ENGLISH PHONOLOGY AND PHONETICS

of

SIAU LANGUAGE

GROUP 7

nor 1112222
 PREFACE
Firstly, let us Thank to God for all the blessing that He has given to us. After all of
our hard work, we finally finished our research about “We would like to thank everyone who
helps us get through all of these and also thanks to all the members who have worked hard.

We are really sorry if there any mistakes in our paper. Therefore, we are hoping for
criticism so that it could be better. Thank You

, 12 JUNE 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. PHONOLOGY AND PHONETIC EXPLANATION

1.2. NATIVE LANGUAGE

CHAPTER II DISCUSSION

2.1. PHONOLOGY AND PHONETIC OF SIAU LANGUAGE

2.1.1. Vowel

2.1.2. Consonant

2.1.3. Dipthong

2.2. POSITION OF CONSONANT AND VOWEL

2.3. PHONETIC SYSTEM

2.4. MINIMAL PAIRS

2.5. PROSODIC

CHAPTER III CONCLUSION

3.1. REFERENCES

3.2. ATTACHMENT
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Phonetic And Phonology Explanation

Phonetics in order to produce sound humans use various body parts including the lips,
tongue, teeth, pharynx and lungs. Phonetics is the term for the description and classification of
speech sounds, particularly how sounds are produced, transmitted and received. A phoneme is
the smallest unit in the sound system of a language; for example, the t sound in the word top.

Various phonetic alphabets have been developed to represent the speech sounds in writing
through the use of symbols. Some of these symbols are identical to the Roman letters used in
many language alphabets; for example: p and b. Other symbols are based on the Greek
alphabet, such as θ to represent the th- sound in thin and thought. Still others have been
specially invented; e.g. ð for the th- sound in the and then. The most widely used phonetic script
is the International Phonetic Alphabet..

Phonology is the term used for the study of the speech sounds used in a particular
language. The distinctive accents that many learners of English have are due to differences
between the phonological system of their language and that of English. From birth, and possibly
before, we learn to recognize and produce the distinctive sounds of our own language. We do
not need to give any thought to how to have the lips, tongue, teeth, etc. working together to
produce the desired sounds. The physical structures of parts of the sound system are adapted to
produce native-language sounds.

The word phonology refers both to the linguistic knowledge that speakers have about the sound
patterns of their language and to the description of that knowledge that linguists try to produce.
Thus it is like the way we defined grammar your mental knowledge of your language, or a
linguist’s description of that knowledge. Phonology tells you what sounds are in your language
and which ones are foreign; it tells you what combinations of sounds could be an actual word,
whether it is (black) or isn’t (blick), and what combination of sounds could not be an actual
word (*lbick). It also explains why certain phonetic features are important
to identifying a word, for example voicing in English as in pat versus bat, while other features,
such as aspiration in English.

English has some speech sounds (phonemes) that do not exist in other languages. It is no
surprise, therefore, that native speakers of those languages have difficulties producing or even
perceiving such sounds. This is particularly true for speakers from language families other than
the Germanic one to which English belongs.
A given sound have a different function or status in the sound patterns of different languages.
For example, the glottal stop [ ] occurs in both English and Arabic. In English, at the beginning
of a word, [ ] is a just way of beginning vowels, and does not occur with consonants. In the
middle or at the end of a word, [ ] is one possible pronunciation of /t/ in e.g. "pat" [pa ]. In
Arabic, / / is a consonant sound like any other (/k/, /t/ or whatever): [ íktib] "write!", [da íi a]
"minute (time)", [ a ] "right".

keep /kip/ The place of articulation is fronter in the mouth [k+h]

cart /k t/ The place of articulation is not so front in the mouth [kh]
The place of articulation is backer, and the lips are
coot /kut/ [khw]
rounded
seek /sik/ There is less aspiration than in initial position [k`]
scoop /skup/ There is no aspiration after /s/ [k]

Phonology is not just (or even mainly) concerned with categories or objects (such as
consonants, vowels, phonemes, allophones, etc.) but is also crucially about relations. For
example, the English stops and fricatives can be grouped into related pairs which differ in
voicing and (for the stops) aspiration:

Voiceless/aspir p t k
h h h f s h
ated
Voiced/unaspir (unpaire
b d v z ð
ated d)

Patterns lead to expectations: we expect the voiceless fricative [h] to be paired with a voiced [ ],
but we do not find this sound as a distinctive phoneme in English. And in fact /h/ functions
differently from the other voiceless fricatives (it has a different distribution in words etc.) So
even though [h] is phonetically classed as a voiceless fricative, it is phonologically quite
different from /f/, /s/, / / and / /.

