cld; kw;nwhU gas (acetylene) fye;J vhpAk;
NghJ cUthFk; flamed; ntg;gj;jpdhy; metalI
cUf;fp ,izg;gJ gas welding vdg;gLk;.
 Gas weldingy; fPo;f;fz;l thAf;fs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
1) Oxygen – acetylene
2) Oxygen - hydrogen
3) Air- acetylene
23. List out the equipment need for gas welding.
1. Gas cylinders 2. Pressure regulators 3. Pressure gauges
4. Hoses 5. Welding torch
24. What are the three types of flames in gas welding?
1) Neutral flame 2) Carburising flame 3) Oxidising flame

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25. What is neutral flame? Give its application.
 Oxygen kw;Wk; acetylene thAit rk tpfpjj;jpy;
gad; gLj;Jk; NghJ neutral flame cUthfpwJ.
 Steel, cast iron, aluminium, copper kw;Wk; stainless steel
Nghd;wtw;iw welding nra;a neutral flame
gad;gLfpwJ.
26. When carburising flame is produced? State its
applications.
 Oxygen I tpl acetylene mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJ carburising flame cUthfpwJ.
 Steel, alloy steels, non-ferrous metals, nickel, monel metal
Nghd;wtw;iw welding nra;a carburising flame
gad;gLfpwJ.
27. How oxidising flame is produced? List out its applications.
 AcetyleneI tpl oxygen mjpf mstpy; gad;gLj;Jk;
NghJ oxidising flame cUthfpwJ.
 Brass, bronze, manganese, steel Nghd;wtw;iw welding
nra;a oxidizing flame gad;gLfpwJ.
28. Give the applications of oxygen cutting and arc cutting.
 Steel castingy; ,Ue;J runner, riser Nghd;wtw;iw
ntl;b ePf;fyhk;. Blast furnancey; metal ntspNaWk;
spoutI ntl;Ltjw;Fk; gad;gLfpwJ.
 Arc cutting Kiwapy; 100 mm tiu jbkd; cs;s steel
kw;Wk; iron platefis vspjpy; ntl;lyhk;.
29. What is hard facing? List out its applications.
kpUJthd nghUs;fspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fbdkhd metal
powderI gba itg;gJ hard facing vdg;gLk;.
Application
1. Cutting toold; Nkw;gug;gpy; tungsten carbide, chromium
carbide Nghd;wtw;iw coating nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.
2. Nja;e;j machine ghfq;fspd; kPJ Njitahd metalI
gba itj;J reconditioning nra;ayhk;.
3. Dieapy; fbdkhd metalI gba itf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
30. What is bronze welding? Give its applications.
 Bronze welding vd;gJ brazing kw;Wk; weldingf;F
,ilg;gl;l nray;Kiw MFk;.
 Cast iron, steel, copper, bronze kw;Wk; brass
Nghd;wtw;iw bronze welding nra;ayhk;.

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31. Differentiate between soldering and brazing.
 Fiwe;j cUFepiy cila cNyhff; fyit
(solder)ia gad;gLj;jp ,uz;L xNu khjphpahd my;yJ
NtWgl;l metalfis ,izg;gJ soldering vdg;gLk;.
Solder vd;gJ tin kw;Wk; lead Nrh;e;j fyit MFk;.
 mjpf cUFepiy cila cNyhff; fyit (spelter)ia
gad;gLj;jp ,uz;L xNu khjphpahd my;yJ NtWgl;l
metalfis ,izg;gJ brazing vdg;gLk;. Spelter vd;gJ
copper kw;Wk; zinc alloy Nrh;e;j fyit MFk;.
32. List out the types of brazing.
1. Torch brazing 3. Furnace brazing
2. Dip brazing 4. Induction brazing
33. What are the types of welded joints?
1. Butt joint 2. Lap joint 3. ‘T’ joint
4. Corner joint 5. Flange joint
34. What is edge preparation? Give shapes of edges.
,izf;f Ntz;ba nghUs;fspd; Kidfis rhpahd
tbtj;jpw;F jahh; nra;tJ edge preparation MFk;.
,jdhy; ey;y cWjpahd ,izg;G fpilf;fpwJ.
Shapes of edges :
1) Square 2) Single and double 'V' 3) Single and double 'U'
35. List out the non-destructive and destructive methods for
welded joints.
Non destructive testing methods :
i) Magnetic particle test ii) X-ray test iii) Ultrasonic test
Destructive testing methods :
i) Nick brake test ii) Bend test iii) Tensile test
36. What are the applications of magnetic particle test, X-ray
test and ultrasonic test.
 Cracks kw;Wk; slag fye;jpUg;gJ Nghd;w Fiwfs;
magnetic particle testy; fz;lwpag;gLfpwJ.
 X-rya testy; porosity, bolw holes, cavities Nghd;w
Fiwfs; fz;lwpag; gLfpwJ.
 Ultrasoic testy; ultrasonic wavesI gad;gLj;jp cracks,
blow holes porosity Nghd;w Fiwfis fz;lwpayhk;.
37. List out the various defects in welding.
1) Incomplete fusion 2) Slag inclusion 3) Crack
4) Undercut 3) Porosity and blow holes

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Unit – III : FORMING TECHNOLOGY

1. Define : i) Hot working ii) Cod working
 MetalI recrystalization ntg;gepiyf;F Nky;
ntg;gg;gLj;jp plastic deformation milar; nra;J
Njitahd tbtj;ijg; ngWtJ hot working
vdg;gLk;.
 Recrystallisation ntg;gepiyf;F Fiwthd ntg;g
epiyapy; metalfspd; kPJ cold working nra;ag;
gLfpwJ.
2. List out the advantages of hot working.
1. Metald; toughness kw;Wk; ductility jd;ik mjpfhpf;Fk;.
2. Metal y; internal stress cUthtjpy;iy.
3. MetalI deform milar; nra;a Fiwe;j force
NghJkhdJ.
4. Metaly; cracks, blow holes, porosity Nghd;w Fiwfs;
Vw;gLtjpy;iy.
5. Gjpa gain structure cUthtjhy; strength
mjpfhpf;Fk;.
6. Ntfkhd kw;Wk; rpf;fdkhd nray;Kiw MFk;.
3. List out the limitations of hot working.
1. Neh;j;jpahd Nkw;gug;G fpilf;fhJ.
2. nghUspd; Nkw;gug;gpy; de-carbiruzation Vw;gLk;.
3. Dimensional accuracy FiwT.
4. Toold; tpiy mjpfk;.
5. nghUl;fis ifahs;tJ fbdk;.
4. What are the advantages of cold working?
1. nghUl;fspd; ,ae;jputpay; gz;Gfs; Nkk;gLj;jg;
gLfpwJ.
2. mjpf surface finish nfhz;l kpf Neh;j;jpahd
nghUl;fis vspjpy; cUthf;fyhk;.
3. rpwg;ghd dimensional accuracyIg; ngwyhk;.
4. nghUspd; strength kw;Wk; hardness mjpfhpf;Fk;.
5. Nkw;gug;gpy; oxide cUthfhJ.
6. Nkw;gug;gpy; decarburization Vw;glhJ.
7. ,jd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fis
ifahs;tJ vspJ.

