Disaster MGMT Ref HDBK India

Cover and section photo credits
Cover Photo: Cover Photo: “Agra, India” by Nigel Swales is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY-SA 2.0.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/nigel321/11494669655
Regional Overview Section Photo: SAARC in Jeopardy. The Kathmandu Post. Niranjan Mani Dixit.
http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-11-06/saarc-in-jeopardy.html
International Framework Section Photo: National Disaster Response Force, India. Facebook Page.
https://www.facebook.com/HQNDRF/photos/a.1473043966118868.1073741828.1472348146188450/1749130325176896/?type=3&theater
National Framework Section Photo: “Changing lives: Ante and post natal care for mums and babies in Orissa” is licensed under Creative
Commons Attribution CC BY-SA 2.0. Odisha (Orissa), India. DFID-UK Department for International Development.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfid/6835364123/
Conclusion Section Photo: “Pink City” (Rajasthan, India) by John Johnston is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY-2.0. https://
www.flickr.com/photos/ateabutnoe/303620566
U.S. DOD DMHA Recent Engagements with India Section Photo: Service members from the Indian Navy Arrive for RIMPAC. Photo by Petty
Officer 1st Class Kevin Flinn, Commander, U.S. 3rd Fleet. In the photo Capt. Kevin Long, Commander, Task Force 172, welcomes Commander,
Task Unit 172.2.3, shortly after the arrival of an Indian Navy P-8A Poseidon on Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam for Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC)
Exercise.
https://www.dvidshub.net/image/4541589/servicemembers-indian-navy-arrive-rimpac
Appendices Section Photo: “India (Jaipur) Indian women” by Güldem Üstün is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution CC BY-SA 2.0.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/guldem/33053916540
2 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Table of Contents
Welcome - Note from the Director............................................................................................................6
About the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance................7
Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................8
Regional Overview.........................................................................................................10
International Framework...............................................................................................12
Guiding Principles (Civil-Military)...................................................................................................... 12
Partnerships, Agreements, and Memberships............................................................................. 13
Bilateral Relationships.................................................................................................................... 13
Multilateral Relationships............................................................................................................. 19
Agreements and Memberships.................................................................................................. 20
India Government Departments Involved in Crisis Response................................................ 21
Foreign Disaster Management Activities....................................................................................... 23
Government Aid............................................................................................................................... 23
Procedures to Request Support for Humanitarian Assistance........................................ 25
Military Cooperation (Training and Exercises)...................................................................... 26
Women, Peace and Security............................................................................................................... 28
National Framework.......................................................................................................30
Country Overview................................................................................................................................... 30
National Policies, Plans, Frameworks, and Agreements............................................................ 31
National Disaster Management Agency................................................................................. 31
Government Disaster Response Plan....................................................................................... 33
Government Agencies.......................................................................................................................... 34
India Civil Societies and Non-Governmental Organizations.................................................. 35
International Non-Governmental Organizations in India........................................................ 36
India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 3

Domestic Disaster Management Activities................................................................................... 38
Roles and Responsibilities of the State and District Governments............................... 38
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................40
U.S. DOD DMHA Recent Engagements with India.......................................................42
Appendices.....................................................................................................................46
Country Profile......................................................................................................................................... 48
Acronyms and Abbreviations............................................................................................................. 61
List of References for Figures and Photos...................................................................................... 65
References (Endnotes).......................................................................................................................... 66
List of Figures
Figure 1: Map of South Asia Region....................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030........................................ 14
Figure 3: Ministry of External Affairs Process for Humanitarian Assistance................................. 24
Figure 4: Organizations in India Involved in Diaspora Evacuation Operations........................... 27
Figure 5: INFORM Country Risk Hazard and Exposure for India....................................................... 31
Figure 6: India National Disaster Management Authority Organizational Structure................ 32
Figure 7: State-level Disaster Management Basic Institutional Framework................................. 38
List of Tables
Table 1: Government Agencies in India................................................................................................ 34
List of Photos
Photo 1: Indian Nationals Evacuate in Yemen, 2015........................................................................ 27
Photo 2: Exercise Malabar 2018.............................................................................................................. 42
Photo 3: Exercise Malabar 2014.............................................................................................................. 43
Photo 4: Field Trauma Management Training, Yudh Abhyas Exercise 2016............................ 44

Disclaimer
This report has been prepared in good faith based primarily on information gathered
from open-source material available at the date of publication. CFE-DM has relied on official
Government of India sources to the maximum extent possible. Additional information has
been obtained from United States (U.S.) government sources and is thus considered to be in
the public domain. Such sources include the U.S. Department of State (DOS), U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID), and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Fact Book.
Other sources used include Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) home pages, Relief
Web, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) or other United Nations (UN) agency
web pages, World Bank, and Asian Development Bank (ADB). Where possible, a link to the
original electronic source is provided in the endnote (reference) section at the end of the
document. While making every attempt to ensure the information is relevant and accurate,
the Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM)
does not guarantee or warrant the accuracy, reliability, completeness or currency of the infor-
mation in this publication. Any necessary updates will be incorporated in a future version.

Welcome - Note from the Director
There is an increasing connectivity of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. There is also economic
and military pressure in the region.1 Current and future multilateral regional and international
cooperation in Central Asia depends on correlations of regional, national, and global interests.
Regional cooperation and strong international partnership promotes stability and security in the
region.2
U.S. Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM) is a strong proponent of enhancing ties with
India and counts India as a key partner in its strategic planning.3 Pacific and Indian Ocean partners
are important and critical to maintaining regional stability.4 The United States (U.S.) continues to
invest in the Indo-Pacific stability.5
Many countries including India will deploy their militaries or paramilitary organizations in
response to a natural disaster or crisis. India is proficient in areas of disaster preparedness response,
and the country has responded to regional disasters and provided assistance to affected states in the
region.
This guide serves as an initial source of information for those individuals preparing for Disaster
Risk Reduction (DRR) activities or immediate deployment with India partner responders in crisis.
Additionally, it highlights the important role India plays in preparing for, mitigating, responding
to, and recovering from a natural or man-made disaster in the Indo-Pacific region. It also provides
decision makers, planners, responders and disaster management practitioners’ greater insight into
India’s Disaster Management (DM) capabilities, thereby enhancing regional civil-military response.
Discussion includes key areas such as the India’s organizational structure for domestic and foreign
disaster management, international DM agreements, regional training programs and exercise
support. An in-depth understanding of India’s and other partner nation capabilities improves
collaboration before, during and after a disaster response. Therefore, this handbook focuses on
strengthening partnerships and is not an assessment of India’s capabilities.
These handbooks provide a context for country and regional-specific factors that influence disaster
management. CFE-DM provides education, training and research about disaster management and
humanitarian assistance, particularly in international settings, which require coordination between
the Department of Defense (DOD) and civilian agencies.
Sincerely,
Joseph D. Martin, SES

Director

Information about the Center for Excellence
in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
Overview
The Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DM) is
a United States (U.S.) Department of Defense (DOD) organization that was established by U.S.
Congress in 1994. The Center is a direct reporting unit to U.S. Pacific Command and is located on
Ford Island, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, Hawaii.
CFE-DM was founded as part of the late Senator Daniel K. Inouye’s vision. The Senator had
witnessed the effects of Hurricane Iniki that struck the Hawaiian Islands in 1992, and felt the civil-
military coordination in the response could have been more effective. He set about to establish CFE-
DM to help bridge understanding between civil and military responders, and to provide a DOD
platform for building Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (DMHA) awareness and
expertise in U.S. forces, and with partner nations in the Asia-Pacific. While maintaining a global
mandate, the Asia-Pacific region is our priority of effort and collaboration is the cornerstone of our
operational practice.
Mission
The Center’s mission is to advise U.S. Pacific Command leaders; enable focused engagements,
education and training; and increase knowledge of best practices and information to enhance U.S.
and international civil-military preparedness for disaster management and humanitarian assistance.
Vision
CFE-DM exists to save lives and alleviate human suffering by connecting people, improving
coordination, and building capacity.
Contact Information
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management
and Humanitarian Assistance
456 Hornet Ave
JBPHH HI 96860-3503
Telephone: (808) 472-0518
https://www.cfe-dmha.org

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Executive Summary
with its SAARC neighbors. The U.S. is also one
of India’s most significant trading and foreign
investment partners in the world.12
India’s Ministry of Home Affairs has overall
India supports disaster management capacity responsibility for disaster management along
building efforts in the Asia Pacific region.6 with India’s National Disaster Management
The country’s role throughout the region as Authority (NDMA).13 Components of the
an increasingly capable actor in disaster relief national disaster management structure include
and humanitarian assistance has reinforced the National Executive Committee (NEC),
India’s role promoting connective partnerships which assist the NDMA with overseeing national
throughout the region.7 disaster management activities; the Central
Due to location and climate, India itself is Government which maintains the authority to
one of the most disaster-prone areas of the issue guidelines to NEC, and State Governments
world. The country is exposed to many natural and State Emergency Committees (SECs) to
hazards including floods, cyclones, droughts, enable or aid in disaster management. All central
and earthquakes and these disasters often cause ministries are involved in DM post disaster
significant damage to property and loss of life. recovery activities. The State Governments
The Government of India recognizes the need to are responsible for the primary function of
shift from a post disaster reactive approach to a coordinating disaster management activities
pre-disaster pro-active approach which includes to include the proper establishment of early
preparedness, mitigation, and prevention.8 warning systems (EWS). The Armed Forces
The Government of India enacted the Disaster are a significant component of India’s disaster
Management Act in 2005, adopted a National management structure and are mandated to
Policy on Disaster Management in 2009, and in assist the civil administration only when the
2015 adopted three international agreements circumstances of the disaster are beyond the
including the Sendai Framework for Disaster State’s coping capacity and when requested by the
Risk Reduction, Sustainable Development Goals Civil Administration. Additionally, the Central
2015-2030, and the Paris Agreement on Climate Paramilitary Forces (CPMFs), the State Police
Change.9 The country has adopted a multi- Forces and Fire Services, Civil Defence and
hazard, and multi-sectoral strategy approach, Home Guards and the State Disaster Response
which in turn will create a disaster resilient Force (SDRF) play a role in disaster response.14
country.10 India is currently home to over 50
India has membership in a variety of international organizations focused on disaster
international organizations, including the United management, humanitarian needs, international
Nations (UN), G-20, Association of Southeast development, human rights, women and
Asian Nations (ASEAN) Regional Forum (ARF), children’s rights and protections, HIV/AIDS
International Monetary Fund (IMF), World reduction and education, sanitation, food
Bank (WB), and World Trade Organization security, sustainable development and health.
(WTO). India is an ASEAN dialogue partner, India has provided monetary and resource
an Organization for Economic Cooperation aid to regional nations in the aftermath of a
and Development (OECD) partner under its catastrophic disasters. Aid has been rendered
Enhanced Engagement Program, and an observer to the Philippines (2012 Typhoon Pablo, 2013
to the Organization of American States (OAS). Earthquake, 2017 Terrorist attacks in Marawai),
India is also a member of the Indian Ocean Rim Maldives (2004 Tsunami), Myanmar (Cyclone
Association (IORA).11 India fosters bilateral Mora 2017, Komen 2015, Cyclone Nargis
and multilateral relationships with ASEAN 2008, and earthquake in Shan State 2010), Sri
member states and the U.S. and Australia which Lanka (2004 Tsunami) and to Nepal (2015)
include Defense Cooperation, economic trade Earthquake), etc.
agreements, disaster response and assistance and
maritime and border agreements.
Along with Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, India
is a member of the South Asian Association
for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). Through
its efforts at regional cooperation, India has
increased its bilateral trade and investments

REGIONAL OVERVIEW
Regional Overview
Awareness and risk reduction are at the
forefront of policy-making, processes and
law implementation worldwide. There has
been a substantial increase in natural disaster
In the South Asia region (Figure 1) there occurrences globally between the 1970’s (69
has been accelerating global growth and trade. recorded natural disasters per year) and the
However, exports continue to remain low, 2000’s (350 recorded natural disasters per year).
regional progress on fiscal consolidation is Additionally, the recorded annual economic
halting, and deficits are high. In spite of this, losses averaged USD$12 billion per year in the
the overall region, supported by the recovery 1970s and increased to USD$88 billion per year
in India, has reclaimed the lead as the fastest in the 2000’s.
developing region globally. The implementation Similar patterns of natural disaster
of a growth-oriented combination of new policies occurrences and economic loss as a result of
and regional reforms could potentially see the natural disasters have been recorded throughout
regional growth accelerated to 6.9 percent in the South Asia Region. In the South Asia Region
2018 and 7.1 percent in 2019.15 Much of the the number of natural disasters per year has
improvement, however, is propelled by India’s quadrupled throughout the last four decades.
growth and is not steady across all South Asia An increase in natural disaster in the South Asia
countries. Region has resulted in approximately USD$25
The number of working-age persons in the billion over the last five years.
region has increased in the last decade. Despite
this, the percentage of persons
of working age that are gainfully
employed has seen a decline in most
South Asian countries from 2005-
2015. The decline in employment rates
in South Asia has been more rapid
than in East Asia, predominantly
impacting India, Bhutan and Sri
Lanka. Additionally, unemployment
rates for women in the region have
been increasing significantly.16 Half the
South Asia Region’s population (eight
hundred million) is in jeopardy of
seeing a reduction in their standard of
living; however India has displayed the
fastest rate of poverty reduction after
China in the last 15 years and lifted
hundreds of millions of people above
the poverty line.17 National incomes
may also continue to decline in part
due to rising temperatures related
to climate change and more erratic
rainfalls which will reduce crop yields
and water resources.18
The increased occurrences and
economic and social impacts of
disaster events in the South Asia
Region is comprehended by most
stakeholders globally. International
governments, worldwide institutions,
NGOs, and private institutions have
allocated substantial capital to raising
understanding of the exposure and
susceptibility of populations in the
South Asia Region to natural hazards. Figure 1: Map of South Asia Region

INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK
International
Sendai Framework
The Sendai Framework is the global blueprint
and fifteen-year plan to build the world’s
Framework resilience to natural disasters.21 The Sendai

Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-
2030 outlines seven clear targets and four
priorities for action to prevent new and reduce
Guiding Principles (Civil-Military) existing disaster risks:
Many countries will deploy their militaries The Seven Global Targets:
or paramilitary organizations when a natural • Substantially reduce global disaster mortality
disaster or crisis occurs and creates humanitarian by 2030, aiming to lower average per 100,000
needs. Bilateral support to disaster-affected global mortality rates in the decade 2020-
States can also be provided through international 2030 compared to the period 2005-2015.
deployment of foreign military actors and assets. • Substantially reduce the number of affected
The United Nations Office for the Coordination people globally by 2030, aiming to lower
of Humanitarian affairs (OCHA) promotes the average global figure per 100,000 in the
concept of UN Humanitarian Civil-Military decade 2020 -2030 compared to the period
Coordination (UN-CMCoord), which is to 2005-2015.
facilitate the dialogue and interaction between • Reduce direct disaster economic loss in
civilian and military actors. This is essential to relation to global gross domestic product
protect and promote humanitarian principles, (GDP) by 2030.
avoid competition, minimize inconsistency and, • Substantially reduce disaster damage to
when appropriate, pursue common goals. critical infrastructure and disruption of basic
services, among them health and educational
UN-CMCoord facilities, including through developing their
UN-CMCoord is a framework which resilience by 2030.
enhances a broad understanding of humanitarian • Substantially increase the number of
action and guides political and military actors countries with national and local disaster risk
on how best to support that action. It assists reduction strategies by 2020.
in ensuring international civilian and military • Substantially enhance international
actors in an emergency environment can work cooperation to developing countries
towards a common set of humanitarian goals. through adequate and sustainable support
It helps to develop context-specific policy to complement their national actions for
based on internationally agreed guidelines, implementation of this Framework by 2030.
and it establishes humanitarian civil-military • Substantially increase the availability of
coordination structures, ensuring staff members and access to multi-hazard early warning
are trained to make that coordination work. UN- systems and disaster risk information and
CMCoord is particularly essential in complex assessments to the people by 2030.22
emergencies/high-risk environments in order to
facilitate humanitarian access, the protection of The Four Priorities of Action:
civilians, and the security of humanitarian aid • Understanding disaster risk;
workers.19 • Strengthening disaster risk governance to
There are disaster response networks and tools manage disaster risk;
that have been in the forefront of developing • Investing in disaster reduction for resilience;
common professional standards for emergency and
responders in the region and around the world. • Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective
India has been occasionally engaged over response and to “Build Back Better” in
time with them. They include the UN Disaster recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
Assessment and Coordination (UNDAC)
system, the International Search and Rescue The Sendai Framework aims to achieve the
Advisory Group (INSARAG), the Civil Military substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in
Coordination Section (CMCS) and the Virtual lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic,
Onsite Operations Coordination Centre (Virtual physical, social, cultural and environmental
OSOCC).20 assets of persons, businesses, communities and

countries over the next 15 years. It was adopted similarities found not only in the government
at the Third United Nations World Conference arena but also in people to people ties. India and
on Disaster Risk Reduction in Sendai, Japan in Afghanistan relations were further enhanced by
2015.23 The Sendai Framework is the successor the signing of a Strategic Partnership Agreement
instrument to the Hyogo Framework for Action in 2011. The Strategic Partnership Agreement
(HFA) 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of between India and Afghanistan arranges for
Nations and Communities to Disasters.24 Figure 2 aid to assist in the rebuilding of the Afghan
shows the Sendai DRR Framework. infrastructure and education and technical
assistance to rebuild native Afghan capacity. The
Partnerships, Agreements, and agreement also addressed natural resources and
duty free admittance to the Indian market for
Memberships Afghanistan’s exports. India has encouraged the
international community to follow through with
India is a member of the South Asian its pledge to rebuild Afghanistan.
Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). An Extradition Treaty, on the Agreement on
The SAARC was established on 8 December Cooperation in Civil and Commercial Matters,
1985, with the signing of the Charter in Dhaka. and an MOU on Cooperation in Peaceful Uses
SAARC is comprised of eight Member States: of Outer Space were signed by both nations in
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, 2016. India additionally announced a further
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In USD$1 billion in aid for capability building in
January 1987, the Secretariat of the Association education, health, agriculture, skill development,
was established in Kathmandu. women’s empowerment, energy, infrastructure,
and strengthening of democratic institutions of
The SAARC’s objectives are to: Afghanistan.26
• Promote the welfare of the peoples of South
Asia as well as improve their quality of life; India-Bangladesh Relations
• Accelerate economic growth, social progress, India and Bangladesh relations are rooted
and cultural development in the region and in history, culture, and language. Relations are
to provide all individuals the opportunity predicated on independence, impartiality, trust,
to live in dignity and to realize their full and understanding. India and Bangladesh have
potentials; concluded more than 50 bilateral institutional
• To promote and strengthen collective self- agreements with regard to security, trade,
reliance among the countries of South Asia; commerce, energy, transport, connectivity,
• To contribute to mutual trust, understanding science, technology, defense, rivers and maritime
and appreciation of one another’s problems; security. A Joint Consultative Commission
• Promoting active collaboration and mutual (JCC) manages and administers application of
assistance in the economic, social, cultural, enterprises between India and Bangladesh. The
technical and scientific fields; 3rd JCC was held in September 2014 in New
• Strengthening cooperation with other Delhi.
developing countries, strengthen cooperation India and Bangladesh also cooperated closely
among themselves in international forums on on security matters. A Coordinated Border
matters of common interests; and Management Plan (CBMP) was signed in 2011
• To cooperate with international and and the settlement of the maritime boundary
regional organizations with similar aims and arbitration between India and Bangladesh was
purposes. signed in July 2014. These agreements have
further enhanced economic development in the
All levels of decisions at SAARC are taken region of the Bay of Bengal.
on the basis of unanimity, while bilateral and An initial Trade Agreement was signed by
contentious issues are frequently excluded from the two nations in 1972 and renewed in 2015
the deliberations of the Association.25 (a 5 year agreement with prearrangement for
automatic renewal). There are also multiple
Bilateral Relationships trade-related agreements between India and
India-Afghanistan Relations Bangladesh. Bilateral trade between India and
India and Afghanistan share a durable Bangladesh has continued to grow within the
relationship founded on historic and cultural past decade. From July 2016 – March 2017 India’s

