Nabiila Nuri Solekhah

21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
How to Facilitate Digital Innovation in Europe
No Kata Kunci Deskripsi Interpretasi Sumber
1 Isu Teknologi In a narrow sense, digital Inovasi digital merupakan Nepelski, D.
Digital innovation means the implementasi dari teknologi (2019). How to
implementation of a new or digital. Menurut pengertian Facilitate Digital
signifi cantly improved digital yang lebih luas inovasi digital Innovation in Europe.
product, e.g. a semiconductor, a mengacu pada penggunaan Intereconomics, 54(1),
motion sensor or a piece of teknologi digital untuk pp. 47
software. In a broader sense, meningkatkan teknologi yang . doi:10.1007/s10272-
digital innovation refers to the sudah ada. Inovasi digital tidak 019-0791-6
use of digital technologies to hanya mengacu pada
create a new product or pembuatan produk, tetapi
improve an existing one. termasuk proses dan metode
Digital innovation not only pemasaran. Peran TIK dengan
refers to the creation of teknologi digital sebagai
products, but includes process, pendorong inovasi di Eropa.
marketing method, or Teknologi digital ini digunakan
organisational method. Digital untuk mengintensifkan kegiatan
technologies in that broader dan meningkatkan efisiensi
sense are increasingly dalam proses produksi dan
embedded in non-digital distribusi.
products improving their
performance and effi ciency.
As a result, the economic
potential of digital technologies
lies in their economy-wide
application rather than in the
information and
communication technologies
(ICT) producing sector. For
example, while the European
ICT sector accounts for only
four percent of total value
added (Figure 1), the measures
of ICT contribution to
innovation show that digital
technologies are the driving
force of innovation in Europe.
The potential of digital
technologies for innovation can
be fully harnessed provided
that we understand their impact
and design adequate policy
responses. Using the full
potential of digital technology
to intensify innovation
activities in Europe and to
improve the efficiency of
innovation processes requires a
deep understanding of the role
of ICT in production and
market processes.
Akses Digital technologies challenge Setiap informasi dan Nepelski, D.
menggunakan the existing innovation policies pengetahuan sudah dapat (2019). How to
2
Teknologi by transforming the very nature diakses dengan mudah dengan Facilitate Digital
Digital of the innovation process. For menggunakan teknologi digital. Innovation in Europe.
 Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
example, any piece of Biaya yang dikeluarkan untuk Intereconomics, 54(1),
information and knowledge in memberikan informasi pp. 47 – 48
digital form can be easily menggunakan teknologi digital . doi:10.1007/s10272-
shared and modifi ed at very ini mengeluarkan biaya yang 019-0791-6
low cost. Unlike scarce rendah. Dengan banyak yang
material resources, information mengakses informasi tersebut
and knowledge are inputs that maka nilai yang dihasilkan
have increasing returns, i.e. the akan semakin besar. Proses
more people access, use and inovasi digital melibatkan ide
modify it, the bigger its value. dasar hingga pengembangan
Rather than granting teknologi melalui
exclusivity rights over komersialisasi. Selain itu perlu
knowledge and technology to adanya skalabilitas penyediaan
individual agents to provide layanan.
incentives to innovate,
knowledge sharing between an
increasing number of digitally
connected actors is a driving
factor of innovation. Another
characteristic of digital
innovation activities is the
complexity of the ecosystem
in which they take place.
Multiple actors are usually
involved in various stages of
this process. For example, on
average, there are 1.9
innovators per innovation
produced within EU-funded
research ICT projects. This
implies that when analysing the
process of digital innovation,
one needs to adopt a system
perspective rather than look at
individual firms or
organisations. Digital
innovation does not only rely
on collaborative and
knowledge-intensive activities,
rather it is a process involving a
number of steps, from initial
ideas and basic research to
technology development and
market experimentation
through commercialisation.
This requires a set of skills that
digital entrepreneurs and start-
ups must have in or- der to
successfully launch a product
on the market. Another
distinctive feature of digital
technologies is the scalability
of processes of production and
service provision. However,
deploying digital innovations
on a global scale involves
substantial funding for scaling-
 Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
up activities – which many
European companies struggle
to secure. This is not very
surprising since the European
policy focus is mainly on the fi
nancing of R&D and the fi rst
steps of the innovation process.
Lastly, the complexity of the
technologies underlying digital
innovation activities require
sophisticated management
strategies of Intellectual
Property Rights (IPR) and
technological standardisation.