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5. Mention the limitations of cold working.

1. nghUl;fspd; ductility FiwfpwJ.
2. Grain structure rpije;J tpLfpwJ.
3. nghUl;fspy; residual stress cUthfpwJ.
4. Strain hardening Vw;gLfpwJ.
5. mjpfkhd force Njitg;gLk;.
6. rpwpa mstpyhd nghUl;fis kl;LNk jahhpf;f ,aYk;.
6. List out the various hot working operations.
1. Rolling 2. Forging 3. Swaging
4. Extrusion 5. Drawing 6. Hot spinning
7. What is rolling? Give its applications.
 MetalI RoYk; rollfSf;F ,ilapy; nrYj;jp
Njitahd tbtk; ngWtJ rolling vdg;gLk;.
 Hot rolling %yk; sheets, plates, rounds, I - section,
T - section, channels, angles kw;Wk; gy tbtq;fspy;
metalI rolling nra;ayhk;.
8. What is forging? Mention its applications.
 Compressive my;yJ impact force %yk; metalI
Njitahd tbtj;jpw;F cUthf;FtJ forging
vdg;gLk;.
 ,k;Kiwapy; connecting rod, crankshaft Nghd;wit
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
9. Write down the classification of forging.
1. Smith forging
a) Hand forging b) Power forging
2. Impression die forging
a) Drop forging b) Upset forging
3. Roll forging
4. Swaging
10. List out the smith forging operations.
1. Upsetting 2. Drawing down 3. Setting down 4. Swaging
5. Bending 6. Punching 7. Welding
11. What is the difference between upsetting and drawing down.
 ntg;gg;gLj;jpa workpieced; ePsk; Fiwf;fg;gl;L
FWf;fsT mjpfhpf;fg;gLtJ upsetting vdg;gLk;.

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 ntg;gg;gLj;jpa workpieced; FWf;fsT Fiwf;fg;
gl;L ePsj;ij mjpfhpg;gJ drawing down vdg;gLk;.
12. Define : Swaging and Bending
 ntg;gg;gLj;jpa workpiced; ePsj;ij mjpfhpj;J
mjd; FWf;fsit Njitahd tbtj;jpw;F
khw;WtJ swaging vdg;gLk;.
 ntg;gg;gLj;jpa workpieceI Njitahd
Nfhzj;jpy; my;yJ tl;l tbtpy; tisg;gJ
bending vdg;gLk;.
13. What is drop forging? Give its applications.
 ntg;gg;gLj;jpa metalI ,uz;L closed
diefSf;fpilapy; itj;J power hammer My;
mbf;fg;gl;L Njitahd tbtk; ngWtJ drop
forging vdg;gLk;.
 Crank, crank shaft, connecting rod, levers, camshaft
Nghd;wit drop forgingy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
14. What are the applications and advantages of press forging.
Application
Coins, bolts, rivets, nuts Nghd;w rkr;rPh; tbtk;
nfhz;l nghUl;fs; press forgingy; cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
Advantages
1) nghJthf nghUl;fis xU working strokey;
nra;ayhk;.
2) cw;gj;jp Neuk; FiwT.
3) ey;y surface finish fpilf;fpwJ.
4) Vibrations kw;Wk; noise Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;.
5) nghUl;fspd; mlh;j;jp rPuhf ,Uf;Fk;.
15. What is the difference between forging and roll forging?
 Plain rollingy; xNu rPuhd FWf;fsT cila
nghUl;fis kl;LNk cw;gj;jp nra;a KbAk;.
 Roll forgingy; RoYk; ,U rollfSf;F ,ilapy;
ntg;gg;gLj;jpa workpieceI nrYj;jp ntt;NtW
FWf;fsT cila nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.
16. Which are called press tools?
Die kw;Wk; punch mlq;fpa mikg;G press tools vdg;gLk;.

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17. Write the specifications of a press.

1. Capacity of press in tons 2. Maximum stroke length of ram
3. Die space 4. Type of frame
5. Type of drive 6. Number of slides
18. Classify the presses based on the frames.
1) Open back inclinable press 2) Adjustable press
3) Horn press 4) Straight side press 5) Pillar type press
19. Mention the advantages of hydraulic press.
1) mjpf mOj;jk; kw;Wk; force fpilf;fpwJ.
2) Ramf;F Njitahd pressureI vspjpy; khw;wyhk;.
3) Pressure rPuhf ,Uf;Fk;.
4) Ramd; ,af;fk; rPuhf ,Uf;Fk;.
5) rj;jkpy;yhj kw;Wk; smooth operation eilngWk;.
20. Mention the types of drives used in press.
1) Eccentric drive 2) Cam drive 3) Rack and pinion drive
21. Name the various press accessories.
1) Stops 2) Pilots 3) Strippers
4) Knock outs 5) Pressure pads.
22. What is the use of stops and pilots?
 Sheet metalI rhpahd ePsj;jpy; epWj;Jtjw;F stops
gd;gLfpwJ.
 Blanky; piercing nra;ag;gl;l holeI rhpahf locate
nra;a pilot gad;gLfpwJ.
23. What is the application of strippers and knock out?
 Blanking my;yJ punching operation Kbe;jTld;
punch my;yJ dieapy; ,Ue;J work pieceI
ePf;Ftjw;F stripper gad; gLfpwJ.
 Drawing operation Kbe;jTld; die opening topahf fPNo
tpo ,ayhj nghUis ntspNa js;Stjw;F knock
out gad; gLfpwJ.
24. What is the purpose of providing pressure pads?
Sheet metalI mOj;jp rhpahd positiony; gpbf;f pressure
pad gad;gLfpwJ.

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25. Classify the dies based on construction.

