Compounds

-- Very different properties from the elements that form it

-- Pure substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed
ratio.
For example, water (H2O) is a compound made only by joining together two atoms of
hydrogen to one atom of oxygen. Hence, the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms
in water is always 2:1.
-- Fixed composition by mass.
-- The smallest particle of a compound that can exist independently is a molecule.
Clarification: Common Error
Correct: Compounds are not the only ones that exist as molecules. Even elements exist
as molecules too. For example, hydrogen and oxygen exist as H2 and O2 molecules
respectively.
Textbook, pg 33: Hydrogen reacts with iodine to form the compound, hydrogen iodide. If
the reaction is not yet completed, it would contain three types of particles: hydrogen
iodide, hydrogen and iodine.

Naming Compounds
1. A compound made up of two elements has a name that ends in –ide. (Exceptions
for compounds ending in –ide with more that two elements.)
2. A compound that contains hydroxide ions is named a hydroxide. (E.g. potassium
hydroxide)
3. A compound that contains a negatively charged polyatomic ion containing
oxygen usually has a name ending in –ate. (E.g. Copper (II) sulfate: contains oxygen
atoms in the sulfate ion. Exceptions)

Decomposition of Compounds:
-- Heat can be used to form compounds. Similarly, heat can also be used to break
down compounds into elements or simpler compounds. Such a chemical reaction is
called thermal decomposition. Besides using heat, compounds can also be broken
down into simpler substances by using electricity.

Mixtures
-- Formed when two or more substances are added together without chemical bonds
being formed.
-- The components of a mixture are not fixed. They can present in any ratio. Each
component retains its chemical and physical properties.

A mixture can be made up of:

 Two elements
 Two compounds
 One element and one compound.
 A mixture of A mixture of A mixture of one
two elements two compounds element and one compound

It can also be a:
 Solution (Looks the same throughout, unlike oil and water: Consists of solute
[substance dissolved] and solvent [substance that dissolves the solute] E.g. salt
and water: water is the solvent and salt is the solute)
 Suspension (Consists of a solid and a liquid, where the solid cannot fully
dissolve or cannot dissolve at all in the liquid e.g. soil and water)
 Emulsion (Consists of two immiscible liquids (Cannot mix with each other,
as they are not soluble in each other e.g. oil and water)

Difference between mixture and compound (SPEC)

Mixture Compound
Separation The components of a mixture The elements in a compound can
can be separated into its only be separated by chemical
constituents that make up the reactions or by using electricity.
mixture by physical methods, (Cannot be split into constituent
such as filtration, distillation or
elements by physical methods of
chromatography separation)
Properties The chemical properties of a The physical and chemical
mixture are the same as those of properties of a compound are
its components. different from those of the
elements in the compound.
Energy No chemical reaction takes place A chemical reaction takes place
Change when a mixture is formed – when a compound is formed –
usually there is little or no usually there is an energy
energy change. change, e.g. the reactants get
hot.
Composition The components of a mixture The elements in a compound are
can be mixed in any always combined in a fixed
proportion. proportion.

Melting & Vary according to the Fixed melting and boiling

Boiling composition. Melt and boil points.
Points over a range of temperatures.