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Bones and Muscles

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 Common Bone Injuries

Dislocation- a dislocation occurs when a

bone in a joint is displaced or has moved

Sprain- an injury to a ligament caused by exces-

sive stretching. A sprained ligament brings so
much swelling in the injured part.

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 What are the common bone
injuries?
The common bone injuries are fractures
(open and closed fracture),dislocations
and sprains.

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BONE DISEASES

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The Digestive System

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Common Ailments Related to Digestion

 ULCER/HYPERACIDITY-

*symptoms-gastric pain, heartburn

**causes- not eating on time, too
much intake of acidic drinks and
food
DIARRHEA-frequent moving of bowel
with watery stool

APPENDICITIS-inflammation of the
appendix caused by irritation from
undigested food that may block it .

INDIGESTION-caused by too much or

rapid eating or drinking
GASTROENTERITIS-
caused by bacterial
infection from taking
contaminated food
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KIDNEYS

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 Heart and Lungs

*The Pulse or heartbeat increases when

one is engaged in a physical activity. The
heart’s resting rate or the initial pulse is
lower than the working heart rate.
*The exercise can increase the contrac-
tion of heart muscles. It increases the
pulse or heartbeat. When muscle contrac-
tion of the heart increases, nutrients the
heart works and can easily pumps blood
to distribute nutrients to the different
parts of the body.

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 Heart and Lungs
The heart is a hollow muscular organ locat-
ed between lungs and it is protected by rib
cage. It is about the size of your fist and lo-
cated in the middle of your chest cavity. The
beating of heart is due to contraction of
muscles. The contraction continues allowing
the heart to receive oxygen from the lings
and continues to contract and pumps blood
to the rest of the body. The lungs filter the
oxygen that enters the body to ensure that
heart receives clean oxygen.

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 Common Lung Ailment
1.Asthma– It is a condition where a person experience
difficulty in breathing
2.Rhinitis– It is characterized by sneezing, nasal dis-
charge and itchiness in the nasal passage
3.Bronchitis– It is characterized by persistent coughing
and sometimes fever.
4.Pneumonia– It is an inflammation of the lungs. A per-
son with pneumonia has a cough that produces a yel-
low-green phlegm. Other symptoms include fever ac-
companied by chills, shortness of breath, sweating,
spitting of blood, and increased production of sputum.
This is a serious disease and the patient must consult a
doctor immediately.
5.Cold– It is marked by sneezing, runny nose, coughing,
sore throat and sometimes fever and headache.
6.Tuberculosis– It is an acute or chronic infectious dis-
ease of the lungs., It is a highly communicable disease.
7.Lung Cancer– It develops in response to prolonged ex-
posure to irritants like tobacco smoke.
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 Heart Ailments
1.High-blood Pressure or Hypertension– It is
characterized by a sudden rise of blood
pressure.
2.Anemia– It is characterized by the blood’s
inability to produce enough hemoglobin,
the oxygen-carrying pigment of the RBC.
3.Leukemia– It occurs when there is an in-
crease in WBC count.
4.Heart Attack– It occurs when blood clot or
fat get lodged in blood vessels which blocks
the passage of blood to the heart.
5.Rheumatic Fever– It is complication of a
throat infection.

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 Brain
The Human Brain is highly complex organ. It is
found in the head and is protected by the skull,
soft tissues called meninges and a cushion of
fluid. It weighs about 1.5 kilograms and contains billions of
neurons. Functions of the brain:
1.It controls the voluntary activities of the body like thinking,
solving problems, and memorizing details and decision mak-
ing.
2.It controls the muscle movement of our body like walking
and writing
3.It coordinates muscular actions
4.It is responsible for man’s ability to learn habits and develop
skills.
5.It helps maintain a person ‘s sense of balance.
6.It connects the brain to the spinal cord.
7.It controls the involuntary muscles of the body and coordi-
nates functions like beating of the heart and breathing.
The main function of the brain is to process information it
receives and send instructions to the different parts of the
body
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 Aquatic Animals
Fish are covered with scales for protection
form disease and from other animals that