1) Simple dies 2) Progressive dies 3) Compound dies
4) Combination dies 5) Inverted dies
26. What is progressive die?
,e;j dieapy; ram fPo; Nehf;fp efUk; NghJ ,uz;L
my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l operationfs; xd;wd; gpd;
xd;whf eilngWk;.
27. State the difference between compound and combination
dies.
 Compound dieapy; ram fPo;Nehf;fp efUk; NghJ
,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l operationfs; xNu
workstationy; eilngWk;. nghJthf ,e;j dieapy;
cutting operationfs; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 Combination diey; ram fPo; Nehf;fp efUk; NghJ
cutting kw;Wk; non cutting operationfs; xNu
workstationy; eilngWk;.
28. What is inverted die?
Inverted dieapd; die holdery; punchk;> punch holdery; dieAk;
khw;wp nghUj;jg; gl;bUf;Fk;.
29. List out the various bending operations performed in press.
1) Angle bending 2) Curling 3) Seaming
30. Define curling and seaming?
 Sheet metald; tpspk;ig tl;l tbtpy; tisg;gJ curling
vdg;gLk;.
 Sheet metald; tpspk;Gfis xd;W Nrh;j;J ,izg;gJ
(interlock) seaming vdg;gLk;.
31. List out the various shearing operations.
1) Blanking 2) Piercing 3) Cutting off 4) Trimming
5) Notching 6) Slitting 7) Lancing 8) Shaving
32. Define : i) Blanking ii) Piercing.
 Die kw;Wk; punchf;F ,ilapy; sheet metalI
Njitahd tbtj;jpw;F ntl;b vLg;gJ blanking
vdg;gLk;.
 Punch kw;Wk; died; %yk; sheet metaly; Jisia
ntl;LtJ punching vdg;gLk;.

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33. Differentiate : i) Notching ii) Slitting
 Sheet metald; Xuq;fis rpwpa mstpy; Njitahd
tbtj;jpw;F ntl;LtJ notching vdg;gLk;.
 Sheet metalI Njitahd ePsj;jpw;F Neh;f; Nfhl;by;
ntl;LtJ slitting vdg;gLk;.
34. Define : a) Lancing b) Shaving
 Sheet mtalI Fiwe;j ePsj;jpw;F ntl;b tisg;gJ
lancing vdg;gLk;.
 Sheet metal operationy; nra;ag;gl;l nghUspy; cs;s
gprpW kw;Wk; xOq;fw;w Kidfis ePf;fp finishing
nra;tJ shaving vdg;gLk;.
35. What is powder metallurgy?
Metal kw;Wk; non-metal powderfis jahhpj;J>
mtw;wpypUe;J Njitahd properties kw;Wk; tbtk;
cila nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kiw powder
metallurgy vdg;gLk;.
36. List out the step by step procedure of making products in
powder metallurgy.
1) Manufacturing of metal powder 2) Blending or mixing
1. 3) Pressing or compacting 4) Sintering
2. 5) Finishing and sizing
37. What are the methods used for manufacturing metal powders?
1. Atomization 2. Electrolytic deposition
3. Chemical reduction 4. Machining
5. Shotting 6. Milling
7. Grinding
38. What are the applications of atomisation and electrolytic
deposition?
 Atomisation Kiwapy; Fiwe;j cUF epiy nfhz;l
metalfspd; (mYkpdpak;> <ak;> Jj;jehfk;) powder
jahhpf;fyhk;.
 deposition Kiwapy;
Electrolytic nrk;G> ,Uk;G>
nts;sp> Jj;jehfk; Nghd;w metal fspd; powder
jahhpf;fyhk;.

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39. Define : i) Blending ii) Sintering

 Njitahd properties ngWtjw;F rhpahd
tpfpjj;jpy; metal kw;Wk; non-metal powderfis
fyg;gJ mixing my;yJ blending vdg;gLk;.
 fhw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;jpa R+o;epiyapy; green compactI
mjd; basic metald; cUF epiyf;F rw;W Fiwthf
ntg;gg;gLj;JtJ sintering vdg;gLk;.
40. What is compacting? List out the types of pressing.
 Mixing nra;j metal powderI diey; Njitahd msT
kw;Wk; tbtj;jpw;F mOj;JtJ pressing vdg;gLk;.
,J briquetting vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;.
 Peressingy; fPo;f;fz;l ,uz;L tiffs; cs;sJ.
1. Cold pressing 2. Hot pressing
41. List out the finishing operations in powder metallurgy.
1) Sizing or coining 2) Infiltration 3) Impregnation
4) Machining 5) Heat treatment 6) Metal coating.
42. Define infiltration. Give its advantages.
 Sintering nra;ag;gl;l nghUspy; cs;s Ez;
Jisfis (pores) Fiwe;j cUFepiy nfhz;l
NtnwhU cUfpa metalMy; epug;GtJ infiltration
vdg;gLk;.
 Infiltration nra;tjhy; nghUspd; strength, hardness
kw;Wk; density mjpfhpf;fpwJ.
43. List out the advantages of powder metallurgy.
1) Jy;ypakhd msT kw;Wk; surface finish fpilf;fpwJ.
2) Material wastege ,y;iy.
3) Njitahd density kw;Wk; porosity cs;s product
fpilf;fpwJ.
4) Metal kw;Wk; non-metalfis Nrh;j;J Njitahd
properties cila nghUl;fis jahhpf;fyk;.
5) rpf;fyhd cUtikg;Gs;s nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp
nra;ayhk;.
6) mjpf hardness cila nghUl;fis vspjpy;
cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.

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44. List out the applications of powder metallurgy.

1) mjpf hardness cila nghUl;fis vspjpy;
cw;gj;jp nra;ayhk;.
2) Self lubricating bearing, filters kw;Wk; oil pump gears.
3) fbdkhd carbide tips kw;wk; wire drawing dies.
4) Elecric bulb, radio valves, x-ray tubefspy; gad;gLk;
tungsten filament wire.
5) Cathode, anode kw;Wk; control grids.
6) Automobile clutch plate, brake lining kw;Wk; motor
brushes.
7) rpwpa gearfs;, cam, lever, piston ring kw;Wk; rpwpa
magnets.
45. What are the design rules in powder metallurgy?
1. nghUspy; kpf rpwpa Jisfs; (2 mmf;F
Fiwthf) ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
2. Thickness mjpf mstpy; khWtij jtph;f;f
Ntz;Lk;.
3. FWfpa kw;Wk; Mokhd gFjpfis jtph;f;f
Ntz;Lk;.
4. Pressing nra;Ak; directiony; Jisfs; ,Uf;ff;
RlhJ.
5. Threads, knurling, under cut Mfpait compactingy;
nra;a KbahJ.

