JAMES D.

SMRTIC
Mohawk Valley Community College

Linus
Publications, Inc.
 v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................................... xi

Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... xiii

CHAPTER 1
Direction ........................................................................................................................................................ 1
Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ............................................................................................................. 5

CHAPTER 2
Abnormality ................................................................................................................................................. 9
The History of Abnormality ............................................................................................................................ 9
Distinguishing Abnormality from Normality ................................................................................................ 17
The Cultural Approach to Abnormality ....................................................................................................... 21
Success and Normality ................................................................................................................................... 24
Qualities of Normality ................................................................................................................................... 26
Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ............................................................................................................... 35

CHAPTER 3
The Diagnostic Manual of Mental Disorders ............................................................................... 39
Political Controversy over the DSM ............................................................................................................. 41
Controversial Issues ........................................................................................................................................ 41
What Is Meant by “Neurosis”? ...................................................................................................................... 45
DSM-IV-TR Multiaxial Evaluation .............................................................................................................. 59
Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension .......................................................................................................... 61

CHAPTER 4
The Mental Disorders ............................................................................................................................ 65
Category I. Disorders Usually First Evident in Infancy, Childhood, or Adolescence ................................ 65
Category II. Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cognitive Disorders ..................................... 74
Category III. Mental Disorders Due to a General Medical Condition ....................................................... 80
vi

Category IV. Substance-related Disorders ..................................................................................................... 81

Category V. Schizophrenia and other Psychotic Disorders .......................................................................... 85
Category VI. Mood Disorders ...................................................................................................................... 94
Category VII. Anxiety Disorders ................................................................................................................... 97
Category VIII. Somatoform Disorders ........................................................................................................ 103
Category IX. Factitious Disorders ............................................................................................................... 106
Category X. Dissociative Disorders ............................................................................................................. 109
Category XI. Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders ................................................................................. 112
Category XII. Eating Disorders ................................................................................................................... 118
Category XIII. Sleep Disorders ................................................................................................................... 120
Category XIV. Impulse-control Disorders not Elsewhere Classified ......................................................... 122
Category XV. Adjustment Disorders ........................................................................................................... 125
Self-test: Measuring Comprehension .......................................................................................................... 131
A Portrait of Neurosis
Oscar Levant ................................................................................................................................................ 153
4A Self-test: Measuring Comprehension .................................................................................................... 161
A Portrait of Psychosis
Norman Cameron ......................................................................................................................................... 165
4B Self-test: Measuring Comprehension .................................................................................................... 171

CHAPTER 5
The Illness Perspective .......................................................................................................................... 175
Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ......................................................................................................... 179
How to Take an Antidepressant
Hara Estroff Marano ................................................................................................................................... 183
5A Self Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 189
Facing Life With a Lethal Gene
Amy Harmon ............................................................................................................................................... 193
5B Self Test: Measuring Comprehension .................................................................................................. 205
Happiness is a Warm Electrode
Gregory Mone ............................................................................................................................................... 209
5C Self Test: Measuring Comprehension .................................................................................................. 217
When Worry Hijacks the Brain
Jeffrey Kluger ............................................................................................................................................... 221
5D Self Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 227
 vii

CHAPTER 6
The Holistic Perspective ....................................................................................................................... 231
Self Test: Measuring Comprehension ........................................................................................................ 235
Citizen, Heal Thyself
Jeanne Lenzer ............................................................................................................................................... 239
6A Self–Test: Measuring Comprehension .................................................................................................. 247
Autism: It’s Not Just in the Head
Jill Neimark ................................................................................................................................................ 251
6B Self Test: Measuring Comprehension .................................................................................................. 261
What’s to Blame for the Surge in Super-Size Americans?
Tori DeAngelis ............................................................................................................................................. 265
6C Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 271
Exercise is a State of Mind
Michael Craig Miller, M. D. ........................................................................................................................ 275
6D Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 281
The Mastery of Stress
Hans Selye................................................................................................................................................... 285
6E Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension .................................................................................................. 297

CHAPTER 7
The Psychoanalytic Perspective ......................................................................................................... 301
Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ........................................................................................................ 305
Resolved: Multiple Personality Disorder Is an Individually and Socially Created Artifact
Paul R. McHugh ......................................................................................................................................... 309
7A Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 317
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Treatment of Sexual Abuse
Sylvia B. Patten, Yvonne K. Gatz, Berlin Jones, and Deborah L. Thomas ........................................................ 321
7B Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 333
The Psychodynamics of Suicide
Herbert Hendin ............................................................................................................................................ 337
7C Self Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 347
Lecture XXVIII: Analytic Therapy
Sigmund Freud ............................................................................................................................................. 351
7D Self Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 361
Erik Erikson’s Eight Ages of Man
David Elkind ............................................................................................................................................... 365
7E Self Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 377
viii

CHAPTER 8
The Learning Perspective ..................................................................................................................... 381
Self Test: Measuring Comprehension ......................................................................................................... 387
Behavior Modification with Children
Daniel G. Brown ......................................................................................................................................... 391
8A Self-Test Questions: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................ 399
A Virtual Cure
Lea Winerman ............................................................................................................................................. 403
8B Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 409
The Operant Side of Behavior Therapy
B.F. Skinner ................................................................................................................................................. 413
8C Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension .................................................................................................. 423
Behavioral Treatment and Normal Educationand Intellectual Functioning inYoung Autistic Children
O. Ivar Lovaas ............................................................................................................................................. 427
8D Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 441
Can happiness be taught?
Martin E.P. Seligman ................................................................................................................................... 445
8E Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension .................................................................................................. 453

