LIGHT STRUCTURE LABORATORY

BFC 21201
Course Code

Course Name
LIGHT STRUCTURE LABORATORY

Experiment Title BUCKLING OF STRUCTURE

Name Matric Number

Siti Nurulsyazni Binti Rusli CF170178
Siti Haisal Binti Mohd Hatta CF170002
Nurul Afiqah Binti Ruslan CF170149
TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT 1

INTRODUCTION 2

LITERATURE REVIEWS 2

METHODOLOGY 3

RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND 4-7

DISCUSSIONS

DISCUSSION 8

CONCLUSION 8

REFERENCES 9
 ABSTRACT
The buckling test is to examine how shear force varies with an increasing point load
and the cut position of the beam for various loading condition. The buckling test also used to
determine a member’s strength and deflection, while assuming that member was always in
stable equilibrium. Some members, however, may be subjected to compressive loadings, and if
these members are long and slender the loading may be large enough to cause the member to
deflect laterally. To be specific, long slender members subjected to an axial compressive force
are called columns (strut), and the lateral deflection that occurs is called buckling. Quite often
the buckling of a column can lead to a sudden and dramatic failure of a structure of mechanism,
and as a result, special attention must be given to the design of column so that they can safety
support their intended loadings without buckling. Euler buckling formula is also used to predict
the buckling. The critical value in Euler Formula is a slenderness ratio, which is the ratio of
the length of the column (strut) to its radius gyration (L/K). the Euler Formula become
inaccurate for struts with L/K ratio of less than 1.125and this should be taken into account in
any design work. To calculate the buckling load experiment, buckling machine are used and
the result is taken from the digital display force. The length of strut is selected and fit it to the
machine and fit the bottom chuck and remove the top chuck. Result of the experiment has been
take and change the length of the strut. Repeat the procedure. Calculate the buckling load
theory by using formula. Euler buckling equation is examine and an appropriate parameter to
establish a linear relationship between the buckling load and the length of the strut is selected.
Value is calculated and put them in the table with an appropriate title. Prove the relationship
is linear by using graph. Entering a theoretical line onto the graph to compare the experimental
value to those calculated from Euler formula.
INTRODUCTION
In this preceding lab, some of the method used to determine a member’s strength and
deflection, while assuming that member was always in stable equilibrium. Some members,
however, may be subjected to compressive loadings, and if these members are long and slender
the loading may be large enough to cause the member to deflect laterally. To be specific, long
slender members subjected to an axial compressive force are called columns (strut), and the
lateral deflection that occurs is called buckling. Quite often the buckling of a column can lead
to a sudden and dramatic failure of a structure of mechanism, and as a result, special attention
must be given to the design of column so that they can safety support their intended loadings
without buckling.

LITERATURE REVIEWS
Maximum load is the critical load which a column can bear while staying straight.

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝑃= 2
𝐿
Where,
P= Euler’s critical load
E= Modulus of elasticity of column material
I= Minimum area moment of inertia of the cross section of the column
L= unsupported length of column

This formula was derived in 1758, by the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. The
column will remain straight for loads less than the critical load. The critical load is the greatest
load that will not cause lateral deflection (buckling). For loads greater than the critical load,
the column will deflect laterally. The critical load puts the column in a state of unstable
equilibrium. A load beyond the critical which causes the column to fail by buckling. As the
load increased beyond the critical load the lateral deflections increase, until it may fail in other
modes such as yielding of the material. Loading of columns beyond the critical load are not
addressed in this article.
METHODOLOGY
Part 1

1) Bottom chuck is being fit to the machine and remove the top chuck. Choose the
selected strut length, 0.32m, 0.42m, and 0.52m and cross section is measure by using
Vernier and second moment of area is calculate, I, for the strut.
2) Sliding crosshead is adjusted to accept the strut using thumbnut to lock off the slider.
Ensure that there is the maximum amount of travel available on the hand wheel threat
to compress the strut. Locking the screw.
3) Back-off the hand wheel so that the strut is resting in the notch but not transmitting
any load carefully. The force meter must be zero by using the front panel control.
4) Start to load the selected strut carefully. “Flick” the strut to the right if the strut begins
to buckle to the left. Stop the hand wheel if no further increase in load. (The load may
peak and then drop as it settles in the notches).
5) Final load is record and repeat with the other second and third strut.