Chart of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
2015-2030
www.preventionweb.net/go/sfdrr
www.unisdr.org
isdr@un.org Scope and purpose
The present framework will apply to the risk of small-scale and large-scale, frequent and infrequent, sudden and
slow-onset disasters, caused by natural or manmade hazards as well as related environmental, technological
and biological hazards and risks. It aims to guide the multi-hazard management of disaster risk in
development at all levels as well as within and across all sectors.
Expected outcome
Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

The substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical,
social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries
Goal
Prevent new and reduce existing disaster risk through the implementation of integrated and inclusive economic,
structural, legal, social, health, cultural, educational, environmental, technological, political and institutional
measures that prevent and reduce hazard exposure and vulnerability to disaster, increase preparedness for
response and recovery, and thus strengthen resilience
Targets
Substantially reduce Substantially reduce the Reduce direct disaster Substantially reduce Substantially increase the Substantially enhance Substantially increase the
global disaster mortality number of affected people economic loss in relation disaster damage to critical number of countries with international cooperation availability of and access
by 2030, aiming to lower globally by 2030, aiming to global gross domestic infrastructure and disruption national and local disaster to developing countries to multi-hazard early
average per 100,000 to lower the average product of basic services, among risk reduction strategies through adequate and warning systems and
global mortality between global figure per 100,000 (GDP) by 2030 them health and educational by 2020 sustainable support to disaster risk information
2020-2030 compared to between 2020-2030 facilities, including through complement their national and assessments to people
2005-2015 compared to 2005-2015 developing their resilience actions for implementation by 2030
by 2030 of this framework by 2030
Priorities for Action
There is a need for focused action within and across sectors by States at local, national, regional and global levels in the following four priority areas.
Priority 1 Priority 2 Priority 3 Priority 4
Understanding disaster risk Strengthening disaster risk governance Investing in disaster risk reduction for Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective
to manage disaster risk resilience response, and to «Build Back Better» in
recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction
Figure 2: Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030
14
exports to Bangladesh reached USD$4489.30 (NAM) and SAARC. Additionally, India is
million and imports from Bangladesh totaled the most significant development partner in
USD$672.40 million. Since 2011, India the Maldives. India was instrumental in the
has provided duty and quota free access to development of the Indira Gandhi Memorial
Bangladesh on all tariff lines excluding tobacco Hospital (IGMH), Faculty of Engineering
and alcohol products through the South Asian Technology (FET), and Faculty of Hospitality &
Free Trade Area (SAFTA).27 Tourism Studies (IMFFHTS) in the Maldives.
India has historically offered disaster
India-Bhutan Relations assistance to the Maldives. After the tsunami
The foundation of India and Bhutan’s bilateral in December 2004, India was the first country
relationship is the Treaty of Friendship and to offer aid to the Maldives, donating aid in the
Cooperation, first signed in 1949 and revised value of of Rs.10 crores. Additionally, aid in the
in 2007. Formal diplomatic relations between amount of Rs.100 million was provided by India
India and Bhutan were established in 1968. A to the Maldives following destructive tidal surges
resident representative of India in Thimphu was in May 2007.
also installed in 1968 which further enhanced India and the Maldives signed a trade
diplomatic relations between the two nations. agreement in 1981. Indian exports to the
Bilateral relations have developed over the Maldives include agriculture and poultry,
years, bolstered by routine visits and high level sugar, fruits, vegetables, spices, rice, wheat
dialogues. India and Bhutan foster a number of flour, textiles, drugs and medicines, a variety of
institutional agreements in matters of security, engineering and industrial products, sand and
border management, trade, transit, economic, aggregate cement for building. Indian imports
hydro-power, development cooperation and primarily scrap metals from the Maldives.
water resources. Under the bilateral agreement, India provides
India is Bhutan’s most significant trading essential food items like rice, wheat flour, sugar,
partner. In 2016, total bilateral trade between the dal, onion, potato and eggs and construction
two countries reached Rs. 8,723 crore (Indian materials such as sand and stone aggregates to
Rupees) with total imports being Rs. 5528.5 Maldives.29
crore accounting for 82 percent of Bhutan’s sum
of imports. Exports attained Rs. 3205.2 crore India-Nepal Relations
(Indian Rupees) including electricity, accounting India and Nepal share open borders. There
for 90 percent of total exports. has been a long standing tradition of unrestricted
The main exports from India to Bhutan are travel of persons between the two nations. Nepal
mineral products, machinery and mechanical shares a border with India of more than 1850
appliances, electrical equipment, metals, kms to the east, south and west.
vehicles, vegetable products, and plastics articles. The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and
The major items of import from Bhutan are Friendship signed in 1950 affords Nepali citizens
electricity, ferro- silicon, Portland cement, clear benefits in India, providing for services
dolomite, carbides of calcium, carbides of silicon, and opportunities equal to Indian citizens.
cement clinkers, timber and wood products, Approximately six million Nepali citizens reside
potatoes, cardamom and fruit products. The and are employed in India. India and Nepal
trade is governed by the India-Bhutan Trade and have established multiple bilateral institutional
Transit Agreement 1972, which created free trade dialogue agreements, including the India-Nepal
between India and Bhutan and was last renewed Joint Commission co-chaired by the External
in November 2016 (Effective July 2017).28 Affairs Minister of India and Foreign Minister
of Nepal. The Fourth Joint Commission Meeting
India-Maldives Relations was held in October 2016 in New Delhi.
India was one of the first nations to recognize India aided Nepal after the 7.8 magnitude
the Maldives after gaining independence in earthquake in April 2015, deploying their
1965. India was also one of the first nations to National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) teams
establish diplomatic relations with the Maldives. and special aircraft containing rescue and relief
India established its mission at Malé in 1972. materials. India’s aid included 16 NDRF teams,
India and the Maldives support one another 39 Indian Air Force (IAF) aircraft sorties with
in various multilateral settings, including the 571 tons of relief material. Multiple medical
UN, Commonwealth, Non-Aligned Movement teams from India were also deployed. The sum

of aid to Nepal from India totaled approximately include; cotton, organic chemicals, food products
USD$67 million. including prepared animal fodder, vegetables,
India is Nepal’s most significant trade partner plastic articles, man-made filament, coffee, tea
and the largest source of foreign investment. and spices, dyes, and oil seeds. Major imports to
Major exports from India to Nepal include; India from Pakistan include; copper and copper
petroleum products, motor vehicles and spare articles, fruits and nuts, cotton, salt, Sulphur and
parts, steel, machinery and spares, medicines, earths and stones, organic chemicals, mineral
hot rolled sheets, wires, coal, cement, threads fuels, rubber plastic products, and wool.31
and chemicals. The major exports from Nepal
to India are polyester yarn, textiles, jute goods, India-Sri Lanka Relations
threads, zinc sheet, packaged juice, cardamom, India and Sri Lanka enjoy a close relationship.
galvanized iron pipe, copper wire, shoes and Trade and investment has shown steady
sandals, stones and sand. India also provides increases. India and Sri Lanka foster bilateral
Nepal with development aid for the development cooperation in areas including development,
of infrastructure including; health, water education, culture and defense. India and Sri
resources, and education and rural and urban Lanka share an extensive dialogue on significant
development.30 matters of international interest. Considerable
progress in the enactment of developmental aid
India-Pakistan Relations ventures for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)
Since independence, India and Pakistan and underprivileged populations in Sri Lanka has
have engaged in four distinct wars and multiple flowed from the strong relationship with India.
border skirmishes. Despite this, in April 2010 it An armed conflict spanning nearly three-
was officially decided to recommence dialogue decades between Sri Lankan government forces
on all concerns between the two countries, and militants from the Liberation Tigers of Tamil
including; Counter-terrorism and Humanitarian Eelam (LTTE) ended in May 2009. Throughout
issues at Home Secretary level; Peace & Security, the armed conflict, India supported the right of
Jammu & Kashmir, promotion of friendly Sri Lanka to act in opposition to terrorist forces.
exchanges at the level of Foreign Secretaries; However, India also advocated for the rights of
Siachen at Defence Secretary-level; Economic the predominantly Tamil civilian population in
issues at Commerce Secretary level; and Tulbul the conflict areas..
Navigation Project/ Wullar Barrage at Water Sri Lanka is one of India’s largest trading
Resources Secretary -level. partners within SAARC. Moreover, India is
Since 2010 numerous additional efforts have Sri Lanka’s largest trade partner in the world.
been undertaken between India and Pakistan to Bilateral trade between India and Sri Lanka
improve people-to-people relations. Cross-Line increased significantly in 2000 with the India-Sri
of Control travel and trade (initiated in 2005 Lanka Free Trade Agreement. Bilateral trade in
and 2008) constituted a major improvement in 2016 achieved USD$4.38 billion. Exports from
bilateral relations. In 2012, India and Pakistan India to Sri Lanka in 2016 reached USD$3.83
signed a new visa agreement which has led to billion and exports from Sri Lanka to India
further liberalization of bilateral visa regulations. reached USD$551 million.
Tensions surrounding terrorism originating Since 2003 India has emerged as one of the
from territory under Pakistan’s control endures top four investors in Sri Lanka. India investments
as major irritant between the two nations. India are in areas including; petroleum retail, IT,
has called on Pakistan to combat terrorists and financial services, real estate, telecommunication,
their supporting infrastructure in Pakistan. hospitality and tourism, banking and food
In 2012, three significant agreements were processing, metal industries, tires, cement,
signed by the India and Pakistan; Customs glass manufacturing, and infrastructure
Cooperation Agreement, Mutual Recognition development.32
Agreement and the Redressal of Trade
Grievances Agreement. In 2012-2013 India India-U.S. Relations
and Pakistan bilateral trade achieved USD$2.6 The U.S. and India share and important and
billion. Indian exports to Pakistan were growing bilateral relationship, underscoring
USD$2.064 billion and imports from Pakistan the importance of mutual values, such as the
USD$541 million. rule of law, respect for diversity, and democratic
The major exports from India to Pakistan government. Common security interests have

led to increasing defense and counterterrorism political exchanges and increasing trade and
cooperation. Both the U.S. and India promote investment, India’s relations with Thailand have
global security, stability, and economic matured into a comprehensive partnership.
advancement through trade and investments. India’s ‘Act East’ policy has been complemented
The U.S. supports India’s significant role as a net by Thailand’s ‘Act West’ policy in bringing
provider of security within the Asia-Pacific. the two countries closer. In 2012 a MOU on
In 2015 the U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue Defence Cooperation was signed by India and
(implemented in 2005) was expanded to become Thailand. Relations between India and Thailand
the U.S.-India Strategic and Commercial are significant because India and Thailand share
Dialogue. The U.S.-India Strategic and a maritime boundary in the Andaman Sea. In
Commercial Dialogue provide prospects to addition, there is a large Indian Diaspora living
improve collaboration in capacities including and working in Thailand. Bilateral trade reached
energy, climate change, trade, education, and USD$7.72 billion in 2016.
counterterrorism.33 India and Thailand are significant regional
The U.S. is one of India’s most significant partners serving to bring together South and
trade and investment partners, globally. Since Southeast Asia. India and Thailand work
the implementation of the strategic dialogue, together in the ASEAN, East Asia Summit (EAS),
bilateral trade between the two nations has BIMSTEC, Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC),
increased. The primary exports from India to the Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD) and Indian
U.S. include diamonds, pharmaceutical products, Ocean Rim Association (IORA). In 2010 the
oil, agricultural products, organic chemicals, and India-ASEAN Agreement on Trade in Goods
textile articles. The primary exports from the U.S. was implemented and the India-ASEAN FTA in
to India include, gems and metals (diamonds and Services and Investments was signed (2014) and
gold), aircrafts/aircraft parts, machinery, optic implemented in 2015.36
and medical instruments.34
India-Vietnam Relations
India-Cambodia Relations India and Vietnam relations are affable.
India and Cambodia foster strong bilateral Political contacts between India and Vietnam
relations. India and Cambodia’s trade sector has have strengthened bilateral relations. In 2009,
continued to grow over the past few years. The an MOU of Defense Cooperation was signed
India-Cambodia trade recorded USD$187.36 by the two nation’s Defense Ministers. Defense
million in 2015. Additionally, in 2008 India Cooperation developed and intensified support
offered Duty Free Tariff Preference Schemes to of the India-Vietnam strategic partnership. A
Cambodia. The duty free tariff further enhanced Bilateral Maritime Shipping Agreement was
exports from Cambodian to India. signed by the two nations in May 2013. Trade
A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) and economic relations continue to increase.
was signed in September 2016 by India and India is amongst the top ten trading partners
Cambodia to support governmental relations of Vietnam. India’s relations with Vietnam
in the administrative branch and to mutually are demonstrated by increasing economic and
promote human resource development through commercial activities.
exchanges of practices, information, capability Vietnam is an important regional partner
and study visits. in South East Asia. India and Vietnam closely
Bilateral relations are strengthened for India cooperate in various regional forums such as
and Cambodia through working together in ASEAN, East Asia Summit, Mekong Ganga
various multilateral and regional settings. The Cooperation, Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM)
bilateral defense cooperation between India besides United Nations (UN) and World Trade
and Cambodia has been enhanced through Organization (WTO). In 2014, India and
the conducting of annual training for Royal Vietnam decided to make economic cooperation
Cambodian Armed Forces in peacekeeping and a strategic thrust in the India-Vietnam Strategic
demining; defense training programs and naval/ Partnership. In 2016-2016 bilateral trade between
coast guard vessel visits from the Indian Navy India and Vietnam reached USD$6.92 million.37
and Coast Guard.35
India-Brunei Relations
India-Thailand Relations In 1984 diplomatic relations between India
In the past two decades, through consistent and Brunei were recognized. Brunei is in support

of India’s ‘Look East Policy and has welcomed (2000), Cooperation in Defence (2002),
the ‘Act East’ policy and the further development Cooperation in Science &Technology (2003),
and enhanced cooperation with ASEAN. From Exemption of Visa Requirement for holders
2012 to 2015 Brunei took over as India ASEAN of Diplomatic and Official Passports (2005),
Coordinator. In 2008 A historic visit of the Sultan and a Mutual Cooperation on Drug Demand
of Brunei to India was a milestone in India- Reduction & Prevention of Illicit Trafficking
Brunei relations. During the visit five MOUs/ (2005).
Agreements were signed on BIPA, ICT, Culture, A Defence Cooperation has been in effect
Trade and Space. Additionally, during a visit of since 1994, under Indian Technical and
the Hon’ble Vice President of India to Brunei Economic Cooperation Programme (ITEC)
in 2016, three additional MOUs on defense Agreement, an Indian Army instructional
cooperation, cooperation in the health sector unit conducts instructional courses for Lao
and cooperation in youth affairs and sports were defense personnel in English, computers and
signed.38 fundamental strategies. Additionally the Indian
Army held three instructional courses (2011,
India-Philippines Relations 2012, and 2013) on unexploded ordnance
India and the Philippines officially began (UXOs) and de-mining in Laos. In 2008 India
diplomatic relations in 1949. Relations between permitted the Duty Free Tariff Preference
India and the Philippines are amiable. In Scheme (DFTP) to Laos.40
1992 bilateral relations among India and
the Philippines and regional groupings were India-Malaysia Relations
significantly enhanced when India launched India and Malaysia have fostered diplomatic
the “Look East” Policy and intensified their relations since 1957 and a Strategic Partnership
partnership with ASEAN. was established between the two nations in
The government of India has been a critical 2010. Additionally, in October 2010 both sides
international aid provider in disaster and agreed to create a Joint Working Group (JWG)
humanitarian support to the Philippines. on combating terrorism. A bilateral Extradition
Subsequent to Typhoon Pablo in December Treaty was signed 2011 and the Treaty on Mutual
2012, India arranged for disaster relief aid in Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters was signed
the amount of USD$200,000 to the Philippines in 2012. An MOU on Defence Cooperation was
and contributed USD$100,000 of disaster relief signed in 1993 and defense relations among
assistance after the 2013 earthquake in Bohol. India and Malaysia have continued to mature.
Additionally, India declared relief assistance of An agreement for the development of a Cultural
USD$500,000 in July 2017 towards relief and Exchange Program for 2015-2020 was signed
rehabilitation in the city of Marawi after armed in 2015. Additionally, in November 2015 two
terrorists of the Maute group (owing allegiance additional MOUs were signed; cooperation on
to ISIS) over took Marawi.39 performance management, project delivery and
monitoring of government programs, and mutual
India-Laos PDR Relations aid in cyber security.
India and Lao People’s Democratic Republic Malaysia is India’s third leading trade
(PDR) foster mutual and supportive relations. partner with regards to ASEAN nations,
Political relations between the two nations were besides Indonesia and Singapore. Economic
established 1956. Lao PDR has been cooperative and profitable relations are the foundation of
on key concerns of regional and international their bilateral partnership. India and Malaysia’s
affairs to India, including India’s request for bilateral trade achieved USD$11.72 billion in
permanent membership of the UN Security 2016 rendering India as Malaysia’s largest trading
Council. partner globally. A bilateral Comprehensive
India and Laos foster a strong bilateral Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA)
relationship. Multiple MOUs and agreements comprising of commodities, services and
have been signed by India and Laos including; investments was implemented in 2011. The
India-Laos Cultural Agreement (1994), Revised Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement
Agreement for setting up of Joint Commission was signed and sanctioned in 2012. In 2013 an
on Trade, Economic and Scientific Cooperation MOU on Customs Cooperation was signed.41
(1997), Trade and Economic Cooperation,
Bilateral Investment Promotion & Protection