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Unit – IV: THEORY OR METAL CUTTING,

CENTRE LATHE &
SEMI-AUTOMATIC LATHE

1. What are the materials used for producing cutting tools?

1. Carbon steel 5. Carbides
2. Alloy carbon steel 6. Ceramics
3. High Speed Steel (H.S.S) 7. Diamond
4. Stellites
2. State the applications of HSS and stellite
 HSSIg; gad;gLj;jp drills, turning tools, broaches, taps,
dies kw;Wk; milling cutter Nghd;w toolfs;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
 Stellitey; 45% chromium, 15% tungsten kw;Wk; 2% carbon
Mfpait mlq;fpAs;sd.
3. State the applications of HSS and stellite.
 ,ijf; nfhz;L drills, turning tools, broaches, taps, dies
kw;Wk; milling cutter Nghd;w toolfs;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
 Rubber kw;Wk; plastic Nghd;wtw;iw ntl;Ltjw;F
cjTk; toolfs; nra;a gad;gLfpwJ.
4. Menton the tool material used for making drill bits.
1) High carbon steel 2) High Speed Steel.
5. Define : i) Top rake angle ii) Side rake angle
 Top rake angle MdJ cutting edgey; ,Ue;J shankI
Nehf;fp facey; cs;s rhpthd Nfhzk; MFk;.
 Side rake angle MdJ cutting edgey; ,Ue;J faced;
gf;fthl;by; (width) cs;s rhpthd Nfhzk; MFk;.
6. What is clearance angle and lip angle?
 ,J cutting edgey; ,Ue;J fPo;Nehf;fp cs;s rhpthd
Nfhzk; MFk;.
 ,J face kw;Wk; end surfacef;F ,ilg;gl;l Nfhzk;
MFk;.
7. What are the cutting edge angles?
1) Side cutting edge angle 2) End cutting edge angle

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8. What are the types of chips?
1) Continuous chips 2) Discontinuous chips
3) Chip with built-up edge.
9. What is the use of chip breaker?
Machining nra;Ak; NghJ cz;lhFk; njhlh;r;rpahd
ePskhd chipfis rpW Jz;Lfshf ntl;Ltjw;F
gad;gLtNj chip breaker vdg;gLk;.
10. What is tool life?
Tool life vd;gJ njhlh;e;J ,uz;L Kiw tool MdJ grinding
nra;ag;gl;l ,ilg;nghOjpy; cgNahfpf;Fk; Neuk; MFk;.
11. What are the factors influencing tool life?
1) Cutting speed 5) Tool material
2) Feed 6) Cutting fluid
3) Depth of cut 7) Work material
4) Tool geometry 8) Rigidity of work, tool and machine
12. Give the relationship between cutting speed and tool life.
Cutting speed kw;Wk; tool lifef;F cs;s njhlh;G
Taylor’s formula %yk; tpsf;fg;gLfpwJ.
n
VT =C
,q;F> V – Cutting speed ( m / min)
T – Tool life (min)
n – Tool kw;Wk; workpieceI nghWj;j kjpg;G
C – xU constant
13. Name the cutting fluids commonly used.
Soluble oils, kerosene base oil, mineral oil, synthetic coolants,
sulphonated oils, water base emulsion Nghd;wit
nghJthfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cutting fluid MFk;.
14. List out the functions of cutting fluids.
1. Tool kw;Wk work pieceI Fsph;tpg;gJ
2. Tool kw;Wk; chip xl;bf;nfhs;tijf; Fiwg;gJ
3. cuha;T kw;Wk; Nja;khdj;ijf; Fiwg;gJ
4. Chipfis clDf;Fld; ntspNaw;wp ntl;Lk;
gFjpapid free Mf itg;gJ
5. ,ae;jpu ghfq;fs;> workpiece kw;Wk; tool MdJ JUg;
gpbg;gijj; jLg;gJ
6. Toold; kPJ fPuy;fs; kw;Wk; Nja;khdj;ijf; Fiwj;J
tool lifeI mjpfg;gLj;JtJ

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15. What are the desirable properties of cutting fluid?
1. vspjpy; Fsph;tpg;gjw;F mjpf ntg;gf; flj;Jj; jpwd;
2. vspjhf gha;e;J nry;y Fiwthd viscosity
3. rpwe;j caTg; gz;Gfs;
4. vspjpy; jPg;gpbf;fhky; ,Uf;f mjpf flash point
5. rhjhuz ntg;gepiyapy; gpRgpRg;ghfNth jplg;
nghUshfNth khwhky; ,Uf;Fk; jd;ik
6. Njhy; mhpg;G kw;Wk; J}a;ikf; Nfl;bid
cUthf;fhj gz;G
16. List out the types of lathe.
1. Speed lathe 2. Engine lathe or Centre lathe
3. Bench lathe 4. Tool room lathe
5. Semi automatic lathe 6. Automatic lathe
7. Special purpose lathe
17. Write the important specifications of lathe.
1. Length of bed
2. Width of bed
3. Height of centres over the bed
4. Distance between centres
5. Swing diameter over the bed
6. Swing diameter over the carriage
7. Maximum diameter of hole through spindle
8. Number of spindle speeds
18. List out principal parts of lathe.
1) Bed 2) Head stock 3) Carriage 4) Tail stock
19. What are the types of head stocks?
1) Back geared head stock 2) All geared head stock
20. Name the parts mounted on the carriage.
1) Saddle 2) Cross slide 3) Compound rest
4) Tool post 5) Apron
21. What is the use of compound rest?
Compound restd; swivel basey; degrees
Fwpf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,ij Row;wp Njitahd angley;
nghUj;jyhk.; Taper turning nra;a ,J gad;;gLfpwJ.

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22. List out the types of tool posts.

1. Single screw tool post 2. Open side tool post
3. Four bolt tool post 4. Four way tool post
23. What are the various feed given to lathe tool?
i) Longitudinal feed: Lathe mr;Rf;F ,izahf
ii) Cross feed: Lathe mr;Rf;F nrq;Fj;jhf
iii) Angular feed: Lathe mr;Rf;F Fwpg;gpl; Nfhzj;jpy;
rha;thf
24. List out the functions of tail stock.
1. Workpieced; tyJ Kidia support nra;fpwJ.
2. Drill bit, reamer kw;Wk; tap Nghd;w tool fis tail stock
spindley; nghUj;jp drilling, reaming kw;Wk; tapping
Nghd;w operationfs; nra;ayhk;.
3. Set over methody; tail stockI FWf;F trj;jpy; efh;j;jp
taper turning nra;ag; gad;gLfpwJ.
25. Name the feed mechanisms in lathe.
1. Tumbler gear mechanism
2. Quick change gear box
3. Apron mechanism
26. What is the use of tumbler gear mechanism.
Tumbler gear mechanism MdJ lead screw kw;Wk; feed
rodd; directionI khw;wg; gad;gLfpwJ.
27. List out the various work holding devices used in lathe.
1. Chucks 5. Catch plate or driving plate
2. Face plate 6. Work held between centres
3. Angle plate 7. Mandrel
4. Carrier or dog 8. Fixture
28. What are the types of chucks used in lathe.
1. Three jaw self centering chuck
2. Four jaw independent chuck
3. Magnetic chuck
29. What is face plate? Give its applications.
 ,J threaded bore cld; $ba circular plate MFk;.
 Chucky; gpbf;f ,ayhj xOq;fw;w tbtKs;s
workpieceI vspjpy; face platey; nghUj;j KbAk;.

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30. Mention the uses of carrier and catch plate.