Buckling of Strut Digital Display Force

Part 2
1) To study the effect of the end conditions, follow the same basic procedure as in part 1,
but this time remove the top and bottom chuck and clamp the specimen using the cap
head screw and plate to make a fixed-fixed end condition.
2) Record the result in the table and calculate the values of for the struts.
3) Fit the top chuck with the two cap head screws and clamp both ends specimen to
make a fixed-fixed end condition. Calculate the new values of.
4) Enter the result into table.
RESULTS, DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

For Pinned-Pinned condition

Strut Buckling Load (N) Buckling Load (N)

Length (mm)
number Experimental Theory I/L² (mˉ²)

1 320 -122 88.65 9.76

2 420 -093 51.46 5.67

3 520 -063 33.57 3.70

Length VS Buckling Load Graph

140

120 122

100
88.65 93
80

60 63
51.46
40
33.57
20

0
0.32 0.42 0.52

Series 1 Series 2 Column1

I/L² VS Buckling Load Graph

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
9.76 5.67 3.7

Series 1 Series 2 Column1

Given,

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
𝐿2
𝐸 = 69 × 109 𝑁𝑚2
𝑏 = 0.02 𝑚 𝑑 = 2 × 10−3 𝑚
𝐼 = 𝑏𝑑3 / 12
= (0.02)(2 × 10−3 )
= 13.33 × 10−12 𝑚

1) Strut length 0.32 𝑚

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 (𝜋 2 )(69 × 109 )(13.33 ×10−12 )

= = 88.65 𝑁
𝐿2 (0.32)2

2) Strut length 0.42 m

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 (𝜋 2 )(69 × 109 )(13.33 ×10−12 )

= = 51.46 𝑁
𝐿2 (0.42)2

3) Strut length 0.52 m

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 (𝜋 2 )(69 × 109 )(13.33 ×10−12 )

= = 33.57 𝑁
𝐿2 (0.52)2
For Pinned-Fixed condition
Buckling Load Buckling Load

Strut number Length (mm) (N) (N) I/L² (mˉ²)

Experimental Theory

1 320 -188 354.60 9.76

2 420 -086 205.85 5.67

3 520 -062 134.29 3.70

Length VS Buckling Load Graph

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0.32 0.42 0.52

Series 1 Series 2 Column1

I/L² VS Buckling Load Graph

400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
9.76 5.67 3.7

Series 1 Series 2 Column1

Given,

4𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
𝐿2
𝐸 = 69 × 109 𝑁𝑚2
𝑏 = 0.02 𝑚 𝑑 = 2 × 10−3 𝑚
𝐼 = 𝑏𝑑3 / 12
= (0.02)(2 × 10−3 )
= 13.33 × 10−12 𝑚

1) Strut length 0.32 𝑚

2
4𝜋 𝐸𝐼 (4)(𝜋 2 )(69 × 109 )(13.33 ×10−12 )
2 = 2
= 354.60 𝑁
𝐿 (0.32)

2) Strut length 0.42 m

4𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 (4)(𝜋 2 )(69 × 109 )(13.33 ×10−12 )

= = 205.85 𝑁
𝐿2 (0.42)2

3) Strut length 0.52 m

4𝜋2 𝐸𝐼 (4)(𝜋 2 )(69 × 109 )(13.33 ×10−12 )

= = 134.29 𝑁
𝐿2 (0.52)2

 Euler buckling equation is examine and an appropriate parameter to establish a linear

relationship between the buckling load and the length of the strut is select.
 Write the relationship below.
 Value is calculated and put them in the table with an appropriate title.
 Prove the relationship is linear by using graph. Entering a theoretical line onto the graph
to compare the experimental value to those calculated from Euler formula.
DISCUSSION
From the observation and the result that we get, we can conclude that there is a relationship
between length and the maximum buckling load. The relation between buckling load and the
length of the strut is directly proportional in linear condition. This is because from the data
showed, when the length is bigger the Pcr will be smaller. Thus, the theory is proven. Base on
the graph, there are big different numbers between experimental and theoretical. The
differences are in both pin-pin and pin-fixed support. This may be due to some human error.
In addition, the error may also come from the Buckling of Struts instrument due to its condition.
In terms of our experiment, the most likely causes of the difference between our measured and
calculated results is inelastic deformation of the strut due to the residual stresses and any
retained plastic deformation because of its repetitive prior use. But the data showed by the
instrument is still acceptable because of the result is propotional to the length. In practice, the
buckling of the experiment is lower than the theoretical.

CONCLUSIONS
Based from the experiment of Buckling of Strut, we can conclude that pin-fixed support column
is more stronger from pin-pin support column. This show that pin-fixed column can bare more
load that pin-pin column. From the experiment also we can conclude that the type of constraint
has a major effect on the results, with pin-fixed taking the largest buckling load and the pinned
pin-pin taking the least buckling load. From this we can deduce that it is the effective length of
the strut rather than the actual length that determines the buckling load. Two struts of equal
length will have vastly different effective lengths determined by the boundary conditions.
REFERENCES

 https://www.studocu.com/en/document/de-haagse-hogeschool/mechanica-3-
sterkteleer/book-solutions/solution-manual-mechanics-of-materials-r-c-hibbeler-
chapter-1/60274/view
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckling
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/177192718/BUCKLING-OF-STRUTS
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_critical_load