3 Ekosistem Digital innovation emerges in a Sektor TIK dan sektor ekonomi Nepelski, D.
Inovasi Digital complex environment of the memiliki interaksi terhadap (2019). How to
ICT sector and is shaped by its munculnya inovasi digital. Facilitate Digital
interactions with the other Perkembangan inovasi digital Innovation in Europe.
economic sectors and fi nal ini berbeda pada setiap Intereconomics, 54(1),
users. Using the concept of an lapisannya. Lapisan 1 pp. 48
innovation ecosystem, mencakup penyediaan peralatan . doi:10.1007/s10272-
Fransman presents it as a set of dan proses. Lapisan 2 019-0791-6
layers (Figure 2). The pattern penyediaan operator jaringan
of innovation behaviour is telekomunikasi yang
different in each layer. Layer 1 bergantung pada penyedia
includes equipment providers peralatan di lapisan 1. Lapisan
and contains the capital 3 dibangun berdasarkan
intensive innovation process. infrastruktur yang disediakan
This happens rather slowly, oleh lapisan 1 dan lapisan 2.
because equipment providers Lapisan-lapisan tersebut
need to secure interoperability. berkontribusi terhadap inovasi
Layer 2 includes telecom di seluruh ekosistem. Dari
network operators, which often adanya dampak inovasi digital
have to make large ini sangat berpengaruh pada
infrastructure investments perkembangan industri yang
and rely mainly on the menggunakan teknologi digital
innovations developed by
equipment providers in Layer
1. Layer 3 builds on the
infrastructure provided
by Layers 1 and 2 and includes
content providers. In Layer 3
the pace of innovation and new
fi rm creation is rapid. This
layer has seen the largest
number of fast growing
companies so far, which have
disrupted other traditional non-
digital industries Users
represent a fourth layer that
includes fi nal consumers and
ICT-using companies from
other sectors. This layer also
contributes to innovation in the
entire ecosystem. All the layers
are interdependent and
innovations in one layer
 Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
impact innovations in another
layer. For example, the apps
industry (Layer 3) has grown
rapidly since the introduction
of the iPhone (Layer 1) in
2007. By generating and
providing data, users deliver
raw resources processed by the
application and content
providers.
4 Penerapan Collaboration between actors Kolaborasi antar pelaku Nepelski, D.
Ekosistem of the digital innovation ekosistem menentukan fitur (2019). How to
Digital ecosystem is a decisive feature inovasi digital. Akademis Facilitate Digital
of digital innovation. Take for sering dilibatkan dengan Innovation in Europe.
example the EC-funded ICT dikembangkannya inovasi. Intereconomics, 54(1),
research projects: In this Dalam pengaturan pp. 48 – 49
setting, 44% of all ekosistemnya perusahaan besar . doi:10.1007/s10272-
organisations producing dapat menarik perusahaan kecil 019-0791-6
innovations with high potential menggunakan pengaruh
are SMEs. The source of these keuangan mereka untuk
technologies can be external. menjadikan perusahaan kecil
Innovations are frequently co- tersebut lebih inovatif.
developed with universities.
Large companies orchestrate
these ecosystems and leverage
their size to attract smaller
companies. For example,
manufacturing companies such
as Philips and ST
Microelectronics (Layer 1)
have created networks of
collaboration with smaller
companies and start-ups to
implement Open Innovation
models. Large companies can
use their fi nancial clout to
attract smaller and more
innovative companies. SMEs
and startups must rely on these
strategic alliances if they want
to grow and yet remain
independent.
5 Elemen terkait All of the mentioned elements Elemen yang ada di dalam Nepelski, D.
ekosistem of the digital innovation pengerjaan ekosistem inovasi (2019). How to
inovasi digital ecosystem have consequences digital saling berperan aktif Facilitate Digital
for innovation performance and untuk melakukan kinerjanya. Innovation in Europe.
dynamics, industry Landasan teknologi digital Intereconomics, 54(1),
performance, competition, and perlu digabungkan dengan fitur pp. 49
overall welfare. Additionally, baru untuk memberikan . doi:10.1007/s10272-
the cornerstones of the digital dampak positif dari adanya 019-0791-6
technologies must be coupled inovasi.
with the resulting features and
existing trends in order to draw
conclusions about the
implications for innovation and
policy.

6 Pembiayaan Access to finance is considered
one of the major hinderances to
innovation commercialization
and exploitation in Europe. To
address the issue of the
‘‘Valley of Death’’, i.e. a
shortfall of resources for
commercialising new
technologies and products,
there are a number of private
and public sources of funding
for innovation.