India-Myanmar Relations investment into India was USD$59.9 billion.
India shares a long land border as well as a In October 2013, a Defence Cooperation
maritime boundary in the Bay of Bengal with Agreement (DCA) between India and Singapore
Myanmar. Myanmar is the only ASEAN country was signed. In November 2015 the enhanced
adjoining India. In 2012 a USD$500 million DCA which arranged for an all-encompassing
Line of Credit was signed. Currently, India’s framework for bilateral defense cooperation
commitment to Myanmar’s development stands was signed. The enhanced DCA (2015) consist
at over USD$1.726 billion. India has responded of conduct of policy dialogues, working group
promptly and effectively to assist Myanmar in and staff discussions, exercises, training events,
humanitarian relief operations following natural demonstrations and symposiums.43
calamities like Cyclone Mora (2017), Komen
(2015), Cyclone Nargis (2008), and earthquake in Multilateral Relationships
Shan State (2010). India provided USD$1 million India is a signatory to the Sendai Framework
to Myanmar in Rakhine State which was used to for Disaster Risk Reduction and has strengthened
construct ten new schools. regional cooperation among South Asian
The Defense and Security Cooperation countries by reducing disasters with expertise
has strengthened over the years. In 2016, four and initiatives. The country has agreements
documents were signed; MOU on Cooperation with several countries for disaster management
in traditional medicine, renewable energy, cooperation. India works closely with the United
construction of 69 bridges in the Tamu- Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
Kyigone-Kalewa section and cooperation in the (UNISDR) and is a founding member of the
construction of Kalewa-Yagyi road section of the Asian Disaster Reduction Centre. The United
same Trilateral Highway. Nation Disaster Management Team in India
A bilateral Trade Agreement between India comprises of UN agencies such as Food and
and Myanmar was signed in 1970. Bilateral trade Agriculture Organization, International Labour
has increased continually to achieve USD$2.18 Organization, United Nations Development
billion in 2016-2017. India is currently ranked as Programme, United Nations Educational,
the fifth largest trading partner of Myanmar.42 Scientific and Cultural Organization, United
Nations Population Fund, United Nations High
India-Singapore Relations Commission for Refugees, United Nations
India’s “Look East” policy has increased Children’s Fund, World Food Programme, and
opportunities to restructure a modern World Health Organization. India is participating
framework for cooperation. India and Singapore in the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Reduction
foster several significant agreements/MOUs programme.44
including; the Comprehensive Economic
Cooperation Agreement (2005), Double Taxation Colombo Process
Avoidance Agreement (1994, 2011), Bilateral The Colombo Process is a regional
Air Services Agreement (1968), revised in consultative process on management of overseas
April 2013), Defence Cooperation Agreement employment and contractual labor for countries
(2003, enhanced 2015), MOU on Foreign of origin in Asia. The primary objective of the
Office Consultations (1994) and Mutual Legal Colombo Process is to make available a forum
Assistance Treaty (2005). Additionally, there is a for Asian labor. The process consists of three
Joint Ministerial Committee (JMC), chaired by primary emphases; protection of and provision of
EAM and the Singapore Foreign Minister. services to migrant workers, optimizing benefits
In 2015 nine bilateral agreements/MOUs were of organized labor migration, capacity building,
signed in capacities of defense, maritime security, data collection and inter-State cooperation.
cyber security, narcotics trafficking, urban The Colombo Process is comprised of 11
planning, civil aviation, and culture. Additionally, member countries; Afghanistan, Bangladesh,
a Joint Statement was released outlining matters China, India, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the
of cooperation and mutual interest in November Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam
2015. Singapore is India’s second leading and eight destination country participants are
trade partner with regards to ASEAN nations. Bahrain, Italy, Kuwait, Malaysia, Qatar, Republic
Bilateral trade between India and Singapore of Korea, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab
exceeded USD$16.7 billion in 2016-2017. In Emirates.45
2017 (September) Singapore’s total foreign direct

Global Forum on Migration and Development Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA)
The Global Forum on Migration and IORA represents a group of 21 (of 36)
Development (GFMD) is a state-led, voluntary, nations; Australia, Bangladesh, Comoros, India,
non-binding and informal consultative process Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Malaysia, Madagascar,
open to all member states and observer Mauritius, Mozambique, Oman, Seychelles,
states of the United Nations. The Forum’s Singapore, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka,
purpose is to address the multi-dimensional Tanzania, Thailand, UAE and Yemen whose
aspects, opportunities and challenges related coastlines are eroded and washed out by the
to international migration and its inter- Indian Ocean.
linkages to development, to bring government IORA focuses on improving economic
expertise from all regions, to enhance dialogue, cooperation for sustained development and
cooperation and partnership and to foster stable economic growth of the member
practical and action oriented outcomes at the nations. In 2011 India assumed the Chair of the
national, regional and global levels.46 organization. Six priorities were recognized
in enhance cooperation between member
Agreements and Memberships states of IORA in November 2011; Maritime
Safety and Security; Trade and Investment
Association of South-East Asian Nations Facilitation; Fisheries Management; Disaster
(ASEAN) (Dialogue Partner) Risk Management; Academic, Science and
The Association of South-East Asian Nations Technology; and Tourism and Cultural
(ASEAN) consists of Indonesia, Singapore, Exchange.49
Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand,
Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam. ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
There has been continual development in the India has been a member of the AFR since
ASEAN and India partnership since the ‘Look 1996. India’s membership in the ARF makes
East’ Policy was inaugurated in 1991. The ‘Look evident India’s growing engagement in the Asia–
East’ Policy has at present developed into an Pacific region. India’s participation is consistent
action focused ‘Act East’ Policy. India became with the “Act East” policy and development of
full dialogue partners in 1996. India has held closer links with the ASEAN as a full dialogue
yearly Summits with ASEAN alongside China, partner. ARF provides a venue for positive
Japan and Republic of Korea since 2002. India’s interchange on political and security
emphasis on reinforced and diverse relations cooperation in the region, with the ASEAN
with ASEAN is a product of the significant enduring to contribute as a fundamental function
modifications in the world’s political and in the process.50
economic situation since the early 1990s and
India’s own pursuit of economic freedom.47 Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM)
India is a committed contributor to ASEM.
East Asia Summit (EAS) ASEM was founded as an interchange forum
The East Asia Summit (EAS) is a Leaders- in 1996 with 26 partners to link Asia and
led forum for dialogue on expansive strategic, Europe. The 53 partners comprise of 51 member
geo-political and economic concerns of mutual countries and two regional organizations;
interest, with the objective of encouraging peace, ASEAN Secretariat and European Commission.51
security, stability and economic prosperity. EAS In addition to the above organizations, India is
is an important dialogue platform in the region. also a member of the following:52
Presently seven EAS have been conducted. Asian Development Bank (ADB), African
The five priority areas for regional Development Bank (AfDB) (non-regional
cooperation within the framework member), Arctic Council (observer), ASEAN
include: energy and environment, finance, Regional Forum (ARF), Association of Southeast
education, natural disaster management Asian Nations (ASEAN) (dialogue partner), Bay
and pandemics. Two more areas include: of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical
Connectivity and Comprehensive Economic and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), Bank
Partnership in East Asia (CEPEA).48 of International Settlements (BIS), Brazil,
Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS),
Community of Democrats (CD), European
Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)

(observer), Conference on Interaction and Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO),
Confidence-Building (CICA), East Asia Summit United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
(EAS), Food and Agriculture Organization (UNIFIL), United Nations Interim Security Force
(FAO), Financial Action Task Force on Money for Abyei (UNISFA), United Nations Institute
Laundering (FATF), Group of 15 (G-15), Group for Training and Research (UNITAR), United
of 20 (G-20), Group of 24 (G-24), Group of 5 Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS),
(G-5), Group of 77 (G-77), International Atomic United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire
Energy Agency (IAEA), International Bank (UNOCI), World Tourism Organization
for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), (UNWTO), Universal Postal Union (UPU),
International Civil Aviation Organization World Customs Organization (WCO), World
(ICAO), International Chamber of Commerce Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) (NGOs),
(ICC) (national committees), Institute World Health Organization (WHO), World
of Certified Records Managers (ICRM), Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO),
International Development Association World Meteorological Organization (WMO),
(IDA), International Foodservice Distributors World Trade Organization (WTO).53
Association (IFAD), International Finance
Corporation (IFC), International Federation of
Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS),
India Government Departments
International Hydrographic Organization Involved in Crisis Response
(IHO), International Labour Organization
(ILO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), The Ministry of Home Affairs
International Maritime Organization (IMO), The Ministry of Home Affairs is the nodal
International Mobile Satellite Organization point in the Central Government for disaster
(IMSO), Interpol, International Olympic response and has a Disaster Management
Committee (IOC), International Organization Division.
for Migration (IOM), Inter-Parliamentary
Union (IPU), International Organization National Disaster Management Authority
for Standardization (ISO), International (NDMA)
Telecommunications Satellite Organization The NDMA is the central authority for
(ITSO), International Telecommunication Union disaster management in India. NDMA is directed
(ITU), International Trade Union Confederation by the Prime Minister and has the assignment
(ITUC) (NGOs), Multilateral Investment for the development of policies, plans and
Guarantee Agency (MIGA), United Nations procedures for disaster management (DM) and
Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara managing the implementation and for ensuring
(MINURSO), United Nations Organization timely and effectual response to disasters.54
Stabilization Mission in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), Non- National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
Alignment Movement (NAM), Organization For the purpose of responding to a disaster,
of American States (OAS) (observer), both natural and man-made, the Act has
Organization for Economic Co-operation and mandated the establishment of a National
Development (OECD), Organization for the Disaster Response Force (NDRF). The general
Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), oversite, guidance and direction of this force are
Pacific Alliance (observer), Permanent Court entrusted in the NDMA.55
of Arbitration (PCA), Pacific Islands Forum
(PIF) (partner), South Asian Association Central Government
for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), South The Central Government will take all such
Asia Co-operative Environment Programme actions, as it deems required, for disaster
(SACEP), Shanghai Cooperation Organization management and will harmonize the activities
(SCO) (observer), United Nations (UN), United of all organizations. The Central Ministries and
Nations Conference on Trade and Development departments will take into regard the suggestions
(UNCTAD), United Nations Disengagement of the state government while determining the
Observer Force (UNDOF), United Nations many pre-disaster requirements and for making
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation a decision on the measures for prevention and
(UNESCO), United Nations High Commissioner mitigation of disasters.
for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations The Central Government maintains the

authority to issue guidelines to NEC, State District Administration

Governments and SECs to enable or aid in At the district level, District Disaster
disaster management. Organizations and Management Authority (DDMAs) will function
administrators are obliged to fulfill requests. as the district planning, directing and executing
The Central Government will offer assistance to authority for disaster management and will
the State Governments as required or otherwise take all measures for the purposes of disaster
considered applicable. The Central government management in the district in agreement with the
will take actions for the implementation of regulations mandated by the National Disaster
the Armed Forces for disaster management Management Authority (NDMA) and State
activities. The Central Government will also Disaster Management Authority (SDMA).61
oversee synchronization with the UN agencies,
international organizations and international Armed Forces
governments in the field of disaster management. The Indian Armed Forces are mandated
The Ministry of External Affairs in coordination to assist the civil administration when the
with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) will circumstances of the disaster are beyond
facilitate external coordination.56 the State’s coping capacity. The armed forces
are responsible for an important part of the
Central Ministries and Departments national government’s response capacity and
All central ministries and departments have are immediate responders in all disasters. The
a primary function in disaster management armed forces have traditionally performed a
with regard to the issues they are responsible major role in emergency support functions
for. The nodal ministries and departments of including; communication, search and rescue
the Government of India will attend to specific operations, health and medical facilities, and
disasters as delegated to them.57 transportation, especially in the immediate
aftermath of a disaster. Airlift and movement of
National Crisis Management Committee aid to adjacent nations fall within the capabilities
(NCMC) and area of the armed forces. Additionally, the
The NCMC is directed by the Cabinet armed forces conduct training for trainers and
Secretary and is comprised of senior officials of disaster management managers, which include;
the Government of India. The NCMC directs helicopter insertion, high-altitude rescue,
major crises which have serious or domestic waterman ship and training of paramedics.62 In
consequences. The NCMC is further supported reality, the Armed Forces are the backbone of the
by the Crisis Management Groups (CMG) of Government’s response during major disasters.63
the Central nodal Ministries and aided by NEC
when required. The Secretary, of the NDMA can Central Paramilitary Forces (CPMFs)
be a member of the committee.58 The Central Paramilitary Forces (CPMFs),
which are the Armed Police Forces of the
State Governments Union, play a critical role in the direct response
In India the States are responsible for the to disasters in India. The CPMFs implement
primary function of coordinating disaster disaster management capabilities to enable them
management activities. Institutional systems to respond to disasters that take place in the
are implemented at the center, state and district regions where they are stationed.64
levels to aid States in the effective management of
disasters. The Act decrees the state governments State Police Forces and Fire Services
take the necessary actions for the formulation The state police forces and the fire services are
of disaster management plans, incorporation of critical first responders to natural and manmade
actions for prevention of disasters or mitigation disasters. The state police forces are trained and
into development expansion plans, adequate the fire services have been upgraded to enable
provision of funds, establishment of early multi-hazard rescue capabilities.65
warning systems (EWS), and to aid the central
government and various supporting agencies Civil Defence and Home Guards
in diverse aspects of disaster risk reduction The Civil Defence and Home Guard are
(DRR) activities and disaster management.59 All deployed for community preparedness and
States are expected to establish a State Disaster public awareness during disasters. A mandate of
Management authority (SDMA) which mirrors the Civil Defence and the Home Guards defines
the functions of the NDMA at State level.60
their roles in the field of disaster management. years. Floods claimed the lives of 122 people
Additionally, a culture of voluntary reporting and displaced almost half a million. India was
to duty stations in the event of a disaster is the first country to respond and they dispatched
nationally encouraged.66 three Navy ships with emergency supplies.
Indian Army and Air Force rescue personnel
State Disaster Response Force (SDRF) were also deployed to the disaster affected zone
States are urged to develop response and coordinated with the Sri Lanka Navy and Sri
capabilities utilizing the state’s pre-existing Lankan authorities.72
resources. States are required to equip and The largest international Indian Armed
train at least one battalion. States shall have Forces HA/DR operation was to Nepal after
female members of their response battalion to the earthquake.73 More than 8,800 lives were
ensure the needs of women and children are lost in the earthquake, thousands of people
met. National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) were injured, and over 800,000 buildings were
battalions and their training institutes will aid damaged or destroyed. Damages are estimated
the states in meeting the requirements. The at USD$ 7 billion.74 When Nepal was devastated
States are further urged to incorporate disaster by a massive 7.8 magnitude earthquake in April
management training in their respective Police 2015, India launched “Operation Maitri” to
Training Colleges and for gazette and non- provide Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster
gazette officers.67 Relief (HADR) in a massive relief operation
that in the first 96 hours flew in 2 Army Field
Foreign Disaster Management Hospitals, 18 Army Medical teams, 18 Army
Engineer teams.75 The NDRF also deployed
Activities 16 Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) teams
comprising of more than 700 rescuers along
Prevalent natural disasters in the South with 18 dogs, and rescued 11 victims from the
Asian Region call for strengthened regional rubble. Besides the airlift, the Indian Air Force
and international cooperation in disaster positioned 8 x MI-17 and 5 ALH helicopters at
response and preparedness.68 Many countries Kathmandu and Pokhara airfields in Nepal for
have standard procedures under which a small relief operations in country.76 India also pledged
team of military and aid specialists is flown in over USD$1 billion for reconstruction.77
for a short period to the affected country to On March 11, 2011 a massive earthquake
advise the Ambassador and assist in deciding struck Japan’s Tohoku region. The NDRF (01
how the country will use its assets for DMHA Team) was deployed to assist with the damage
support. The U.S. for example, sends in a Disaster caused by this earthquake from March 27, 2011
Assistance Response Team (DART) to assess to April 7, 2011. The NDRF team retrieved seven
damage and decide disaster support. India does bodies from the rubble more than two weeks
not have this procedure.69 after the disaster struck the area.78
India’s response to major international India provided relief to the devastating
disasters is almost always based on the cyclone that struck Myanmar in May 2008.
capabilities of the Indian Armed Forces such as Category 4 Cyclone Nargis struck Myanmar on
the case of assistance to Bangladesh, Myanmar May 2, 2008. India quickly dispatched two Navy
and Sri Lanka in June/July 2017.70 The National ships and aircrafts to Yangon, Myanmar with
Disaster Response Force (NDRF) with the relief and medical supplies and numerous Army
Government of India’s Ministry of Home Medical teams to the Irrawady Delta.79
Affairs (MHA) also has the capability to provide In response to the December 26, 2004 Indian
specialized response during natural and man- Ocean Tsunami, India was quick to provide
made disasters.71 assistance to Sri Lanka, the Maldives, and
India provided aid to Sri Lanka in May 2017 Indonesia. Indian assistance was provided by the
in the form of relief materials and deployed naval Indian Armed Forces, especially the Indian Navy,
ships with relief material and rescue personnel and it was the first aid to reach Sri Lanka and the
as well as Army medical detachments. Sri Lanka Maldives.80
was facing the worst floods in almost fifteen