CHAPTER 9
The Humanistic Perspective ............................................................................................................... 457
Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ......................................................................................................... 461
The Third Force in Psychology
James Bugental ............................................................................................................................................ 465
9A Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 473
A Theory of Human Motivation
A. H. Maslow ............................................................................................................................................. 477
9B Self Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 489
Some Hypotheses Regarding the Facilitation of Personal Growth
Carl Rogers .................................................................................................................................................. 493
9C Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 499
Plight of the IK And Kaiadilt is Seen as a Chilling Possible End for Man
John B. Calhoun ........................................................................................................................................... 503
9D Self-Test Measuring: Comprehension ................................................................................................... 511
What Does a Man Want?
Stanley R. Graham ....................................................................................................................................... 515
 ix

9E Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................... 523

People are More Important than Pills in Recovery from Mental Disorder
Daniel B. Fisher, Ph.D., M.D. ..................................................................................................................... 527
9F Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension .................................................................................................... 531

CHAPTER 10
The Social Perspective ........................................................................................................................... 535
Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ......................................................................................................... 539
The Art of Being Schizophrenic
Jay Haley .................................................................................................................................................... 543
10 A Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................ 557
The Sleep of Reason: How the Insane were Turned into the Homeless
David Gutmann ........................................................................................................................................... 561
10 B Self Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................ 569
Behind Bars Without Treatment
Chris Tisch and Jacob H. Fries .................................................................................................................... 573
10C Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................. 577
Beyond the Prescription Pad
Lora Humphrey Beebe, PhD, APRN, BC ...................................................................................................... 581
10D Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................. 591
Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: A Lesson in the Power of the Situation
Philip G. Zimbardo ..................................................................................................................................... 595
10E Self-Test: Measuring Comprehension ................................................................................................. 601

CHAPTER 11
Clarification .............................................................................................................................................. 605
The Illness Perspective ................................................................................................................................. 609
The Holistic Perspective ............................................................................................................................... 615
The Psychoanalytic Perspective ................................................................................................................... 619
The Learning Perspective ............................................................................................................................. 623
The Humanistic Perspective ......................................................................................................................... 627
The Social Perspective .................................................................................................................................. 631
Self Test: Measuring Comprehension
Case History I ..................................................................................................................................... 637
Case History II .................................................................................................................................... 647
x

Index
Name Index ......................................................................................................................................... 655
Subject Index ...................................................................................................................................... 659

About the Author ................................................................................................................................... 666

xii

The Collaborates

Left to right: Kady Stevens, Photographer and Illustrator, James D. Smrtic, Author, Carmelita
Lomeo-Smrtic, Consulting Editor, and Dawn Woodward, Administrative/Research Assistant and
Technical Coordinator. (Photograph by Kady Stevens).
xiv

General Warren plans Union strategy as he overlooks the Gettysburg Battlefield from Big Round
Top. Gettysburg was the turning point of the Civil War. (US PA 304 Photo by David Noble).
 1
CHAPTER

DIRECTION

Lenny Bruce, social and cultural commentator, was thrown in jail during the 1960s for saying things in
his comedy routines that today could be heard on prime-time television. Lenny made some interesting
comments about his friends’ reactions to the first televised debate between John Kennedy and Richard
Nixon during the presidential campaign of 1960. There was tremendous interest in the debate. A very
close election was predicted. Life magazine reported in September of 1988 that nine of ten of the 46 million
American families with television watched the debate and 57% of those interviewed said the debate
influenced their vote. Bruce commented:

I would be with a bunch of Kennedy fans watching the debate and their comment would be,
“He’s really slaughtering Nixon.” Then we would all go to another apartment, and the
Nixon fans would say, “How do you like the shellacking he gave Kennedy?”
And then I realized that each group loved its candidate so that a guy would have to be
blatant—he would have to look into the camera and say, “I am a thief, a crook, do you hear
me, I am the worst choice you could ever make for the Presidency!” And even then his
followers would say, “Now there’s and honest man for you. It takes a big guy to admit that.
That’s the kind of guy we need for President” (Bruce, 1966).
Bruce, whose life was cut short by a heroin overdose, probably never anticipated that his comments
would be used to begin an abnormal psychology text. However, he made a very significant point. Each
of the spectators witnessed the same debate. The picture on the television that they saw was the same.
Each heard the same dialogue at the same time. Although each of the spectator’s sensations of the debate
was similar, the spectator’s perception of the event could be drastically different. This same phenomenon
can be observed in the judging of athletic events such as boxing, gymnastics or skating. Did the football
player have possession of the ball when he went out of bounds? Was the deciding third strike call really
over the corner of the plate? Who should win the Oscar or become Miss America? Perception is an
individual process.

“Feuding like the Hatfields and McCoys” goes the saying. The feud originated in 1882 near the Tug Fork
of the Big Sandy River, which separates Pike County, Kentucky from Logan County, West Virginia. The
Kentucky side was McCoy country; the West Virginia side was Hatfield territory. On election eve, Ellison
Hatfield, Civil War veteran and brother of Hatfield patriarch “Devil Anse” Hatfield, ventured over to the
McCoy side. Three young intoxicated McCoy men taunted Ellison, who retaliated by calling them
2 CHAPTER ONE

“hogshit.” Ellison was shot and stabbed over twenty times.

He died. The Hatfields responded by tying the responsible
McCoys to trees and executing them. The feud continued for
six years and resulted in the deaths of 80 members of the
clans (Waller, 1988).

I visited the area and asked people on both sides of the river
“Who was responsible for the feud?” Opinion on the
“Hatfield” side was that the McCoys started it by killing
Ellison. Those on the “McCoy” side felt Ellison had no
business on their side of the river. Perceptions differed.

That politicians disagree is an understatement. A multitude

of American politicians are identified by party affiliation. There
are the major Democratic and Republican parties. Further
distinction is made between Liberals and Conservatives. There
are other smaller parties which are created to advocate
legislation regarding specific issues, such as the environment,
birth regulation, or immigration. Politicians often disagree
within a party, or agree among parties. Political experts often
disagree.