7 Fase start-up During the start-up phase,
inovasi digital companies usually try to raise
funds for innovation and
technology commercialisation
through private means:
‘friends, family and fools’.
How ever, most of the fast
growing companies, i.e. scale-
ups, depend on Venture Capital
(VC) funds to grow
8 Investasi In a global comparison of VC
Modal Usaha investments, Europe comes in
third. However, in 2017, it
received only 10% of global
VC investments (Figure 3).
VC-backed companies account
for approximately 0.05% of all
newly created companies or
0.005% of all active companies
in Europe. VC investments also
exhibit strong geographical
concentration patterns. In 2014,
the top 20 European cities by
amount of VC funding
accounted for 69% of venture
capital invested in Europe.
Location matters – for fi
nancing, for volume and for
continuity. Start-ups based
in the major European start-up
hotspots have better chances
of receiving (more) venture
capital funding than start-ups in
other locations.
9 Masalah Only a small fraction of
pendanaan companies are eligible for VC
investments. This is related to
several factors. For example,
VC investing strategies limit
the potential pool of fi rms that
can access this source of
funding. In recent years, VC
funds have focused on mature
companies with established
technologies and market
Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
Nepelski, D.
Sistem keuangan dianggap
(2019). How to
penting dari komersialisasi dan
Facilitate Digital
eksploitasi inovasi di Eropa.
Innovation in Europe.
Untuk mengurangi defisit
Intereconomics, 54(1),
sumber daya dalam
pp. 49
menghasilkan produk baru ada
. doi:10.1007/s10272-
sumber pendanaan yang bisa
019-0791-6
didapatkan dari swasta dan
pemerintah untuk
perkembangan inovasi.
Nepelski, D.
(2019). How to
Selama fase start-up,
Facilitate Digital
perusahaan biasanya
Innovation in Europe.
menaikkan dana untuk dapat
Intereconomics, 54(1),
berkembang dengan cepat
pp. 49
. doi:10.1007/s10272-
019-0791-6
Dari investasi modal usaha Nepelski, D.
melalui perbandingan global, (2019). How to
Eropa berada pada urutan Facilitate Digital
ketiga. Pada tahun 2014, 20 Innovation in Europe.
kota teratas di Eropa Intereconomics, 54(1),
menyumbangkan sejumlah pp. 49
dana sebesar 69% dari modal . doi:10.1007/s10272-
usaha yang diinvestasikan di 019-0791-6
Eropa. Perusahaan fase start-up
menerima lebih banyak jumlah
dana dibandingkan dengan
perusahaan yang lain.
Hanya sebagian kecil Nepelski, D.
perusahaan yang memenuhi (2019). How to
syarat untuk investasi modal Facilitate Digital
usaha. Dalam beberapa tahun Innovation in Europe.
terakhir dana modal usaha Intereconomics, 54(1),
hanya berfokus pada pp. 49 – 50
perusahaan tua dengan . doi:10.1007/s10272-
teknologi yang lebih baik dan 019-0791-6
laku di pasaran. Perusahaan
yang berada di luar lokasi
investasi modal usaha memiliki

presence. As mentioned above,
companies located outside of
the VC investment hotspots
have lower chances of
receiving VC backing.
Consequently, a large share of
companies, even extremely
innovative ones, need to seek
out other funding sources to fi
nance their innovative activity.
Alternatively, companies may
turn to the public sector as a
source of innovation financing.
10 Instrumen In Europe, there is direct and
SMEi indirect support for innovative
fi rms and start-ups. For
example, the European
Framework Programme for
R&D complements private and
public R&D expenditure. The
7th Framework Programme had
a budget of over 50 billion
euro, of which nine billion euro
was allocated to ICT. Its
successor, Horizon 2020,
allocated nearly 80 billion euro
to support research and
innovation activities. Horizon
2020 introduced the SME
instrument (SMEi). The SMEi
is a novel fi nancing
mechanism targeting
innovative and highgrowth
potential firms. The open and
disruptive innovation scheme
(ODI) focuses on companies
proposing disruptive ICT
concepts, products and services
applying new sets of rules,
values and models which
ultimately create new markets
or disrupt existing markets.
11 Investasi Later stages of technology
keuangan development are also supported
tidak langsung by public instruments. For
example, the European
Investment Fund (EIF) is
backed by the EU and other
public institutions as well as
private ones. It provides
indirect fi nancial investment to
innovative companies mainly
through loan securitization.