Government Aid in MEA, the Minister of External Affairs, and/

India provides economic and development or the Prime Minister. MEA and the Ministry
assistance to countries in South Asia, Central of Defence and Service Headquarters and the
Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. MEA consult and coordinate in delivery of
They have approximately 135 grant assistance international HA/DR.84
programs over 61 different countries.81 India’s Figure 3 shows the decision making
annual budget is prepared by the Ministry of process of the Ministry of External Affairs for
Finance (MoF). Funding for foreign assistance Humanitarian Assistance.
programs is channeled through multiple In March 2012, the Indian government
Indian government ministries. The Ministry operationalized the Development Partnership
of External Affairs (MEA) has a coordinated Administration (DPA). This is a new division
function to provide multilateral and bilateral of the MEA. India’s development assistance
aid, and assistance programs to neighboring programs are concentrated in countries or
and developing countries. India does not have regions that have or will give India resources and
a dedicated aid agency.82 MEA works primarily energy like Africa and Central Asia to improve
with other countries on a bilateral basis rather its economic growth and protect its strategic
than through multilateral channels.83 interests.85 DPA has started to create in-house,
The MEA does not have a specific body specialized technical, legal, and financial skills to
that deals with foreign assistance but recently accelerate all stages of project implementation.
the Development Partnership Administration DPA is composed of three divisions located
has been established that primarily deals with below. The three divisions are headed by Joint
developmental assistance on a bilateral basis. Secretary-level officers.86
Decisions relating to provisions of international
assistance to disaster-affected countries are based • DPA I: Works with project appraisal and lines
on an individual basis. These decisions are made of credit;
by the Indian Ambassador in an affected country, • DPA II: Works with capacity building
the Regional Division Heads and Secretaries schemes, disaster relief, Indian Technical and
Economic Cooperation Programme; and
• DPA III: Works with project implementation.
Figure 3: Ministry of External Affairs Process for Humanitarian Assistance

India is part of a group of non-Western There is no official policy document outlining
donors that provide 12 percent of the world’s the position that the Government of India has
humanitarian aid.87 From 2000-2010, India with respect to receiving international assistance
provided USD$315 million to 53 countries in the case of a major disasters. India informally
around the world. Of that, USD$240 million was follows a policy in which they do not ask for
given to six countries of South Asia, which is in international assistance but may welcome
line with their policy of aiding their neighboring appropriate assistance on a case by case basis if
countries first, according to Indian foreign offered voluntarily.92
policy. Prior to the DPA, the Indian Government In response to the December 26, 2004 Indian
had provided foreign aid on an ad hoc basis, but Ocean Tsunami, India within 2 days of the
is now doing so more systematically.88 tsunami rejected foreign humanitarian assistance.
India does have a Prime Minister’s National Three reasons were given for the refusal for aid;
Relief Fund (PMNRF). The resources of the 1.) The government provided this was on the
PMNRF are primarily used to provide immediate grounds that multiple relief efforts following
relief to families of those killed in natural the Gujarat earthquake resulted in confusion;
calamities like floods, cyclones and earthquakes, 2.) India rarely faces financial constraints when
etc. and to the victims of the major accidents dealing with disaster in a few states because
and riots. The fund is made up only of public they follow an established procedure where
contributions and does not get any budgetary they request extra resources from the central
support; however, the disbursements are made government; and 3.) India wanted countries to
with the approval of the Prime Minister.89 target their relief effort towards worse-affected
countries. As time went by and more information
Procedures to Request Support for came in India announced that it would not
oppose foreign assistance but that it was not
Humanitarian Assistance requested. Subsequently, India announced
The Government of India does not issue that it would accept longer-term rehabilitation
any appeal for foreign assistance for a disaster. assistance.93
However, if the national government of another India accepted a UN Disaster Assessment
country voluntarily offers assistance, the Central and Coordination team as well as international
Government may accept the offer. The Ministry assistance during the Orissa Cyclone of October
of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India 1999 and the Bhuj earthquake of January 2001.
is required to coordinate with the Ministry of During the Bhuj earthquake, the UNDAC team
External Affairs (MEA), Government of India, set up an On Site Operations Coordination
which is primarily responsible for reviewing Centre (OSOCC) to assist in coordination of
and receiving foreign offers of assistance. The international responders.94
MHA (in consultation with the concerned
State Government) will assess the response
requirements that the foreign teams of another Military Cooperation (Training and Exercises)
country can provide.90 India participates in numerous military
If UN Agencies offer assistance, India will disaster management exercises within the
accept the offer only if the government considers framework of multilateral as well as bilateral
it necessary. The Government of India will issue cooperation.95 For example, an annual disaster
directions to the respective Ministry or State management training exercise called the
Government to coordinate with the concerned South Asian Annual Disaster Management
UN agency. The Department of Economic Exercise (SAADMEx). In 2015 it was held
Affairs (DEA) will then need to approve any from September 3-4, 2015 in New Delhi,
financial assistance offered by UN financial India. The purpose of the exercise is to provide
institutions. The Government of India will participants with an opportunity to review and
allow international NGOs and UN agencies discuss disaster response plans and capabilities
and who are already operating in the country of an affected country by both national
at the time of the disaster event to continue authorities and external organizations. The
their humanitarian assistance to people in the exercise focused on national on-site emergency
affected area in coordination with the relevant command and control, coordination, critical
Central Ministries, Departments and the State decisions, notifications, and the coordination
Government.91 and integration of regional and international
humanitarian supports. Participants included

Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, abroad, New Delhi may be forced to conduct
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. In evacuation operations to bring its citizens back
2017 it hosted a similar exercise for BIMSTEC home safely. India does not have any formal
countries, and in 2019 India is hosting one for doctrine or emergency plan; however, India has
the Central Asian regional organization.96 conducted more than thirty missions across
In the BIMSTEC 2017 disaster response Asia and Africa since 1947. Previous evacuation
exercise, India volunteered to conduct for the missions have been made possible by Armed
seven BIMSTEC countries which include India, Forces, flagship carrier Air India, and diplomatic
Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, corps. For instance, during the 1990 evacuation
Bhutan and Nepal. The exercise involved a boat of Indians out of Amman, Jordan, Air India
rescue and collapsed building scenario.97 conducted approximately 500 flights and doubled
India’s emergency reserve fleet for diaspora
Evacuation from Affected States evacuation operations.99 The Government of
In 2015, more than 16 million persons from India has made extensive efforts to enable the
India were permanently residing abroad.98 In evacuation of Indian as well as foreign nationals
addition, approximately 20 million travel each when needed including Libya and Yemen.100
year for business, tourism, and other short-term Evacuation operations involve several Indian
purposes and the numbers are on the rise. government organizations, the Armed Forces,
When natural disasters or conflicts occur and NGOs. The organizations involved in
evacuation operations are shown in Figure 4. The
Figure 4: Organizations in India Involved in Diaspora Evacuation Operation

Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) remains the Saudi-led bombing campaign against Yemen’s
focal point for evacuation operations and works Houthi rebels led to fear of humanitarian
closely with the prime minister’s office. During disaster. Food and water was running out and
most evacuations, the MEA takes the initiative hundreds of Yemeni civilians died. India took
to create a special emergency coordination cell, the lead in evacuating more than 550 foreigners
often housed in the Cabinet Secretariat.101 from 32 countries (including Americans and
In July 2016, Indian Nationals were evacuated Pakistanis).103 Photo 1 is of Indian expatriates at
from war-torn Sudan, Africa which had been hit a port in the city of Hodeida, Yemen as they wait
by violence and claimed many lives. There were for their evacuation to India.
an estimated 600 Indians living in South Sudan
at the time of evacuation. People in Sudan were
being killed amid fighting between rival political
Women, Peace and Security
factions. Clashes broke out between troops loyal Approximately eighteen years ago, the United
to President Salva Kiir and Vice-president Riek Nations Security Council Resolution 1325
Machar who have been in a power struggle since (UNSCR 1325) reaffirmed the need to implement
2013 and has killed 50,000 people. The Minister a fully international humanitarian and human
of State External Affairs led the government’s rights law that protects the rights of women and
“Operation Sankat Mochan” to evacuate the girls during and after conflicts.104 UNSCR 1325
Indians. Several countries, including the India, affirms the role of women in the prevention
the United States (U.S.), Germany, and Sudan, and resolution of conflicts and peacebuilding,
arranged to have their nationals evacuated from and stresses their equal participation and full
the country.102 involvement in all efforts for the promotion of
In April 2015, India led rescue efforts of peace and security.105 This created the Women,
foreign nationals, including Americans trapped Peace and Security (WPS) agenda. In the years
in Yemen due to the escalating conflict. A
Photo 1: Indian Nationals Evacuate in Yemen, 2015

since, it has adopted seven further resolutions Against Women (IUCAW) in 150 police districts
on women, peace, and security that call for the where incidents of crimes against women are
full participation and inclusion of women at all high. The objective of these IUCAWs is to assist
decision making levels as well as the protection local police in the intestigation of crimes against
and promotion of women’s rights.106 women.111
Ensuring gender equality is a development Self-Employed Women’s Associations’ (SEWA)
challenge in India. India ranks 136 out of Afghan Women’s Empowerment Program is
186 countries in the UN’s Gender Inequality an Indian women’s cooperative with more than
Index.107 Women have an empolyment rate of 1.9 million members. USAID partners with
29 percent. Approximatley 37 percent of women the Governments of India and Afghanistan
experience lifetime intimate partner violence to support SEWA. SEWA is expanding its
and often have a low perception of safety in their previous work with government and civil society
communities.108 stakeholders in India and Afghanistan to develop
There is a need for increasing the number skills among women in five Afghan provinces.112
of women in the police forces in India. India’s In Rural India, there are economic
average representation of women in the police empowerment program that has affected more
forces is only 5.33 percent. However, there has than 45 million women through self-help groups
been an encouraging increase in the number of and covers more than 40 percent of rural India.
women participating in economic development India’s National Rural Livelihood Mission
initiatives (public and private sectors). Women (NRLP) is a large-scale economic empowerment
in leadership positions are also increasing. The project aimed at reducing poverty and creating
Second Administrative Reforms Commission sustainable livelihoods for the rural poor,
has made recommendations for recruitment especially women.
of women. An advisory by the Ministry of The USD$500 million National Rural
Home Affairs (MHA), was issued to encourage Livelihoods Project has promoted women's
affirmative actions by States to increase women economic empowerment in 13 low-income states
in the police force to 30 percent. The 5th National in India as part of its support to the government
Conference of Women at its meeting in Trichur of India's flagship rural poverty reduction
recommended that there should be at least four program, the National Rural Livelihood Mission
women per police station in all rural areas and (NRLM), since 2011. It is based on the Bank
even higher in urban areas.109 supported Bihar Rural Livelihoods Project,
Under the Sexual Harassment of Women at known as "Jeevika," which means "livelihoods" in
the Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Hindi.
Redressal) Act 2013, the Government of India The purpose of NRLP is to make the rural
pledged to establish One Stop Crisis Centres and poor more self-reliant. Before the project started,
the creation of a fund to respond to Violence rural households in Bihar struggled to access
against Women and Girls. The Criminal Law credit from formal sources because they did
(Amendment) Act of 2013 expands the scope not have credit history or money. Poor women
of sexual and gender based crimes against especially did not have a voice or agency to
women.110 The MHA has also proposed to the engage productively with local markets or
Chief Ministers/Administratiors of all States in support when they were faced with challenged.
India to set up Investigative Units for Crimes Now they do.

NATIONAL FRAMEWORK
National Framework
five million people homeless in 1999. The
same occurred in 2007, displacing 3.5 million.
Floods in August-September 2010 left around
two million people homeless and cost dozens
of lives in northern India. More than half of
Country Overiew India is prone to earthquakes and New Delhi
is reported to be one of the most earthquake-
India is the second-most populous country prone cities in India because of its proximity to
in the world with over 1.2 billion people.113 High fault lines, suffering five earthquakes measuring
population density exists through most of the 5.5 or higher in the past 300 years. The last
country with the core of the population residing major earthquake took place in Gujarat, India
along the banks of the Ganges to the north, and in January 2001 causing an estimated 25,000
other river valleys and southern coastal areas.114 deaths, and resulting in 600,000 to be homeless.
The country is surrounded by the Bay of Bengal Many deaths were caused by the collapse
in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west, and the of substandard buildings. The Tsunami in
Indian Ocean to the south. Border countries December 2004, caused by an earthquake off the
include Afghanistan and Pakistan to the north- coast of Indonesia measuring 9.0, greatly affected
west; China, Bhutan and Nepal to the north; the Indian islands of Nicobar and Andaman, and
Myanmar (Burma) to the east; and Bangladesh to southern states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
the east of West Bengal.115 In terms of land area, and Kerala. This disaster resulted in more than
India is the seventh largest country in the world 10,000 deaths in India.121
and is surrounded by three different bodies of India has a Natural Hazard and Exposure Risk
water.116 of 7.4/10; a Vulnerability score of 4.6/10; and a
The country has 22 official different languages Lack of Coping Capacity score of 4.6/10 on the
though Hindi is the most widely spoken in INFORM Risk Model. Physical exposures to
North India. Hindus constitute 80.5 percent of flood (8.5), tsunami (8.3), earthquake (7.9), and
the population. Muslims make up 13.4 percent, tropical cyclone (7.6) are the highest (Figure 5).
and the rest of the religious makeup includes Risk involves exposure to hazards, vulnerability,
Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Jains, and others.117 as well as lack of coping capacity is important
India has a tropical climate marked by factors in Disaster Risk Management.122
relatively high summer temperatures and dry INFORM is a global, objective, and
winters. The main seasons include; a) Winter transparent tool for understanding the risk of
(December-February); b) summer (March-June); humanitarian crises. INFORM is a composite
c) South-West monsoon (June-September) and indicator, developed by the Joint Research
d) Post monsoon (October-November).118 Center, combining 53 indicators into three
India is one of the most disaster-prone dimensions of risk: hazards (events that could
areas of the world due to its location and occur) and exposure to them, vulnerability (the
climate. Increasing population, urbanization, susceptibility of communities to those hazards)
development within high-risk zones, and the lack of coping capacity (lack of resources
industrialization, environmental degradation, that can alleviate the impact). It is a collaboration
and climate change heighten India’s of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee
vulnerabilities. Various human-induced activities Reference Group on Risk, Early Warning and
can accelerate the impact and accelerate the Preparedness and the European Commission.
frequency of disasters.119 A large part of the INFORM gives each country a risk score of 1-10
country is exposed to natural hazards which can (1 being the lowest and 10 the highest) for each
easily become natural disasters. These disasters of the dimensions, categories, and components
often cause significant damage and disruption of risk, as well as an overall risk score. The higher
leading to loss and property in India.120 the score the more vulnerable a country is. The
India is subject to droughts, floods, cyclones, purpose of INFORM is to provide an open,
and earthquakes. The country experienced a transparent, consensus-based methodology for
severe period of drought resulting in 1.5 million analyzing crisis risk at global, regional or national
deaths between 1965 and 1967. Increasing level.123
droughts have affected some parts of India for an
extended period of time. India also suffers from
periodic flooding and floods left approximately

Figure 5: INFORM Country Risk Hazard and Exposure for India
determination to practice mitigation in order

National Policies, Plans, Frameworks, to prevent damage and destruction caused
and Agreements by natural and man-made disasters. The
government focuses on combining efforts with
National Disaster Management Agency all government agencies, Non-Governmental
The Prime Minister of India serves as Organizations (NGOs) and the people’s
chairman of the National Disaster Management participation. India plans on achieving this by
Authority (NDMA) in India. In 2005, the adopting a technology-driven, pro-active, multi-
Disaster Management Act established hazard, and multi-sectoral strategy, which in turn
the NDMA, as well as organization of the will create a disaster resilient country.
institutional mechanisms at the State and District The Vision of the NDMA is “To build a
levels. safer and disaster resilient India by a holistic,
India’s vision in disaster management focuses pro-active, technology driven and sustainable
on prevention, mitigation, and preparedness. development strategy that involves all
The government of India promotes a national stakeholders and fosters a culture of prevention,