 Catch platey; ,Ue;J ,af;fj;ij ,U centrefSf;F
,ilapy; cs;s workpiecef;F khw;WtJ dog
my;yJ carrier MFk;.
 Catch plate MdJ dog %yk; ,uz;L centrefSf;F
,ilNa cs;s workpieceI Rw;WfpwJ.
31. What is live centre and dead centre. Give its uses.
 Main spindley; cs;s centre MdJ live centre vdTk;>
tail stocky; cs;s centre MdJ dead centre vdTk;
miof;fg;gLk;.
 ,J workpieceI support nra;aTk; machining
nra;Ak; NghJ Vw;gLk; forceI jhq;fTk;
gad;gLfpwJ.
32. List out the various lathe centres.
1. Ordinary centre 2. Ball centre 3.Tipped centre
4. Half centre 5. Pipe centre 6. Inserted centre
7. Rotating centre
33. What is mandrel? List out its types.
 ,U centrefSf;fpilNa hallow workpieceI gpbf;fg;
gad; gLtNj mandrell MFk;.
 Lathey; fPo;f;fz;l mandrellfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
1. Plain mandrel 2. Step mandrel 3. Collar mandrel
4. Screwed mandrel 5. Cone mandrel 6. Gang mandrel
34. List out the various machining operations done on lathe.
1. Plain turning 2. Facing 3. Chamfering
4. Grooving 5. Parting off 6. Knurling
7. Forming 8. Eccentric turning 9. Drilling
10. Reaming 11. Boring 12. Taper turning
13. Thread cutting
35. What is the basic difference between turning and facing?
 Turning nra;Ak;NghJ> lathe mr;Rf;F ,izahf
carriageI efh;j;jp toolf;F feed nfhLf;fg; gLfpwJ.
 Facing nra;Ak;NghJ> workpieced; ikaj;ij Nehf;fp
cross slideI lathe mr;Rf;F nrq;Fj;jhf efh;j;jp
toolf;F feed nfhLf;fg; gLfpwJ.

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36. What is chamfering and parting off?

 Workpieced; Kidapy; cs;s sharp edgeI
chamfering tool %yk; ePf;FtJ chamfering vdg;gLk;.
 Njitahd msT kw;Wk; tbtj;jpw;F turning nra;j
gpwF workpieceI ntl;b gphpg;gJ parting off MFk;.
37. What is the purpose knurling?
Workpieced; Nky; gripMd gug;ig Vw;gLj;j knurling
nra;ag; gLfpwJ. ,e;j gug;ghdJ nghJthf diamond
tbtpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
38. What is eccentric turning? Give its uses.
 ntt;NtW ikak; nfhz;l workpiecey; Njitahd
ikaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L turning
nra;tJ eccentric turning vdg;gLk;.
 Crank shaft kw;Wk; eccentric cUthf;f ,k;Kiw
gad;gLfpwJ.
39. List out the methods of tape turning.
a) Form tool method
b) Compound rest method
c) Tail stock set over method
d) Taper turning attachment method
e) By combining longitudinal and cross feed
40. Give the formula for calculating half taper angle.
𝑫−𝒅
Half taper angle, 𝜶 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟐𝒍
𝐷 – Large diameter of taper
𝑑 – Small diameter of taper
𝑙 – length of taper
41. Write down the formula for tail stock set over distance.
𝑫−𝒅
Set over, 𝑺 = 𝑳 × ( )
𝟐𝒍
𝐷 – Large diameter of taper
𝑑 – Small diameter of taper
𝐿 – Length of work piece
𝑙 – length of taper
42. How do you find the gear ratio for thread cutting in lathe.
Pitch of the work
Gear ratio =
Pitch of the lead screw

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43. What are rules for cutting LH and RH threads in lathe.
 Right hand thread cutting nra;Ak; NghJ lead screw
kw;Wk; spindle xNu directiony; Rw;Wk;. Tool (carriage)
MdJ head stockI Nehf;fp efUk;.
 Left hand thread cutting nra;Ak; NghJ lead screw
MdJ spindlef;F vjph; jpirapy; Rw;Wk;. Tool
(carriage) MdJ tail stockI Nehf;fp efUk;.
44. Define cutting speed. Write the formula for cutting speed.
RoYk; workpiecey; ,Ue;J tool xU epkplj;jpy; ntl;b
vLf;Fk; chipd; ePsk; cutting speed vdg;gLk;.
𝝅𝑫𝒏
Cutting speed, 𝑽 = m/min
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
,q;F, 𝐷 – Diameter of work piece,
𝑛 – Rotating speed of work piece
45. Define : i) Feed ii) Depth of cut.
 Workpieced; xU KOr; Rw;Wf;F tool efUk; J}uk;
feed vdg;gLk;.
 Cutting toolI xU Kiw efh;j;Jk; NghJ workpiecey;
,Ue;J ePf;fg;gLk; materiald; jbkd; MdJ depth of
cut vdg;gLk;.
46. What is semi-automatic lathes. Give its types.
Semi automatic lathe vd;gJ loading, unloading kw;Wk;
toolI machining positionf;F nfhz;L tUtJ Mfpait
manualMfTk; kw;w vy;yh operationfSk; automatic
MfTk; nra;af; $ba xU machine MFk;.
Semi automatic lathey; fPo;fz;l ,uz;L tiffs;
cs;sd.
 Capstan lathe my;yJ Ram type lathe
 Turret lathe my;yJ Saddle type lathe
47. List out the principal parts in capston lathe.
1) Bed 2) Head Stock 3) Cross slide
4) Turret head and saddle 5) Preset stops
48. What is turret head?
Turret head vd;gJ 6 ntt;NtW toolfis nghUj;jf;
$ba hexagonal tbt mikg;G MFk;. ,J vertical axisy;
indexing (xU Fwpg;gpl;l anglef;F Rw;wtJ)MfpwJ.

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49. What is preset stops in turret lathe?

 Turret heady; cs;s 6 toolfspd; length of travelI control
nra;a 6 adjustable stopfs; cs;sd.
 xU Fwpg;gpl;l toolf;fhd turretd; movementI adjustable
stop %yk; preset nra;ayhk;.
50. What is collet? List out its types.
 Collet vd;gJ taper nose cld; $ba cUis tbtpyhd
steel bush MFk;. ,J capstan kw;Wk; turret lathefspy; bar
stockI ,Wf;fpg; gpbg;gjw;F gad;gLfpwJ.
 fPo;f;fz;l %d;W tif colletfs; cs;sd.
i) Draw back collet ii) Push out collet iii) Dead length collet
51. State the difference between draw back and push out collet.
 Draw back colletI Kd;Ndhf;fp efh;j;Jk; NghJ collet
jaws jpwf;fpwJ.
 Push out colletI Kd;Ndhf;fp efh;j;Jk; NghJ colletd;
taper nose MdJ spindled; taper nosef;Fs; efh;e;J bar
stockI ,Wf;fpg; gpbf;fpwJ.
52. List out the various tool holding devices used in capstan
and turret lathe.
1) Straight cutter tool holder 2) Adjustable angle cutter tool holder
3) Multiple cutter tool holder 4) Offset cutter tool holder
5) Sliding tool holder 6) Knee tool holder
7) Flange tool holder 8) Roller steady box tool holder
9) Combination tool holder 10) Self opening die holder
11) Collapsible tap.
53. What is self opening die head and collapsible tap?
 Self opening die holderMdJ work pieced; Fwpg;gpl;l
ePsj;jpw;F external threadI accurate Mf cut nra;a
gad;gLfpwJ.
 Collapsible tap MdJ work pieced; Fwpg;gpl;l
ePsj;jpw;F internal threadI accurate Mf cut nra;a
gad;gLfpwJ.