A model is a small object, usually built to scale that is used to

represent something larger, unknown, or hypothetical. Figure 1.1 Randolf “Old Ranel” McCoy
Models can be manipulated and modified to better represent
the lesser understood phenomenon. We come to view a good
model “as if” it were the real thing. However, with continued
use, an excellent model can take on its own reality. Imagine a
child who has tediously labored building a model Corvette.
The model is complete. Every part and decal is in its place. He
“drives” the car on the dining room table, imitating the
sounds of the engine and tires. For him, the model has lost
its “as if” quality. It is his Corvette. For him, reality is created.

Science employs models. Decades ago, models helped scientists

understand DNA structure, which could not then be directly
observed. Theory and research could proceed before direct
observation because of the quality of models.

A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a term is transferred

from the object it ordinarily designates to an object it
designates by implied comparison. The designation is novel
and creates an enriched meaning. Writers employ metaphor.
Metaphor is a “literary tool.” The lovely couple enjoyed a
“May-December wedding” is more poetic than “young
woman marries old man.”

This book employs a perspectives approach for the study of Figure 1.2 “Devil Anse” Hatfield (Courtesy West
abnormal psychology. A perspective is composed of those Virginia Regional History Collection).
scientists and academics who share a common model and/or
metaphor for understanding, explaining, and treating abnormal behavior. Theses experts share a
“psychological heritage” in that they recognize and embrace the theories and research of the historical
leaders of the perspective. They internalize a core set of principles, notions, concepts, and designs that
DIRECTION 3

identify them as members of one perspective and distinguish them from others. These principles channel
the research and treatment of the members of the perspective. In politics, Conservatives generally desire
to limit the powers and expenditures of government. They disagree on which to limit. Similarly, those
within a perspective are in fundamental agreement about the way to explain and treat abnormal behavior,
but often disagree on the specifics. The debate and controversy within a perspective and among them, is
as real and emotionally charged as that within a party and among them. The perspectives are the “political
parties” for the study of abnormal psychology. Experts often disagree.

The purpose of this book is to familiarize you with the perspectives approach for the study of abnormal
psychology. Each of the perspectives will be presented separately, so that you can appreciate its unique
nature. A description of the theory and history of the perspective will be followed by selected readings,
written by the experts of the perspective to extend your understanding.

Self-Tests are included throughout the book to help you assess your comprehension of the material.
However, before we can delve into the study of the various perspectives on abnormal behavior,
some preliminary information and clarification are required. Chapter 2, “Abnormality,” investigates
the essential nature of the phenomenon we will study — abnormal behavior. Chapter 3, “The Diagnostic
Manual,” explains and describes the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Chapter 4,
“The Mental Disorders,” will describe the behavioral, emotional, and cognitive symptoms that
characterize the major disorders. An understanding of the classification and diagnosis of these
disorders is crucial for understanding the study of abnormal psychology. The official document
which classifies and categorizes the mental disorders is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders. Once you are familiar with the classification system and the symptoms of the disorders,
the study of the perspectives can begin.

Chapter 5, “The Illness Perspective,” presents the viewpoint that abnormal behavior is medically based
and therefore requires medical treatments. “Mental illness” is the appropriate metaphor to conceptualize
abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behavior. It is the perspective most familiar to the layman. It is also
the most powerful and influential. It has flourished since drug treatment for psychopathology became
available in the 1950s. There have been remarkable technological advances within this perspective in
the recent past.

Chapter 6, “The Holistic Perspective,” is the newest of perspectives. It rejects dissecting humans into their
mind and body components. Instead, we are viewed as complex, integrated, interdependent beings which
can be best understood in holistic form. It emphasizes a healthy lifestyle that can be effective in treating
disorders, as well as preventing them.

Chapter 7, “The Psychoanalytic Perspective,” is based upon the theories of the incomparable Sigmund
Freud, the most influential person in psychiatry and clinical psychology. Freud believed that
unresolved, unconscious conflict, often dating back to childhood, was a significant factor in later
psychopathology.

Chapter 8, ”The Learning Perspective,” presents the behaviorist model of abnormality. The learning perspective
views all behavior as a product of learning. Abnormal behavior is learned in the same manner as any
other behavior, and is viewed as the result of faulty reinforcement and conditioning. Therapy involves
helping the patient learn more adaptive behaviors and unlearn those behaviors that are maladaptive.

Chapter 9, “The Humanistic Perspective,” is another of the more recent to emerge. The humanistic view of
man is optimistic and enthusiastic. It stresses the unique quality and innate goodness of every human
being. Humanism is ever mindful of the importance of personal integrity, autonomy, and freedom for the
effective functioning of man. It is concerned with our existential dilemmas, and is relevant in a society
where many ask, “Who am I? What is the meaning of my life?” This perspective is very much concerned
with the subjective experience of the individual.
4 CHAPTER ONE

The final perspective, “The Social Perspective,” is the subject of Chapter 10. The other perspectives have
medical or psychological origins. This perspective is more sociologically embedded. During the 1950s-
80s, it was critical of the illness perspective, which advocated hospitalization of people with severe
psychopathology. Instead, it advocated community-based mental health. Consequently, residential
populations in mental hospitals were radically reduced. Today there are serious concerns regarding the
availability and quality of community care.

Each of these perspectives offers a unique understanding of abnormality. Each uses its own model and
metaphor, vocabulary, and theoretical orientation. Each offers its own type of treatments. Again we see
that it is difficult to find experts in agreement. After reading about the various perspectives, you may
find yourself asking, “Who is right? What is the best way to conceptualize abnormal behavior? What is
the best way to treat it? Does anyone really know?” If you find yourself more confused about abnormal
psychology after you have read most of the book than you did before — don’t dismay. You will feel
exactly like a serious learner of abnormal psychology should feel — confused. Besides, how compelling
could the study of abnormal psychology be if every question had only one answer?