NATIONAL FRAMEWORK
preparedness and mitigation.”124 Figure 6 depicts determined by the Central Government;

the NDMA Organizational Structure. • Take such other measures for the prevention
The NDMA is responsible for the policies, of disaster, or the mitigation, or preparedness
plans, and guidelines, as well as to ensure timely and capacity building for dealing with
and effective response to disasters. Therefore, it threatening disaster situations or disasters as
has the following responsibilities: it may consider necessary; and
• Develop policies on disaster management; • Establish broad policies and guidelines for
• Approve the National Plan; the functioning of the National Institute of
• Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Disaster Management.125
Departments of the Government of India in
accordance with the National Plan; Government Disaster Response Plan
• Create guidelines to be followed by the State The following information on the National
Authorities in drawing up the State Plan; Policy on Disaster Management and the National
• Promulgate guidelines to be followed by Disaster Management Plan, have been retrieved
the different Ministries or Departments of directly from the NDMA Policy website.
the Government of India for the Purpose of
integrating the measures for prevention of National Policy on Disaster Management, 2009
disaster or the mitigation of its effects in their The National Policy framework has been
development plans and projects; prepared after due deliberation and keeping
• Coordinate the enforcement and in view the National Vision to build a safe and
implementation of the policy and plans for disaster-resilient India by developing a holistic,
disaster management; proactive, multi-disaster and technology-
• Recommend provision of funds for the driven strategy for DM. This will be achieved
purpose of mitigation; through a culture of prevention, mitigation and
• Provide such support to other countries preparedness to generate a prompt and efficient
affected by major disasters as may be response during disasters. The entire process
CHAIRMAN
VICE CHAIRMAN
MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER

SHRI R K JAIN LT GEN N C MARWAH SHRI KAMAL KISHORE DR. D N SHARMA
SECRETARY
(I/C-MEMBER SHRI R K JAIN)
FINANCIAL ADVISOR ADDITIONAL SECRETARY

JOINT SECRETARY (ADMIN) ADVISOR (POLICY & PLAN) ADVISOR (MITIGATION) ADVISOR (OPS & COMN.)
SHRI RAVINESH KUMAR, & PROJECT DIRECTOR
Vacant DR. V THIRUPPUGAZH, IAS SHRI ANIL K SANGHI, ITS BRIG AJAY GANGWAR
IDAS DR. PRADEEP KUMAR, IAS
JOINT ADVISOR (R&R) JOINT ADVISOR (MP & DEPUTY PROJECT

DIRECTOR (ADM) JOINT ADVISOR (OPS)
LT COL RAHUL P) DIRECTOR (FINANCE) DIRECTOR
SHRI YOGESHWAR LAL VACANT
DEVRANI SHRI PUSHKAR SAHAY SHRI S S JAIN
UNDER SECRETARY UNDER SECRETARY (OPS)
DR. SECY (PP) JOINT ADVISOR (MP) ASST FINANCIAL ADVISOR
(A&C) SH. PARTHA SHRI TURAM BARI PROJECT MANAGER
SMT ALICE KUJUR SHRI VIJAY S NEMIWAL SHRI M A PRABAKARAN
KANSABANIK SHRI NARAYANAN P E
ASST ADVISOR (GEN) DY. SECY (PR&AG) UNDER SECRETARY (OPS)
JOINT ADVISOR (IT & C) SHRI R K MISHRA
SMT AMRAPALI DIXIT SHRI BHUPINDER
SHRI ANURAG RANA
SINGH
DUTY OFFICER
JOINT ADVISOR (CBT) ASST ADVISOR (PR&AG) ASST ADVISOR (IT) SHRI DEEPAK AHLAWAT
COL. AMIT KHOSLA SHRI NAVEEN KUMAR
ASST ADVISOR (PP) DUTY OFFICER
ASST ADVISOR (CBT) SHRI PANKAJ KUMAR ASST ADVISOR (COMN) SHRI SUSHEEL KR. ATRI
SHRI R K BANDHU SHRI K K RAO
ASST ADVISOR (RR)
SHRI M L SHARMA ASST ADVISOR (MIT-I)
SHRI AMAL SARKAR
ASST ADVISOR (MIT-II)

SHRI S S RAWAT
Figure 6: India National Disaster Management Authority Organizational Structure

will center-stage the community and will be in the areas of awareness generation and
provided momentum and sustenance through capacity development;
the collective efforts of all government agencies • Ensuring efficient response and relief with
and Non-Governmental Organizations. a caring humane approach towards the
In order to translate this vision into policy vulnerable sections of the society; and
and plans, the NDMA has adopted a mission- • Making reconstruction an opportunity to
mode approach involving a number of initiatives rebuild back better and construct disaster-
with the help of various institutions operating resilient structures and habitats.126
at the national, state and local levels. Central
ministries, States and other stakeholders National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP),
have been involved in the participatory and 2016
consultative process of evolving policies and The National Disaster Management Plan
guidelines. (NDMP) provides a framework for and direction
This Policy framework is also in conformity to government agencies for all phases of the
with the International Strategy for Disaster disaster management cycle. The NDMP will be
Reduction, the Rio Declaration, the Millennium updated periodically with emerging global best
Development Goals and the Hyogo Framework practices and the expanding knowledge base in
2005-2015. The themes that underpin this policy disaster management. It is in accordance with
are: the provisions of the Disaster Management Act,
2005, the guidance given in the National Policy
• Community-based disaster management, on Disaster Management, 2009 (NPDM), and
including last mile integration of the policy, the established national practices. The NDMP
plans and execution; recognizes the need to minimize, if not eliminate,
• Capacity development in all related areas; any ambiguity in the responsibility framework.
• Consolidation of past initiatives and best It, therefore, specifies who is responsible for what
practices; at different stages of managing disasters. The
• Cooperation with agencies at the national, NDMP is envisaged as ready for activation at all
regional and international levels; and times in response to an emergency in any part
• Compliance and coordination to generate a of the country. It is designed in such a way that
multi-sectoral synergy. it can be implemented as needed on a flexible
and scalable manner in all phases of disaster
From the national vision and the theme management: a) mitigation (prevention and risk
mentioned earlier, the objectives guiding the reduction), b) preparedness, c) response and d)
policy formulation have evolved to include: recovery (immediate restoration to build-back
better).
• Promoting a culture of prevention and The NDMP is consistent with the approaches
preparedness – by center-staging DM as promoted globally by the United Nations, in
an overriding priority at all levels and at all particular the Sendai Framework for Disaster
times; Risk Reduction 2015-2030. It is a non-binding
• Encouraging mitigation measures based agreement, which the signatory nations will
on state-of-the-art technology and attempt to comply with on a voluntary basis.
environmental sustainability; India will endeavor to contribute to the
• Mainstreaming DM concerns into the realization of global targets by improving the
development planning process; entire disaster management cycle in India
• Putting in place a streamlined institutional by following the recommendations in the
techno-legal framework in order to create Sendai Framework and by adopting globally
and preserve the integrity of an enabling accepted best practices. The four priorities for
regulatory environment and a compliance action under the Sendai Framework are: 1.
regime; Understanding disaster risk 2. Strengthening
• Developing contemporary forecasting disaster risk governance to manage disaster
and early warning systems backed by risk 3. Investing in disaster risk reduction for
responsive and fail-safe communications and resilience 4. Enhancing disaster preparedness for
Information Technology (IT) support; effective response and to “Build Back Better” in
• Promoting a productive partnership with recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction.127
the Media, NGOs and the Corporate Sector

NATIONAL FRAMEWORK
Government Agencies
Table 1 represents a list of Government Agencies.
Agency Resource
Ministry of Home Affairs The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is responsible for
North Block internal security, border management, Centre-State relations,
New Delhi - 110001 administration of Union Territories, management of Central
India Armed Police Forces, disaster management, etc.128
Ministry of Drinking Water and MDSW is responsible for the overall policy, planning,
Sanitation (MDWS) funding and coordination of two flagship programs of the
C Wing, 4th Floor, Pandit Government of India.129
Deendayal Antyodaya Bhawan,
CGO Complex Lodhi Road,
New Delhi - 110003
Phone-011-24361672
Fax-011-24361669
Ministry of Consumer Affairs, The Department of Consumer Affairs (DCA) is one of the
Food, and Public Distribution two departments under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs,
Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi 110114 Food & Public Distribution. It was constituted as a separate
Website: http://fcamin.nic.in, Department in June 1997 as it was considered necessary to
http://consumeraffairs.nic.in have a separate Department to give a fillip to the nascent
National Consumer Helpline consumer movement in the country.130
Number: 1800-11-4000
Ministry of Health and Family The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has two
Welfare departments. They are both headed by the Secretary to the
Nirman Bhawan, New Delhi - Government of India:
110011 • Department of Health and Family Welfare
Ph: 91-011-23062205(O) • Department of Health Research131
Ministry of Defence The Defence Ministry obtains policy directions on all
Room No 234 - South Block, defense and security related matters. It communicates
Ministry of Defence, New Delhi them for implementation to the Services Headquarters,
Inter-Services Organizations, Production Establishments
and Research and Development Organizations. Ministry of
Defence comprises of four Departments viz. Department of
Defence (DOD), Department of Defence Production (DDP),
Department of Defence Research & Development (DDR&D)
and Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare and also Finance
Division.
Ministry of External Affairs The Ministry of External Affairs of India is also known as the
Foreign Ministry. It is the government agency responsible for
the conduct of foreign relations.132
Table 1: Government Agencies in India

improvement of social conditions of women
India Civil Societies and Non- and girls. Other programs include improving
Governmental Organizations education, health, and disaster management.
CARE has been working in India for over 65
India has a long history of civil society based years, focusing on alleviating poverty and social
on the concepts of daana (giving) and seva exclusion through comprehensive programs
(service). Voluntary organizations, which are in health, education, livelihoods, and disaster
defined as organizations that are voluntary in preparedness and response. The overall goal
spirit and do not have profit-making objectives, is to empower women and girls from poor
were active in cultural promotion, education, and marginalized communities, leading to
health, and natural disaster relief as early as the improvement in their lives and livelihoods.136
medieval era. Some Civil Society and NGOs in
India are listed below:133 Centre for Science & Environment (CSE)
CSE is an environmental NGO specializing
ActionAid India in sustainable natural resource management.
The Indian branch of ActionAid International It is based in New Delhi and believes in
aims to fight poverty and injustice in India ‘knowledge-based activism’ to cope with India’s
and works in partnership with 400 NGOs to environmental threats (ecological poverty, land
reach five million people including the tribal degradation and toxic degradation).
population, bonded laborers, sex workers, AIDS
patients, women, and the rural and urban poor. Centre for Social Research (CSR)
They are based in New Delhi, India. ActionAid CSR is a non-profit, non-governmental
India is part of a global federation and a full organisation based in New Delhi. Its mission
affiliate of ActionAid International that has is to empower the women and girls of India,
presence in over 40 countries worldwide. In guarantee their fundamental rights, and increase
2006, ActionAid was registered as an Indian understanding of social issues from a gender
organization called ActionAid Association.134 perspective.
ADRA Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP)

The Adventist Development and Relief Agency CJP is a group of citizens in Mumbai, founded
(ADRA) is a global humanitarian organization to react against the Gujarat genocide. It promotes
that provides individual and community communal harmony, rationalism, tolerance,
development and disaster relief.135 and religious and social reform to improve the
conditions of women and disadvantaged groups
Arghyam Trust in India.
The public charitable foundation was set
up in 2001 in Bangalore by Rohini Nilekani. CRY (Child Rights and You)
It works with NGOs, research institutions Cry is India’s leading advocate for child rights
and government agencies for sustainable and spreads awareness about the right of children
development in the water sector. Domestic to education, safety, basic needs, health etc.
and groundwater management, and rainwater
harvesting are projects. Habitat for Humanity India
It is a not-for-profit organization dedicated
Bachpan Bachao Andolan to building housing for the poor; has resource
It is a grassroots movement for the protection centers in Bangalore, Chennai, New Delhi and
of children, ensuring their quality education. It Mumbai and satellite centers in the south and
was founded by Kailash Satyarthi, Nobel Prize east; and also has a disaster-response program.
winner. Areas of activity include child labour,
trafficking, victim assistance, prosecution, Indian Red Cross Society
rehabilitation and education. Within India, the Indian Red Cross (IRC)
has a unique relationship with the Government
CARE India as it was incorporated by an act of Parliament.
CARE is a non-governmental humanitarian The IRC is the largest national Red Cross
organization in New Delhi that fights global society in the world and is also a member of the
poverty. Its network in India aims for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red

NATIONAL FRAMEWORK
Crescent Societies (IFRC).137 IRC has access to conditions in the world’s poorest countries by
large amounts of international knowledge and drawing on its combined global resources and
experience on disaster response issues. The IRC expertise. The prominent international and non-
is a voluntary humanitarian organization having government organizations in India include:139
a network of over 700 branches throughout the
country, providing relief in times of disasters/ Asian Development Bank (ADB)
emergencies and promotes health & care of the ADB is an International organization with
vulnerable people and communities.138 a focus on capacity building, economic sector
studies, social development, poverty reduction
Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) India and urban development.140
MSF is an Indian branch of an independent
international medical aid organization that Caritas
delivers emergency aid to people affected by Carita is an international organization with
armed conflict, epidemics, natural or man-made a principal function of disaster management
disasters, and exclusion from health care in more activities and education, rehabilitation, AIDS
than 70 countries. MSF is based in Delhi. prevention and education, health promotion, TB
and malaria prevention and education programs
Ramakrishna Mission, Shivanahalli on gender equality and social justice in India.141
It is a branch of Ramakrishna Mutt & Mission,
and a philanthropic, volunteer organization Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO)
founded by Swami Vivekananda. It improves The FAO is an international (UN)
education, health care, rural development, tribal organization working in India to address hunger,
welfare, and environment conservation. food security issues, food safety, clean water, and
poverty reduction. The FAO promotes primary
SEEDS India education, security programs, and nutrition
Sustainable Environment & Ecological awareness.142
Development Society (SEEDS) is a non-profit
voluntary organization associated with disaster International Fund for Agriculture Development
management programs. It also publishes journals (IFAD)
which serves as a knowledge resource in disaster IFAD is an international (UN) organization
risk reduction. with a focus on poverty reduction, agricultural
development, capacity building, small and
Tarun Bharat Sangh medium enterprise development, fisheries, food
It is a non-governmental organization production and rural development in India.143
formed to bring people together on the issues of
management of forests and water resources in International Labour Fund (ILO)
Alwar, Rajasthan and has been enaged in rain ILO is an international organization working
water harvesting, natural resource development, in India to promote social justice, labor rights,
and tree plantation. employment, social protections, human rights,
and education. ILO also provides training and
WOTR (Watershed Organisation Trust) research activities.144
WOTR is a not-for-profit NGO operating
in five 5 Indian states – Maharashtra, Andhra International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and IMF is an international organization working
Jharkhand. It attempts to reduce poverty through in India with a primary focus on secure financial
participatory watershed development & climate stability, employments, poverty reduction,
change adaptation. technical assistance, research and statistics.145
Oxfam
International Non-Governmental Oxfam India promotes empowering the
Organizations in India impoverished and marginalized person of
India, working to obtain their rights through
International organizations and non- engagement with those above the poverty line
governmental organizations are specialized to become active and supportive. Oxfam focuses
agencies whose mandate is to promote and on advocating for an effective and accountable
accelerate sustainable development in developing state and making markets work for marginalized
countries and work towards improving the living people. Oxfam was a significant part of the

coalition of WNTA, the conveners of the civil United Nations Population Fund (UNDP)
society group for the India National Consultation UNDP is an international (UN) organization
on the post 2015 development framework, and in India which focuses globally on poverty
play a key role in the dialogues on poverty, reduction, AIDS prevention, gender equality,
sustainable development and gender. Oxfam reproductive health, AIDS education, reduction
Trust is an Indian NGO registered in Delhi and of violence against women and children, skill
part of Oxfam International. It currently supports training, family counselling, self-help groups and
work in Delhi, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh women’s empowerment.152
and Uttarakhand and has started projects on
education, livelihoods, emergency response & United Nations Development Fund for Women
women’s empowerment. Oxfam India works to (UNIFEM)
address root causes of poverty and inequality.146 UNIFEM is an international (UN)
organization working in India with a primary
Save the Children focus on poverty reduction, reduction in violence
Save the Children (SC) is the leading against women, AIDS prevention and gender
independent organization creating lasting change equality.153
in the lives of children in need around the world,
operating in over 120 countries with more than United Nations Educational, Scientific and
15,000 employees and raising USD$1.3 billion Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
annually. In 2010, Save the Children’s work UNESCO is an international (UN)
reached 100 million children. Save the Children organization which promotes education, gender
in India on issues such as child survival, child equality, AIDS prevention and education, rural
protection and education and were an active development, malnutrition, drug and alcohol
participant of the civil society consultations for abuse treatment and education, water-borne
the India National Consultation on the post 2015 diseases, poverty reduction and sustainable
development framework.147 Save the Children is developments.154
a global non-profit organization and it is India’s
leading independent child rights NGO. As of United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and
December 2017, Save the Children works in the Empowerment of Women
19 states of India.148 The United Nations Entity for Gender
Equality and the Empowerment of Women in an
UN High Commission for Refugee (UNHCR) (UN) international organization with a primary
UNHCR is an international organization function of promoting women empowerment,
which provides shelter assistance and gender equality, women security, human rights
rehabilitation for refugees globally. UNHCR and the reduction of feminized poverty in
provides for livelihood opportunities, protection India.155
and the social and economic rights of refugees
through capacity building, sanitation, and United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
refugee registration and food security.149 UNICEF promotes health, hygiene, nutrition,
education, protection and social development of
US Agency for International AID (USAID) children. UNICEF targets efforts for children at
USAID is an international organization all stages of their life, from infant and mother to
working in India to promote AIDS prevention, child and adolescent. UNICEF works to ensure
maternal child health, reproductive child health, children survive and continue to thrive.156
food safety, TB control, Polio eradication,
urban health programs, education, sanitation, World Food Programme (WFP)
counselling centers, and gender equality.150 WFP is an international organization working
in India to promote nutrition, food, hunger,
United Nations (UN) combating malnutrition, agricultural production,
The UN offers strategic assistance to India employment, income generation and sustainable
to aid the nation in achieving its goals to end development.157
poverty and inequality and to foster sustainable
development in line with the globally agreed World Health Organization (WHO)
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The WHO is an international organization
UN also supports India, as the world’s largest which promotes food safety, tobacco controls,
democracy, in the county’s commitments to capacity building, child health, adolescent health,
change and development priorities.151 immunizations, vaccine development, mental