Different patterns are found in other languages. In Classical Greek a three-way distinction was
made between stops:

Voiceless/aspirated ph th kh
Voiced/unaspirated p t k
Voiced (and unaspirated) b d
1.2. Native Language

In most cases, the term native language refers to the language that a person acquires in
early childhood because it is spoken in the family “and/or” it is the language of the region
where the child lives. Also known as a mother tongue, first language, or arterial language. A
person who has more than one native language is regarded as bilingual or multilingual.
Contemporary linguists and educators commonly use the term L1 (First Language) to refer to a
first or native language, and the term L2(Second Language) to refer to a second language or a
foreign language that's being studied.

As David Crystal has observed, the term native language (like native speaker) "has become a
sensitive one in those parts of the world where native has developed demeaning connotations"
(Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics). The term is avoided by some specialists in World
English and New Englishes.

Examples and Observations

Leonard Bloomfield (1933) defines a native language as one learned on one's mother's knee,
and claims that no one is perfectly sure in a language that is acquired later. 'The first language a
human being learns to speak is his native language; he is a native speaker of this language'
(1933: 43). This definition equates a native speaker with a mother tongue speaker. Bloomfield's
definition also assumes that age is the critical factor in language learning and that native
speakers provide the best models, although he does say that, in rare instances, it is possible for a
foreigner to speak as well as a native.

(Andy Kirkpatrick, World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and

English Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007)

Native Language Acquisition

"A native language is generally the first one a child is exposed to. Some early studies referred
to the process of learning one's first or native language as First Language Acquisition or FLA,
but because many, perhaps most, children in the world are exposed to more than one language
almost from birth, a child may have more than one native language. As a consequence,
specialists now prefer the term native language acquisition (NLA); it is more accurate and
includes all sorts of childhood situations."

(Fredric Field, Bilingualism in the USA: The Case of the Chicano-Latino Community. John
Benjamins, 2011)
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1. Phonetic And Phonology of Siau Language

Perception of non-native consonant contrast may be influenced by phonetic, as well as
phonological properties of the the listener's native language . Now, we are going to explain
about phonetic and phonology of Siau language. Siau is one of the three islands in Nusa Utara
or it’s usually called Sitaro (Siau, Tagulandang and Biaro) which is has its own different
language in each region. Alphabetical of Siau language is just same as Indonesia Language, for
example /a/ “kang” (Makan), /m/ “mapure” (Pulang). But sometimes /l/ could be /r/ if it talking
about place, like “Kembali” will pronounce /kembari/.

2.1.1. Vowel
A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract.
Vowels are one of the two principal classes of speech sounds, the other being the consonant.
Vowels vary in quality, in loudness and also in quantity (length). They are usually voiced, and
are closely involved in prosodic variation such as tone, intonation and stress.

ENGLISH
ALPABETICAL IPA SIAU EXAMPLE
TRANSLATION
a [ʌ] Sembau One
i [I] Pirua Pity
u [U] Mapure Home
e [e] Kesae How odd
e  Menguli Tell
o [o] Nahino Win

In English, there are five front vowels, /i/ /I/ /e/ /ε/ /æ/ and five back vowels /u/ /U/ /o/
/Ɔ/ /a/, while in Siau Language there are four front vowels / /I/ /ε/ /e/ and two vowels /U/
/o/ in the back. Thus, it is quite probable that vowel distinctions made by the change of tongue
positioning between the five front vowels and the five back vowels of English may pose
problems for Siau learners of English, who are accustomed to making only two distinctions on
tongue positioning in the front and back of the mouth.
 Front Middle Back

Not Not Not

Rounded Rounded Rounded
Round Round Round
High i u

Mid  o

Low e a

2.1.2. Consonant
A consonant is most often identified as a letter that is not a vowel. More specifically, a
consonant is a sound that when paired with a vowel makes a syllable.A consonant is any sound
that a letter makes that is not a vowel sound.

ENGLISH
IPA SIAU EXAMPLE
TRANSLATION
b basa Read
c cacate Physical defect
d deno Bath
f fakta Fact
g geleda Church
h hapi Heart
j jiwa Soul
k kang Eat
l lumege Laugh
m musuling Sing
n nusala Wrong
p peti Wake up
r roko cigarette
s sumu Entry
t tiki Sleep
w woso Throw
y yamang Father
 Actually, Siau has twenty-one consonant just like Indonesian consonant. But, /q/ /v/ /x/
/z/ are never use in Siaunese. So, there’s only 18 consonant frequently use in Siaunese. The
consonant /l/ will change to /r/ sometimes. For example, pule (Home) will be pure /pur,
musule (Back) will be musure /musur/.

