Central Academy,

Ambamata
Session:2019-20

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT ON
“To study the setting of mixture of cement
with Sand, Lime and Fly ash with respect to
time and strength”
Submitted To:-
“Central Board of Secondary Education”
Supervised By:- Submitted By:-

Mr. Gopesh Bhatt Faizaan Khan

Chemistry Teacher Class:XII
Central Academy, Central Academy,
Ambamata Ambamata
 Certificate
This is to certify that “Faizaan Khan” of Class 𝟏𝟐𝒕𝒉 has
Successfully completed their Chemistry project on
“To study the setting of mixture of cement with Sand,
Lime and Fly ash with respect to time and strength” under
the guidance of “Mr.Gopesh Bhatt” during the year 2019-20.

Signature of –

EXTERNAL EXAMINER: __________________

INTERNAL EXAMINER: __________________

PRINCIPAL: __________________
 Contents
1. Certificate

2. Acknowledgement

3. Objective

4. Introduction

5. Experiment:-
i. Aim

ii. Apparatus Required

iii. Theory

iv. Procedure

v. Observations

vi. Result

6. Bibliography
 Acknowledgement
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks
to the Principal, Hanuman Sir for his encouragement
and for all the facilities that he provided for this project
work.
I extend my hearty thanks to Mr.Gopesh Bhatt and
Mr.Tanveer S. Sarangdevot, our Chemistry Teacher,
who guided me to the successful completion of this
project. I take this opportunity to express my deep sense
of gratitude for his invaluable guidance, constant
encouragement, immense motivation, which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of this Project work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents
and also to my classmates who helped me to carry out
this project work successful and for their valuable
advice and support, which I received from them time to
time.

Faizaan Khan
Class: - XII
Central Academy,
Ambamata
 Objective of Project

In this project, my aim is To study the

setting of mixture of cement with
Sand, Lime and Fly ash with respect
to time and strength.

Objective is to test the strength of the

formed cement in a given period of
time using the above mentioned
chemicals.
 Introduction
In the most general sense of the word cement. Cement is a
binder a substance that’s sets and hardens independently and
can bind other materials together. During setting of cement,
the physical changes taking place are gel formation and
crystallization and chemical changes are hydration and
hydrolysis. The process of solidification of cement paste
involves: (i) setting, and (ii) hardening. Setting is stiffening of
the original plastic mass into initial gel formation. After
setting, hardening starts due to gradual start of crystallization
in the interior of the mass. The strength developed by cement
at any time depends upon the amount of gel formed and the
extent of crystallization. A mixture of cement, sand, small
pieces of stone (gravel) and water is known as concrete and
sets to an extremely hard structure. When cement is used for
construction purposes, it is always mixed with sand and little
water to make a pasty material called mortar. Here cement or
lime forms the binding material and function of sand is to
prevent shrinking and cracking and to increase the bulk,
thereby reducing the cost of the mortar. When cement is used
as the binding material it is called cement mortar and when
lime is used as the binder it is called lime-mortar
 Experiment
Aim:-
To study the setting of mixture of cement
with Sand, Lime and Fly ash with respect to
time and strength.
Theory:
1. Effect of time on setting of cement

Time has an important role on the strength developed by

cement mortar. When a cement sand paste in the ratio
1:3 in water is allowed to dry, the strength of the solid
mass keeps on increasing with increase in the time given
for setting. It acquires nearly full strength in 28 days.
 2. Effect of quality of sand on
setting of cement

Sand obtained from different sources has different

qualities. For example, sea sand obtained from sea
contains some unwanted salts and retards the
setting of cement and is unsuitable for making
mortar. On the other hand, pit sand obtained from
pits in the soil and river sand obtained from river
bed are considered excellent for preparing mortar
and concrete.
Procedure:
1. Prepare mixtures of the various compositions as given
in the following observation table.
2. Take each of the mixtures in different beakers and
prepare their pastes by adding minimum quantity of
water.
3. Take 9 empty match-box inner cases and mark them
from 1 to 9. Fill three cases with paste of each
composition.
4. Spray water from time to time over the pastes so that
they remain moist all the time.
5. After three days take out one slab of each
composition and test for their strength by the method
described in previous experiment.
6. Similarly, take out a set of three slabs after 7 days
and then after 30 days and test for their strengths.
Observations:
S. Composition of Minimum weight to
no. mixture and ratio break the slab after
3 days 7 days 30 days
1 Cement :river 18gram 20gram 30gram
sand(1:3)
2 Cement :river 16gram 18gram 26gram
sand:fly ash(2:9:1)
3 Cement :river 10gram 15gram 20gram
sand :lime (1:3:1)

By seeing the observation we can

estimate the hardness of the slab.
Result:-
Strength of the slab increases with
the increase in the setting time
allowed.
Precautions:
 Handle the glassware safely

 Allow the time required to set

 Spray only required amount of

water
 Bibliography

1. www.google.com
2. www.scribd.com
3. NCERT text book
4. www.Wikipedia.com
CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING
USING CEMENT:
Cement used in construction is characterized as
hydraulic or non-hydraulic Hydraulic cement (e.g.
Portland cement) harden because of hydration
chemical reactions that occur independently of the
mixture's water content; they can harden even
underwater or when constantly exposed to wet
weather. The chemical reaction that results when the
anhydrous cement powder is mixed with water
produces hydrates that are not water soluble. Non-
hydraulic cements (e.g. Lime and Gypsum plaster)
must be kept dry in order to retain their strength.
PORTLAND CEMENT:
Cement is made by heating limestone(calcium
carbonate), with small quantities of other materials
(such as clay) to 14500C in a kiln, in a process known
as calcination, whereby a molecule of carbon dioxide is
liberated from the calcium carbonate to form calcium
oxide, or quicklime, which is then blended with the
other materials that have been in the mix. The resulting
hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a
small amount of gypsum in a powder to make ‘Ordinary
Portland Cement’, the most commonly used type of
cement (offered referred to as OPC). Portland cement
is a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar and non
specialty grout. The most common use for Portland
cement is in the production of concrete. Concrete is a
composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel and
sand), cement and water.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

Beakers

Weight Match Box

LIMESTONE SAND

CEMENT FLY ASH