12 Dampak In conclusion, private and
sumber public sources of innovation
pendanaan funding need to co-exist. The
inovasi latter is said to have an
Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
kemungkinan lebih rendah
mendapatkan dukungan modal
usaha. Akibatnya, perusahaan
tersebut perlu mencari dana lain
untuk membiayai perusahaan
mereka dalam mengembangkan
inovasi digital.
Di Eropa, ada dukungan Nepelski, D.
langsung dan tidak langsung (2019). How to
untuk inovasi Facilitate Digital
perusahaan dan perusahaan Innovation in Europe.
baru. Horizon 2020 Intereconomics, 54(1),
memperkenalkan instrumen pp. 50
UKM (SMEi). SMEi adalah . doi:10.1007/s10272-
mekanisme pembiayaan baru 019-0791-6
yang menargetkan
pertumbuhan inovatif dan
tinggi perusahaan potensial.
Skema inovasi terbuka dan
disruptif (ODI) berfokus pada
perusahaan yang mengusulkan
konsep, produk, dan layanan
TIK yang mengganggu yang
menerapkan serangkaian
aturan, nilai, dan model baru
yang pada akhirnya
menciptakan pasar baru.
Tahap selanjutnya dari Nepelski, D.
pengembangan teknologi juga (2019). How to
didukung oleh instrumen Facilitate Digital
publik. Ini memberikan Innovation in Europe.
investasi keuangan tidak Intereconomics, 54(1),
langsung kepada perusahaan- pp. 50
perusahaan inovatif terutama . doi:10.1007/s10272-
melalui sekuritisasi pinjaman. 019-0791-6
Sumber pendanaan inovasi Nepelski, D.
swasta dan pemerintah saling (2019). How to
terintegrasi untuk Facilitate Digital
perkembangan inovasi di Innovation in Europe.

important role in supporting
early-stage innovative activity
by small firms given the
tenuous nature of the venture
capital cycle at this
preliminary, yet critical, stage
of firm activity. Maintaining
the continuity and interplay
between various sources of
innovation financing appears as
crucial to bridge the Valley of
Death.
13 Adanya Hak The ICT industry uses patents,
Kekayaan trademarks and copyright
Intelektual Extensively. IPRs provide the
edge to companies that are
competing in the ICT sector.
They allow innovators to
transfer knowledge outside of
the company and still make a
profit. IPR helps new entrants
to access funding.34 Start-ups
use it as a way of signalling
their innovative and growth
potential to investors.
14 Persaingan Because of short life-cycles of
produk TIK ICT products, they face fi erce
competition. A variety of IPR
models and practices coexist
and add to the complexity of
the innovation system. This
coexistence has probably
become most evident in the
software industry. Software can
be copyrighted and in some
cases machine-implemented
software can also be patented.
Software companies further
rely on contract law and
trademarks to safeguard their
IP.
15 Perlindungan However, IPR are not
terhadap hak necessarily seen as very
cipta important drivers of
competitive advantage. Secrecy
and lead-time advantage are
used more often than formal
IPR protection mechanisms.
This may be due to the fact that
the complex interaction
between cumulativeness and
innovation incentives makes
the role of IPR in digital
innovation unclear. For
instance, broader patent scope
may provide incentives to early
inventors while dissuading
Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
perusahaan kecil. Serta, Intereconomics, 54(1),
mempertahankan pp. 50
kesinambungan dan interaksi . doi:10.1007/s10272-
antara berbagai sumber 019-0791-6
pembiayaan inovasi.
Industri TIK menggunakan hak Nepelski, D.
cipta secara ekstensif. Hak (2019). How to
Kekayaan Intelektual (HKI) Facilitate Digital
memberikan keunggulan bagi Innovation in Europe.
perusahaan yang bersaing di Intereconomics, 54(1),
sektor TIK. IPR membantu pp. 50
pendatang baru untuk . doi:10.1007/s10272-
mengakses pendanaan. 019-0791-6
Produk-Produk TIK ini Nepelski, D.
memiliki persaingan kompetisi (2019). How to
yang tinggi. Software juga Facilitate Digital
mendapatkan hak cipta. Innovation in Europe.
