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Class 12 Commerce
Roll no.-12B01
Subject-Physical Edcation
Topic-Football GAME
Football rules
03
Football Field
04
Football Skills
05
06 Football Positions
The first known ball game which also involved kicking took place In China in the 3rd and
2nd century BC under the name Cuju. Cuju was played with a round ball on an area of a
square. It later spread to Japan and was practiced under ceremonial forms.
Other earlier variety of ball games had been known from Ancient Greece. The ball was
made by shreds of leather filled with hair. The first documents of balls filled with air are
from the 7th century. In the Ancient Rome, games with balls were not included in the
entertainment on the big arenas, but could occur in exercises in the military. It was the
Roman culture that would bring football to the British island (Britannica). It is, however,
uncertain in which degree the British people were influenced by this variability and in
which degree they had developed their own variants.
The game was often played in schools and two of the predominant schools were Rugby
and Eton. At Rugby the rules included the possibility to take up the ball with the hands
and the game we today know as rugby has its origin from here. At Eton on the other
hand the ball was played exclusively with the feet and this game can be seen as a close
predecessor to the modern football. The game in Rugby was called “the running game”
while the game in Eton was called “the dribbling game”.
An attempt to create proper rules for the game was done at a meeting in Cambridge in
1848, but a final solution to some questions of rules was not achieved. Another
important event in the history of football come about in 1863 in London when the first
Football association was formed in England. It was decided that carrying the ball with
the hands wasn't allowed. The meeting also resulted in a standardization of the size and
weight of the ball. A consequence of the London meeting was that the game was
divided into two codes: association football and rugby.
The game would, however continue to develop for a long time and there was still much
flexibility concerning the rules. For one thing, the number of players on the pitch could
vary. Neither were uniforms used to distinguish the appearance of the teams. It was
also common with players wearing caps – the header was yet to be a part of the game
yet. Further reading: The development of football rules.
Another important difference at this stage could be noticed between English and
Scottish teams. Whereas the English teams preferred to run forward with the ball in a
more rugby fashion, the Scottish chose to pass the ball between their players. It would
be the Scottish approach that soon became predominant.
The sport was at first an entertainment for the British working class. Unprecedented
amounts of spectators, up to 30,000, would see big matches in the late 19th century.
The game would soon expand by British peoples that traveled to other parts of the
world. Especially in South America and India the interest in football would become big.
An important step for the emergence of teams was the industrialization that led to larger
groups of people meeting at places such as factories, pubs and churches. Football
teams were established in the larger cities and the new railroads could bring them to
other cities.
In the beginning, football was dominated by public school teams, but later, teams
consisting by workers would make up the majority of those. Another change was
successively taking place when some clubs became willing to pay the best players to
join their team. This would be the start of a long period of transition, not without friction,
in which the game would develop to a professional level.
The motivation behind paying players was not only to win more matches, but in the
1880s the interest in the game has moved ahead to a level that tickets were sold to the
matches. And finally, in 1885 professional football was legalized and three years later
the Football League was established. During the first season, 12 clubs joined the
league, but soon more clubs became interested and the competition would
consequently expand into more divisions.
For a long time, the British teams would be dominant. After some decades, clubs from
Prague, Budapest and Sienna would be the primarily contenders to the British
dominance.
As with many things in history, women were for a long time excluded from participating
in games. It was not before the late 19th century that women started to play football.
The first competitions
Twelve years later, in 1883, the first international tournament took place and included
four national teams: England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.
Football was for a long time a British phenomenon, but gradually spread to other
European countries. The first game that took place outside Europe occurred in
Argentina in 1867, but it was foreign British workers who were involved and not
Argentinean citizens.
The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in 1904 and
a foundation act was signed by representatives from France, Belgium, Denmark, the
Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. England and the other British
countries did not join FIFA from the start, they had invented the game and saw no
reason to subordinate to an association. Still, they joined in the following year, but would
not partake in the World cup until 1950.
Domestic leagues occurred in many countries, the first was the English Football League
which was established in 1888. The leagues would by time expand by more divisions,
which were based on team performance.
In 1908 would football for the first time be included as an official sport in the Olympic
Games. Until the first FIFA World Cup was played in 1930, the Olympic Games football
tournament would rank as the most prestigious. Women's football was not added until
1996.
Black players
As in many other sports the white male was predominant for a long time. In football
black players started being present relatively early and in comparison with, for example,
tennis, football has traditionally been known as a sport with a mix of black and white
players.
In Britain Andrew Watson is known to be the first black player, and he played in the
Scottish club Queen’s Park in the 1880s.
A game of passion
Few other sports show examples of passion to that extent as football. The arenas are
flocked by shearing people; and in front of television even more are watching carefully
and sometimes with great enthusiasm.
Already in the late 19th century Goodison Park was built in England in purpose of
hosting football games. In 1894, the FA Cup final between Notts County and Bolton
Wanderers was attended by 37,000 people. A milestone in football stadiums is the
construction of Maracanã Stadium. In the year of 1950 the imposing stadium in Rio de
Janeiro was ready for almost 200,000 people. No other sport has seen stadiums of that
capacity built to host its games.