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Unit – V: DRILLING & METROLOGY

1. What are the types of drills?

1) Flat drill or spade drill 2) Straight fluted drill
3) Twist drill 4) Oil tube drill
2. What is the purpose of oil hole in oil tube drill?
Drilling eilngWk;NghJ> ,j;Jisfs; topahf coolant
oil nrYj;jg;gl;L cutting edge Fspu;tpf;fg;gLk;. NkYk;
mOj;jg;gl;l fhw;iw nrYj;Jk;NghJ chips vspjpy;
ntspNaw;wg;gLk;.
3. State the functions of flutes in drill.
1) Cutting edgeI cUthf;FfpwJ.
2) ChipsI RUs; tbtpy; Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
3) Chips ntspNaw top mikf;fpwJ.
4) Cutting edgef;F coolantI nfhz;L nry;y topahf
cjTfpwJ.
4. Name of parts involved in point in drill bit.
1) Flank 2) Lip or cutting edge
3) Face 4) Chisel edge or dead centre
5. What are the values of important drill angles?
i) Point angle =118O ii) Rake angle =30O to 45O
iii) Chisel edge angle = 120O to 135O.
6. What are the types of radial drilling machine?
(i) Plain type (ii) Semi universal type (iii) Universal type
7. What are the principal movements in universal drilling
machine?
1) Radial arm I NkYk; fPOk; efh;j;jyhk;.
2) Radial armI columnj;jpd; mr;irg; nghWj;J
Row;wyhk;.
3) Spindle headI Muthf;fpy efh;j;jyhk;.
4) radial armf;F nrq;Fj;jhd xU mr;irg; nghWj;J
spindle headI Njitahd Nfhzj;jpw;F jpUg;gp
mikf;fyhk;.
5) columnj;jpw;F nrq;Fj;jhd xU mr;irg; nghWj;J
radial armI Njitahd msT Row;wp mikf;fyhk;.

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8. What is the difference between gang drilling and multi-

spindle drilling machine?
 xU workpiecey; gy operationfis xd;wd; gpd; xd;whf
njhlh;e;J nra;tjw;F gang drilling machine
gad;gLfpwJ.
 Work pieced; gy ,lq;fspy; xNu Neuj;jpy; xU
Fwpg;gpl;l operationI nra;tjw;F multi spindle drilling
machine gad;gLfpwJ.
9. Write the specifications of drilling machine.
1) Spindley; nghUj;jf; $ba drilld; mjpfgl;r tpl;lk;.
2) Machiney; nghUj;jf; $ba workpieced; mjpfgl;r msT
3) Tabled; msT
4) Spindle efUk; mjpf gl;r J}uk;
5) Spindle speed kw;Wk; feedfspd; vz;zpf;if
6) Drilling machined; epfu vil
10. What is cutting speed in drilling?
Drilld; tl;lg; gupjp (periphery) efUk; tPjNk cutting speed
vdg;gLk;. ,J m/min. vd;w myfhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
11. What are the methods of holding drill bits?
1) Neubahf spindley; nghUj;Jjy;
2) SleeveIg; gad;gLj;jp nghUj;Jjy;
3) SocketIg; gad;gLj;jp nghUj;Jjy;
4) Drill chuckIg; gad;gLj;jp nghUj;Jjy;
12. What is the use of sleeve in drilling?
Spindle taperd; msit tpl drilld; taper shank msT
rpwpajhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ sleeve gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
13. What is the use of socket in drilling?
Spindle taperd; msit tpl drilld; taper shank msT
nghpajhf ,Uf;Fk;NghJ socket gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
14. What are the operations performed in drilling machine?
1. Drilling 5. Counter sinking
2. Reaming 6. Spot facing
3. Boring 7. Tapping
4. Counter boring

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15. What is counter sinking?
xU Jisapd; Kfg;ig kl;Lk; $k;G tbtpy;
nghpjhf;Fk; Kiwf;F counter sinking vd;W ngah;.
16. Define counter boring.
xU Jisapd; Kfg;ig kl;Lk; nghpjhf;Fk; Kiw
counter boring vdg;gLk;.
17. What is spot facing?
xU Jisapd; Kfg;gpy; Nklhf cs;s ghfj;ij rkjskhf
machining nra;Ak; Kiwf;F spot facing vd;W ngah;.
18. What is the use of deep hole drilling?
Crank shaft, cam shaft, rifle barrel Nghd;w ePskhd shaft
fspy; Mokhd Jisfis Vw;gLj;j deep hole drilling
gad;gLfpwJ.
19. What is miniature drills?
kpfr;rpwa msTs;s Jisia Vw;gLj;j cjTk;
drillf;F micro drill my;yJ miniature drill vd;W ngah;.
20. What are the needs for inspection?
1. eph;zapf;fg;gl;l ju msTfSld; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
ghfq;fis xg;gpl;L mtw;wpd; rhpahd msTfis
cWjpnra;tjw;F
2. cw;gj;jp nray;Kiwapy; interchangeabilityI
cUthf;Ftjw;F
3. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba juepiyapy; nghUl;fis
cUthf;Ftjw;F
4. Scrap kw;wk; wastagefisf; Fiwg;gjw;F
5. rpwe;j juKs;s nghUl;fs;> fUtpfs; kw;Wk;
,aj;jpuq;fis thq;Ftjw;F
6. nghUl;fspd; epuhfhpg;gLk; rjtPjj;ij Fiwg;gjw;F
7. FiwAs;s nghUl;fis rhpnra;tjw;fhd rhj;jpa;
$Wfis jPh;khdpg;gjw;F
21. Define : i) Accuracy ii) Precision
 xU nghUspy; mse;jwpag;gl;l kjpg;ghdJ mjd;
cz;ikahd kjpg;Gf;F mUfpy; ,Ug;gNj accuracy
vdg;gLk;.
 Fwpg;gpl;l khwhj #o;epiyfspy;> xU mstpid
gyKiw mstpLk;NghJ> me;j msTfspd; kjpg;G
xd;Wf; nfhd;W mUfpy; ,Ug;gNj precision vdg;gLk;.