Chapter 11, “Clarification,” is designed to “put the perspectives into perspective.” Various strengths and
weaknesses of each perspective will be discussed, so that we might finally arrive at some conclusions
regarding the relative merit of each. We will discuss specific circumstances in which particular perspectives
have demonstrated their applicability and success. We will also discuss their limitations.

But, if after completing the book, you are still somewhat confused about abnormal psychology, don’t
dismay. You see, you just can’t get the experts to agree.

Reference:
Bruce, L. (1966). How to talk dirty and influence people. New York: Pocket Books.
Waller, A. (1988). Feud: Hatfields, McCoys, and social change in Appalachia, 1860-1900. Chapel Hill: The
University of North Carolina Press.
DIRECTION 5

SELF-TEST: MEASURING COMPREHENSION

1. What major point do the examples of Lenny Bruce and the Hatfields and McCoys have in common?

2. What is a perspective for the study of abnormal psychology?

3. What are the names of the major perspectives for the study of abnormal psychology?
 Na me Index

Chadwick, Marilyn - 624

A Chapman, Mark David - 91
Abdul-Rauf, Mahmoud - 74 Cho, Seung-Hui - 89
Adler, Alfred – 302, 366, 367, 468, 479, 483 Coley, William - 242, 243, 246
Ali, Muhammad - 78, 79 Collins, Francis - 608
Andretti, Michael - 232 Cruise, Tom - 611
Andy, O.J. - 210
Armat, Virginia, see also Isaac – 562-567
D
Dahmer, Jeffrey - 28, 30, 31, 47
B DeAngelis, Tori - 233, 265, 270
Babinski, Joseph - 312, 313 Dennis, Wayne - 65, 66
Bardo, Robert - 91 Descartes, Rene - 231
Beck, Aaron – 586, 623 Dietz, William, H. - 266, 267, 268
Beebe, Lora Humphrey Dincing, Jerry - 565
Belushi, John – 84 Donaghy, Tim - 124, 125
Benoit, Chris - 85 Dunner, David - 186, 187, 188
Benson, Herbert - 288
Bianchi, Kenneth - 111, 112, 309, 314
Biklen, Douglas - 624 E
Bly, Robert - 519 Einstein, Albert - 300, 302
Bobbitt, John - 31,43 Egeland, Janice - 610
Bobbitt, Lorena - 31 Egli, Dan - 611
Brigham, Amariah - 15, 176 Elkind, David - 303, 365, 366, 367
Brown, Daniel G. - 385, 391, 623 Ellis, Albert - 623, 624
Bruce, Lenny - 1 Erikson, Erik - 65, 303, 364, 365, 367-75, 503
Bugental, James - 458, 459, 464, 465
Bunker, Chang and Eng - 8
Byler, Mary - 105
F
Feingold, Ben - 251
Fieve, Ronald - 96, 612

C Fisher, Daniel B. - 459, 526, 527, 528, 529

Cade, Robert - 251
Calhoun, John B. - 459, 502, 503
Cameron, Norman - 165
Carter, Jimmy - 626, 627
Cassiday, Joslyn D. - 105
Fonagy, P. - 620
Frankl, Viktor - 450, 457, 458, 628
Franklin, Benjamin - 209, 302
Freeman, Walter - 210
Friedman, Meyer, see also Rosenman - 285
Fries, Jacob H. see also Tisch - 537, 573
656 INDEX

Freud, Sigmund - 3, 42-3, 65, 104-05, 109, 114, 300-

303, 312, 321, 323-24, 337, 339, 343, 350-52, 365- J
367, 369, 374-75, 382, 414, 479, 483, 618-620
James, Jill - 254, 256, 257, 258
Johnson, Irvin “Magic” - 616
G Jones, Jim - 92, 93
Gacy, John Wayne - 50 Jung, Carl - 302, 366, 367, 468
Gage, Phineas P. - 175, 176 Junta, Thomas - 45
Gavigan, Melody - 110
Galilei, Galileo - 14
Gedlin, EugeneT. - 493 K
Goffman, Irving - 536, 563, 565 Kaczynski, Theodore J. - 48
Golding, William - 596 Kanner, Leo - 253, 428, 436
Goldfried, Marvin R., see also Norcross - 606 Kesey, Ken - 209, 536
Goldstein, Kurt - 239, 468, 477, 479, 483, 484 Kevorkian, Jack - 337
Gordon, James S. - 231, 458 Kluger, Jeffrey - 177, 221
Graham, Stanley - 459, 514, 515
Kohler, Wolfgang - 383, 385
Green, Henrietta Howland - 20
Koocher, Jerome P. - 42
Gusela, James - 193
Koresh, David - 93, 94
Guthrie, Arlo - 77
Kroc, Ray - 25, 26
Gutmann, David - 537, 561, 631
Kupfer, David, J. - 41

