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B.Kasztenny (Chairman), S.Conrad (Vice-Chairman),
P.Beaumont, K.Behrendt, O.Bolado, J.Boyle, G.Brunello,
J.Burger, F.Calero, S.Chano, G.Dalke, A.Darlington, H.DoCarmo,
D.Fontana, Z.Gajic, J.Holbach, L.Kojovic, F.Lopez, D.Lukach,
D.McGinn, J.Miller, P.Mysore, J.O'Brien, B.Pickett,
S.Sambasivan, G.Sessler, V.Skendzic, J.Smith, D.Tholomier,
M.Thompson, J.Uchiyama, D.Ware, D.Weers, R.Whittaker,
R.Young, S.Zocholl

`  
   `   
s    
] Definitions
] Bus configurations
] Introduction to bus protection
] Relay input sources
] Bus protection methods
] Application of bus protection schemes
] Annexes
(



] › new terms defined
] Bus protection and primary equipment
 !  
 
" Temporary usage of a bus tie breaker in a
multiple bus configuration to substitute for one of the network
element͛s circuit breakers, typically for the maintenance of the latter;
also known as È   

# !$ " wonselective part of a multi-zone bus protection


system measuring current flows around the entire station and
supervising selective tripping from individual bus zones of protection

  " Area of a bus or line that becomes isolated from the


original zone of protection or an area that loses protection due to the
loss of sensing to zone protection relays
  
%


] Continuity of service for the bus and
essential network elements
] Equipment maintainability and network
switching flexibility
] Economical and footprint constraints
] Sectionalizing requirements to avoid
exceeding breaker fault duties
] Ease of future bus expansion
 %  
] Single bus
] Main and transfer bus
] Double-bus double-breaker
] Double-bus single-breaker
] Breaker-and-a-half
] Ring bus
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| 
  

] Zones of protection
] Bus protection methods
] Scheme selection guidelines
'   

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KÏÐÑ
  
 # 
] Differential
 Differentially-connected overcurrent
] Instantaneous
] Time-delayed
 Percentage-restrained differential
] Restrained
] Advanced microprocessor based
 High-impedance differential
] Resistor-stabilized overcurrent
] High-impedance
 Partial differential overcurrent
 Fault bus
  
 # 
] Zone-interlocked schemes
 Simple blocking
 Directional blocking

] Time-coordinated relays overlapping the bus


] Protection (sensors) built into the gas isolated
switchgear*

   


#    

 

] Bus arrangement and flexibility
 Fixed vs. switchable buses

] Availability and characteristics of CTs


] For reconfigurable buses, availability of
auxiliary contacts of disconnect switches
] Performance requirements
 Security, Selectivity, Speed, Sensitivity

] Cost and complexity


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] Current transformers
 Types
 Accuracy classes
 Equivalent circuit & time to saturation
 wo universal CT requirements

] Voltage Transformers
 Voltage trip supervision
 Directional blocking schemes

] Position of switches and breakers


( 
 #   

] Section 7 gives in-depth review of each
method following a consistent pattern
 Theory of operation
 Setting considerations
 CT requirements
 Application considerations
( " )
%#*
  # 
Voltage setting:
] Above the maximum voltage for an
external fault assuming that one CT
saturates completely

] High enough so that pickup current is


above the short circuit current on the
secondary of any PT or station service
transformer inside the bus zone

] Below the accuracy class voltage


rating of the lowest accuracy class CT
in the differential circuit

] Low enough so that pickup current is


below the minimum fault current for
the bus
( " )
%#*
  # 
CT requirements:
] CTs dedicated to bus protection
(cannot be shared)

] Equal CT ratios*

] The accuracy class voltage rating of


the CT with the lowest accuracy class
above the selected voltage setting,
with margin

  ! " !




   

] Partial differential
 Loads
 Capacitor banks
 Application with overcurrent and distance relays

] Combined bus and transformer zone


] Buses with directly connected grounding
transformers
] Application of auxiliary transformers
 Generally discouraged


   

] Applications with paralleled CTs

 Generally discouraged
 Guidelines included


   

] Application of auxiliary tripping relays
 Lockout relays
 won-lockout relays
 Ratings

] Automatic reclosing after bus faults


] Dynamic bus replica
] Check-zone
] Voltage trip supervision
(
  



 
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] Application of CT trouble detection
 Detection methods
 Fallback strategies

] Reliable, selective tripping at the


differential zone boundary
 Line-side CT
 Bus-side CT
 Bus coupler considerations
 The role of Breaker Failure protection
ß
 *
s

=
   


   




   

] CT column ground fault protection
] In-zone grounds
 Surge arresters
 Safety grounds and circulating current while
testing
 In-zone grounding of out-of-service elements

] In-service transfer of network elements


and breaker substitution
 !  
 


®¯ °±


   

] Stub bus considerations
] Breaker Failure considerations
] Backup protection
 Local backup
] Duplicated relays
] BF, batteries, wiring
] Reverse-looking distance relays
] Overcurrent relays
 Remote backup
 ( 
] Setting example for a high-impedance
scheme (O O)
] Logic example for double-bus single-
breaker configuration (O 
)
 Bus and Breaker Failure protection
 Two zones, check zone and voltage supervision
 In-service transfers and breaker substitution

] Setting guidelines for differentially


connected OC schemes (O  )
)
%#
%#
] Complex bus arrangements and switching
] Advanced bus protection topics
(reconfigurable buses, RP relays)
] Balanced coverage of high- and low-
impedance schemes
] Protection scheme selection guidelines
] CT requirements given per scheme
] List of application considerations
] Detailed examples for most common schemes

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