Dimana perusahaan software Intereconomics, 54(1),
ini bergantung pada hukum pp. 50
kontrak dan merek dagang . doi:10.1007/s10272-
untuk melindungi IP mereka. 019-0791-6
Adanya HKI tidak selalu dapat Nepelski, D.
mengatasi persaingan (2019). How to
kompetitif perdagangan. Facilitate Digital
Demikian juga, perlindungan Innovation in Europe.
hak cipta dapat meningkatkan Intereconomics, 54(1),
biaya pengembangan karya pp. 50
turunan. Ini dapat mengurangi . doi:10.1007/s10272-
insentif bagi pencipta lanjutan 019-0791-6
untuk menciptakan karya baru,
karena mereka harus
mendapatkan izin dari
pemegang hak cipta.
 Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
follow-on innovators from
investing in R&D. Likewise,
copyright protection can
increase the cost of developing
derivative works. This may
reduce the incentives for
follow-on creators to build
upon existing works as they
must obtain permission from
copyright holders.
16 Hak paten The intensive use of IPR in the Hak paten merupakan jaringan Nepelski, D.
mempengaruhi digital domain has led to the IPR yang tumpang tindih dan (2019). How to
inovasi emergence of patent thickets. A harus diretas oleh perusahaan Facilitate Digital
patent thicket is a dense web of untuk dapat mengkomersialkan Innovation in Europe.
overlapping IPR that a teknologi baru. Dengan inovasi Intereconomics, 54(1),
company must hack its way kumulatif dan beberapa paten pp. 50 – 51
through in order to actually pemblokiran, . doi:10.1007/s10272-
commercialize new technology. hak paten yang lebih kuat dapat 019-0791-6
With cumulative innovation tidak mendorong adanya
and multiple blocking patents, inovasi.
stronger patent rights can have
the perverse effect of stifl ing,
not encouraging, innovation.
Patent thickets are mainly
an ICT sector phenomenon
concentrated in several areas
within electrical engineering.
Even though the practical
consequences of the
pervasiveness of thickets are
not easy to figure out, empirical
contributions suggest that
SMEs in general and start-ups
in need of in-license
technologies are most likely to
be harmed. In addition, thickets
make searching for prior art
difficult, thus potentially
reducing the quality of patents
granted by patent and
trademark offices.
17 Perkembangan A market response to the Pada awal tahun 90-an sudah Nepelski, D.
ekosistem slowdown of the innovation terbentuk produksi perangkat (2019). How to
inovasi global process due to the intensive use lunak open source (OSS) yang Facilitate Digital
of IPR is an increase in open menjadi sangat penting bagi Innovation in Europe.
source practices both in munculnya ekonomi digital. Intereconomics, 54(1),
software and hardware. At the Dari adanya Linux menjadikan pp. 51
beginning of the 90’s, nobody Google membangun server . doi:10.1007/s10272-
believed that Fortune 500 yang murah. Bahasa 019-0791-6
companies would trust software pemrograman seperti skrip
that couldn’t be “owned”. But Java, Perl dan Ruby telah
the form of production of open menjadi bahasa aplikasi Web
source software (OSS) has 2.0 dan perangkat lunak server
become crucial to the web gratis dari semua situs web
emergence of the digital di dunia. Perangkat lunak open
economy. Linux enabled source menciptakan fondasi
Google to build cheap servers. zaman Internet, membuat

Programming languages like
Java script, Perl and Ruby have
become the language of Web
2.0 applications and the free
web-server software Apache
powers nearly half of all
websites in the world. Open
source software created the
foundation of the Internet age,
making everyone better-off.
Today, the example of
Arduino, a global ecosystem of
hardware innovation, shows
how open source hardware
(OSH) communities of users
are taking an active role in the
development of advanced
hardware technologies and
products.
18 Praktik In summary, the complexity of
inovasi digital digital innovation and the IPR
practices in this domain require
better understanding of how
to best adapt IPR protection to
the needs of the digital world.
Simply retrofi tting old
regulations to the new realities
of the digital world may not be
an appropriate solution.
19 Standar The success of digital
Teknologi innovations often relies on
technological interoperability
facilitating the increase of
network effects from a greater
number of products and
services. Standard setting
organisations (SSOs) have
attempted to create private
policies to garner networking
externalities using fair,
reasonable and non-
discriminatory licensing terms
(FRAND) and licensing
commitments.42 SSO
participants must agree to
FRAND licensing terms before
being able to contribute.
20 Proyek In general, the FRAND model
Kemitraan seems to work. The 3rd
Generasi ke-3 Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) (3GPP), i.e. the standards-
setting body behind the 3G and
4G standards, is a collaboration
between seven global
telecommunication SSOs.
Membership is open and
voluntary, and currently over
Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
semua orang banyak tahu. Saat
ini, contoh Arduino, ekosistem
global dari inovasi perangkat
keras, menunjukkan bagaimana
komunitas perangkat keras
sumber terbuka (OSH)
mengambil peran aktif dalam
pengembangan teknologi dan
produk perangkat keras yang
canggih.
Kompleksitas inovasi digital Nepelski, D.
dan IPR dalam praktiknya (2019). How to
membutuhkan pemahaman Facilitate Digital
yang lebih baik untuk Innovation in Europe.
memenuhi kebutuhan dunia Intereconomics, 54(1),
digital. pp. 51
. doi:10.1007/s10272-
019-0791-6
Keberhasilan inovasi digital Nepelski, D.
sering bergantung pada (2019). How to
teknologi yang memfasilitasi Facilitate Digital
peningkatan produk dan Innovation in Europe.
layanan. Pengaturan standar Intereconomics, 54(1),
organisasi (SSO) telah berusaha pp. 51
untuk membuat kebijakan . doi:10.1007/s10272-
pribadi untuk mengumpulkan 019-0791-6
eksternalitas jaringan
menggunakan persyaratan
lisensi (FRAND) yang adil,
masuk akal dan tidak
diskriminatif
komitmen.
Proyek Kemitraan Generasi ke- Nepelski, D.
3 (3GPP), yaitu badan (2019). How to
pengaturan standar di belakang Facilitate Digital
standar 3G dan 4G, adalah Innovation in Europe.
kolaborasi antara tujuh SSO Intereconomics, 54(1),
telekomunikasi global. pp. 51
Keanggotaan terbuka dan . doi:10.1007/s10272-
sukarela, dan saat ini lebih dari 019-0791-6
300 perusahaan lebih dari 43
negara terdaftar sebagai

300 fi rms from over 43
countries are listed as
members. Because some
aspects of 3GPP systems are
covered by essential IPR, the
3GPP IPR Policy generally
requires IPR holders to make
licences available to all third
parties, whether or not they are
3GPP Individual Members
under FRAND terms.
21 Hambatan dari Although ICT standards are
inovasi digital supposed to increase market
development and increase
product variety, they may also
have a negative impact on the
innovation engagement of fi
rms. One of the main critiques
of the standardisation process
and policy support by means of
FRAND is that SMEs are often
excluded from the
standardisation process due to a
lack of resources, expertise and
absorptive capacity. Another
challenge of the standardisation
process that may act as a
bottleneck to innovation efforts
is the lack of homogeneity in
the interpretation of FRAND
terms that can differ across
jurisdictions. A final hurdle is
the requirement of a long-term
strategy and investment, and
perhaps anticipation of future
regulations. The question
remains whether the
coordination and economies of
scale benefi ts of utilizing a
single standard outweigh the
innovation-hampering effect of
requiring all players to conform
to the standard.
22 Opsi The economic and innovative
kebijakan potential of digital technologies
untuk lies in their capacity to
memfasilitasi modernise the economy rather
inovasi digital than in the contribution of the
di Eropa ICT sector to the economy.
Digital innovation requires a
wide range of skills and
capabilities in non-ICT sectors.
Commercialising digital
innovations on a global
scale requires technical,
managerial as well as fi nancial
skills. There is a disruptive
Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
anggota. Karena beberapa
aspek sistem 3GPP dicakup
oleh IPR esensial. Kebijakan
IPR 3GPP mengharuskan
pemegang HKI untuk membuat
lisensi.
TIK selalu meningkatkan Nepelski, D.
pengembangan pasar dan (2019). How to
meningkatkan variasi produk, Facilitate Digital
tetapi dapat berdampak negatif Innovation in Europe.
pada keterlibatan inovasi Intereconomics, 54(1),
perusahaan. Tantangan lain dari pp. 51
proses standardisasi sebagai . doi:10.1007/s10272-
penghambat upaya inovasi 019-0791-6
adalah kurangnya homogenitas
dalam interpretasi. Hambatan
terakhir adalah persyaratan
strategi dan investasi jangka
panjang, dan mungkin
antisipasi terhadap peraturan di
masa depan.
Potensi ekonomi dan inovasi Nepelski, D.
teknologi digital (2019). How to
terletak pada kapasitas untuk Facilitate Digital
memodernisasi ekonomi. Innovation in Europe.
Inovasi digital membutuhkan Intereconomics, 54(1),
berbagai keterampilan dan pp. 51 – 52
kemampuan di sektor non-TIK. . doi:10.1007/s10272-
Mengkomersialkan inovasi 019-0791-6
digital secara global
skala membutuhkan
keterampilan teknis, manajerial,
dan keuangan. Kebijakan yang
ada harus dapat menangani dan
memfasilitasi pengembangan

character challenging the
status-quo of digital
innovations that requires
entrepreneurial culture, the
acceptance of failure, and an
innovation-friendly regulatory
environment to counter it.
Policy actions should address
and facilitate capacity building
in these fields and in all
economic sectors.
23 Pencegahan Disruptive innovations offer
gangguan great economic potential,
digital dalam which often comes at a cost.
bentuk These may include relocation
kebijakan of economic activity, changes
in the composition of skills
required, rebalancing the
allocation of benefi ts and
creating inequalities.
Preventing digital disruption in
the form of regulation or social
resistance is often a response to
such transformations. Status
quo protection mechanisms are
likely to be a shortterm
strategy. At the same time it is
necessary to look beyond the
economic impact of digital
innovation: Policymakers
should consider its impact on
other fi elds, including changes
in employment structure and
income distribution.
24 Aturan dan Data, information and
organisasi knowledge exhibit increasing
kegiatan returns to scale and scope.
Those returns and network
effects imply that the more
people have access to it, use
and modify it, the more value it
has. This challenges our
thinking about the economy
and the rules and organisations
of economic activities.
Grounded in a world of
scarcity, our mental, social and
economic models have diffi
culties in accommodating the
concept of increasing returns
into our life, businesses, social
and economic rules and
institutions. As we enter into an
era in which universal access
and processing of the world’s
information is technologically
possible, we still lack the legal
Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
kapasitas di semua sektor
ekonomi.
Inovasi yang menawarkan Nepelski, D.
potensi ekonomi besar (2019). How to
sering datang dengan biaya Facilitate Digital
mahal. Mencegah gangguan Innovation in Europe.
digital dalam bentuk regulasi Intereconomics, 54(1),
atau perlawanan sosial sering pp. 52
kali merupakan respons . doi:10.1007/s10272-
terhadap transformasi tersebut. 019-0791-6
Mekanisme perlindungan status
quo cenderung menjadi strategi
jangka pendek. Pada saat yang
sama, perlu untuk melihat di
luar dampak ekonomi dari
inovasi digital: Pembuat
kebijakan harus
mempertimbangkan dampaknya
terhadap bidang lain, termasuk
perubahan dalam struktur
pekerjaan dan distribusi
pendapatan.
Penggunaan jaringan Nepelski, D.
menyiratkan bahwa semakin (2019). How to
banyak orang memiliki akses Facilitate Digital
ke sana, menggunakan dan Innovation in Europe.
memodifikasinya, semakin Intereconomics, 54(1),
banyak nilai yang dimilikinya. pp. 52
Ini menantang pemikiran kita . doi:10.1007/s10272-
tentang ekonomi dan aturan 019-0791-6
serta organisasi kegiatan
ekonomi. Saat kita memasuki
era di mana akses universal dan
pemrosesan informasi dunia
dimungkinkan secara teknologi,
kita masih kekurangan
infrastruktur hukum yang akan
membuat akses dan pemrosesan
tersebut menjadi layak.

infrastructure that will make
such access and processing
viable.
25 Integrasi As shown before, the digital
kebijakan innovation ecosystem consists
yang of various layers. The physical
dijalankan layer relies on large capital and
R&D expenditures. Upper
layers include software
producers and platforms whose
success depends on network
effects and the size of the
consumer base. Policies should
address the characteristics and
needs of the actors in each
layer. In the physical layer,
policy should promote public
and private R&D and prioritize
the deployment of digital
infrastructures. In other layers
of the ecosystem, agile
instruments and demand-side
innovation policy are likely to
be particularly effective.
Regulation plays an important
role when digital platforms
bring wideranging disruptions
for businesses.
26 Kolaborasi Collaboration between various
pengetahuan players is a defi ning
dengan characteristic of digital
inovasi digital innovation. Universities
conduct research and produce
knowledge. Many new
products and services are
delivered to the market through
SMEs and start-ups. Large
companies create ecosystems
that leverage their size to
attract smaller companies. The
resulting open innovation
models dominate the digital
innovation ecosystem. To
facilitate collaboration,
knowledge flow and sharing
needs to become a central focus
of public policy. Building and
linking European ecosystems
would facilitate knowledge
dissemination and absorption.