H L
Haley, Jay - 85, 536, 537, 542, 543, 561
Lanning, Ken - 308, 314
Harding, Tonya - 54
Leibowitz, Sarah - 268
Harmon, Amy - 177, 193
Lenzer, Jeanne - 233, 239
Hatfield, see also McCoy - 1, 2
Levant, Oscar - 152, 153, 165
Hazelwood, Roy - 29, 30, 115, 620
Levy, Terry M. see also Orlans - 619
Helmsley, Leona - 52
Lincoln, Abraham - 96, 97
Hendin, Herbert - 303, 337, 338
Herbert, Martha - 252, 253, 254, 256, 257, 259 Lovaas, O. Ivar - 385, 403, 404, 413, 414, 426-28,
431, 439, 623
Hoffman, Hunter - 402, 406, 407
Hinckley, John W. Jr. - 28, 91, 92 Lykken, David T. - 66
Hire, Diane - 212, 213, 214, 215, 216
Hirshberg, Caryle - 243
Hogarty, Gerard - 623
M
Madden, John - 99
Horowitz, M. J. - 324, 327, 331
Hughes, Howard - 25 Mangum, Crystal Gail - 107
Manson, Charles - 92
Mantle, Mickey - 83, 84
I Marano, Hara Estroff - 177, 183, 185, 188
Ingram, Paul - 309, 314, Marks, Isaac - 404
Isaac, Rael Jean see also Armat - 562-567 Martignetti, John - 610
INDEX 657

Martin, Billy - 83, 84 Patten, Sylvia, B. - 303, 321

Maslow, Abraham H. - 65, 458, 459, 465, 467, 468, Pavlov, Ivan - 380, 381, 383, 404
476, 477, 627 Perls, Fredrick - 458, 628
Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff - 321, 323 Piaget, J. - 252, 302, 314
Matzke, John - 240, 241, 246 Plotkin, Mark - 11
May, Rollo - 12, 458 Pope, H. G., Jr. - 314, 315
McCoy, see also Hatfield - 1, 2 Proust, Marcel - 106
McDonald, J. M. - 89
McHugh, Paul - 110, 118, 303, 309, 310, 313, 314
McVeigh, Timothy - 93, 94, 114
R
Rader, Dennis - 115
Mead, Margaret - 22, 368
Raskind, Richard - 117, 118
Meili, Trisha - 110
Rayner, Rosalie - 380, 382
Miller, Blake - 102, 103
Reagan, Ronald - 28, 76, 91
Miller, Michael Craig - 233, 275, 280
Reeve, Christopher - 81
Miller, L. - 634 Regan, John F. - 115, 116
Milligan, Billy - 308, 309, 314 Rezai, Ali R. - 212, 213, 215, 216, 225
Mizner, Wilson - 124 Rimland, B. - 257, 436
Mogielnicki, R. Peter - 105 Rogers, Carl - 418, 458, 459, 467, 468, 492, 493, 503
Mone, Gregory - 177, 209, 216 Rosenbaum, Jerrold - 187
Moniz, Egas - 210, 211, 212 Rosenhan, David, L. - 85
Moser, Katherine - 192, 193, 195-204 Rosenman, Ray, see also Friedman - 285
Mother Teresa - 626, 627 Rudolph, Eric Robert - 90
Mulick, James - 439, 624 Rush, Benjamin - 16
Murray, Mike - 457

S
N Salinger, J. D. - 91
Nash, John - 15, 21, 25, 527, 529, Sallis, James - 269
Neimark, Jill - 233, 251, Seligman, Martin E.P. - 385, 444, 445, 457
Newschaffer, Craig - 252, 253, 256 Selye, Hans - 233, 239, 284, 285, 294, 604, 615
Norcross, John C. see also Goldfried - 606 Skinner, B. F. - 383, 385, 412, 413, 414, 427, 493
Smith, Anna Nicole - 51
Smith, Joseph P. - 115
O Smith, Lemuel - 111
Orlans, Michael, see also Levy - 619 Smrtic, James, D. - 97, 651
Orne, Martin - 111, 112 Spiegel, David - 244, 245
Owens, Terrell - 53 Spitzer, Robert - 40
Stampfl, Thomas G. - 404
P Steinbeck, John - 517
Pardo, Carlos - 253, 254 Szasz, Thomas - 337, 535, 563, 630, 631, 632
Parsons, Talcott - 311 Szegedy-Maszak, M. - 619
658 INDEX

Wang, Qing - 610

T Ward, Delbert - 31
Taft, William Howard - 122
Thacil, A. - 616
Thorndike, Edward L. - 383, 429, 430
Tinning, Marybeth - 108, 109
Tisch, Chris, see also Fries - 537, 573
Torrey, E. Fuller - 176, 535, 630, 631, 632
Turnbull, Colin M. - 503, 504, 505-09
Watson, John B. - 380-383, 413, 415, 427, 457, 458,
466, 477
Weinberg, Robert - 241, 243, 245
Wexler, Nancy - 192, 193, 195
Widiger, Thomas A. - 43, 44
Wildman, Derek - 609
Winerman, Lea - 385, 403, 439

V Y
Yasko, Amy - 258
Venter, J. Craig - 608

W Z
Waits, W. see also Waldrep - 403 Zimbardo, Phillip, G. - 537, 595, 596, 600
Waldrep, D. see also Waites - 403 Zink, Oliver – 39
INDEX 659