There have been two different traditions of fan culture on the arenas: the British and the
South American. The British fans adopted the tradition of singing, the repertoire
were inspirited from pub and working songs among other areas. The South Americans on
the other hand would adopt the carnival style which include firecrackers and fireworks, and
also the modern phenomena of Bengali fires. Fans in other countries have later adopted a
mixture of these traditions.
Today the biggest global tournament for clubs is the Champions League (played since
1992), the former European Cup (1955–1991).
The world regions have been divided into six confederations: Confédération Africaine de
Football (CAF), Asian Football Confederation (AFC), Union des Associations
Européennes de Football (UEFA), The Confederation of North, Central America and
Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF), Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
and Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL).
Performances by countries[edit]
2 (2015, 2018) 0 0
Belgium
Czech
0 2 (1999, 2005) 1 (1997)
Republic
0 0 1 (1994)
Sweden
0 0 1 (2014)
Colombia
0 0 1 (2017)
Portugal
Essentially the equipment that is needed for a soccer match is pitch and a football.
Additionally players can be found wearing studded football boots, shin pads and
matching strips. The goalkeepers will additionally wear padded gloves as they are the
only players allowed to handle the ball. Each team will have a designated captain.
Scoring
To score the ball must go into your opponent’s goal. The whole ball needs to be over
the line for it to be a legitimate goal. A goal can be scored with any part of the body
apart from the hand or arm up to the shoulder. The goal itself consists of a frame
measuring 8 feet high and 8 yards wide.
Winning the Game
To win you have to score more goals than that of your opponents. If the scores are level
after 90 minutes then the game will end as a draw apart from in cup games where the
game can go to extra time and even a penalty shootout to decide the winner. Players
must use their feet to kick the ball and are prohibited to use their hands apart from
goalkeepers who can use any part of their body within the 18 yard box (of which more
can be found out in the next section).
A player cannot be caught offside in their own half. The goalkeeper does not count as a
defender. If the ball is played backwards and the player is in front of the last defender
then he is deemed to be not offside.(3)
4. FOOTBALL FIELD
The size of a football (soccer) field is about 100 metres long and 60 metres wide,
but in official games there are regulations about the minimum and maximum
dimension. In the world football the most official dimensions are those that had
been decied by FIFA (The Fédération Internationale de Football Association).
According to the stipulations from FIFA a football field should have a certain minimum
and maximum dimensions:
The length (touch line) has to be minimum 90 metres (100 yds) and maximum
120 metres (130 yds).
The width (goal line) has to be minimum 45 metres (50 yds) and maximum 90
metres (100 yds).
The length has to be minimum 100 metres and maximum 110 metres.
The width has to be minimum 64 metres and maximum 75 metres.
The goal area
The goal area is the small box inside the penalty area. The FIFA rules stipulates that the
distance from each goalpost to the lines the goes parallel to the touch line should be 5.5
metres. When the size of a standard goal is added it makes the distance between the
lines 18.32 metres.
The penalty mark is 11 metres from the goal line and centered on the fields' goal line .
Examples
A very common field dimension among the top clubs in the world is 105 x 68 metres
(114.8 yds x 74.4 yds). Some famous stadiums and the dimension of their football
fields:
Ball control refers to a player’s ability to collect the ball and gain control of it using all
parts of the body including feet, legs, chest, and head. A player with good ball control is
able to receive passes both on the ground and out of the air with clean first
touches keeping the ball close to their body. Ball control also refers to a player’s ability
to maintain possession of the ball, successfully protecting it from opponents. The ability
to turn quickly and sharply with the ball is also of upmost important to achieving
success in football and falls under the ball control element. Check out these ball control
drills from Sports Mom Survival Guide.
2. Dribbling skills
Dribbling skills refers to a player’s ability move up and down the pitch with full
control of the ball. A player with good dribbling skills can move the ball in different
directions at different speeds with both feet. They can successfully maneuver
through opponents without losing possession of the ball. Superb drilling skills are
essential to achieving success in football for players of all positions.
Want some dribbling tips from a pro? Retired professional soccer player Jeremie Piette
discusses tight space dribbling, open space dribbling, and speed dribbling in his article
titled Tips to Improve Dribbling Skills in Soccer
3. Passing accuracy
Passing accuracy refers to a player’s ability to use both feet to send the ball to the
player’s desired destination. That could mean sending the ball straight to a
teammate’s feet with power and precision, sending a through pass into space with
proper weight, crossing the ball accurately in front of the net, or, for strikers shooting the
ball accurately and powerful into the back of the net. Players cannot achieve success in
football without being able to pass accurately with both feet.
4. Body control
Body control refers to a player’s ability to move their body fluidly to optimize balance
and coordination. Since body control falls under the category of technique rather than
physical fitness, body control refers mostly to correctness of form. Long strides, correct
running form, and a low center of gravity are good indications of good body control.