NATIONAL FRAMEWORK
health, substance abuse, disability, rehabilitation, of 2005 (DM Act), each State Government
nutrition and Tuberculosis (TB) prevention and is required to establish a District Disaster
education programs.158 Management Authority (DDMA) for each
district within the State. The DDMA will
World Vision then be led by the District Collector, Deputy
World Vision is one of the world’s leading Commissioner, or District Magistrate, whichever
child-focused humanitarian organizations. the District has as representation. In addition,
Through development, relief and advocacy, they a representative of the local authority will act
provide fullness of life for every child by serving as the Co-Chair. The DDMA will act as the
the poor and oppressed regardless of religion, planning, coordinating, and implementing body
race, ethnicity or gender.159 for DM at the District level and they will take
all necessary measures for the purposes of DM
Domestic Disaster Management in accordance with guidance from the NDMA
Activities and SDMA. It is also responsible for preparing
the DM plan for the District and monitoring
the implementation of the all relevant national,
Roles and Responsibilities of the State and state, and district policies and plans. The DDMA
District Governments will ensure that the guidelines for prevention,
State Governments in India have the primary mitigation, preparedness, and response measures
responsibility for disaster management. That requested by the NDMA and the SDMA are
said, India has a community based disaster followed by all the district-level offices of the
management approach during any disaster, various departments of the State Government.162
acknowledging that communities are the first All districts in India need to prepare a District
responders during time of crisis. Community Disaster Management Plan (DDMP). The DDMP
participation ensures local ownership, addresses needs to be approved by the State Disaster
local needs, and promotes volunteerism and Management Authority (SDMA).163
mutual help to prevent and minimize
damage. Therefore, states should make State Level Disaster Management
all efforts to assist communities in Coordination Mechanism
understanding their vulnerabilities and the
lead role that they can play in managing
risks with less dependence on external Central
Government
entities, through robust campaigns.160 Ministries/
The State Disaster Management Departments
Authority (SDMA) is headed by the State Disaster National Disaster
Chief Minister of each state. Each state is Response State Government Management
required to have DM Plan that outlines Force (SDRF) Authority
the broad coverage of the plan as well as

the requirements of consultation in the
preparation of the state plans. From this, State Executive State Disaster
the departments of the state governments Committee Management Authority
(SEC) (SDMA)
are required to draw up their own plans in
accordance with the state plan. The state State
plans are prepared by the State Executive Emergency Relief
Committee (SEC), while conforming to the Operation Commissioner/ District Disaster
Management
guidelines given by the SDMA. The state Center Nodal Department
Authority
plan prepared by SEC needs to be approved (SEOC) (DDMA)
by the SDMA.161 Figure 7 represents State
the State Level Disaster Management Department/
Coordination Mechanism. The figure Line Agencies
represents the institutional pathways
for coordination, decision-making and
Agencies with Disaster
communication for disaster management Management
but does not imply chain of command. Responsibilities
Per the Disaster Management Act
Figure 7: State-level Disaster Management Basic Institutional Framework

CONCLUSION
Conclusion
India can play a major role in support of coastal regions flooding and cyclones are a
disaster management capacity building efforts sizable concern with regard to loss of property
in the Asia Pacific region. Moreover, its building and life.
sustained regional and international partnerships Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a priority
under the Sendai Framework. The country is for the Indian national government. India’s
working with countries both within the region Ministry of Home Affairs and India’s National
and outside to build more resilient societies. Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
India has also engaged with the international has the authority for oversight of for disaster
community in providing humanitarian assistance management in the country.
to other countries in need. The country is The Government of India recognizes the
taking a leading role in strengthening regional need to shift from a post disaster reactive
cooperation among South Asian countries for approach to a pre-disaster pro-active approach
reducing disasters and playing a role in global which includes preparedness, mitigation, and
initiatives on disaster management.164 prevention.166 The Government of India enacted
India itself is one of the most disaster- a Disaster Management Act in 2005, adopted
prone areas of the world due to its location a National Policy on Disaster Management in
and climate. Increasing population, 2009, and in 2015 adopted three international
urbanization, development within high- agreements including the Sendai Framework
risk zones, industrialization, environmental for Disaster Risk Reduction, Sustainable
degradation, and climate change heighten India’s Development Goals 2015-2030, and the Paris
vulnerabilities. Various human-induced activities Agreement on Climate Change.167
can accelerate the impact and accelerate the The government focuses on combining
frequency of disasters.165 India is exposed to efforts with all government agencies, Non-
many natural hazards including floods, cyclones, Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and
droughts, and earthquakes. The country’s participation by affected communities.
vulnerability varies from region to region, but India plans on achieving this by adopting a
these disasters often cause significant damage to technology-driven, pro-active, multi-hazard, and
property and loss of life. multi-sectoral strategy, which in turn will create
India’s geographic location in the South Asia a disaster resilient country.168
Region places India in one of the most disaster India has emerged as one of the top bilateral
venerable regions of the world. The climate and trade and direct foreign investments partners
location of India make India among one of the in the region. Bilateral trade agreements
most disaster-prone nations globally. Worldwide, with SAARC member nations and ASEAN
India ranks second in total population (1.2 member nations continue to increase. Multiple
billion) and is recognized as the seventh largest agreements on defense cooperation, regional
country in the world. security, duty-free tariffs, maritime boundaries
High population density throughout the and land borders have opened the region for
nation contributes significantly to the impacts of greater levels of bilateral trade and commerce.
natural and man-made disasters which affect the Additionally, India’s role throughout the region
region. An expansive part of India is unprotected as an increasingly capable actor in disaster relief
from natural hazards. and humanitarian assistance has reinforced
India has coastal regions to its east, west India’s role promoting connectivity partnership
and south borders. With the majority of the throughout the region.169
population residing near river banks and in

U.S. DOD DMHA RECENT ENGAGEMENTS WITH INDIA
U.S. DOD DMHA

ti.171 Malabar 2018 was conducted off the coast
of Guam from 7-16 June 2018. At sea portions
of the exercise were designed to advance
Recent Engagements participating nations’ military-to-military

coordination and capacity. Search and rescue
exercises, as well as other operations took
with India place.172
Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise

The U.S. and India have a range of common Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) is the largest
security interests that include humanitarian international maritime exercise. RIMPAC
assistance, disaster relief, maritime security, provides training that fosters and sustains
counter terrorism, and having an active role cooperative relationships that are critical to
building regional partner capacity and maritime ensuring the safety of sea lanes and security in
domain awareness. This contributes to the overall the region. RIMPAC 2018 is an annual exercise in
security in the region.170 the series that began in 1971. This year's exercise
includes forces from India, the U.S., Australia,
Exercise Malabar 2018 Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Colombia, France,
Naval engagements, such as the Malabar Germany, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Malaysia,
exercise, improve the cooperation of U.S. and Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru, the
an Indian maritime force improves capacity. Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri
Exercise Malabar is a naval field training exercise Lanka, Thailand, Tonga, the United Kingdom,
aimed at improving maritime relationships and Vietnam. Participating nations and forces
and increasing understanding in multinational exercised in a wide range of capabilities and
operations. In Photo 2, Sailors assigned to the demonstrated the range of maritime forces. These
Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser USS capabilities included disaster relief, maritime
Antietam conduct a replenishment training security operations, sea control, and complex
exercise with the Indian navy oiler INS Shak warfighting.
Photo 2: Exercise Malabar 2018

Executive Steering Group Meeting Exercise Malabar 2014
Indian navy and U.S. leadership met in Exercise Malabar was initiated in 1992
Pearl Harbor, HI, in January 2018 to discuss between the U.S. and Indian Navy. Ships from
engagements and maritime cooperation between the U.S. and Indian navies and Japan Maritime
nations in the upcoming year. This executive Self-Defense Force are seen in Photo 3, during
steering group meeting also serves as the first Exercise Malabar 2014.173
touch point for planning of the next Exercise
Malabar. Executive Steering Group Meeting
Senior Air Force officials from India and the
Exercise Malabar 2017 U.S. met at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam in
The Indian Navy, Japan Maritime Self-Defense Hawaii from 12-15 December 2016, to discuss
Force, and the U.S. Navy participated in Exercise operational concepts and build relationships.
Malabar 2017. The exercise has grown in scope This meeting was part of the 20th Executive
and complexity over the years to address the Steering Group.174
variety of shared threats to maritime security in
the Indo-Asia-Pacific region. Partnership, Frameworks, and Initiatives
The U.S. and India also launched the U.S.-
India Minister of Defence Meeting India Knowledge Partnership in Defense Studies,
Admiral Harry B. Harris Jr., Commander, the Framework for the U.S.-India Defense
United States Pacific Command met with India Relationship, and the Defense Technology and
Minister of Defence, Manohar Parrikar at Trade Initiative (DTTI).175
Camp Smith, Hawaii in December, 2015. In the
meeting, Adm. Harris and Minister Parrikar Yudh Abhyas Exercise, 2016
discussed the growth of the strategic partnership In 2016, Soldiers from the U.S. and India
between the two nations. The importance of completed a two-week training exercise known
expanded maritime security cooperation within as Yudh Abhyas at Chaubattia Military Station in
the context of broader military-to-military ties, India. This has been a bilateral training exercise
especially in the Indo-Asia-Pacific was also
discussed.
Photo 3: Exercise Malabar 2014

U.S. DOD DMHA RECENT ENGAGEMENTS WITH INDIA
for 12 years.176 Photo 4 shows an India soldier Peacekeeping Engagements

with 12 Madras, and U.S. counterpart during India and the U.S. conducted a three-week
field trauma management training during the combined peacekeeping course in 2016. The
2016 Yudh Abhyas Exercise on September 17, next iteration of the course will be held during
2016.177 the summer of 2017. The history of U.S.-India
cooperation on UN peacekeeping goes back to
Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange 2016 the deployment of the Indian Army 60th Field
Nearly 500 senior military health officials Ambulance (medical paratroopers) which was a
from 27 countries attended the 2016 Asia part of the UN mission in Korea.
Pacific Military Health Exchange in Malaysia,
in August 2016. The exchange was a forum to Defense POW/MIA Accounting Humanitarian
share experiences and strengthen partnerships. Agency Missions
The Asia Pacific Military Health Exchanges India and the U.S work together on a
2016 is a multilateral event focused on global humanitarian mission to locate, identify, recover,
health interoperability. Representatives from and repatriate the remains of approximately
India, the U.S., Australia, Bangladesh, Brunei, 400 unaccounted-for U.S. service members
Burma, Cambodia, Canada, China, Chinese from World War II. The relationship began in
Taipei, Fiji, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, the 1978 when the Government of India voluntarily
Maldives, Mongolia, Nepal, New Zealand, the turned over World War II remains.
Philippines, South Korea, Singapore, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, Timor-Leste, Tonga, and Vietnam are Defense Trade and Technology Cooperation
participating in this year’s exchange. The 2016 The U.S. and India have concluded more than
Asia Pacific Military Health Exchange was co- USD$15 billion in defense trade since 2008,
hosted by U.S. Pacific Command’s chief surgeon including the transfer from U.S. to India of C-17
and the Malaysian armed forces health services. transport aircraft. India used its C-17s to deliver
humanitarian assistance to Nepal and evacuate
civilians from Yemen.
Photo 4: Field Trauma Management Training, Yudh Abhyas Exercise 2016

APPENDICES
Appendices
poverty, and widespread corruption, economic
growth following the launch of economic re-
forms in 1991 and a massive youthful population
are driving India’s emergence as a regional and
global power.
Country Profile
Location:
The information in the Country Profile section is
sourced directly from the CIA World Fact book. Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and
Additional numbers on country comparison to the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan
the world can be found by going directly to the
CIA website.178 Geographic coordinates:
Background: 20 00 N, 77 00 E
The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world’s Map references:

oldest, flourished during the 3rd and 2nd mil- Asia
lennia B.C. and extended into northwestern
India. Aryan tribes from the northwest infiltrated Area:
the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.; their
merger with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants Total: 3,287,263 sq km
created the classical Indian culture. The Maurya
Empire of the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. - which Land: 2,973,193 sq km
reached its zenith under ASHOKA - united much
of South Asia. The Golden Age ushered in by the Water: 314,070 sq km
Gupta dynasty (4th to 6th centuries A.D.) saw
a flowering of Indian science, art, and culture. Country comparison to the world: 8
Islam spread across the subcontinent over a pe- Area - comparative:
riod of 700 years. In the 10th and 11th centuries,
Turks and Afghans invaded India and established Slightly more than one-third the size of the US
the Delhi Sultanate. In the early 16th century,
the Emperor BABUR established the Mughal Land boundaries:
Dynasty, which ruled India for more than three
centuries. European explorers began establishing Total: 13,888 km
footholds in India during the 16th century.
border countries (6): Bangladesh 4,142 km, Bhu-
By the 19th century, Great Britain had become tan 659 km, Burma 1,468 km, China 2,659 km,
the dominant political power on the subconti- Nepal 1,770 km, Pakistan 3,190 km
nent. The British Indian Army played a vital role
in both World Wars. Years of nonviolent resis- Coastline:
tance to British rule, led by Mohandas GANDHI
and Jawaharlal NEHRU, eventually resulted in 7,000 km
Indian independence in 1947. Large-scale com- Maritime claims:
munal violence took place before and after the
subcontinent partition into two separate states - Territorial sea: 12 nm
India and Pakistan. The neighboring nations have
fought three wars since independence, the last of Contiguous zone: 24 nm
which was in 1971 and resulted in East Pakistan
becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In- Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
dia’s nuclear weapons tests in 1998 emboldened
Pakistan to conduct its own tests that same year. Continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the
In November 2008, terrorists originating from continental margin
Pakistan conducted a series of coordinated at-
tacks in Mumbai, India’s financial capital. Despite
pressing problems such as significant overpopu-
lation, environmental degradation, extensive

Climate: Natural hazards:
Varies from tropical monsoon in south to tem- Droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread
perate in north and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains;
severe thunderstorms; earthquakes
Terrain:
Volcanism: Barren Island (354 m) in the Anda-
Upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to man Sea has been active in recent years
rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts in west,
Himalayas in north Environment - current issues:
Elevation: Deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; deserti-
fication; air pollution from industrial effluents
Mean elevation: 160 m and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw
sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap
Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean water is not potable throughout the country;
0m huge and growing population is overstraining
natural resources; preservation and quality of for-
Highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,586 m ests; biodiversity loss
Natural resources: Environment - international agreements:
Coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron Party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,
ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, rare earth ele- Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic
ments, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, dia- Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
monds, petroleum, limestone, arable land Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, En-
Land use: dangered Species, Environmental Modification,
Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer
Agricultural land: 60.5 percent Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83,
Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
Arable land 52.8 percent; permanent crops 4.2
percent; permanent pasture 3.5 percent Geography - note:
Forest: 23.1 percent Dominates South Asian subcontinent; near

important Indian Ocean trade routes; Kanchen-
Other: 16.4 percent (2011 est.) junga, third tallest mountain in the world, lies on
the border with Nepal
Irrigated land:
Population:
667,000 sq km (2012)
1,281,935,911 (July 2017 est.)
Population - distribution:
Country comparison to the world: 2
With the notable exception of the deserts in
the northwest, including the Thar Desert, and Nationality:
the mountain fringe in the north, a very high
population density exists throughout most of Noun: Indian(s)
the country; the core of the population is in the
north along the banks of the Ganges, with other Adjective: Indian
river valleys and southern coastal areas also hav- Ethnic groups:
ing large population concentrations
Indo-Aryan 72 percent, Dravidian 25 percent,
Mongoloid and other 3 percent (2000)