2.1.3. DIPHTHONG
Diphthong comes from the Greek word diphthongos which means “having two sounds.”
Notice the di- for “double.” So diphthong are double vowel sounds in words like kesae,
semabau, or pirua. If two vowels in a row are the same, as in boot or beer, then it’s not a
diphthong. Linguists, scholars who study language, analyze diphthong, which differ from
language to language.
Diphthong is a sound made by combining two vowels, specifically when it starts as one vowel
sound and goes to another. Siau language has three diphthong as we researched. So there are
some diphthong in Siau language.
 The vowel in the word kesae is [ʌ] followed by the [] resulting in [a
 The vowel in the word sembau is [a] followed by the [u] resulting in [au]
 Another diphthong that occurs in Siaunese is the vowel sound in pirua is [u] followed by
the [a] resulting in [ua]
 And [ai] in word sai
Actually we also want to talk about cluster after this part, but there’s no information about
cluster in Siaunese.
Diphthongs in Siaunese

[a

[au]

[ua]

[ai]
2.2. POSITION OF CONSONANT AND VOWEL
Consonant

Alveolar
Bilabial

alveolar

Glottal
Palatal
Dental

Palato-

alveolar)

Velar
Labio-

(Post-
dental
Unvoiced (-V) - + - + - + - + - + - + - + - +
Voiced (+V)
V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V

Stops p b t d k g ʔ1
(Plosives)
Fricatives f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ h

Affricates ʧ ʤ

Nasals m n ŋ

The consonants in the table above are the consonant phonemes of RP (Received Pronunciation) and GA
(General American), but Siaunese can also use it.

VOWEL

The vowels at the table above are the same like English phonemes of RP (Received
Pronuncciation. In siaunese, there’s only six vowel. We don’t have Siaunese vowel table.
2.3. PHONETIC SYSTEM
The first thing to know about Siaunese phonetic sounds is that there are two broad categories:

 Vowels – these speech sounds in English are produced by the help of air moving freely in
the different directions.
 Consonants – these phonetic sounds are produced by air too, but are stopped by various
parts of the mouth like tongue or teeth.

Vowels

[ʌ]  [u]

[e] [ɛ] [o]

Consonants

Unused consonants
[b] [ʧ] [d]

[f] [g] [h]

[q] [v]
[ʤ] [k] [l]
[x] [z]
[m] [n] [p]

[r] [s] [t]

[ɧ] [y]

So, there are six vowels and twenty-two consonants in Siaunese Phonetic. It’s just the same
with Indonesian Phonetic System but some consonants and vowels are unused in this language.
The tables below are the example of Siaunese Phonetic :

Two
example meaning
syllables/disyllabic
vv ia me
cvv kau you
cvv sai who
cv ko why

Three
example meaning
syllables/disyllabic
cvcvcvcc menusung arrange
cvccvcv rencana plan
cvcvcv nalate late

Four
example meaning
syllables/disyllabic
vcvcvccvc universal universal
cvcvcvcv puberako yell

2.4. MINIMAL PAIRS

In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, spoken or
signed, that differ in only one phonological element, such as a phoneme, toneme or chroneme,
and have distinct meanings. They are used to demonstrate that two phones are two separate
phonemes in the language.

Many phonologists in the middle part of the 20th century had a strong interest in developing
techniques for discovering the phonemes of unknown languages, and in some cases, they set up
writing systems for the languages.
The example of minimal pairs :

Word 1 Word 2 IPA IPA Meaning 1 Meaning 2

kau mau /kau/ /mau/ you want

taka maka /tʌkʌ/ /mʌkʌ/ not then

2.5. PROSODIC
In linguistics, prosodic is concerned with those elements of speech that are not individual
phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of syllables and larger units of
speech, including linguistic functions such as intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm.

Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance: the emotional state of the
speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or command)

 The onset (also known as anlaut) is the consonant sound or sounds at the beginning of a
syllable, occurring before the nucleus. Most syllables have an onset. Syllables without an
onset may be said to have a zero onset – that is, nothing where the onset would be.
 The nucleus is usually the vowel in the middle of a syllable. Generally, every syllable
requires a nucleus (sometimes called the peak), and the minimal syllable consists only of
a nucleus, as in the English words "eye" or "owe". The syllable nucleus is usually a vowel,
in the form of a monophthong, diphthong, or triphthong, but sometimes is a syllabic
consonant.
 The coda (also known as auslaut) comprises the consonant sounds of a syllable that
follow the nucleus. The sequence of nucleus and coda is called a rime. Some syllables
consist of only a nucleus, only an onset and a nucleus with no coda, or only a nucleus and
coda with no onset.

