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Documenti di Professioni
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B.Kasztenny (Chairman), S.Conrad (Vice-Chairman),
P.Beaumont, K.Behrendt, O.Bolado, J.Boyle, G.Brunello,
J.Burger, F.Calero, S.Chano, G.Dalke, A.Darlington, H.DoCarmo,
D.Fontana, Z.Gajic, J.Holbach, L.Kojovic, F.Lopez, D.Lukach,
D.McGinn, J.Miller, P.Mysore, J.O'Brien, B.Pickett,
S.Sambasivan, G.Sessler, V.Skendzic, J.Smith, D.Tholomier,
M.Thompson, J.Uchiyama, D.Ware, D.Weers, R.Whittaker,
R.Young, S.Zocholl
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] Definitions
] Bus configurations
] Introduction to bus protection
] Relay input sources
] Bus protection methods
] Application of bus protection schemes
] Annexes
(
] new terms defined
] Bus protection and primary equipment
!
" Temporary usage of a bus tie breaker in a
multiple bus configuration to substitute for one of the network
element͛s circuit breakers, typically for the maintenance of the latter;
also known as È
KÏÐÑ
#
] Differential
Differentially-connected overcurrent
] Instantaneous
] Time-delayed
Percentage-restrained differential
] Restrained
] Advanced microprocessor based
High-impedance differential
] Resistor-stabilized overcurrent
] High-impedance
Partial differential overcurrent
Fault bus
#
] Zone-interlocked schemes
Simple blocking
Directional blocking
#
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p
p
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pp
p
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p
p
p
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&
ppp p p p p p p p p
!
ppp p p p
"
"p p p p p
#p
p!p!
p p p p p p p p p
#p!p!pp
p
pp p p p p p p p p
'
p$p
pp p p p p p p p p
p$p!pp
p p p p p p p p p
%p!ppp p p p p p p p p
$p!p
ppp p p p &p p p p p
$p!p!p
p
p p p p
'
p
(
p p p p
p p p p p )p p p )p
p *p +p p p ),p +p +p )p
*
p p +p +p p )p +p +p +p
-
p )p +p p p )p +p +p p
Î p
] Current transformers
Types
Accuracy classes
Equivalent circuit & time to saturation
wo universal CT requirements
] Voltage Transformers
Voltage trip supervision
Directional blocking schemes
] Equal CT ratios*
Generally discouraged
Guidelines included
] Application of auxiliary tripping relays
Lockout relays
won-lockout relays
Ratings
# $!
O
O
O
p p
|*
|*
|*
#!$
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] Application of CT trouble detection
Detection methods
Fallback strategies
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] CT column ground fault protection
] In-zone grounds
Surge arresters
Safety grounds and circulating current while
testing
In-zone grounding of out-of-service elements
®¯ °±
] Stub bus considerations
] Breaker Failure considerations
] Backup protection
Local backup
] Duplicated relays
] BF, batteries, wiring
] Reverse-looking distance relays
] Overcurrent relays
Remote backup
(
] Setting example for a high-impedance
scheme (O O)
] Logic example for double-bus single-
breaker configuration (O
)
Bus and Breaker Failure protection
Two zones, check zone and voltage supervision
In-service transfers and breaker substitution