Subject Index
Asperger’s Disorder – 70, 72, 133
A Assertive community treatment team services - 587
ABC Analysis – 427, 441, 423 Assertiveness training – 521
Abnormality – 9, 17, 21 Asylum – 536, 15, 35, 76, 176, 521
History of - 9, 10, 17 Asylums – 563
Ancient period -10, 11 Attribution – 10, 12, 23, 35
Classic period – 11, 12 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Middle period - 12 – 612, 72, 73
Modern period – 15 Atypical drugs - 612
Statistical approach – 17, 20 Autistic Disorder – 70
Cultural approach – 21, 24 Autism - 251
Abnormal Psychology – 2, 5, 33, 126, 605 Autonomy vs. Doubt – 364, 369
Abu Ghraib prison – 537, 594, 599 Aversive Conditioning - 403
Acupuncture – 233, 288, 615
Addiction – 41, 82, 153, 417
Adjustment Disorders – 56, 64, 125, 150 B
Agnosia – 75 Behaviorism – 381, 382, 387, 457
Agoraphobia – 57, 97, 100 Behavioral Analysis – 393, 394, 426
Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder - 80 Behavior modification – 623, 385, 391
Altered personalities - 312 Beyond Freedom and Dignity - 413
Altruistic egoism -289, 291, 292 Binging - 638
Alzheimer’s Disease – 76,79, Biochemical imbalance - 613
American Psychiatric Association - 323, 330, 429, Bipolar Disorder - 95
437, 582, 589, 591, 612 Bipolar I Disorder – 95, 612
American Psychological Association – 28, 41, 42, Bipolar II Disorder – 612, 95
61, 310, 382, 385, 412 Black Hawk Down - 509
Amnestic Disorders - 80 BRCA1 - 609
Anal Stage - 365 BRACAnalysis - 609
Anorexia Nervosa – 118, 119, 129, 147, 161 Breast cancer – 242, 608
Restricting type - 119 Breathing-related sleep disorder – 120, 122, 148
Binge-eating/purging type - 119 Brief Psychotic Disorder - 88
Anthropomorphism - 23 Bulimia Nervosa - 120
Antidepressants – 186, 187, 190, 213, 224, 277, 611
Anxiety Disorders - 97
Aphasia – 431, 433, 75, 101 C
Applied Behavioral Analysis – 383, 426, 427, CAG number – 196, 203
439, 442 Calories - 265
Apraxia – 75 Cancer-prone personality - 244
660 INDEX

Catcher in the Rye - 91 Delirium, Dementia, and Amnestic and Other Cog-
Catharsis – 301, 351 nitive Disorders – 64, 74
Celera Genomics – 608, 609 Delirium tremens - 80
Center for the Study of the Person - 493 Delusional Disorder - 88
Chelation – 254, 615 Delusion – 88, 92
Chlorpromazine - 611 Bizarre – 113, 137
Chronic stress - 267 Nonbizarre - 86
Church of Scientology - 611 Dementia – 64, 74
Classical Conditioning – 380, 623 Alzheimer’s type - 75
Clozapine – 612, 184 Neurosyphilis - 76
Cocaine – 302, 417, 9 Huntington’s - 77
Conscious - 109 Head trauma - 78
Conditioning – 623, 3, 380, 392 HIV - 79
Cognition – 586, 639, 85 Denial - 324
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy – 405, 581, 582, Diabetes – 107, 113, 184,
586, 587 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disor-
Cognitive dissonance - 596 ders (DSM)
Cognitive symptoms – 3, 80, 83 Controversial issues - 41
Community Mental Health Centers Act – 536, 539 DSM – I - 40
Complementary and alternative medicine – 233, 615 DSM – II - 40
Concerta - 613 DSM – III - 40
Conditioned emotional reactions - 382 DSM – III-R - 40
Conduct Disorder - 67 DSM – IV - 40
Confabulation – 80 , 87 DSM – IV-TR - 40
Control group - 429 DSM – V - 5
Conversion Disorder - 104 Dialysis - 251
Corrective attachment therapy – 619, 104 Diet - 233
County jails in Florida - 573 Direct Exposure Therapy - 404
Crime Classification Manual, The - 29 Disorders Usually First Evident in Infancy, Child-
Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study hood and Adolescence - 65
– 43, 79, 107 Dissociative Amnesia – 309, 314, 109
Cultural relativism - 21 Dissociative Disorders - 109
Cymbalta – 275, 611 Dissociative Identity Disorder - 110
Divalproex Sodium - 184
Diazepam – 184, 275
D Distress – 110, 615, 26
DAN! - 257 DNA test - 195
Dopamine – 184, 529
Death of Psychiatry - 535, 631
Double-bind - 543
Deep-Brain stimulation - 209
Down Syndrome – 609, 68
Defense mechanisms - 337 Dreams - 337
Deinstitutionalization - 536, 561 Dualism - 231
Delirium – 64, 74, 75 Dysthymic Disorder - 59
INDEX 661

Free will - 469

E Functional Magnet Resonance Imaging - 215, 222
Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention - 439
Eating Disorders – 64, 118
Eclectic therapy - 606 G
Eclectic treatments – 221, 606 GABA – 184, 268, 275
Ego – 165, 351, 111 Gender Identity Disorder – 64, 112, 117
Eight Ages of Man – 303, 365, 377 Gender roles - 22
Ethnocentrism - 21 General adaptation syndrome – 239, 615
Electroconvulsive therapy – 212, 275, 610 Generalized Anxiety Disorder – 184, 186, 329, 101
Elimination Disorders - 74 Generativity vs. Self-Absorption - 373
Endorphin high - 277 Gestalt – 232, 383, 458, 628
Endorphins - 275, 277 Gestalt prayer - 458
Erogenous zone - 365 Glutamate - 223, 224
Esteem needs - 485 Good Life - 446
Eudaimonia - 448 Gratification – 113, 343
Eustress - 287 Gratified need - 485
Euthanasia - 337 Grapes of Wrath, The - 517
Evidence-based treatments – 581, 620 Greyhound therapy - 631
Exercise – 176, 275, 288, 420 Group dynamics - 596
Exhibitionism - 113 Gut – 548, 253
Existentialism - 458
Experimental group – 429, 431
Exposure and response prevention - 221 H
Extinction – 403, 623 Haldol - 611
Hallucination – 321, 611, 628, 639, 10
Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration – 606, 634
F HDL cholesterol - 85
Facilitated Communication – 624, 633 Hierarchal model - 477
Hierarchy of Basic Needs - 484
Factitious Disorder by Proxy - 107
Holism – 479, 615
Factitious Disorders - 106
Holistic perspective - 615
Family therapy – 331, 543, 582
Holocaust - 456
Federal Bureau of Investigation - 29
Homeless – 17, 631, 561
Feeding and Eating Disorders - 74
Human Genome Project – 609, 633
Feingold Kaiser-Permanente diet - 251
Humanism – 3, 627
Fetishism – 113, 116 Humanistic perspective – 627, 3
Fight or flight response - 285 Huntington’s Disease – 77, 177, 193
Fixation – 365, 620 Hyperstress - 287
Flashback – 102, 324 Hypnosis – 110, 301, 340
Flow – 107, 213, 444 Hypochondriasis - 106
Forced psychiatry - 630 Hypostress - 287
Forensic psychology – 651, 28 Hysteria – 302, 312, 104, 160
662 INDEX