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22. What is the need of magnification?

msTfspd; kpfr;rpwpa tpj;jpahrq;fis mse;jwp
tjw;F> workpieceI njhl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mstpLk;
Kidapd; efh;thdJ nghpjhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
23. What is repeatability?
khwhj #o;epiyfspy;> xNu khjphpahd mstpLk;
Kiwapy; xU nghUspd; mstpid xUtNu gyKiw
mstpLk;NghJ khwhj xNu kjpg;gpidf; fhl;Lk;
mstpLk; fUtpapd; xU rpwe;j gz;G repeatability
vdg;gLk;.
24. Define : i) Resolution ii) Sensitivity
 mstpLk; fUtpapd; msTfhl;bapy; khw;wj;ij
Njhw;Wtpf;f;$ba> mse;jwpAk; kjpg;gpd; kpfr;rpwpa
khw;wk; rosolution vdg;gLk;.
 mstpLk; fUtpapy; khw;wj;ij J}z;Lk; tifapy;>
mse;jwpAk; kjpg;gpy; Vw;gLj;jg;gLk; kpfr;rpwpa
khw;wk; sensitivity vdg;gLk;.
25. What is calibration?
mjpf accuracy nfhz;l epu;zapf;fg;gl;l juj;Jld;>
mstpLk; fUtpfis xg;gpl;L Fwpg;gpl;l fhy
,ilntspapy; NrhjidapLk; KiwNa calibration
vdg;gLk;.
26. List out the requirements of a good comparator.
1. fUtpapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; msTNfhyhdJ linear
MfTk; mstpLk; tuk;G (range) mjpfk; nfhz;l
jhfTk ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. ghfq;fspd; efh;TfSf;F ,ilNa backlahs kw;Wk;
lag ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.
3. fUtpahdJ mjpf precision kw;Wk; accuracy
nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. mstpidf; fhz;gpf;Fk; Kiw njspthf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
5. kpfr;rhpahf zero mstpw;F jpUk;g Ntz;Lk;.
27. Classify the comparators.
1) Mechanical comparator 2) Electrical comparator
3) Pneumatic comparator 4) Optical comparator

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28. What are the advantages of mechanical comparator?

 kw;w comparatorfistpl kypthdJ.
 vspjpy; gbj;jwpaf; $ba linear scaleI cilaJ.
 fr;rpjkhd kw;Wk; cWjpahd fl;likg;ig cilaJ.
 ,jid ifahs;tJ kpf vspJ.
29. Write down the advantages of electrical comparator.
 Fiwthd vz;zpf;ifapy; efUk; ghfq;fis cilaJ.
 mjpf msT magnification nra;Ak; mikg;G nfhz;lJ.
 gy;NtW tuk;G epiyfspy; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
 fr;rpjkhd fl;likg;G cilaJ.
30. What are the limitations of pneumatic comparators?
 msTNfhy; rkr;rPuhf ,Uf;fhJ.
 kpf mjpf msT magnification Njitg;gLk;.
 ntt;NtW mstPLfSf;F ntt;NtW mstpLk;
Kidfs; Njitg;gLk;.
 mjpf vz;zpf;ifapy; Jizf; fUtpfs; Njitg;gLk;.
 fUtpia ifahs;tJ rpukk;.
31. What are the uses of optical comparator?
Optical comparatorIg; gad;gLj;jp gear teeth, screw thread,
cutting tools, Crpfs; Nghd;w tw;iw Nrhjidaplyhk;.
32. List out the important measuring instruments.
1) Steel rule 2) Calipers 3) Combination set
4) Feeler gauge 5) Pitch screw gauge 6) Vernier caliper
7) Vernier height gauge 8) Micrometer 9) Thread micrometer
33. Mention the types of calipers.
1) Outside caliper 2) Inside caliper 3) Outside spring caliper
4) Inside spring caliper 5) Jenny or Odd leg caliper
34. What is combination set?
Combination set MdJ layout kw;Wk; inspection Ntiy
fspy; ngUk;ghYk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; xU precision
Fiwthd mstpLk; cgfuzk; MFk;. ,jpy; scale,
squaring head, protractor kw;Wk; centre head Mfpait
mlq;fp ,Uf;Fk;.
35. List out the applications of feeler gauges.
1. ,ae;jpuq;fspy; tool kw;Wk; workpiecef;F ,ilNaAs;s
,ilntspiaf; fhz cjTfpwJ.
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2. Automobiley; spark ,ilntspia rhpahd

plug
msTf;F mikf;f cjTfpwJ.
3. Piston kw;Wk; cylinderf;F ,ilNaAs;s clearanceI
msf;f cjTfpwJ.
4. ,ae;jpuq;fspy; guide kw;Wk; guidewaysf;F
,ilapYs;s clearanceI msf;fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
36. Mention the applications of radius gauges and pitch screw
gauges.
 Fillet kw;Wk; ,ju tisthd gug;Gfspd; cl;Gw
kw;Wk; ntspg;Gw Mu msTfis fz;lwptjw;F
ngUk;ghYk; ,it gad;gLfpd;wd.
 gy;NtW threadfspd; pitch msit Jy;ypakhf
mse;jwpaTk; rhpghh;f;fTk; gad;gLk; xU rpwe;j
cgfuzk; pitch screw gauge MFk;.
37. What is least count? How it is calculated in vernier caliper?
 xU mstpLk; fUtpiaf; nfhz;L mstplf; $ba
kpfr;rpwpa msNt least count vdg;gLk;.
 Least count = Length of one main scale division –
Length of one vernier scale division
38. What are the uses of vernier height gauge and gear tooth
vernier?
 nghUspd; cauj;ij mstplTk;> xU Fwpg;gpl;l
msit work piecey; kpfr; rhpahf Fwpf;fTk; vernier
height gauge gad;gLfpwJ.
 xU gear gy;ypd; chordal thicknessI msg;gjw;F gear
tooth vernier gad;gLfpwJ.
39. What is chordal thickness? Write down the formula for
addendum.
Chordal thickness vd;gJ pitch ircle nry;Yk; Gs;spapy;
xU gy;ypd; jbkidf; Fwpg;gjhFk;.
𝒛 𝟗𝟎
𝑨𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒎 = 𝒎 [ (𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 ( ) + 𝟏 )]
𝟐 𝒛
,q;F, 𝑚 = Module of the gear
𝑧 = Number of teeth
40. List out the types of micrometers.
1) Outside micrometer 2) Inside micrometer
3) Depth micrometer 4) Thread micrometer
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41. What are the uses of inside micrometer and depth
micrometer?
 Inside micrometer xU Jisapd; tpl;lj;ij msf;fg;
gad;gLfpwJ.
 Blind holes, slots
kw;Wk; grooves Nghd;wtw;wpd;
Moj;ij fz;lwpa depth micrometer gad;gLfpwJ.
42. What is the use of thread micrometer? Give the formula
use in three wire method for pitch diameter.
xU threadd; pitch diameterI Jy;ypakhf mstpLtjw;F
thread micrometer gad;gLfpwJ.
𝜶
𝑷𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 = 𝑫 − 𝒅 [𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 ( )]
𝟐
,q;F, 𝐷 = Distance between the wires
𝑑 = Diameter of wire
𝛼 = Included angle of thread
43. What is slip gauges? Define wringing.
 ePs msit msf;fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;
kpfj;Jy;ypakhd gauge blockfs; slip gauges vdg;gLk;.
 xU gauged; mstpLk; gug;ig kw;nwhU gauged;
mstpLk; gug;Gld; Nja;j;J xl;l itg;gNj wringing
vdg;gLk;. kpfj;Jy;ypakhd gug;Gfisf; nfhz;l
blockfSf;F ,ilNa adhesion ,Ug;gjhy; mit
xl;bf; nfhs;fpd;wd.
44. What are the requirements of slip gauges?
1. Slip gaguefspd; ,Wjp Kidfs; jl;ilahfTk;
xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,izahfTk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
2. mLj;jLj;J cs;s gf;fq;fs; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
nrq;Fj;jhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. gug;Gfs; kpf mjpf surface finish nfhz;ljhf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
4. Gauged; msT Fwpg;gpl;l tolerance vy;iyf;Fs;
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
5. tpspk;Gfspy; gprpW vJTk; ,Uf;ff; $lhJ.