Their scales are smooth and slimy, arranged

overlapping from head to tail so as water
slips smoothly as it moves forward

Fish have gills for breathing underwater

and fins for swimming

Adaptation – it is the structure or behavior

that helps an organism survives in its
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 Terrestrial Animals
•Why do polar bears

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LESSON 21: BODY PARTS OF
ANIMALS THAT LIVE ON
LAND

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Body Parts of Animals for Food Getting/
Eating

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 Body Parts of Animals for Protection

Animals have certain ad-

aptations that help
them to survive.

Camouflage (use of color

The chameleon can change its

color to match its surroundings.

Mimicry
(looking or sounding like another living organ-

The Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like

the Monarch butterfly. Can you tell them ?
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Animal Movements in a Particular Habitat
Movement Animal

Run/ Walk

Swim

Gallop

hop

fly

jump

Crawl

Waddle

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An aquatic plants are plants that
grows in water.

Water Lily

Seaweeds Water Hyacinth

A terrestrial plant are
plants that grows in
soil / rocks Mayana
Makahiya Gumamela

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 Plants that grows in Plants that grow in water
land
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

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Write where the correct terrestrial area
the following plants would able to grow.
Choose your answer from the box below.
__1. ___2.

__3. __4.

__ 5. __6.

a. field b. forest c. desert

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 Aquatic Plants

Some aquatic plants are classified as submersed.

Characteristics of submersed plants include hav-
ing all or almost all of the plant growing under
water.
Eel Grass Sago Pondweed Water Milfoils

Emersed aquatic plants include cattails, wetland iris

and skunk cabbage. The major characteristic of
emersed aquatic plants is that they having stems,
leaves or flowers that grow out of the water.
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 Wetland Iris Skunk Cabbage Cattails

Free Floating Plants

free floating and floating-leaved plants are
characterized as having leaves that float on the
surface of the water

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 Specialized Structures
of Terrestrial and Aquatic Plant

Plants Specialized Structures

1.Marang, Durian They are fruits with pun-
gent odor.

2. Kalumpang tree Noted for unpleasant smell

of flowers yet attracts flies
to pollinate.

It has thick cuticle that

. Bird of Paradise filter strong light and
guards against exces-
sive water lost.

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 Specialized Structures
of Terrestrial and Aquatic Plant

It has sharp leaf that

.
4 Talahib/ cogon might cause you harm.

5. Pineapple It has spines on their

v leaves

6. Cactus It has fleshy stem to

conserve water for a
long time.

7. Citrus Plants Their leaves and fruits

have strong smelling
oils that have unpleas-
ant taste.
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Parts of a SEED

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The SEED COAT is called testa.
The COTYLEDONS, also called the seed
leaves, are the oval halves of such seeds
as nuts and beans. They contain the endo-
sperm which is the stored food and energy
for the embryo in the form of starch, sugar,
Nuts and beans have two cotyledons; they are
classified as DICOTYLEDONS or simply DICOTS.
Corn and rice have only one cotyledon; they are
MONOCOTYLEDONS or MONOCOTS.
All flowering plants can be classified as monocots
or dicots based on the number of cotyledons in
their seeds; and by some other external features
such as: Leaf Veins, Flower Structure and Root

Monocot plants have narrow leaves with

parallel venation, fibrous roots, and flow-
ers in multiples of three.
Dicot plants have leaves with palmate or
pinnate venation, large and thick tap-
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Classify the seeds below according to the
number of their cotyledons.
COCONUT KAMATSILE PALAY
MONGGO
AMPALAYA WATER MELON

MONOCOTS DICOTS
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5

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The hypocotyl
then lengthens,
bringing the

If the cotyledons are brought into

light, they develop chlorophyll and
carry on photosynthesis until the
true foliage leaves develop from
the plumule. From the time of ger-
mination until the plant is com-
pletely independent of food stored
in the seed, the plant is known as a
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Identify the meaning of the following
words through pictures.
Metamorphosis- is a biological process by
which an animal physically develops after
birth or hatching
.