APPENDICES
Languages: Median age:
Hindi 41 percent, Bengali 8.1 percent, Telugu 7.2 Total: 27.9 years
percent, Marathi 7 percent, Tamil 5.9 percent, Male: 27.2 years
Urdu 5 percent, Gujarati 4.5 percent, Kannada
3.7 percent, Malayalam 3.2 percent, Oriya 3.2 Female: 28.6 years (2017 est.)
percent, Punjabi 2.8 percent, Assamese 1.3 per-
cent, Maithili 1.2 percent, other 5.9 percent Country comparison to the world: 139
Note: English enjoys the status of subsidiary of- Population growth rate:
ficial language but is the most important lan-
guage for national, political, and commercial 1.17 percent (2017 est.)
communication; Hindi is the most widely spoken
language and primary tongue of 41 percent of Country comparison to the world: 96
the people; there are 14 other official languages:
Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Birth rate:
Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, 19 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a
popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely Country comparison to the world: 87
throughout northern India but is not an official
language (2001 est.) Death rate:
Religions: 7.3 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)
Hindu 79.8 percent, Muslim 14.2 percent, Chris- Country comparison to the world: 118
tian 2.3 percent, Sikh 1.7 percent, other and
unspecified 2 percent (2011 est.) Net migration rate:
Age structure: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)
0-14 years: 27.34 percent (male 186,087,665/fe- Country comparison to the world: 85
male 164,398,204)
Population distribution:
15-24 years: 17.9 percent (male 121,879,786/fe-
male 107,583,437) With the notable exception of the deserts in
the northwest, including the Thar Desert, and
25-54 years: 41.08 percent (male 271,744,709/ the mountain fringe in the north, a very high
female 254,834,569) population density exists throughout most of
the country; the core of the population is in the
55-64 years: 7.45 percent (male 47,846,122/fe- north along the banks of the Ganges, with other
male 47,632,532) river valleys and southern coastal areas also hav-
ing large population concentrations
65 years and over: 6.24 percent (male 37,837,801/
female 42,091,086) (2017 est.) Urbanization:
Dependency ratios: Urban population: 34 percent of total population
(2018)
Total dependency ratio: 52.2
Rate of urbanization: 2.37 percent annual rate of
Youth dependency ratio: 43.6 change (2015-20 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 8.6 Major urban areas - population:
Potential support ratio: 11.7 (2015 est.) NEW DELHI (capital) 28.514 million; Mumbai
19.98 million; Kolkata 14.681 million; Bangalore
11.44 million; Chennai 10.456 million; Hyder-
abad 9.482 million; Ahmadabad 7.681 million
(2018)
Sex ratio: Physician’s density:
At birth: 1.12 male(s)/female 0.76 physicians/1,000 population (2016)
0-14 years: 1.13 male(s)/female Hospital bed density:
15-24 years: 1.13 male(s)/female 0.7 beds/1,000 population (2011)
25-54 years: 1.06 male(s)/female Drinking water source:
55-64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female Improved:
65 years and over: 0.9 male(s)/female Urban: 97.1 percent of population
Total population: 1.08 male(s)/female (2017 est.) Rural: 92.6 percent of population
Maternal mortality ratio: Total: 94.1 percent of population
174 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.) Unimproved:
Country comparison to the world: 56 Urban: 2.9 percent of population
Infant mortality rate: Rural: 7.4 percent of population
Total: 39.1 deaths/1,000 live births Total: 5.9 percent of population (2015 est.)
Male: 38 deaths/1,000 live births Sanitation facility access:
Female: 40.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.) Improved:
Country comparison to the world: 47 Urban: 62.6 percent of population
Life expectancy at birth: Rural: 28.5 percent of population
Total population: 68.8 years Total: 39.6 percent of population
Male: 67.6 years Unimproved:
Female: 70.1 years (2017 est.) Urban: 37.4 percent of population
Country comparison to the world: 164 Rural: 71.5 percent of population
Total fertility rate: Total: 60.4 percent of population (2015 est.)
2.43 children born/woman (2017 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
Country comparison to the world: 81 0.3 percent (2016 est.)
Contraceptive prevalence rate: Country comparison to the world: 80
53.5 percent (2015/16) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
Health expenditures: 2.1 million (2016 est.)
4.7 percent of GDP (2014) Country comparison to the world: 3

APPENDICES
HIV/AIDS - deaths: Male: 10.4 percent

62,000 (2016 est.) Female: 11.6 percent (2012 est.)
Country comparison to the world: 3 Country comparison to the world: 122
Major infectious diseases: Country name:
Degree of risk: very high Conventional long form: Republic of India
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, Conventional short form: India
hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Local long form: Republic of India/Bharatiya
Vector-borne diseases: dengue fever, Japanese Ganarajya
encephalitis, and malaria
Local short form: India/Bharat
Water contact disease: leptospirosis
Etymology: the English name derives from the
Animal contact disease: rabies (2016) Indus River; the Indian name “Bharat” may de-
rive from the “Bharatas” tribe mentioned in the
Obesity - adult prevalence rate: Vedas of the second millennium B.C.; the name
is also associated with Emperor Bharata, the leg-
3.9 percent (2016) endary conqueror of all of India
Country comparison to the world: 189 Government type:
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: Federal parliamentary republic
35.7 percent (2015) Capital:
Country comparison to the world: 2 Name: New Delhi
Education expenditures: Geographic coordinates: 28 36 N, 77 12 E
3.8 percent of GDP (2013) Time difference: UTC+5.5 (10.5 hours ahead of
Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Administrative divisions:
Literacy:
29 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and
Definition: age 15 and over can read and write Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal
Total population: 71.2 percent Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhat-
tisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and
Male: 81.3 percent Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Kar-
Female: 60.6 percent (2015 est.) nataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram,
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary Nagaland, Odisha, Puducherry*, Punjab, Rajas-
education): than, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura,
Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal
Total: 12 years
Note: although its status is that of a union terri-
Male: 12 years tory, the official name of Delhi is National Capital
Territory of Delhi
Female: 12 years (2014)
Independence:
Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
15 August 1947 (from the UK)
Total: 10.7 percent

National holiday: Cabinet: Union Council of Ministers recom-
mended by the prime minister, appointed by the
Republic Day, 26 January (1950) president
Constitution: Elections/appointments: president indirectly
elected by an electoral college consisting of elect-
History: previous 1935 (preindependence); latest ed members of both houses of Parliament for a
draft completed 4 November 1949, adopted 26 5-year term (no term limits); election last held
November 1949, effective 26 January 1950 on 17 July 2017 (next to be held in July 2022);
vice president indirectly elected by an electoral
Amendments: proposed by either the Council of college consisting of elected members of both
States or the House of the People; passage re- houses of Parliament for a 5-year term (no term
quires majority participation of the total mem- limits); election last held on 5 August 2017 (next
bership in each house and at least two-thirds to be held in August 2022); following legislative
majority of voting members of each house, fol- elections, the prime minister is elected by Lok
lowed by assent of the president of India; pro- Sabha members of the majority party
posed amendments to the constitutional amend-
ment procedures also must be ratified by at least Election results: Ram Nath KOVIND elected
one-half of the India state legislatures before president; percent of electoral college vote - Ram
presidential assent; amended many times, last in Nath KOVIND (BJP) 65.7 percent Meira KU-
2016 (2017) MAR (INC) 34.3 percent; M. Venkaiah NAIDU
elected vice president; electoral college vote -
Legal system: M. Venkaiah NAIDU (BJP) 516, Gopalkrishna
Common law system based on the English GANDHI (independent) 244
model; separate personal law codes apply to Mus- Legislative branch:
lims, Christians, and Hindus; judicial review of
legislative acts Description: bicameral Parliament or Sansad
consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha
International law organization participation: (245 seats; 233 members indirectly elected by
Accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reser- state and territorial assemblies by proportional
vations; non-party state to the ICCt representation vote, and 12 members appointed
by the president; members serve 6-year terms)
Citizenship: and the House of the People or Lok Sabha (545
seats; 543 members directly elected in single-seat
Citizenship by birth: no constituencies by simple majority vote and 2 ap-
pointed by the president; members serve 5-year
Citizenship by descent only: at least one parent terms)
must be a citizen of India
Elections: House of the People - last held April-
Dual citizenship recognized: no May 2014 in 9 phases; (next must be held by May
2019)
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years
Election results: House of the People - percent of
Suffrage: vote by party - BJP 31.0 percent, INC 19.3 per-
cent, AITC 3.8 percent, SP 3.4 percent, AIADMK
18 years of age; universal 3.3 percent, CPI(M) 3.3 percent, TDP 2.6 per-
Executive branch: cent, YSRC 2.5 percent, AAP 2.1 percent, SAD
1.8 percent, BJD 1.7 percent, SS 1.7 percent, NCP
Chief of state: President Ram Nath KOVIND 1.6 percent, RJD 1.3 percent, TRS 1.3 percent,
(since 25 July 2017); Vice President M. Venkaiah LJP 0.4 percent, other 15.9 percent, independent
NAIDU (since 11 August 2017) 3.0 percent; seats by party - BJP 282, INC 44,
AIADMK 37, AITC 34, BJD 20, SS 18, TDP 16,
Head of government: Prime Minister Narendra TRS 11, CPI(M) 9, YSRC 9, LJP 6, NCP 6, SP 5,
MODI (since 26 May 2014) AAP 4, RJD 4, SAD 4, other 33, independent 3

APPENDICES
Judicial branch: YSR Congress or YSRC [Jagan Mohan REDDY]

Highest court(s): Supreme Court (the chief jus- Note: India has dozens of national and regional
tice and 25 associate justices) political parties
Judge selection and term of office: justices ap- International organization participation:
pointed by the president to serve until age 65
ADB, AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic
Subordinate courts: High Courts; District Courts; Council (observer), ARF, ASEAN (dialogue
Labour Court partner), BIMSTEC, BIS, BRICS, C, CD, CERN
(observer), CICA, CP, EAS, FAO, FATF, G-15,
Note: in mid-2011, India’s Cabinet approved the G-20, G-24, G-5, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC
“National Mission for Justice Delivery and Legal (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
Reform” to eliminate judicial corruption and IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol,
reduce the backlog of cases IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs),
LAS (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUS-
Political parties and leaders: CO, NAM, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW,
Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, PIF (partner),
Aam Aadmi Party or AAP [Arvind KEJRIWAL] SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNC-
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam TAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO,
or AIADMK [Edappadi PALANISWAMY, Oc- UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNOCI,
chaathevar PANNEERSELVAM] UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO,
WIPO, WMO, WTO
All India Trinamool Congress or AITC [Mamata
BANERJEE] Diplomatic representation in the US:
Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI] Chief of mission: Ambassador Navtej Singh
SARNA (since 18 January 2017)
Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Amit SHAH]
Chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK] Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing
located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Communist Party of India-Marxist or CPI(M) Washington, DC 20008; telephone: [1](202) 939-
[Sitaram YECHURY] 7000
Indian National Congress or INC [Rahul GAN- Telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000
DHI]
FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351
Lok Janshakti Party (LJP) [Ram Vilas PASWAN]
Consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston,
Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad New York, San Francisco
PAWAR]
Diplomatic representation from the US:
Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Lalu Prasad YA-
DAV] Chief of mission: Ambassador Kenneth I. JUST-
ER (since 23 November 2017)
Samajwadi Party or SP [Akhilesh YADAV]
Embassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi
Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [Parkash Singh 110021
BADAL]
Mailing address: use embassy street address
Shiv Sena or SS [Uddhav THACKERAY]
Telephone: [91] (11) 2419-8000
Telegana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [K. Chan-
drashekar RAO] FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017
Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu Consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Hyder-
NAIDU] abad, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay)

Flag description: India’s economic growth slowed in 2011 because
of a decline in investment caused by high inter-
Three equal horizontal bands of saffron (sub- est rates, rising inflation, and investor pessimism
dued orange) (top), white, and green, with a blue about the government’s commitment to further
chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white economic reforms and about slow world growth.
band; saffron represents courage, sacrifice, and Investors’ perceptions of India improved in early
the spirit of renunciation; white signifies purity 2014, due to a reduction of the current account
and truth; green stands for faith and fertility; the deficit and expectations of post-election econom-
blue chakra symbolizes the wheel of life in move- ic reform, resulting in a surge of inbound capital
ment and death in stagnation flows and stabilization of the rupee. Growth
rebounded in 2014 through 2016, exceeding 7
Note: similar to the flag of Niger, which has a percent each year. Despite a high growth rate
small orange disk centered in the white band compared to the rest of the world, India’s gov-
ernment-owned banks faced mounting bad debt
National symbol(s): in 2015 and 2016, resulting in low credit growth.
The Lion Capital of Ashoka, which depicts four Rising macroeconomic imbalances in India and
Asiatic lions standing back to back mounted on improving economic conditions in Western
a circular abacus, is the official emblem; Bengal countries led investors to shift capital away from
tiger; lotus flower; national colors: saffron, white, India, prompting a sharp depreciation of the
green rupee through 2016.
National anthem: The economy slowed in 2017, due to shocks of

“demonetizaton” in 2016 and introduction of
Name: “Jana-Gana-Mana” (Thou Art the Ruler of GST in 2017. Since the election, the government
the Minds of All People) has passed an important goods and services tax
bill and raised foreign direct investment caps
Lyrics/music: Rabindranath TAGORE in some sectors, but most economic reforms
have focused on administrative and governance
Note: adopted 1950; Rabindranath TAGORE, a changes, largely because the ruling party remains
Nobel laureate, also wrote Bangladesh’s national a minority in India’s upper house of Parliament,
anthem which must approve most bills. Despite a high
growth rate compared to the rest of the world,
Economy - overview: India’s government-owned banks faced mounting
bad debt in 2015 and 2016, resulting in low credit
India’s diverse economy encompasses traditional growth and restrained economic growth.
village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts,
a wide range of modern industries, and a mul- The outlook for India’s long-term growth is
titude of services. Slightly less than half of the moderately positive due to a young population
workforce is in agriculture, but services are the and corresponding low dependency ratio, healthy
major source of economic growth, accounting for savings and investment rates, and increasing
nearly two-thirds of India’s output but employing integration into the global economy. However,
less than one-third of its labor force. India has long-term challenges remain significant, in-
capitalized on its large educated English-speaking cluding: India’s discrimination against women
population to become a major exporter of infor- and girls, an inefficient power generation and
mation technology services, business outsourcing distribution system, ineffective enforcement of
services, and software workers. Nevertheless, per intellectual property rights, decades-long civil
capita income remains below the world aver- litigation dockets, inadequate transport and agri-
age. India is developing into an open-market cultural infrastructure, limited non-agricultural
economy, yet traces of its past autarkic poli- employment opportunities, high spending and
cies remain. Economic liberalization measures, poorly targeted subsidies, inadequate availability
including industrial deregulation, privatization of quality basic and higher education, and ac-
of state-owned enterprises, and reduced controls commodating rural-to-urban migration.
on foreign trade and investment, began in the
early 1990s and served to accelerate the country’s
growth, which averaged nearly 7 percent per year
from 1997 to 2017.

APPENDICES
GDP (purchasing power parity): Imports of goods and services: -20.2 percent
(2017 est.)
$9.447 trillion (2017 est.)
GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
Agriculture: 16.8 percent
Industry: 28.9 percent
Note: data are in 2017 dollars
Services: 46.6 percent (2016 est.)
Agriculture - products:
GDP (official exchange rate):
Rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane,
$2.439 trillion (2017 est.) lentils, onions, potatoes; dairy products, sheep,
goats, poultry; fish
GDP - real growth rate:
Industries:
6.7 percent (2017 est.)
Textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, trans-
7.1 percent (2016 est.) portation equipment, cement, mining, petro-
leum, machinery, software, pharmaceuticals
8 percent (2015 est.)
Industrial production growth rate:
GDP - per capita (PPP):
$7,200 (2017 est.)
Labor force:
$6,800 (2016 est.)
521.9 million (2017 est.)
$6,400 (2015 est.)
Note: data are in 2017 dollars
Labor force - by occupation:
Agriculture: 47 percent
Gross national saving:
Industry: 22 percent
28.6 percent of GDP (2017 est.)
Services: 31 percent (FY 2014 est.)
Unemployment rate:
8 percent (2016 est.)
GDP - composition, by end use:
Household consumption: 58.7 percent
Population below poverty line:
Government consumption: 11.6 percent
Investment in fixed capital: 27.5 percent
Investment in inventories: 4 percent
Exports of goods and services: 18.4 percent

Household income or consumption by percent- Fiscal year:
age share:
1 April - 31 March
Lowest 10 percent: 3.6 percent
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Highest 10 percent: 29.8 percent (2011 est.)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
35.2 (2011 est.)
37.8 (1997 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
6.25 percent (31 December 2017 est.)
Budget:
7.75 percent (31 December 2016 est.)
Revenues: $248.7 billion
Note: this is the Indian central bank’s policy rate
Expenditures: $330.3 billion (2017 est.) - the repurchase rate
Taxes and other revenues: Country comparison to the world: 69
10.2 percent of GDP (2017 est.) Commercial bank prime lending rate:
Country comparison to the world: 213 9.6 percent (31 December 2017 est.)
Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): 9.67 percent (31 December 2016 est.)
-3.3 percent of GDP (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 86
Country comparison to the world: 125 Stock of narrow money:
Public debt: $429.3 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
50.1 percent of GDP (2017 est.) $294.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
50.3 percent of GDP (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 14
Note: data cover central government debt, and Stock of broad money:
exclude debt instruments issued (or owned) by
government entities other than the treasury; the $2.063 trillion (31 December 2017 est.)
data include treasury debt held by foreign enti-
ties; the data exclude debt issued by subnational $1.773 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra- Country comparison to the world: 9
governmental debt consists of treasury borrow-
ings from surpluses in the social funds, such as Stock of domestic credit:
for retirement, medical care, and unemployment;
debt instruments for the social funds are not sold $1.795 trillion (30 September 2017 est.)
at public auctions
$1.622 trillion (31 December 2016 est.)
Market value of publicly traded shares:

APPENDICES
$1.139 trillion (31 December 2013 est.) Debt - external:

Country comparison to the world: 11 $483.4 billion (31 December 2017 est.)
Current account balance: $456.4 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$-33.68 billion (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 25
$-15.23 billion (2016 est.) Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
Exports: $318.5 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
$299.3 billion (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 21
$268.6 billion (2016 est.) Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
Exports - commodities: $144.1 billion (31 December 2016 est.)
Petroleum products, precious stones, vehicles, Country comparison to the world: 31
machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceu-
tical products, cereals, apparel Exchange rates:
Exports - partners: Indian rupees (INR) per US dollar -
US 16 percent, UAE 11.7 percent, Hong Kong 5.1 65.17 (2017 est.)
percent (2016)
67.2 (2016 est.)
Imports:
67.2 (2015 est.)
$426.8 billion (2017 est.)
64.15 (2014 est.)
$376.1 billion (2016 est.)
61.03 (2013 est.)
Communications:
Imports - commodities:
Telephones - fixed lines:
Crude oil, precious stones, machinery, chemicals,
fertilizer, plastics, iron and steel Total subscriptions: 24.404 million
Imports - partners: Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 2 (July 2016

est.)
China 17 percent, US 5.8 percent, UAE 5.4 per-
cent, Saudi Arabia 5.2 percent, Switzerland 4.2 Country comparison to the world: 12
percent (2016) Telephones - mobile cellular:
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Total: 1,127.809 million
$407.2 billion (31 December 2017 est.) Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 88 (July 2016
$359.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) est.)
Country comparison to the world: 8 Country comparison to the world: 2

Telephone system: operating domestic and external networks; news
broadcasts via radio are limited to the All India
general assessment: supported by deregulation Radio Network; since 2000, privately owned FM
and liberalization of telecommunications laws stations have been permitted and their numbers
and policies, India has emerged as one of the have increased rapidly (2015)
fastest-growing telecom markets in the world; to-
tal telephone subscribership base exceeded 1 bil- Internet country code:
lion in 2015, an overall teledensity of roughly 80
percent, and subscribership is currently growing .in
at roughly 5 million per month; urban teledensity
now exceeds 100 percent, and rural teledensity Internet users:
has reached 50 percent Total: 374,328,160
domestic: mobile cellular service introduced in Percent of population: 29.5 percent (July 2016
1994 and organized nationwide into four met- est.)
ropolitan areas and 19 telecom circles, each with
multiple private service providers and one or Country comparison to the world: 3
more state-owned service providers; in recent
years significant trunk capacity added in the Transportation:
form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world’s
largest domestic satellite systems, the Indian Na- National air transport system:
tional Satellite system (INSAT), with 6 satellites
supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals Number of registered air carriers: 20
(VSAT)
Inventory of registered aircraft operated by air
international: country code - 91; a number of carriers: 485
major international submarine cable systems,
including SEA-ME-WE-3 with landing sites at Annual passenger traffic on registered air carri-
Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), SEA-ME-WE-4 ers: 98,927,860
with a landing site at Chennai, Fiber-Optic Link Annual freight traffic on registered air carriers:
Around the Globe (FLAG) with a landing site 1,833,847,614 mt-km (2015)
at Mumbai (Bombay), South Africa - Far East
(SAFE) with a landing site at Cochin, the i2i Civil aircraft registration country code prefix:
cable network linking to Singapore with landing
sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Ma- VT (2016)
dras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapore and
Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase Airports:
in the bandwidth available for both voice and
data traffic; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat 346 (2013)
(Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean
region); 9 gateway exchanges operating from Country comparison to the world: 21
Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Cal- Airports - with paved runways:
cutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur,
Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam (2015) Total: 253
Broadcast media: Over 3,047 m: 22
Doordarshan, India’s public TV network, has a 2,438 to 3,047 m: 59
monopoly on terrestrial broadcasting and oper-
ates about 20 national, regional, and local ser- 1,524 to 2,437 m: 76
vices; a large and increasing number of privately
owned TV stations are distributed by cable and 914 to 1,523 m: 82
satellite service providers; in 2015, more than 230
million homes had access to cable and satellite Under 914 m: 14 (2017)
TV offering more than 700 TV channels; govern-
ment controls AM radio with All India Radio

APPENDICES
Airports - with unpaved runways: Country comparison to the world: 15

Total: 93 Ports and terminals:
Over 3,047 m: 1 Major seaport(s): Chennai, Jawaharal Nehru
Port, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bom-
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 bay), Sikka, Vishakhapatnam
1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 Container port (TEUs): Chennai (1,571,000),
Jawaharal Nehru Port (4,492,000) (2015)
914 to 1,523 m: 38
LNG terminal(s) (import): Dabhol, Dahej,
Under 914 m: 45 (2013) Hazira
Heliports: Military and Security:
45 (2013) Military expenditures:
Pipelines: 2.47 percent of GDP (2016)
condensate/gas 9 km; gas 13,581 km; liquid pe- 2.41 percent of GDP (2015)
troleum gas 2,054 km; oil 8,943 km; oil/gas/water
20 km; refined products 11,069 km (2013) 2.5 percent of GDP (2014)
Railways: 2.47 percent of GDP (2013)
Total: 68,525 km 2.54 percent of GDP (2012)
Broad gauge: 58,404 km 1.676-m gauge (23,654 Country comparison to the world: 37
electrified)
Military branches:
Narrow gauge: 9,499 km 1.000-m gauge; 622 km
0.762-m gauge (2014) Army, Navy (includes naval air arm), Air Force,
Coast Guard (2011)
Military service age and obligation:
Roadways:
16-18 years of age for voluntary military service
Total: 4,699,024 km (Army 17 1/2, Air Force 17, Navy 16 1/2); no
conscription; women may join as officers, cur-
Note: includes 96,214 km of national highways rently serve in combat roles as pilots, and will
and expressways, 147,800 km of state highways, soon be allowed in all combat roles (2016)
and 4,455,010 km of other roads (2015)
Terrorism:
Terrorist groups - home based:
Waterways:
Hizbul Mujahideen (HM):
14,500 km (5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km
on canals suitable for mechanized vessels) (2012) Aim: annex the state of Jammu and Kashmir to
Pakistan
Area(s) of operation: HM is an indigenous Kash-
Merchant marine: miri militant group that operates in Jammu and
Kashmir
Total: 1,674
By type: bulk carrier 74, container ship 20, gen-
eral cargo 571, oil tanker 126, other 883 (2017)

Indian Mujahedeen (IM): Area(s) of operation: maintains a low-profile
presence
Aim(s): establish Islamic rule in India and,
ultimately, convert all non-Muslims to Islam; Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HUM):
stated goal is to carry out terrorist attacks against
Indians for perceived atrocities against Indian Aim(s): enhance its networks and paramilitary
Muslims training in India and, ultimately, annex Kashmir
into Pakistan and establish an Islamic state in
Area(s) of operation: formerly based in the west- Kashmir
ern state of Maharashtra, India’s third-largest and
second-most populous state, and now probably Area(s) of operation: conducts attacks against
operates mostly outside India Indian troops and civilians in Kashmir
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS): Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM):
Aim(s): spread the ISIS caliphate by eliminating Aim(s): annex Jammu and Kashmir to Pakistan
the Indian Government and, ultimately, unite
Kashmir with Pakistan Area(s) of operation: operates primarily in
Jammu and Kashmir State
Area(s) of operation: maintains a recruitment
presence in major cities (April 2018) Lashkar-e Tayyiba (LT):
Terrorist groups - foreign based: Aim(s): annex Jammu and Kashmir State to Paki-
stan and, ultimately, install Islamic rule through-
Al-Qa’ida (AQ): out South Asia
Aim(s): overthrow the Indian Government and, Area(s) of operation: operational throughout In-
ultimately, establish a pan-Islamic caliphate un- dia, especially in the north in Jammu and Kash-
der a strict Salafi Muslim interpretation of sharia mir State, since at least 1993
Area(s) of operation: maintains an operational Note(s): continues to be one of the largest and
presence as al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent most deadly of the anti-India-focused armed
groups
Al-Qa’ida in the Indian Subcontinent (AQIS):
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE):
Aim(s): establish an Islamic caliphate in the In-
dian subcontinent Aim(s): enhance its networks in India and, ulti-
mately, revive the movement to establish a Tamil
Area(s) of operation: targets primarily military homeland
and security personnel, especially in the states of
Assam, Gujarat, and Jammu and Kashmir; pres- Area(s) of operation: maintains safe havens, tran-
ent in large cities, including Delhi sit routes, human trafficking, and an operational
presence in an effort to revive the movement and
Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI): conduct attacks (April 2018)
Aim(s): enhance its networks and operational Transnational Issues:
capabilities in India
Disputes - international:
Area(s) of operation: maintains an operational
presence, especially in the south, including in Since China and India launched a security and
Bangalore and Hubli foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated
discussions related to the dispute over most of
Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh (HUJI- their rugged, militarized boundary, regional
B): nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China
transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other mat-
Aim(s): enhance its networks in India and, ulti- ters continue
mately, install an Islamic state in Bangladesh

APPENDICES
Kashmir remains the site of the world’s largest Refugees and internally displaced persons:
and most militarized territorial dispute with por-
tions under the de facto administration of China Refugees (country of origin): 110,098 (Tibet/Chi-
(Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and na); 63,162 (Sri Lanka); 15,561 (Burma); 7,693
Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas) (Afghanistan) (2015)
India and Pakistan resumed bilateral dialogue IDPs: 806,000 (armed conflict and intercommu-
in February 2011 after a two-year hiatus, have nal violence) (2017)
maintained the 2003 cease-fire in Kashmir, and
continue to have disputes over water sharing of Illicit drugs:
the Indus River and its tributaries world’s largest producer of licit opium for the
UN Military Observer Group in India and pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined
Pakistan has maintained a small group of peace- quantity of opium is diverted to illicit inter-
keepers since 1949; India does not recognize national drug markets; transit point for illicit
Pakistan’s ceding historic Kashmir lands to narcotics produced in neighboring countries and
China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for throughout Southwest Asia; illicit producer of
discussions on a maritime boundary, India and methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money
Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed laundering through the Hawala system; licit ket-
boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of amine and precursor production
the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani
maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in
Indian Gujarat State; Prime Minister Singh’s Sep-
tember 2011 visit to Bangladesh resulted in the
signing of a Protocol to the 1974 Land Bound-
ary Agreement between India and Bangladesh,
which had called for the settlement of longstand-
ing boundary disputes over undemarcated areas
and the exchange of territorial enclaves, but
which had never been implemented; Bangla-
desh referred its maritime boundary claims with
Burma and India to the International Tribunal on
the Law of the Sea; Joint Border Committee with
Nepal continues to examine contested boundary
sections, including the 400 sq km dispute over
the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains
a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insur-
gents and control illegal cross-border activities
from Nepal

Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronym Definition
ACD Asia Cooperation Dialogue
ADB Asian Development Bank
ADRA Adventist Development and Relief Agency
AfDB African Development Bank
ARF ASEAN Regional Forum
ASEAN Association of South East Asian Nations
ASEM Asia Europe Meeting
BIMSTEC Bay of Bengal Initiative of Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation
BIS Bank of International Settlements
BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa
CBRN Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear
CD Community of Democrats
CECA Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement
CEPEA Comprehensive Economics Partnership in East Asia
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research
CFE-DM Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
CICA Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building
CMCS Civil-Military Coordination Section
CMG Crisis Management Group
CPMFs Central Paramilitary Forces
CRS Catholic Relief Services
DCA Defence Cooperation Agreement
DCA Department of Consumer Affairs
DDMA District Disaster Management Authority
DDMP District Disaster Management Plan
DFTP Duty Free Tariff Perferance Scheme
DM Disaster Management
DM Act Disaster Management Act
DOS U.S. Department of State
DPA Development Administration Partnership
DPA Development Partnership Administration
DRR Disaster Risk Reduction
DTTI Defense Technology and Trade Initiative
EAS East Asian Summit
EWS Early Warning Systems
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
FATF Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
FET Faculty of Engineering Technology
G-15 Group of 15
G-20 Group of 20
G-24 Group of 24

APPENDICES
Acronym Definition
G-5 Group of 5
G-77 Group of 77
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GFMD Global Forum on Migration and Development
HADR Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief
HFA Hyogo Framework for Action
HLC High Level Committee
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IC Incident Commander
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICC International Chamber of Commerce
ICRM Institute of Certified Records Managers
IDA International Development Association
IDPs Internally Displaced Persons
IFAD International Foodservice Distributors Association
IFAO International Fund for Agricultural Development
IFC International Finance Corporation
IFRCS International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
IGMH Indira Gandhi Memorial Hospital
IHO International Hydrographic Organization
ILO International Labour Fund
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMFFHTS Faculty of Hospitals and Tourism Studies
IMG Inter-Ministeral Group
IMO International Maritime Organization
IMSO International Mobile Satellite Organization
INSARAG International Search and Rescue Advisory Group
IOC Interpol, International Olympic Committee
IOM International Organization for Migration
IORA Indian Ocean Rim Association
IPU Inter-Parliamentary Union
IRC Indian Red Cross
IRT Incident Response Teams
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IT Information Technology
ITEC India Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme
ITSO International Telecommunications Satellite Organization
ITU International Telecommunication Union
ITUC International Trade Union Confederation
IUCAW Units for Crimes Against Women
JCC Joint Consultive Commission
JWG Joing Working Group
Loc Line of Control

Acronym Definition
MCDA Foreign Military and Civil Defence Assets
MDWA Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation
MEA Ministry of External Affairs
MGC Mekong Ganga Cooperation
MHA Ministry of Home Affairs
MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency
MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara
MoD Ministry of Defence
MoF Ministry of Finance
MOHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
MONUSCO United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NAM Non-Alignment Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NCCF National Calamity Contigencey Fund
NCMC National Crisis Management Committee
NDMA National Disaster Management Authority
NDMP National Disaster Management Plan
NDRF National Disaster Response Force
NEC National Executive Committee
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NO Nodal Officer
NPDM National Policy on Disaster Management
OAS Organization of American States
OECD Economic Cooperation and Development
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPCW Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration
PIF Pacific Islands Forum
PMNRF Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund
RO Responsible Officers
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SACEP South Asia Co-operative Environment Programme
SAFTA South Asian Free Trade Area
SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization
SDMA State Disaster Management Authority
SDRF State Disaster Response Force
SEC State Executive Committee
SEWA Self-Employed Women’s Associations’
U.S. United States
UN United Nations
UN-CMCoord United Nations Humanitarian Civil-Military Coordination
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

APPENDICES
Acronym Definition
UNDAC UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination
UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNESCO United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNHCR United Nations Commission for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon
UNISAF United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei
UNISDR United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research
UNMISS United Nations Mission in South Sudan
UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire
UNSCR 1325 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325
UNWTO World Tourism Organization
UPU Universal Postal Union
USAID United States Agency for International Aid
UXO Unexploded Ordanace
Virtual OSOCC Virtual Onsite Operations Coordination Centre
WB Working Boundary
WB World Bank
WCO World Customs Organization
WFP World Food Programme
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
WHO World Health Organization
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WPS Women, Peace and Security
WTO World Trade Organization

List of References for Figures and
Photos:
Figures List of Photos
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nationals-including-americans-trapped-in-yemen/?utm_
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2015-2030
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Figure 3: Ministry of External Affairs Process for News/News-Article-View/Article/1554776/us-jmsdf-
Humanitarian Assistance indian-naval-forces-conclude-malabar-2018/
Chart created by Arjun Katoch. Senior Fellow, Delhi
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Issue 8. A review of Indian Participation in International U.S. Indo-Pacific Command. Photo by Mass
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review-of-indian-participation-in-international-disaster- Photos/igphoto/2001925460/
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Photo 4: Field Trauma Management Training, Yudh
Figure 4: Organizations in India Involved in Diaspora Abhyas Exercise 2016
Evacuation Operations Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. Soldiers
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Bringing the Diaspora Home. Constantino Xavier. January training in India. September 27, 2016. Staff Sgt. Samuel
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Figure 5: INFORM Country Risk Hazard and Exposure

for India
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Figure 6: India National Disaster Management Authority
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structure.html
Figure 7: State-level Disaster Management Basic
Institutional Framework
National Disaster Management Authority. 2016. DM
Plan. https://ndma.gov.in/images/policyplan/dmplan/
National%20Disaster%20Management%20Plan%20
May%202016.pdf

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16
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APPENDICES
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Cover and section photo credits

2 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 3

U.S. DOD DMHA Recent Engagements with India.......................................................42

4 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 5

Joseph D. Martin, SES

6 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 7

8 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

10 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Framework resilience to natural disasters.21 The Sendai

12 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 13

Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 15

16 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 17

18 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 19

20 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 21

authority to issue guidelines to NEC, State District Administration

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 23

Government Aid in MEA, the Minister of External Affairs, and/

Figure 3: Ministry of External Affairs Process for Humanitarian Assistance

24 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 25

Figure 4: Organizations in India Involved in Diaspora Evacuation Operation

26 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Photo 1: Indian Nationals Evacuate in Yemen, 2015

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 27

28 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

30 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

determination to practice mitigation in order

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 31

preparedness and mitigation.”124 Figure 6 depicts determined by the Central Government;

MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER

FINANCIAL ADVISOR ADDITIONAL SECRETARY

JOINT ADVISOR (R&R) JOINT ADVISOR (MP & DEPUTY PROJECT

ASST ADVISOR (MIT-II)

Figure 6: India National Disaster Management Authority Organizational Structure

32 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 33

34 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

ADRA Citizens for Justice and Peace (CJP)

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 35

36 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 37

the broad coverage of the plan as well as

38 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

40 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

U.S. DOD DMHA

Recent Engagements participating nations’ military-to-military

with India place.172

Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) Exercise

Photo 2: Exercise Malabar 2018

42 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Photo 3: Exercise Malabar 2014

India Disaster Management Reference Handbook | August 2018 43

for 12 years.176 Photo 4 shows an India soldier Peacekeeping Engagements

Photo 4: Field Trauma Management Training, Yudh Abhyas Exercise 2016

44 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance