Raj heights

The global school

2019-20
Physical Education-Football

Name- Aastha Agrawal

Class 12 Commerce

Roll no.-12B01

Subject-Physical Edcation

Topic-Football GAME

SUBMITTED TO – SHANTI SHARMA

[Type the author name]
4/1/2019
Contents

S.No. Table Of Contents Page no.

01 Team Football history

The game of football takes its form

The first football clubs

The first competition

The great modern competition

Globalisation of the biggest sports in the world

The name of the game

Ranking table
02

Football rules
03
Football Field
04

Football Skills
05
06 Football Positions

07 Psychological intervention in football

 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT AASTHA AGRAWAL OF CLASS XII HAS

SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED HER PHYSICAL EDUCATION PROJECT
ON THE TOPIC "FOOTBALL GAME" AS PRESCRIBED BY Mrs. SHANTI
SHARMA Ma'am, DURING THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2019-2020 AS PER
THE GUIDELINES ISSUES BY CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION - CBSE.

Teachers Signature Student Signature

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my

teacher Shanti sharma as well as our principal P.K Pathak sir
who gave me the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic Malkhambh, which also helped me in
doing a lot of Research and i came to know about so many new
things I am really thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited
time frame.
1. Txeam Football history
The history of football (soccer)
(1) Football (or soccer as the game is called in some parts of the world) has a long
history. Football in its current form arose in England in the middle of the 19th century.
But alternative versions of the game existed much earlier and are a part of the football
history.

Early history and the precursors of football

The first known examples of a team game involving a ball, which was made out of a
rock, occurred in old Mesoamerican cultures for over 3,000 years ago. According to the
sources, the ball would symbolize the sun and the captain of the losing team would be
sacrificed to the gods.

The first known ball game which also involved kicking took place In China in the 3rd and
2nd century BC under the name Cuju. Cuju was played with a round ball on an area of a
square. It later spread to Japan and was practiced under ceremonial forms.

Other earlier variety of ball games had been known from Ancient Greece. The ball was
made by shreds of leather filled with hair. The first documents of balls filled with air are
from the 7th century. In the Ancient Rome, games with balls were not included in the
entertainment on the big arenas, but could occur in exercises in the military. It was the
Roman culture that would bring football to the British island (Britannica). It is, however,
uncertain in which degree the British people were influenced by this variability and in
which degree they had developed their own variants.

The game of football takes its form

The most admitted story tells that the game was developed in England in the 12th
century. In this century games that resembled football were played on meadows and
roads in England. Besides from kicks, the game involved also punches of the ball with
the fist. This early form of football was also much more rough and more violent than the
modern way of playing. An important feature of the forerunners to football was that the
games involved plenty of people and took place over large areas in towns (an
equivalent was played in Florence from the 16th century where it was called Calcio).
The rampage of these games would cause damage on the town and sometimes death.
These would be among the reasons for the proclamations against the game that finally
was forbidden for several centuries. But the football-like games would appear again in
the streets of London in the 17th century. It would be forbidden gain in 1835, but at this
stage the game had been established in the public schools.
It took, however, long time until the features of today’s football had been taken into
practice. For a long time there was no clear distinction between football and rugby.
There were also many variations concerning the size of the ball, the number of players
and the length of a match.

The game was often played in schools and two of the predominant schools were Rugby
and Eton. At Rugby the rules included the possibility to take up the ball with the hands
and the game we today know as rugby has its origin from here. At Eton on the other
hand the ball was played exclusively with the feet and this game can be seen as a close
predecessor to the modern football. The game in Rugby was called “the running game”
while the game in Eton was called “the dribbling game”.

An attempt to create proper rules for the game was done at a meeting in Cambridge in
1848, but a final solution to some questions of rules was not achieved. Another
important event in the history of football come about in 1863 in London when the first
Football association was formed in England. It was decided that carrying the ball with
the hands wasn't allowed. The meeting also resulted in a standardization of the size and
weight of the ball. A consequence of the London meeting was that the game was
divided into two codes: association football and rugby.

The game would, however continue to develop for a long time and there was still much
flexibility concerning the rules. For one thing, the number of players on the pitch could
vary. Neither were uniforms used to distinguish the appearance of the teams. It was
also common with players wearing caps – the header was yet to be a part of the game
yet. Further reading: The development of football rules.

Another important difference at this stage could be noticed between English and
Scottish teams. Whereas the English teams preferred to run forward with the ball in a
more rugby fashion, the Scottish chose to pass the ball between their players. It would
be the Scottish approach that soon became predominant.

The sport was at first an entertainment for the British working class. Unprecedented
amounts of spectators, up to 30,000, would see big matches in the late 19th century.
The game would soon expand by British peoples that traveled to other parts of the
world. Especially in South America and India the interest in football would become big.

The first football clubs

Football clubs have existed since the 15th century, but unorganized and without official
status. It is therefore hard to decide which the first football club was. Some historians
suggest that it was the Foot-Ball Club formed 1824 in Edinburgh. Earlier clubs were
often formed by former school students and the first of this kind was formed in Sheffield
in 1855. The oldest among professional football clubs is the English club Notts
County that was formed in 1862 and still exists today.

An important step for the emergence of teams was the industrialization that led to larger
groups of people meeting at places such as factories, pubs and churches. Football
teams were established in the larger cities and the new railroads could bring them to
other cities.

In the beginning, football was dominated by public school teams, but later, teams
consisting by workers would make up the majority of those. Another change was
successively taking place when some clubs became willing to pay the best players to
join their team. This would be the start of a long period of transition, not without friction,
in which the game would develop to a professional level.

The motivation behind paying players was not only to win more matches, but in the
1880s the interest in the game has moved ahead to a level that tickets were sold to the
matches. And finally, in 1885 professional football was legalized and three years later
the Football League was established. During the first season, 12 clubs joined the
league, but soon more clubs became interested and the competition would
consequently expand into more divisions.

For a long time, the British teams would be dominant. After some decades, clubs from
Prague, Budapest and Sienna would be the primarily contenders to the British
dominance.

As with many things in history, women were for a long time excluded from participating
in games. It was not before the late 19th century that women started to play football.
The first competitions

Other milestones were now to

follow. Football Association Challenge Cup (FA Cup) became the first important
competition when it was run in 1871. The following year a match between two national
teams was played for the first time. The match that involved England and Scotland
ended 0-0 and was followed by 4,000 people at Hamilton Crescent (the picture shows
illustrations from this occasion).

Twelve years later, in 1883, the first international tournament took place and included
four national teams: England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales.

Football was for a long time a British phenomenon, but gradually spread to other
European countries. The first game that took place outside Europe occurred in
Argentina in 1867, but it was foreign British workers who were involved and not
Argentinean citizens.
The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in 1904 and
a foundation act was signed by representatives from France, Belgium, Denmark, the
Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. England and the other British
countries did not join FIFA from the start, they had invented the game and saw no
reason to subordinate to an association. Still, they joined in the following year, but would
not partake in the World cup until 1950.

Domestic leagues occurred in many countries, the first was the English Football League
which was established in 1888. The leagues would by time expand by more divisions,
which were based on team performance.

In 1908 would football for the first time be included as an official sport in the Olympic
Games. Until the first FIFA World Cup was played in 1930, the Olympic Games football
tournament would rank as the most prestigious. Women's football was not added until
1996.

Black players

As in many other sports the white male was predominant for a long time. In football
black players started being present relatively early and in comparison with, for example,
tennis, football has traditionally been known as a sport with a mix of black and white
players.

In Britain Andrew Watson is known to be the first black player, and he played in the
Scottish club Queen’s Park in the 1880s.

A game of passion

Few other sports show examples of passion to that extent as football. The arenas are
flocked by shearing people; and in front of television even more are watching carefully
and sometimes with great enthusiasm.
Already in the late 19th century Goodison Park was built in England in purpose of
hosting football games. In 1894, the FA Cup final between Notts County and Bolton
Wanderers was attended by 37,000 people. A milestone in football stadiums is the
construction of Maracanã Stadium. In the year of 1950 the imposing stadium in Rio de
Janeiro was ready for almost 200,000 people. No other sport has seen stadiums of that
capacity built to host its games.

There have been two different traditions of fan culture on the arenas: the British and the
South American. The British fans adopted the tradition of singing, the repertoire
were inspirited from pub and working songs among other areas. The South Americans on
the other hand would adopt the carnival style which include firecrackers and fireworks, and
also the modern phenomena of Bengali fires. Fans in other countries have later adopted a
mixture of these traditions.

The great modern competitions

No other sport event besides the Olympic Games can today measure itself with the FIFA
World Cup. The first edition of the FIFA World Cup was played in 1930 in Uruguay and has
since then returned every fourth year (with two exceptions due to the Second World War).
In 1991 the first World Cup for women was held in China and has since then also returned
every fourth year.

Today the biggest global tournament for clubs is the Champions League (played since
1992), the former European Cup (1955–1991).

Globalization of the biggest sport in the world

In the late 19th century, only a few national football teams existed; England and Scotland
had the first active teams that played games against each other in the 1870s. Today there
are 211 national associations included in the Fédération Internationale de Football
Association (FIFA), the world governing body of the sport. Another proof of the
globalization could be seen in the increase of nations participating in World Cup
qualifiers: from 32 in 1934 to over 200 in 2014.

The world regions have been divided into six confederations: Confédération Africaine de
Football (CAF), Asian Football Confederation (AFC), Union des Associations
Européennes de Football (UEFA), The Confederation of North, Central America and
Caribbean Association Football (CONCACAF), Oceania Football Confederation (OFC)
and Confederación Sudamericana de Fútbol (CONMEBOL).

The name of the game: football or soccer?

In most parts of the world, football is used as the name for the "chess of the green
pitch", the biggest sport in the world. In the United States and Canada,
however, soccer is used instead as a distinction from American football. A more
sometimes used is association football, but in popular speech, it is either football or
soccer.(1)
2. Ranking Table
Team of the Year is awarded to the team that finishes top of the FIFA World
Ranking. Belgium are the most recent Team of the Year for the second time in the 25-
year history of the rankings. Brazil hold the records for most consecutive wins (seven,
between 1994 and 2000) and most wins overall (twelve). The table below shows the
three best teams of each year.

Year First place Second place Third place

1993 Germany Italy Brazil

1994 Brazil Spain Sweden

1995 Brazil Germany Italy

1996 Brazil Germany France

1997 Brazil Germany Czech Republic

1998 Brazil France Germany

1999 Brazil Czech Republic France

2000 Brazil France Argentina

2001 France Argentina Brazil

2002 Brazil France Spain

2003 Brazil France Spain

2004 Brazil France Argentina

2005 Brazil Czech Republic Netherlands

2006 Brazil Italy Argentina

2007 Argentina Brazil Italy

2008 Spain Germany Netherlands

2009 Spain Brazil Netherlands

2010 Spain Netherlands Germany

2011 Spain Netherlands Germany

2012 Spain Germany Argentina

2013 Spain Germany Argentina

2014 Germany Argentina Colombia

2015 Belgium Argentina Spain

2016 Argentina Brazil Germany

2017 Germany Brazil Portugal

2018 Belgium France Brazil

Performances by countries[edit]

Team First place Second place Third place

12 (1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,

4 (2007, 2009, 2016,
Brazil 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 3 (1993, 2001, 2018)
2017)
2006)

6 (2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012,

Spain 1 (1994) 3 (2002, 2003, 2015)
2013)

6 (1995, 1996, 1997, 4 (1998, 2010, 2011,

3 (1993, 2014, 2017)
Germany 2008, 2012, 2013) 2016)

5 (2000, 2004, 2006,

2 (2007, 2016) 3 (2001, 2014, 2015)
Argentina 2012, 2013)

2 (2015, 2018) 0 0
Belgium

6 (1998, 2000, 2002,

France 1 (2001) 2 (1996, 1999)
2003, 2004, 2018)

0 2 (2010, 2011) 3 (2005, 2008, 2009)

Netherlands
 Italy 0 2 (1993, 2006) 2 (1995, 2007)

Czech
0 2 (1999, 2005) 1 (1997)
Republic

0 0 1 (1994)
Sweden

0 0 1 (2014)
Colombia

0 0 1 (2017)
Portugal

Best Mover of the Year[edit]

The Best Mover of the Year was awarded to the team who made the best progress up
the rankings over the course of the year. In the FIFA rankings, this is not simply the
team that has risen the most places, but a calculation is performed in order to account
for the fact that it becomes progressively harder to earn more points the higher up the
rankings a team is.[2]
The calculation used is the number of points the team has at the end of the year (z)
multiplied by the number of points it earned during the year (y). The team with the
highest index on this calculation received the award. The table below shows the top
three best movers from each year.[37][38]
The award has not been an official part of the awards since 2006 .

Year First place Second place Third place

1993 Colombia Portugal Morocco

1994 Croatia Brazil Uzbekistan

1995 Jamaica Trinidad and Tobago Czech Republic

1996 South Africa Paraguay Canada

1997 Yugoslavia Bosnia and Herzegovina Iran

1998 Croatia France Argentina

1999 Slovenia Cuba Uzbekistan

2000 Nigeria Honduras Cameroon

2001 Costa Rica Australia Honduras

2002 Senegal Wales Brazil

2003 Bahrain Oman Turkmenistan

2004 China PR Uzbekistan Ivory Coast

2005 Ghana Ethiopia Switzerland

2006 Italy Germany France

3. FOOTBALL RULES
(3) Football (Soccer) is one of the oldest sports in the world and with that; it’s also one
of the most recognised. The pinnacle of the international game comes in the form the
Football World Cup. There are also tournament such as the Euro Championships, Copa
America and the African Cup of Nations. Domestically the strongest leagues come from
England (English Premier League), Spain (La Liga), Italy (Serie A) and Germany
(Bundesliga). In parts of the world the sport is also known as Socc

Object of the Game

The aim of football is to score more goals then your opponent in a 90 minute playing
time frame. The match is split up into two halves of 45 minutes. After the first 45
minutes players will take a 15 minute rest period called half time. The second 45
minutes will resume and any time deemed fit to be added on by the referee (injury time)
will be accordingly.

Players & Equipment

Each team consists of 11 players. These are made up of one goalkeeper and ten
outfield players. The pitch dimensions vary from each ground but are roughly 120 yards
long and 75 yards wide. On each pitch you will have a 6 yard box next to the goal
mouth, an 18 yard box surrounding the 6 yard box and a centre circle. Each half of the
pitch must be a mirror image of the other in terms of dimensions.

Essentially the equipment that is needed for a soccer match is pitch and a football.
Additionally players can be found wearing studded football boots, shin pads and
matching strips. The goalkeepers will additionally wear padded gloves as they are the
only players allowed to handle the ball. Each team will have a designated captain.
Scoring
To score the ball must go into your opponent’s goal. The whole ball needs to be over
the line for it to be a legitimate goal. A goal can be scored with any part of the body
apart from the hand or arm up to the shoulder. The goal itself consists of a frame
measuring 8 feet high and 8 yards wide.
Winning the Game
To win you have to score more goals than that of your opponents. If the scores are level
after 90 minutes then the game will end as a draw apart from in cup games where the
game can go to extra time and even a penalty shootout to decide the winner. Players
must use their feet to kick the ball and are prohibited to use their hands apart from
goalkeepers who can use any part of their body within the 18 yard box (of which more
can be found out in the next section).

Rules of Football (Soccer)

 A match consists of two 45 minutes halves with a 15 minute rest period in
between.
 Each team can have a minimum off 11 players (including 1 goalkeeper who is the
only player allowed to handle the ball within the 18 yard box) and a minimum of 7
players are needed to constitute a match.
 The field must be made of either artificial or natural grass. The size of pitches is
allowed to vary but must be within 100-130 yards long and 50-100 yards wide.
The pitch must also be marked with a rectangular shape around the outside
showing out of bounds, two six yard boxes, two 18 yard boxes and a centre
circle. A spot for a penalty placed 12 yards out of both goals and centre circle
must also be visible.
 The ball must have a circumference of 58-61cm and be of a circular shape.
 Each team can name up to 7 substitute players. Substitutions can be made at
any time of the match with each team being able to make a maximum of 3
substitutions per side. In the event of all three substitutes being made and a
player having to leave the field for injury the team will be forced to play without a
replacement for that player.
 Each game must include one referee and two assistant referee’s (linesmen). It’s
the job of the referee to act as time keeper and make any decisions which may
need to be made such as fouls, free kicks, throw ins, penalties and added on
time at the end of each half. The referee may consult the assistant referees at
any time in the match regarding a decision. It’s the assistant referee’s job to spot
offside’s in the match (see below), throw ins for either team and also assist the
referee in all decision making processes where appropriate.
 If the game needs to head to extra time as a result of both teams being level in a
match then 30 minutes will be added in the form of two 15 minute halves after the
allotted 90 minutes.
 If teams are still level after extra time then a penalty shootout must take place.
 The whole ball must cross the goal line for it to constitute as a goal.
 For fouls committed a player could receive either a yellow or red card depending
on the severity of the foul; this comes down to the referee’s discretion. The
yellow is a warning and a red card is a dismissal of that player. Two yellow cards
will equal one red. Once a player is sent off then they cannot be replaced.
  If a ball goes out of play off an opponent in either of the side lines then it is given
as a throw in. If it goes out of play off an attacking player on the base line then it
is a goal kick. If it comes off a defending player it is a corner kick.

The Offside Rule in Football

Offside can be called when an attacking player is in front of the last defender when the
pass is played through to them. The offside area is designed to discourage players from
simply hanging around the opponent’s goal waiting for a pass. To be onside they must
be placed behind the last defender when the ball is played to them. If the player is in
front of that last defender then he is deemed to be offside and free kick to the defending
team will be called.

A player cannot be caught offside in their own half. The goalkeeper does not count as a
defender. If the ball is played backwards and the player is in front of the last defender
then he is deemed to be not offside.(3)
4. FOOTBALL FIELD

The football field and its dimensions

The size of a football (soccer) field is about 100 metres long and 60 metres wide,
but in official games there are regulations about the minimum and maximum
dimension. In the world football the most official dimensions are those that had
been decied by FIFA (The Fédération Internationale de Football Association).
According to the stipulations from FIFA a football field should have a certain minimum
and maximum dimensions:

 The length (touch line) has to be minimum 90 metres (100 yds) and maximum
120 metres (130 yds).
 The width (goal line) has to be minimum 45 metres (50 yds) and maximum 90
metres (100 yds).

For international matches the rules are somewhat stricter:

 The length has to be minimum 100 metres and maximum 110 metres.
 The width has to be minimum 64 metres and maximum 75 metres.
The goal area
The goal area is the small box inside the penalty area. The FIFA rules stipulates that the
distance from each goalpost to the lines the goes parallel to the touch line should be 5.5
metres. When the size of a standard goal is added it makes the distance between the
lines 18.32 metres.

The penalty area

The penalty area is the bigger box close to the goal that integrates the goal area and
the penalty mark. The lines that extend into the fields are 16.5 metres and they have a
40.32 metres distance from each other.

The penalty mark is 11 metres from the goal line and centered on the fields' goal line .
Examples
A very common field dimension among the top clubs in the world is 105 x 68 metres
(114.8 yds x 74.4 yds). Some famous stadiums and the dimension of their football
fields:

Camp Nou: 105 x 68 metres

Old Trafford: 105 x 68 metres
Emirates Stadium: 105 x 68 metres
San Siro: 105 x 68 metres
Allianz Arena: 105 x 68 metres
Maracanã: 105 x 68 metres
Stamford Bridge: 103 x 67 metres
5. Football Skills
1. Ball control

Ball control refers to a player’s ability to collect the ball and gain control of it using all
parts of the body including feet, legs, chest, and head. A player with good ball control is
able to receive passes both on the ground and out of the air with clean first
touches keeping the ball close to their body. Ball control also refers to a player’s ability
to maintain possession of the ball, successfully protecting it from opponents. The ability
to turn quickly and sharply with the ball is also of upmost important to achieving
success in football and falls under the ball control element. Check out these ball control
drills from Sports Mom Survival Guide.

2. Dribbling skills

Dribbling skills refers to a player’s ability move up and down the pitch with full
control of the ball. A player with good dribbling skills can move the ball in different
directions at different speeds with both feet. They can successfully maneuver
through opponents without losing possession of the ball. Superb drilling skills are
essential to achieving success in football for players of all positions.

Want some dribbling tips from a pro? Retired professional soccer player Jeremie Piette
discusses tight space dribbling, open space dribbling, and speed dribbling in his article
titled Tips to Improve Dribbling Skills in Soccer
3. Passing accuracy

Passing accuracy refers to a player’s ability to use both feet to send the ball to the
player’s desired destination. That could mean sending the ball straight to a
teammate’s feet with power and precision, sending a through pass into space with
proper weight, crossing the ball accurately in front of the net, or, for strikers shooting the
ball accurately and powerful into the back of the net. Players cannot achieve success in
football without being able to pass accurately with both feet.

4. Body control

Body control refers to a player’s ability to move their body fluidly to optimize balance
and coordination. Since body control falls under the category of technique rather than
physical fitness, body control refers mostly to correctness of form. Long strides, correct
running form, and a low center of gravity are good indications of good body control.

Check out Messi’s incredible technique in the video below. If that doesn’t inspire you to
get out to the pitch and start practicing, nothing will.
Game intelligence
Game intelligence is measured by a player’s ability to make smart decisions on the
pitch and make them quickly. A smart footballer aims to keep the game as clean as
possible, minimizing energy expenditure while maximizing results. Essentially, game
intelligence implies playing smarter, not harder. Join a summer soccer camp to learn
how to be an intelligent player.

Game intelligence comprises 3 skills:

5. Spatial awareness

Spatial awareness refers to a player’s ability to see space clearly across the entire
pitch and utilize it to their advantage. What does it mean to see space clearly?

First of all, players need to be aware of the immediate space around them. According to
the position of the ball, their own teammates, and their opponents, where should they
be? Should they be moving into a space to receive a pass? Should they be drawing
defenders away from their teammate who has the ball to create open space for them?

Secondly, intelligent players are always aware of where their teammates are and
where they should be according to the positioning of the other team. There are two
reasons they need to know where their teammates are and should be: (1) to tell them
where they should be if they’re not there, and (2) to anticipate their teammate’s position
and make a quick, instinctive pass almost without looking. In fact, scouts often look
for this sixth sense of a footballer.

Finally, intelligent players are extremely aware of the geometry of the game. They
know how to position themselves and others to make wide angles and easy passing
opportunities for themselves while on offense and narrow angles and difficult passing
opportunities for their opponents while on defense.

One way to improve spatial awareness is to watch a lot of beautiful football and
watch it actively. That means paying attention to more than just the ball. Watch the
position of all the players on the field (on both teams) and try to anticipate their passes
and positioning. Tip: Watch older recorded games. Pause the game often and really
concentrate on players’ positioning. Save the current matches for enjoying with friends.

6. Tactical knowledge

Tactical knowledge refers to a player’s knowledge of the nature and structure of the
game. The formation of a team highly influences the tactics they will use to win. Soccer
formations have changed drastically throughout the years. While spatial awareness
helps intelligent players see their immediate opportunities, tactical knowledge
contributes to a player’s ability to anticipate the future opportunities that will arise from
each move. For this reason, tactically intelligent players are great at maintaining
possession and not only waiting for the right moment to attack, but also creating the
right moment to attack. By anticipating the moves of their own players and their
opponents, intelligent players can move the ball across the field, creating gaps in the
opposing team’s defense until they have just enough space to attack.

Tactical intelligence is also critical to performing well on defense and perhaps even
more important. On defense, players should constantly be assessing the field to
accurately anticipate their opponents’ next moves. If they anticipate correctly, they
can close down their opponents’ angles, prevent easy passes between them, and
force them to make a mistake.
6. Football positions

Each Football team has 11 players and among these players, 1 is a goalkeeper. Be it
the offensive or defensive team, the player’s responsibility is to score a goal for the
team and stop the opposing team from scoring a goal. Following diagram shows
various positions of the players on a football field. A list of player positions and their
responsibilities is also provided.
Goalkeeper − The main aim of a goalkeeper is to stop the opposing team from scoring
a goal. The goalkeeper is restricted to the rectangular penalty area which is 18 yards
away from the goal and he is the only player in the game who is allowed to use his
hands to stop the ball.

Defenders − The defenders are positioned in front of the goalkeeper and their aim is to
stop the opposing team from entering into their goal area.
Outside fullback − They play on the left and right flanks and see that the ball doesn’t
pass over them. They rarely move from their positions.
Central Defenders − They are positioned in the center of the field and are supposed
to cover the leading goal scorer of the opposition’s team.
Midfielders − They are the link between the defenders and attackers. They need to be
fit and physically very strong than other players on the field as they are the players who
run maximum time of the game all around the field. Their responsibility is to enter the
opposing team’s area and see that they defend them when the opposing team retains
the ball.
Forwards − Their main aim is to score goals or to create an easy situation for their
teammates to score a goal.
Center Forward − The most tactful, dangerous and strong player of the game. They
are also called strikers. Strikers are basically the leading goal scorers in the game.

7. Psychological intervention in football

Football psychology is the study of a person’s behavior in football or sports-related

activity. It is a specialization that seeks to understand psychological/mental factors that
affect performance in sports, physical activity, and exercise. The mental game coach
will apply this information to enhance the individual and team’s performance. It deals
with increasing performance by managing emotions and minimizing the psychological
effects of injury and poor performance. Some of the most important skills taught are
goal setting, relaxation, visualization, self-talk, concentration, confidence, using rituals,
attribution training, awareness and control. There are many psychology tools you can
apply in football. Some football psychology tools are mentioned above, but most
successful sports psychologists/ mental game coaches will evaluate each individual to
determine their learning style and needs; then develop a custom mental game plan.

Football Mental Game Coaching focuses on the strengths of the athlete’s mental
performance, physical abilities and mental preparation skills. A Mental Game Coach
helps the athlete expand his/her repertoire of mental skills to achieve more control over
what happens during competition by having their mind and body in sync. Mental Game
Coaching helps the athlete connect their mental skills and physical abilities to achieve
PEAK PERFORMANCE.

Almost every college team, pro team, major league, professional team and Olympic
team has a mental game coach.

These top athletes are already world class athletes. Why do they have a Mental Game
Coach? They have a Mental Game Coach because they want to maintain their
excellence and get EVEN BETTER. They want the cutting edge to reach PEAK
PERFORMANCE.

Improving your mental game is a process.

The first step in the process of mental game coaching is to identify your strengths and
weakness. The Athlete Mental Aptitude Profile or AMAP is the tool used for this
assessment. The assessment serves as a guideline to develop a comprehensive
custom plan to assist with developing goals to improve your mental and physical
performance.
 Once the goals are established the next second step is to work with the Mental Game
Coach to learn strategies and skills to reach and maintain the goals.
The third step is where you will apply what you have learned in practice and
competition. You will, with assistance, of the Mental Game Coach integrate mental skills
and strategies into your routines. The best result of mental game improvement comes
from long term application of mental training, that’s applied on a daily basis.
Performance Issues that are addressed by a Mental Game Coach:
 Comfort Zones
 Emotional Control
 Expectations
 Fear of failure
 Focus
 Game Strategies
 Goal Setting
 Mental Imagery
 Mental Preparation
 Motivation
 The Zone
 Perfectionism
 Self-confidence
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

(01) https://www.fifa.com/fifa-world

(02) https://www.footballhistory.org/

(03)https://www.tutorialspoint.com/football/football_players_and_positions.htm

(04) https://wyscout.com/football-players/
Thanks