Check out Messi’s incredible technique in the video below. If that doesn’t inspire you to
get out to the pitch and start practicing, nothing will.
Game intelligence
Game intelligence is measured by a player’s ability to make smart decisions on the
pitch and make them quickly. A smart footballer aims to keep the game as clean as
possible, minimizing energy expenditure while maximizing results. Essentially, game
intelligence implies playing smarter, not harder. Join a summer soccer camp to learn
how to be an intelligent player.
5. Spatial awareness
Spatial awareness refers to a player’s ability to see space clearly across the entire
pitch and utilize it to their advantage. What does it mean to see space clearly?
First of all, players need to be aware of the immediate space around them. According to
the position of the ball, their own teammates, and their opponents, where should they
be? Should they be moving into a space to receive a pass? Should they be drawing
defenders away from their teammate who has the ball to create open space for them?
Secondly, intelligent players are always aware of where their teammates are and
where they should be according to the positioning of the other team. There are two
reasons they need to know where their teammates are and should be: (1) to tell them
where they should be if they’re not there, and (2) to anticipate their teammate’s position
and make a quick, instinctive pass almost without looking. In fact, scouts often look
for this sixth sense of a footballer.
Finally, intelligent players are extremely aware of the geometry of the game. They
know how to position themselves and others to make wide angles and easy passing
opportunities for themselves while on offense and narrow angles and difficult passing
opportunities for their opponents while on defense.
One way to improve spatial awareness is to watch a lot of beautiful football and
watch it actively. That means paying attention to more than just the ball. Watch the
position of all the players on the field (on both teams) and try to anticipate their passes
and positioning. Tip: Watch older recorded games. Pause the game often and really
concentrate on players’ positioning. Save the current matches for enjoying with friends.
6. Tactical knowledge
Tactical knowledge refers to a player’s knowledge of the nature and structure of the
game. The formation of a team highly influences the tactics they will use to win. Soccer
formations have changed drastically throughout the years. While spatial awareness
helps intelligent players see their immediate opportunities, tactical knowledge
contributes to a player’s ability to anticipate the future opportunities that will arise from
each move. For this reason, tactically intelligent players are great at maintaining
possession and not only waiting for the right moment to attack, but also creating the
right moment to attack. By anticipating the moves of their own players and their
opponents, intelligent players can move the ball across the field, creating gaps in the
opposing team’s defense until they have just enough space to attack.
Tactical intelligence is also critical to performing well on defense and perhaps even
more important. On defense, players should constantly be assessing the field to
accurately anticipate their opponents’ next moves. If they anticipate correctly, they
can close down their opponents’ angles, prevent easy passes between them, and
force them to make a mistake.
6. Football positions
Each Football team has 11 players and among these players, 1 is a goalkeeper. Be it
the offensive or defensive team, the player’s responsibility is to score a goal for the
team and stop the opposing team from scoring a goal. Following diagram shows
various positions of the players on a football field. A list of player positions and their
responsibilities is also provided.
Goalkeeper − The main aim of a goalkeeper is to stop the opposing team from scoring
a goal. The goalkeeper is restricted to the rectangular penalty area which is 18 yards
away from the goal and he is the only player in the game who is allowed to use his
hands to stop the ball.
Defenders − The defenders are positioned in front of the goalkeeper and their aim is to
stop the opposing team from entering into their goal area.
Outside fullback − They play on the left and right flanks and see that the ball doesn’t
pass over them. They rarely move from their positions.
Central Defenders − They are positioned in the center of the field and are supposed
to cover the leading goal scorer of the opposition’s team.
Midfielders − They are the link between the defenders and attackers. They need to be
fit and physically very strong than other players on the field as they are the players who
run maximum time of the game all around the field. Their responsibility is to enter the
opposing team’s area and see that they defend them when the opposing team retains
the ball.
Forwards − Their main aim is to score goals or to create an easy situation for their
teammates to score a goal.
Center Forward − The most tactful, dangerous and strong player of the game. They
are also called strikers. Strikers are basically the leading goal scorers in the game.
Football Mental Game Coaching focuses on the strengths of the athlete’s mental
performance, physical abilities and mental preparation skills. A Mental Game Coach
helps the athlete expand his/her repertoire of mental skills to achieve more control over
what happens during competition by having their mind and body in sync. Mental Game
Coaching helps the athlete connect their mental skills and physical abilities to achieve
PEAK PERFORMANCE.
Almost every college team, pro team, major league, professional team and Olympic
team has a mental game coach.
These top athletes are already world class athletes. Why do they have a Mental Game
Coach? They have a Mental Game Coach because they want to maintain their
excellence and get EVEN BETTER. They want the cutting edge to reach PEAK
PERFORMANCE.
(01) https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world
(02) https://www.footballhistory.org/
(03)https://www.tutorialspoint.com/football/football_players_and_positions.htm
(04) https://wyscout.com/football-players/
Thanks