Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
window 2
• variations
– desktop
what goes in and out – laptop
devices, paper, – PDA
sensors, etc. 12-37pm
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How many … How many computers …
Keyboards
• Most common text input device
• Allows rapid entry of text by experienced
users
text entry devices
• Keypress causes a character code to be sent
• Usually connected by cable, but can be
keyboards (QWERTY et al.) wireless
chord keyboards, phone pads
handwriting, speech
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layout – QWERTY QWERTY (ctd)
• Standardized layout
but …
– non-alphanumeric keys are placed differently
– accented symbols needed for different scripts
– minor differences between UK and USA keyboards 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Q W E R T Y U I O P
• QWERTY arrangement not optimal for typing A S D F G H J K L
– layout to prevent typewriters jamming!
Z X C V B N M , .
• Alternative designs allow faster typing but large social
SPA CE
base of QWERTY typists produces reluctance to change.
Dvorak
– common letters under dominant fingers
– biased towards right hand
– common combinations of letters alternate between hands
– 10-15% improvement in speed and reduction in fatigue
– But - large social base of QWERTY typists produce market
pressures not to change
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Handwriting recognition Speech recognition
• Text can be input into the computer, using a • Improving rapidly
pen and a digesting tablet
– natural interaction • Most successful when:
– single user – initial training and learns peculiarities
• Technical problems: – limited vocabulary systems
– capturing all useful information - stroke path,
pressure, etc. in a natural manner • Problems with
– segmenting joined up writing into individual letters
– external noise interfering
– interpreting individual letters
– imprecision of pronunciation
– coping with different styles of handwriting
– large vocabularies
• Used in PDAs, and tablet computers … – different speakers
… leave the keyboard on the desk!
Numeric keypads
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How does it work? Even by foot …
Two methods for detecting motion • some experiments with the footmouse
• Mechanical – controlling mouse movement with feet …
– Ball on underside of mouse turns as mouse is moved – not very common :-)
– Rotates orthogonal potentiometers
– Can be used on almost any flat surface
• but foot controls are common elsewhere:
• Optical – car pedals
– light emitting diode on underside of mouse
– sewing machine speed control
– may use special grid-like pad or just on desk
– less susceptible to dust and dirt – organ and piano pedals
– detects fluctuating alterations in reflected light intensity
to calculate relative motion in (x, z) plane
• Disadvantages:
Keyboard nipple – finger can mark screen
– for laptop computers – imprecise (finger is a fairly blunt instrument!)
• difficult to select small regions or perform accurate drawing
– miniature joystick in the middle of the keyboard
– lifting arm can be tiring
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Stylus and light pen Digitizing tablet
Stylus • Mouse like-device with cross hairs
– small pen-like pointer to draw directly on screen
– may use touch sensitive surface or magnetic detection
– used in PDA, tablets PCs and drawing tables • used on special surface
- rather like stylus
Light Pen
– now rarely used
– uses light from screen to detect location • very accurate
- used for digitizing maps
BOTH …
– very direct and obvious to use
– but can obscure screen
• control interface by eye gaze direction • Four keys (up, down, left, right) on keyboard.
• Very, very cheap, but slow.
– e.g. look at a menu item to select it
• Useful for not much more than basic motion for text-
• uses laser beam reflected off retina editing tasks.
– … a very low power laser! • No standardized layout, but inverted “T”, most common
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bitmap displays resolution and color depth
electron gun
focussing and
deflection
phosphor-
coated screen
• do not use very small fonts • Found on PDAs, portables and notebooks,
• do not look at the screen for long periods … and increasingly on desktop and even for home TV
without a break
• also used in dedicted displays:
• do not place the screen directly in front of a digital watches, mobile phones, HiFi controls
bright window
• How it works …
• work in well-lit surroundings
– Top plate transparent and polarised, bottom plate reflecting.
– Light passes through top plate and crystal, and reflects back to
eye.
Take extra care if pregnant. – Voltage applied to crystal changes polarization and hence color
but also posture, ergonomics, stress – light reflected not emitted => less eye strain
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special displays large displays
Random Scan (Directed-beam refresh, vector display) • used for meetings, lectures, etc.
– draw the lines to be displayed directly
– no jaggies • technology
– lines need to be constantly redrawn plasma – usually wide screen
– rarely used except in special instruments
video walls – lots of small screens together
Direct view storage tube (DVST) projected – RGB lights or LCD projector
– Similar to random scan but persistent => no flicker – hand/body obscures screen
– Can be incrementally updated but not selectively erased – may be solved by 2 projectors + clever software
– Used in analogue storage oscilloscopes back-projected
– frosted glass + projector behind
Digital paper
appearance
• what?
– thin flexible sheets
– updated electronically
– but retain display cross
section
virtual reality and 3D interaction
• how?
– small spheres turned
– or channels with coloured liquid positioning in 3D space
and contrasting spheres
– rapidly developing area moving and grasping
seeing 3D (helmets and caves)
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positioning in 3D space pitch, yaw and roll
• cockpit and virtual controls
– steering wheels, knobs and dials … just like real!
yaw
• the 3D mouse
– six-degrees of movement: x, y, z + roll, pitch, yaw
• data glove
– fiber optics used to detect finger position
• VR helmets
– detect head motion and possibly eye gaze roll
pitch
• whole body tracking
– accelerometers strapped to limbs or reflective dots
and video processing
3D displays VR headsets
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dedicated displays
• analogue representations:
– dials, gauges, lights, etc.
multi-function
control
large buttons
clear dials
tiny buttons
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Environment and bio-sensing
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Readability of text Page Description Languages
• so … need different designs, graphics etc, for • Typical resolutions from 600–2400 dpi
screen and print
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Paper-based interaction
• paper usually regarded as output only
• can be input too – OCR, scanning, etc.
• Xerox PaperWorks
– glyphs – small patterns of /\\//\\\
memory
• used to identify forms etc.
• used with scanner and fax to control applications
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virtual memory Compression
• Problem: • reduce amount of storage required
– running lots of programs + each program large • lossless
– not enough RAM – recover exact text or image – e.g. GIF, ZIP
– look for commonalities:
• Solution - Virtual memory : • text: AAAAAAAAAABBBBBCCCCCCCC 10A5B8C
– store some programs temporarily on disk • video: compare successive frames and store change
– makes RAM appear bigger • lossy
– recover something like original – e.g. JPEG, MP3
• But … swapping – exploit perception
– program on disk needs to run again • JPEG: lose rapid changes and some colour
– copied from disk to RAM • MP3: reduce accuracy of drowned out notes
– slows t h i n g s d o w n
methods of access
• large information store
– long time to search => use index
– what you index -> what you can access
• simple index needs exact match processing and networks
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Finite processing speed Moore’s law
• Designers tend to assume fast processors, and make
interfaces more and more complicated • computers get faster and faster!
• But problems occur, because processing cannot keep up
• 1965 …
with all the tasks it needs to do – Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel, noticed a
– cursor overshooting because system has buffered pattern
keypresses – processor speed doubles every 18 months
– icon wars - user clicks on icon, nothing happens, clicks on – PC … 1987: 1.5 Mhz, 2002: 1.5 GHz
another, then system responds and windows fly
everywhere • similar pattern for memory
– but doubles every 12 months!!
• Also problems if system is too fast - e.g. help screens – hard disk … 1991: 20Mbyte : 2002: 30 Gbyte
may scroll through text much too rapidly to be read • baby born today
– record all sound and vision
– by 70 all life’s memories stored in a very small
storage media
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