2.

) Adaptation
It is a set of operations which result in a text which is not accepted as a translation but
is recognized as representing the source text of about the same length. It's a type of
creative process which seeks to restore the balance of communication often disrupted
by traditional forms of translation. The Golden age of adaptation was in the 17/18th
centuries, where there was need for foreign texts to be translated.

Adaptation may be defined under specific themes:

1. Adaptation as a translation technique (Vinay, Darbelnet) – adaptation is a procedure
which can be used whenever the context referred to in the original text doesn’t exist in
the culture of TT. It needs some form of re-creation. Aim is to achieve equivalence
whenever cultural mismatches are encountered.

2. Adaptation is sometimes regarded as a form of translation which is characteristic of

particular genres, most notably drama. The aim is being to achieve the same effect that
the work originally had, but with an audience from a different cultural background.

3. Adaptation is most easily justified when the original text is of a metalinguistic

nature, that is, when the subject matter of the text is language itself.

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Bible, Jewish and Christian

The Bible, from the Greek biblia, meaning ‘books’, is the sacred text of both Jews and
Christians. The Jewish Scriptures are composed of the Old Testament (OT), a
collection of 39 books written for the most part in Hebrew, with a few passages in
Aramaic. The Christian Bible contains these Scriptures plus the New Testament (NT),
and in some traditions, the Deuterocanon. The New Testament comprises 27 books,
written in koiné Greek between 50 and 100 ce. The Deuterocanon or Apocrypha, also
written in Greek, is recognized as ‘canonical’, i.e. authoritative in matters of religious
doctrine, by the Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions, but not by the Anglican or
any other Protestant denominations. Bible translation (meaning the translation of
both Old and New Testaments) has been a major preoccupation of the Christian
church for the past two millennia. As of 2006 (UBS World Report), the whole Bible
(OT and NT) has been translated into 426 languages, the New Testament into 1100,
with parts of the Bible now available in 2,403 languages.
Corpora
A corpus (plural: corpora) is a collection of texts that are the object of literary or
linguistic study. In contemporary corpus linguistics, such collections are held in
electronic form, allowing the inclusion of vast quantities of texts (commonly
hundreds of millions of words), and fast and flexible access to them using corpus-
processing software. While most definitions stress the need for corpora to be
assembled according to explicit design criteria and for specific purposes (Atkins et al.
1992), Kilgarriff and Grefenstette (2003) allow for more serendipitous collections of
texts, even the entire World Wide web, to be considered as corpora, as long as their
contents are the focus of linguistic (or related) study.

Discourse
analysis Since it was first used by Zellig Harris in 1952 to refer to the manifestation of
formal regularities across sentences in combination, the term ‘discourse analysis’ has
come to mean different things to different people. That what is involved is the study
of language beyond the level of the sentence may in fact be the only thing that unites
a broad array of otherwise disparate approaches. For example, for some researchers,
the term ‘discourse’ includes all forms of writing and speaking (Gilbert and Mulkay
1984), while for others, it covers only the way talk is ‘put together’