Amaravati
Tuesday, September 10, 2019
Artificial intelligence augments
traditional method of
diagnosing kidney disease
Researcher discovered
that modern machine
learning, a branch of
artificial intelligence may
augment the traditional
way of diagnosing kidney
disease. Pathologists often
classify various kidney
diseases based on visual
assessments of biopsies
from patients' kidneys;
however, machine learning
has the potential to
automate and augment the
accuracy of classifications.
In one study, a team led by
Pinaki Sarder, PhD and
Brandon Ginley, BS
(Jacobs School of
Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences at the University
at Buffalo) developed a
computational algorithm to
detect the severity of
diabetic kidney disease
without human
intervention.
Tech buzz
"The algorithm has a long-
and short-term memory as
it examines the glomerular
structure, so it can
remember and incorporate
information from all
glomeruli into its final
analysis," added Mr
Ginley.
The researchers used their
method to digitally classify
biopsy samples from 54
patients with diabetic
kidney disease and found
substantial agreement
between digital
classifications and those by
3 different pathologists.
In another JASN article
published at the same time,
a team led by Jeroen van
der Laak, Ph D and Meyke
Hermsen, BSc (Radboud
University Medical Center,
Nijmegen, the
Netherlands) applied
machine learning to
examine kidney transplant
biopsies and went beyond
glomeruli to assess
multiple tissue classes in
the kidney.
A.I. Is Learning From Humans.
Many Humans
A.I., most people in the tech
industry would tell you, is the
future of their industry, and it
is improving fast thanks to
something called machine
learning.
But tech executives rarely
discuss the labor-intensive
process thatgoes into its
creation. A.I. is learning from
humans. Lots and lots of
humans.
Before an A.I. system can
learn, someone has to label the
data supplied to it.
Humans, for example, must
pinpoint the polyps. The work
is vital to the creation of
artificial intelligence like self-
driving cars, surveillance
systems and automated health
care.
Tech companies keep quiet
about this work. And they face
growing concerns
from privacy activists over the
large amounts of personal data
they are storing
and sharing with outside
businesses.
Earlier this year, I negotiated a
look behind the curtain t
Silicon Valley’s
wizards rarely grant. I made a
meandering trip across India
and stopped at a
facility across the street from
the Superdome in downtown
New Orleans.
What I saw didn’t look very
much like the future — or at
least the automated one you
might imagine. The offices
could have been call centers or
payment processing centers.
One was a timeworn former
apartment building in the
middle of a low-income
residential neighborhood in
western Kolkata that teemed
with pedestrians, auto
rickshaws and street vendors.
In facilities like the one I
visited in Bhubaneswar and in
other cities in India, China,
Nepal, the Philippines, East
Africa and the United States,
tens of thousands of office
workers are punching a clock
while they teach the machines.
Tens of thousands more
workers, independent
contractors usually working in
their homes, also annotate data
through crowdsourcing
services like Amazon
Mechanical Turk, which lets
anyone distribute digital tasks
to independent workers in the
United States and other
countries. The workers earn a
few pennies for each label.
Chandrayaan-2 Pragyan shows
how I is helping space exploration
The AI-powered Pragyan
rover, which can
communicate only with
the Lander, includes a
piece of motion
technology developed by
IIT-Kanpur researchers
that will help the rover
manoeuvre on the surface
of the moon and aid in
landing. The algorithm
will help the rover trace
water and other minerals
on the lunar surface, and
also send pictures for
research and examination.
Similarly, along with the
the JPL Artificial
Intelligence group at the
California Institute of
Technology (Caltech), the
Institute of Astronomy-
University of Hawaii has
developed a software
system called SKy Image
Cataloging and Analysis
Tool (SKICAT) that
incorporates the latest in
the AI technology
including machine
learning and machine-
assisted discovery in a bid
to automatically catalog
and measure sources
detected in the sky survey
images--to classify them
as stars or galaxies and
assist an astronomer in
performing scientific
analyses of the resulting
object catalogs
AI’s ability to sift through
humungous amounts of
data and find correlations
helps in intelligently
analysing that data. ESA’s
ENVISAT produced
around 400 terabytes of
data every year. On the
other hand, astronomers
estimate that the Square
Kilometre Array (SKA)--
an international effort to
build the world’s largest
radio telescope located in
both the South Africa’s
Karoo region and Western
Australia’s Murchison
Shire--will generate
35,000-DVDs-worth of
data every second,
equivalent to data that the
internet produces daily.
AI is taking giant steps in space
with AI-powered astronauts too.
Crew Interactive Mobile
CompaniON (CIMON), the
first artificial intelligence
(AI)-based astronaut
assistance system returned to
Earth on 27 August, after
spending 14 months on the
International Space Station
(ISS). CIMON was
developed by Airbus, in
partnership with IBM, for the
German Aerospace Center
(DLR). It is a floating
computer that was described
as a flying brain by members
of the Airbus team.
CIMON is able to show and
explain (voice-controlled)
information, instructions for
scientific experiments and
repairs, helping the
astronauts to keep both hands
free. CIMON can also be
used as a mobile camera to
save astronaut crew time.
camera for facial recognition
and two additional, lateral
cameras for imaging and
video documentation.
Ultrasonic sensors measure
distances to detect potential
collisions. CIMON's 'ears'
comprise eight microphones
used to detect the direction
of sound sources
Twelve internal rotors allow
CIMON to move and revolve
freely in all directions. This
means it can turn towards the
astronaut when addressed. It
can also nod or shake its
head and follow the astronaut
either autonomously or on
command.
AI is also being used for
trajectory and payload
optimization. An AI known
as AEGIS is already on the
red planet onboard NASA’s
current rovers. However, the
next generation of AIs will
be able to control vehicles,
autonomously assist with
study selection, and
dynamically schedule and
perform scientific tasks.
NASA is planning to launch
the James Webb Space
Telescope into an orbit of
around 1.5 million
kilometers from Earth in
2020. Part of the mission will
involve AI-empowered
autonomous systems
overseeing the full
deployment of the
telescope’s 705-kilo mirror.