Lithium Carbonate – 612, 184

I Lord of the Flies – 506, 596
Identity – 357, 64, 110 Love needs - 483
Identity vs. Role Confusion – 364, 371 Lower East Side – 514, 517
Illness perspective – 383, 391, 527, 609 Lovaas Institute - 439
Immune system – 79, 233, 238 Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People
Implosive Therapy - 404 Turn Evil – 595, 600
Impulse-Control Disorders Not Elsewhere Classi-
fied – 64, 122
Industry vs. Inferiority – 364, 370 M
Initiative vs. Guilt - 370 Madness and Medicine - 536
Insanity plea – 29, 111 Major depressive episode - 95
Insight – 384, 467, 493, 46 Malingering – 103, 129, 309
Integrative approaches - 606 Manic episode – 94, 139, 184
Integrative treatments – 632, 581 Man’s Search for Meaning – 450, 633
Integrity vs. Despair – 364, 373 McMartin Pre-school - 309
Intermittent Explosive Disorder - 125 Meaningful Life - 446
Interpretation of Dreams, The - 337, 356, 365, 619 MECP2 - 609
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) - 19, 67 Mental Disorder Due to a General Medical Condi-
Intimacy vs. Isolation – 364, 372 tion – 80
Irrational believes - 624 Mental disorders – 96, 65
Mental hospital staff - 27

J Mental health consumers - 580

Mental Retardation – 47, 67
“John Wayne” – 594, 597
Mental symptoms – 41, 85
MET – 266, 274
K Metaphor – 631, 2, 92
Methylation - 256
Kaiadilt – 459, 503
Model – 2, 239
Kendra’s Law - 632
Kleptomania - 123 Mood Disorders – 64, 94

KLF6 - 610 Mountain People, The - 504, 506

Mouse colony - 502
Multiaxial evaluation system – 45, 46
L Axis I Clinical Disorders – 46
Leakage - 337 Axis II Personality Disorders - 47
Learned helplessness - 445 Axis III General Medical Conditions - 56
Learned optimism - 445 Axis IV Psychosocial and Environmental
Learning, Motor Skills and Communication Dis- Problems - 57
orders - 69 Axis V Global Assessment of
Learning perspective – 221, 381 Functioning - 57
Least Restrictive Environment - 561 Multiple Personality Disorder – 303, 309
Libido – 620, 187, 351 Myth of Mental Illness, The - 534, 631
INDEX 663

Paraphilias - 113
N Parasomnia - 122
Naltrexone - 251 Pathological gambling - 124
Narcolepsy – 120, 187 Paxil – 187, 528
National Empowerment Center - 526 Pederasty - 114
National Human Genome Research Institute, The - 609 Pedophilia - 114
Natural killer cell - 245 Personality Disorders - 47
Necrophilic sadism - 115 Antisocial Personality Disorder - 47
Negative reinforcement - 421 Avoidant Personality Disorder - 54
Neuron - 174 Borderline Personality Disorder - 51
Neurogenesis - 277 Dependent Personality Disorder - 55
Neuropeptide Y - 277 Histrionic Personality Disorder - 52
Neuroplasticity - 277 Narcissistic Personality Disorder - 52
Neuroscience – 590, 175, 214 Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder - 55
Neurosis – 45, 307, 357 Paranoid Personality Disorder - 48
New Freedom Commission on Mental Health Schizoid Personality Disorder - 48
– 580, 632 Schizotypal Personality Disorder - 49
New Positive Psychology - 445 Personal therapy - 623
Nightmare Disorder - 122 Person-centered therapy - 492
Nobel Prize – 527, 210, 381 Perspective - 49
Norepinephrine – 611, 12, 275 Perspectives approach – 60, 120, 3
Normal curve - 18 Pervasive Developmental Disorder - 70
Normalization - 536 Phallic Stage - 365
Normality - 17 Pharmaceutical industry – 528, 42
Nuclear family - 518 Phenomenological orientation - 470
Phrenology - 420
Physiological needs - 479
O Pica – 74, 134
Observational learning - 431 Pleasant Life - 446
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder – 20, 56, 74, 100 Pool paralysis – 81, 135
Oedipus Complex - 382 Polymorphisms – 252, 258
Olanzapine – 184, 612 Polysubstance Dependence - 84
Old-Order Amish - 610 Positive reinforcement – 584, 393
Old Saybrook Conference - 465 Post Traumatic Stress Disorder – 102, 331
One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest – 208, 209, 536 Potential to prosper - 561
Operant Conditioning – 383, 391 Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder – 611, 43
Oppositional Defiant Disorder – 613, 67 Prevention – 583, 81, 130
Oral Stage – 619, 365 Primary gain - 105
Ovary compressor - 16 Primary Hypersomnia - 120
Primary Insomnia - 120
Primary Sleep Disorders - 120
P Processing – 584, 253
Pandora’s Box – 320, 322 Progressive relaxation technique - 289
Panic Disorder - 98 Prozac – 611, 634, 73
664 INDEX