There are the example of words pout and pond in English syllable structure :
So the example of monosyllabic word deng [deɧ] (“and” in English) in Siaunese can be shown :

Onset Rhyme

Nucleus Coda

d e ɧ

And kang [kʌɧ] (“eat” in English) can be shown :

Onset Rhyme

Nucleus Coda

k ʌ ɧ

That’s all the example of Siaunese monosyllabic words. The consonant /ɧ/ could be a diphthong
because it’s stand by two sound, but diphthong is a sound of two vowel, while /ɧ/ is not a
vowel. It’s a consonant.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1. CONCLUSION
Speakers of the Siau language who go to other regions continue to maintain this
language, using it among their communities. But they generally do not teach it to their
descendants so that the descendants of the Siaunese tribe overseas do not use this language
anymore. Siau language is not actually a written language but an oral language, because it is
preserved only in the language of speech of the community, while administration,
correspondence and relations in commerce use written Malay / Indonesian since the Dutch
colonial era. The written Siau language is actually recorded well in the Bible in all three
dialects. The literature is translated from the Indonesian Bible by the translator of the
Indonesian Bible Institute (LAI).
Siaunese is not the same language with Sangir, it’s different. Sangirese, also known as Sangihé,
Sangi, and Sangih, is an Austronesian language spoken on the islands linking northern
Sulawesi, Indonesia, with Mindanao, Philippines by the Sangirese people. Many people knew
that Siaunese and Sangirese is the same, now we knew it doesn’t. Siaunese is an unique
language, but unfortunately it doesn’t have potential to be promoted and recognized as the
principal variety used in a province.
 REFERNCES

Nigel Musk, Canada (2010) “The vowel and the consonant in English notes” Archived 7 July
2012 at the Department of Culture and Communication Institutionen för kultur och
kommunikation (IKK) Vol. 28, No 1

Andy Kirkpatrick, World Englishes: Implications for International Communication and English
Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 2007

Fredric Field, Bilingualism in the USA: The Case of the -Latino Community. John Benjamins,
2011
Whitman, R., & Jackson, K. (1972). The unpredictability of contrastive analysis. Language
Learning, 22, 29-41.
Shaligram Shukla and Jeff Connor-Linton, "Language Change." An Introduction to Language
And Linguistics, ed. by Ralph W. Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton. Cambridge University Press,
2006
Fauziah,M.A: Pengaruh Bunyi-Bunyi Vokal Bahasa Indonesia 2006
Elsevier B.V, USA (2011) Elsevier/Journal of Phonetic.
https://writingexplained.org/grammar-dictionary/consonant

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095447011000714

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_pair

https://old.liu.se/ikk/english/files/Course%20Webpages/english-
3/1.206147/CompendiumVowelsConsonantsofEnglish.pdf

http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/VSANDCS.htm

https://custom-writing.org/blog/phonetics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable#Onset
 ATTACHMENT 1
Words of Siau Language

Vocabulary IPA Meaning

Anu [ʌnu] Go
Awi [auI] Climb
Awu [ʌu] And
Basa [bʌsʌ] Read
Bengele [bɧele] Deaf
Botonge [botoɧe] Wait
Bale [bʌle] House
Belajare [blʌjʌre] Study
Cacate [cʌcʌte] Physical Defect
Deno [deno] Bath
Derua [deruʌ] Two
Dame [dame] Peace
Epi [pI] That, It
Fakta [fakta] Fact
Geleda [gledʌ] Church
Hapi [hʌpI] Heart
Jiwa [ʤIuʌ] Soul
Kang [kʌɧ] Eat
Karemase [kʌremʌse] Silent
Kumanoa [kumʌnoʌ] Move
Lumege [lumege] Laugh
Lumentuhe [lumentuhe] Blow
Musuling [musuliɧ] Sing
Mukoa Kang [mukoʌ kʌɧ] Cooking
Menginung [mɧInuɧ] Drink
Munalang [munʌlʌɧ] Playing
Mubauni [mubʌunI] Watching
Mutehung [muthuɧ] See
Menderingihe [mnderIɧIhe] Listen
Mutemang [mutemang] Feel
Memohe [mmohe] Write
Mundato [mundʌto] Talk
Mukaho [mukʌho] Scratch
Menguli [menguri] Tell
Menegore [mngore] Greeting
Musule [musure] Back
Mapule [mʌpure] Home
 Mukale [mukare] Work
Magahewaran [mʌgʌhewʌrʌn] Bigger
Mabalada [mʌbʌlʌdʌ] Learning
Managurun [maɧurun] Dive
Mamau [mʌmʌu] Pin
Mene [mn Will
Maroso [mʌroso] Hot
Malela [mʌlelʌ] Abuse
Nusala [nusʌlʌ] Wrong
Napu [napu] Boom
Peti [petI] Wake up
Roko [rook] Cigarette
Sumu [sumu] Entry
Sumougo [sumougo] Come
Tiki [tIkI] Sleep
Tau [tʌu] Charge
Tingihe [tingihe] Sound
Woso [woso] Throw
Yamang [Iamaɧ] Father
 ATTACHMENT 2
DATA OF INFORMANTS

1. NAME : vv

AGE :
OCCUPATION : Housewife

2. NAME : vv

AGE :

OCCUPATION : Housewife