2. Pupa- Larvae make co-

coon. They do not eat for a
few days.
3. Larvae- hatch from egg but do not
look like adult insect. Larvae grow
quickly enough to molt or shed their
exoskeleton.
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The life cycle of an animal such as insect
is considered a COMPLETE metamorpho-
sis if undergoes the four stages such as
eggs, larva, pupa, and adult.

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 Incomplete Metamorphosis
INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS - has THREE stages

 EGG

A female insect lays eggs. These eggs are often

covered by an egg case which protects the eggs
NYMPH- The eggs hatch into nymphs. Nymphs
looks like small adults, but usually don't have wings.
ADULT– Adults are the only stage that has wings.

Other examples of incomplete metamorphosis

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 Life Cycle of Animals (Egg Laying Animals)

The Chicken Egg

The egg yolk is kept in place by the egg
white that is thick and sticky. The egg yolk’s
white spot is the developing chick. The egg
white protects the developing chick from any
danger, while the eggshell protects the egg
yolk and the egg white.
The development of the chick takes place in
a period of 21 days.

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 “Which egg will fly, swim, or crawl?
A female frog lays egg among water plant that
thrive in water. A male frog drops its sperm on
the eggs. The frog eggs are fertilized by the male
frogs in the water. The fertilized eggs developed
into young tadpoles. A tadpole develops gills
through which it breaths. It uses its tail for swim-
ming. As the tadpole grows, its hind legs appear.
Later, the front legs appear. The tail becomes
shorter. The gills disappear and lungs develop.
The young frog can now breathe out of water.
The young frog grows into an adult frog and the
cycle is repeated.

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 Life Cycle of Humans

Birth– the start of human cycle begins after the baby

is delivered out by its mother to the world.
Infancy– is categorized as lasting from birth through
the first year of life. The infant is completely depend-
ent upon its parents and caretakers for survival.
Childhood– Takes place between ages 1 to 10. The
first 2 years , the child is called toddler.
Adolescence– take place between ages 12 to 18 and is
a critical turning point because it is when puberty
takes place.
Adulthood– lasts from age 18 throughout old age. It is
when human being are fully grown and must provide
entirely for themselves.
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 Interactions Among Living Things
Living things constantly interact with their environ-
ment. Each king of environment is made up of biotic
(living) and abiotic (non-living) components that interact
and depend on one another in different ways. The many
relationships and interactions of living things with one an-
other and with environment are studied in a branch of Sci-
ence called Ecology.
Such interactions among living things and their envi-
ronment enable them to live in units called Ecosystems.
An ecosystem consists of living and non-living things in a
given area that interact with one another.
An ecosystem is the largest and the most complex level
of organization which consists of all plants, animals and
microorganisms which function with all the environmental
factors such as sunlight, climate, soil, water, air, space, nu-
trients, temperature and energy.
There are six elements that keep the ecosystem go-
ing. There are: sun, producers, abiotic substances, primary
consumers, secondary consumers and decomposers.

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 Beneficial Interactions among Living Things
in their Environment

There are interactions where both species benefit

from the relationship and there are also interactions
where one species benefits but the other is neither
affected nor harmed. These interactions are benefi-
cial/ important for survival.
** Mutualism– is the type of interaction where both
species benefit from the relationship.

** Commensalism– is the type of interaction where

one organism benefits while other is not harmed nor
affected.

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 Harmful Interactions Among Living Things
The type of interaction where one benefits while the
other one is harmed or badly affected is called
predation. The one that usually benefits is called the
predator and the one
that is harmed is called
the prey. This king of in-
teraction is called the
predator-prey relation-
ship.

Parasitism– The organisms

that usually benefit from
this interaction are called
parasites and the one that is
affected is called the host.
Competition– is the striving or vying between organ-
isms for the things needed for survival. Organisms
may compete for food, sunshine, space, shelter, water
and other things that they need for survival.

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