Psychosis – 210, 394 Seduction theory – 301, 321

Psychosocial development – 364 - 367
Psychosocial treatments - 580
Psychosurgery – 536, 565, 610
Professional help – 27, 28
Psychoanalytic perspective – 112, 301
Psychodynamics - 337
Psychoneuroimmunology – 616, 233
Psychopathology – 301, 337, 394
Psychosexual development - 365
Psychosomatic illness - 239
Purging - 119
Pyromania – 114, 123
R Sioux - 368
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy - 624
Reactive Attachment Disorder - 65, 131, 619
Relaxation response - 288
Repression – 166, 302
Respite - 326
Resting pulse - 275
Right Sort of Hospital, The - 548
Right Sort of Family, The - 544, 547
Riluzole - 224
Ritalin – 612, 73
Rituximab - 243
Rumination Disorder - 74
S S-R relationship - 382
Safety needs - 481
Satanic cults - 309
Schindler’s List – 457
Schizophrenia – 459, 527, 563
Catatonic type - 88
Disorganized type - 88
Paranoid type - 88
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders
– 64, 85
Schizophreniform Disorder - 88
Secondary gain - 105
Selective Mutism - 72
Self-actualization – 468, 490
Self-confident - 496
Self-destructive behavior – 403, 107
Self-stimulatory behavior - 428
Serafem - 611
Serial killers – 28, 39, 114
Serotonin – 611, 12
Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders – 137, 112
Sexual assault – 31, 144
Sexual dysfunctions - 112
Sexual masochism - 114
Sexual sadism - 114
Shared Psychotic Disorder - 92
Situational forces - 598
Skinner Boxes - 413
Sleep Disorders - 120
Sleepwalking Disorder - 122
Slip of the tongue - 337
Social perspective - 535
Social Phobia – 54, 100
Social skills training – 581, 582, 584
Somatoform Disorder – 64, 103
Somatization Disorder - 104
Specific Phobia - 98
Spontaneous recovery – 241, 434
Spontaneous regressions - 246
Spontaneous remissions - 239
Stanford Prison Experiment, The - 599
Stereotyped behaviors - 71
Stigmatization - 325
Strattera - 613
Streptococcus - 243
Subculture - 24
Substance Abuse – 584, 28
Substance Dependence – 623, 83
Substance-Induced Disorders - 82
Substance Intoxication - 82
Substance –Related Disorders - 47, 81, 82, 122
INDEX 665

Superego - 351
Suicide - 337
Systematic desensitization – 403, 623
T Virtual Reality Therapy - 404
Tabula Rasa - 382
Tardive Dyskinesia – 611, 184
Tay-Sachs Disease - 68
Therapeutic relationship - 496
Thorazine – 611, 184
Tics - 74
Token economies - 418
Tolerance - 83
Total institutions – 536, 563
Tourette’s Disorder - 73
Toxins – 233, 615
Transcendental meditation - 288
Transference - 351
Transvestic fetishism - 116
Trepanning – 10, 176
Trichotillomania - 125
Trust vs. Mistrust – 364, 369
Type A Behavior Pattern - 285
V
Valium – 184, 275
Variable-ratio schedule - 417
Virtual Reality - -385, 406
Vocational rehabilitation – 582, 585
W
Walden Two – 413, 421
Walkable cities - 269
Willowbrook State School - 534
Wish-fulfilment - 356
Withdrawal – 417, 83
Women’s movement - 519
X
Xanax – 184, 275
Y
Yoga – 614, 288

U Z
Unconscious – 394, 105, 160 Zen Buddhism - 288
Utica crib - 16 Zyprexa – 612, 184
 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

James D. Smrtic, Professor of Psychology at Mohawk Valley Com-

munity College in Utica, New York, specializes in abnormal and fo-
rensic psychology. He is a recipient of the MVCC Award for Excel-
lence in Teaching and the New York State Chancellor’s Award in
Teaching. His undergraduate and graduate education was at the Uni-
versity of Albany, in Albany, New York. His wife and colleague, Dr.
Carmelita Lomeo-Smrtic, focuses on early childhood education.
Daughter Jennifer and husband Steve are in California, where she is
the event planner at The Beverly Hills Hotel and he is a health care
administrator. Son Jim and his girl friend Dolly are in the Baltimore
area where he is becoming a physician assistant and she is a child life
specialist.
This book has been a work in progress since 1977. The first edition
was prepared on a manual typewriter and published in 1979, when
Smrtic felt CorrectoType was an unfair advantage. This is the fifth
revision. The book has grown in depth and scope since, but main-
tains the author’s commitment to the perspectives approach for the
study of abnormal psychology and his passion for the subject.
Although teaching has been the hub of Smrtic’s career, there are other
professional spokes. He spent 25 years in the United States Army and
Reserve and retired a Major. He served on active duty for training dur-
ing the Viet Nam era and active duty in support of Operation Desert
Storm. Smrtic was trained at and taught at the John F. Kennedy School
for Special Warfare at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, where he special-
ized in counterterrorism. He served seven years in the psychiatric sec-
tion of various Army hospitals. Professor Smrtic is a Diplomate of the
American College of Forensic Examiners. Smrtic founded Kidz n’
Coaches over 25 years ago. It is a program in which concerned college
students share prosocial activities with emerging children. Over a thou-
sand children have participated in the program, and hundreds of col-
lege students have received valuable experience with them.
When able, Smrtic enjoys spending summer in the Adirondacks near
Saratoga Springs, New York, and winter in Tarpon Springs, Florida.
He spends much time fishing (but little catching), badly estimates
the velocity of horses on which he wagers, and desecrates the same
Beatles songs with his guitar that he has for a half-century.