SUB: GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING MODULE-54A

MODULE- 54A
Deep foundations–pile types, dynamic & static formulae, load capacity of piles
in sands & clays, negative skin friction.
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Classification of piles:
1. Based on material: steel, concrete, timber and composite piles.
2. Based on transfer of load: end bearing, friction and combined.
3. Method on installation: driven, driven and cast-in-situ, bored and cast-in-situ, screw
piles, jacked piles.
4. Use: load bearing piles, compaction piles, tension piles, sheet piles, fender piles,
anchor piles.
Dynamic formula: kinetic energy= work done

1. Engineering news record formula:

in KN
= weight of hammer in KN
= height of ram drop in cm.
= efficiency of pile hammer
= pile penetration in cm
= 2.54 cm for drop hammer
= 0.254 cm for steam hammer

Modified formula
.[ ]
= co-efficient of restitution
= weight of pile

2. Hiley formula:

= efficiency of hammer blow.

C=
3. Danish formula:
= elastic compression of pile.

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4. Static formula:
=
Where point resistance of pile.
= shaft resistance developed by friction
ultimate failure load.

Bored piles:
Sand: =q

Clay:

Under-reamed piles in clay:

= ( ) +
= cohesion at bulb level
= surface area after neglecting a length a length of 2B

Allowable load=

Negative skin friction: When the soil layer surrounding a portion of the pile shaft settles
more than the pile, a downward drag occurs on the pile. The drag is known as negative skin
friction.
=

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Pile groups in sand and gravel:

a) End bearing piles:

=N

b) Friction piles:

( )
= =

If > 100
=

( ) ( )
Converse-Lebarre equation: [ ]

= no. of rows of piles

= no. of piles in a row

= ⁄ B= dia of pile, S= spacing c/c

Pile groups in clay:

( )=
=N[ ]
The lower of two values is actual capacity.

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Settlement of pile groups:

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