27 Keuntungan Digital technologies allow fi
dari rms to reach customers
perkembangan irrespective of their location at
inovasi digital the same cost. This creates
opportunities to increase the
return on innovation efforts by
operating beyond physical
Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
Ekosistem inovasi digital terdiri Nepelski, D.
dari berbagai lapisan. Lapisan (2019). How to
fisik bergantung pada modal Facilitate Digital
besar dan Pengeluaran litbang. Innovation in Europe.
Lapisan atas meliputi produsen Intereconomics, 54(1),
dan platform perangkat lunak pp. 52
yang keberhasilannya . doi:10.1007/s10272-
tergantung pada efek jaringan 019-0791-6
dan ukuran basis konsumen.
Kebijakan harus membahas
karakteristik dan kebutuhan
aktor di setiap lapisan.
Nepelski, D.
(2019). How to
Kolaborasi antara berbagai
Facilitate Digital
stakeholder merupakan ciri
Innovation in Europe.
khas inovasi digital. Universitas
Intereconomics, 54(1),
melakukan penelitian dan
pp. 52
menghasilkan pengetahuan.
. doi:10.1007/s10272-
Banyak produk dan layanan
019-0791-6
baru dikirimkan ke pasar
melalui UKM dan perusahaan
baru. Model inovasi yang
dihasilkan mendominasi
ekosistem inovasi digital.
Untuk memfasilitasi kolaborasi,
arus pengetahuan menjadi
fokus utama kebijakan publik.
Membangun dan
menghubungkan ekosistem
Eropa akan memfasilitasi
penyebaran dan penyerapan
pengetahuan.
Teknologi digital menjadikan Nepelski, D.
perusahaan untuk mendapatkan (2019). How to
pelanggan dengan Facilitate Digital
mengeluarkan biaya yang sama. Innovation in Europe.
Hal ini sebagai peluang untuk Intereconomics, 54(1),
menciptakan keuntungan dan pp. 52
menaikan persaingan terhadap
 Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
21040116140107
MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
borders as well as to build a pasar global. Untuk . doi:10.1007/s10272-
global market presence. mendapatkan manfaat dari hasil 019-0791-6
Substantial financing of penelitian, perusahaan
marketing and business bergantung pada bagaimana
development – rather than mempertahankan dana di
R&D activities – is required to sepanjang rantai nilai inovasi
scale up a business. Public termasuk fase peningkatan.
support focuses on supporting
R&D activities while
companies struggle to secure
funding to translate
technologies into commercially
viable and potentially global
businesses. To benefit from
research results, firms depend
on maintaining funding along
the innovation value chain
including the scaling-up phase.
28 Insentif Digital innovations often rely Inovasi digital sering Nepelski, D.
mendorong on the use of IPR. They mengandalkan penggunaan (2019). How to
inovasi digital provide incentives to pursue IPR. Mereka menyediakan Facilitate Digital
capital intensive innovation and insentif untuk mengejar inovasi Innovation in Europe.
entrepreneurial projects. Start- intensif modal dan proyek Intereconomics, 54(1),
ups seeking funding use IPR as wirausaha. Open Source layak pp. 52
a signal about their growth mendapat dukungan: hal ini . doi:10.1007/s10272-
potential. The intensity of IPR merupakan alternatif untuk HKI 019-0791-6
use also creates problems. dan solusi untuk masalah yang
Patent thickets, for example, terkait dengan penggunaan HKI
make it difficult for fi rms in yang berlebihan.
general and start-ups in
particular to inlicense
technologies. That is why
digital commons (like OSS)
are on the rise. User
innovations do not use
intellectual property rights to
extract value from their
innovations but rather openly
diffuse them. Open Source
deserves support: It is an
alternative to IPR and a
solution to problems related to
the excessive use of IPR.
29 Keberhasilan The success of many digital Keberhasilan inovasi digital Nepelski, D.
inovasi digital innovations relies on bergantung pada (2019). How to
technological interoperability. interoperabilitas teknologi. Hal Facilitate Digital
It is ensured through the ini dilakukan melalui proses Innovation in Europe.
process of standard setting. To pengaturan standar. Diperlukan Intereconomics, 54(1),
guarantee technological pertimbangan terhadap biaya pp. 52
interoperability and create dan manfaat standardisasi. . doi:10.1007/s10272-
technology-related network 019-0791-6
effects, coordination between
various players is needed, e.g.
to set technological standards.
Emphasis needs to be put on
including SMEs and start-ups
in the standardization process.
 Nabiila Nuri Solekhah
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MKP - Inovasi Pembangunan Wilayah dan Kota
It is crucial that the costs and
benefi ts of standardisation are
considered.