Q&A.37
 KAL PATHIPPAGAM– 99446 50380, 96266 26747
45. Classify the slip gauges.
 Grade II : nghUl;fs;> tools kw;Wk; gagues Nghd;wtw;iw
cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; workshopfspy; ,e;j tif slip
gaguefs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
 Grade I : mjpf accuracy nfhz;l ,e;j tif slip
gaguefs; NrhjiapLk; nray;fspy; gad;gLfpd;wd.
 Grade 0 : Grade I kw;Wk; Grade II tif slip gaguefis
calibration nra;tjw;F Ma;Tf; $lq;fspy; ,e;j tif
slip gaguefs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
46. List out the uses of slip gauges.
1. Metrology Ma;tfq;fs;> tool room kw;Wk; machine shop
Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLk; mjpf precision nfhz;l
mstpLk; fUtpfis calibration nra;tjw;F slip
gaguefs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
2. Sine barIf; nfhz;L Nfhzj;ij mstpLk;NghJ>
kpfr; rhpahd cauj;ij mikg;gjw;F slip gaugefs;
cjTfpd;wd.
3. Comparator kw;Wk; optical Kiwapy; NrhjidapLk;
fUtpfis rhpghh;f;f slip gaugefs; gad;gLfpd;wd.
4. Milling machinefspy; Jiz mstpLk; mikg;ghf
,it gad;gLfpd;wd.
47. What are the types of sine bar?
1. Sine centre 2. Sine table 3. Compound sine table
48. Mention the uses of sine centre and compound sine table.
 rhjhuz sine bary; nghUj;j ,ayhj $k;G tbt
workpiecefis nghUj;Jtjw;F sine centre gad;gLfpwJ.
 kpfg; nghpa workpiecefspy; $l;Lf; Nfhzq;fis
mstpLtjw;F compound sine table cjTfpwJ.
49. What are the uses of sine bar?
 njhpahj Nfhzj;ij mstpLtjw;F
 njhpe;j Nfhz mstpw;F workpieceI nghUj;Jtjw;F
 gSthd nghUl;fspy; njhpahf Nfhzj;ij
mstpLtjw;F

Q&A.38
 KAL PATHIPPAGAM– 99446 50380, 96266 26747
50. Write the limitations of sine bar.
1. ,uz;L rollerfspd; ikaq;fSf;F ,ilNaAs;s
J}uj;jpid mstpLk; Jy;ypaj;ijg; nghWj;Nj sine
bard; Jy;ypak; mikAk;.
2. Nfhz mstPLfSf;fhd Kjd;ikahd jukhf
,jid gad;gLj;j KbahJ.
3. 15°f;F Fiwthd Nfhz msTfSf;Nf sine
jj;Jtk; Vw;wjhf mikfpwJ. mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
Nfhz msTfs; Jy;ypakhf mikahJ.
4. 45°f;F mjpfkhd Nfhz msTfis mstpLtjw;F
sine bar Vw;wJ my;y.
51. What is clinometer? Give its uses.
Clinometer vd;gJ> fpilkl;lj; jsj;jpid nghWj;J xU
nrq;Fj;Jj; jsj;jpd; rha;tpid fz;lwpag; gad;gLk;
xU rpwg;G tif spirit level MFk;.
Uses :
1. fpilkl;lj; jsj;jpidg; nghWj;J xU rha;thd
jsj;jpd; Nfhzj;ij mstpl gad;gLfpwJ.
2. xd;Wf;nfhd;W rha;thf cs;s ,uz;L gug;GfSf;F
,ilNaAs;;s Nfhzj;ij mstpl gad;gLfpwJ.
52. What is vial?
Vial vd;gJ spirit levelf;Fs; cs;s kpf Jy;ypkhd msT
nfhz;l %ba fz;zhb Foha; MFk;. ,jDs; jputk;
epug;gg; gl;bUf;Fk;.
53. What is the principle involved in autocollimator?
 gpujpgypf;Fk; jsj;ij 𝜃°vd;w rpwpa Nfhz mstpw;F
jpUg;gp mikf;Fk;NghJ> gpujpgypf;fg;gLk; xspf;
fjph;fs; xsp mr;Rf;F 2𝜃° Nfhz msT rha;thf
jpUg;gp mDg;gg; gLfpwJ.
 ,e;j xspf;fjph;fs;> Ftp jsj;jpd; kPJ njhlf;fg;
Gs;spapy; ,Ue;J 𝑥 = 2𝜃𝑓 J}uj;jpy; cs;s xU
Gs;spapy; Ftpf;fg; gLfpwJ. ,q;F 𝑓 vd;gJ nyd;rpd;
Ftpaj; J}uk; MFk;.
54. How angles are measured in angle dekkor?
,e;j fUtpapy;> angle gauges Nghd;w tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
juj;jpidf; nfhz;L mse;jwpag;gLk; Nfhz
kjpg;igAk;> workpiecef; nfhz;L mse;jwpag;gLk;
Nfhz kjpg;igAk; xg;gpl;Lg; ghh;j;J work pieced;
Nfhz msT fz;lwpag; gLfpwJ. vdNt ,J xU
comparatorIg; Nghd;W nray;gLk;.
Q&A.39