Fluid Mechanics-I Lab (MEEN 2217)

Lab Report 01

Title: Verification of Bernoulli’s Theorem

Student Name: Sarmad Hafeez

Reg. Number: ME172005

Date: 26-11-2018

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Abstract:
This experiment is performed to verify the Bernoulli’s theorem. Hydraulic bench and Bernoulli’s
theorem demonstration unit are used. Bernoulli’s theorem demonstration unit consists of
different parts such as venture tube, manometers, air relief valve and flow control valve. The
venture tube is used in this apparatus to observe the increasing and decreasing values of velocity
and pressure of the fluid. The readings of pressure head are noted at different points of venture
tube from installed manometers. The area of flow at different points of venture tube is calculated.
Flow rate is calculated for 10 litter of fluid. From discharge and area of flow of different points
where manometers are installed, velocity of fluid is calculated. Velocity head is calculated from
Bernoulli’s equation. Velocity head and pressure head gives the value of actual head. Bernoulli's
Principle tells where the velocity of fluid is high the pressure of fluid will be low. Results of this
experiment verified the Bernoulli’s theorem. Thus, the objective of the conducted experiment is
achieved.

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 Table of Contents
1. Introduction: ............................................................................................................................ 1
2. Theory: .................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1. Ideal Fluid ........................................................................................................................ 1
2.1.1. Inviscid Fluid ............................................................................................................ 1
2.1.2. Incompressible Fluid ................................................................................................. 1
2.1.3. Steady Flow .............................................................................................................. 2
2.1.4. Streamline Flow ........................................................................................................ 2
2.2. Energy Conservation ........................................................................................................ 2
3. Apparatus: ............................................................................................................................... 3
3.1. Bernoulli’s theorem demonstration unit ........................................................................... 3
3.2. Hydraulic bench ............................................................................................................... 3
4. Procedure: ............................................................................................................................... 4
5. Result: ..................................................................................................................................... 5
6. Discussion: .............................................................................................................................. 6
7. Conclusion: ............................................................................................................................. 7
8. References ................................................................................................................................a

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1. Introduction:
Denial Bernoulli [1700-1782] was a great scientist. He was a mathematician and physicist but his
work in the field of fluid mechanics was remarkable. He published his work in his book
Hydrodynamica in 1738. In this book he gave the idea of conservation of energy in fluids and
Bernoulli’s theorem. In 1752 Leonhard Euler derived the Bernoulli’s equation. [1] Bernoulli’s
theorem relates the elevation, velocity and pressure of a fluid having negligible viscosity and
compressibility and flow is steady. Bernoulli’s theorem is a law of conservation of energy for
ideal fluids so that total fluid energy of a flowing fluid remains constant. [2]
Bernoulli’s theorem has wide range of applications in aerodynamics and hydraulics. From the
flight of an airplane to the designs of vehicles Bernoulli’s theorem plays a vital role. Working
principle of carburetor, paint gun and scent sprays is Bernoulli’s theorem. [3]
2. Theory:
According to Bernoulli’s Theorem, where the speed of fluid is high pressure will be low. This
theorem is applicable for ideal fluids,
2.1. Ideal Fluid
Bernoulli’s theorem is applicable to the ideal fluids. These four assumptions are used to define
an ideal fluid;
I. Fluid should be inviscid
II. Fluid should be incompressible
III. Flow of the fluid should be steady
IV. Flow of the fluid should be streamline
2.1.1. Inviscid Fluid
There is a frictional effect between the layers of a flowing fluid, this effect is known as viscosity.
The fluids in which the frictional effect between the layers is negligible are known as Inviscid
Fluids. [4] Figure 1 [4] shows inviscid flow.

Figure 1
2.1.2. Incompressible Fluid
A fluid is said to be incompressible if the density remains constant throughout. Therefore, the
volume of every portion of the fluid remain unchanged during the incompressible flow. Mostly
liquids are incompressible and gases are highly compressible. [4]

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2.1.3. Steady Flow
The flow of fluid in which there is no change in field variables at a point with respect to time in a
specific field region. Turbines, condensers, boiler and heat exchangers work under same
conditions for long periods so these devices are known as steady flow devices. [4]
2.1.4. Streamline Flow
Highly ordered flow in which fluid layers moves very smoothly. The distance between any two
points in fluid layers remain constant. [4]
2.2. Energy Conservation
Bernoulli’s theorem is an energy conservation principle for fluids. Sum of all forms of energies,
of an ideal fluid with a steady and streamline flow, at any point along the path is constant.
Pressure ,velocity and height of an ideal fluid are related in equation (1). [5]
Mathematically;
1 (1)
𝑃 + 𝜌𝑣 2 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2

Equation (1) is the sum of kinetic energy, Gravitational energy at height ‘h’ and potential energy.
Another form of Bernoulli’s equation is given as;

𝑃 𝑣2 (2)
+ + 𝑍 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝛾 2𝑔
Where
𝑷
 Pressure head
𝜸
𝒗𝟐
 Velocity head
𝟐𝒈
 𝒁 Elevation head
 𝜸 is specific weight

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3. Apparatus:
Bernoulli’s theorem demonstration unit, Hydraulic bench and stopwatch.
3.1. Bernoulli’s theorem demonstration unit
Bernoulli’s theorem demonstration unit consists of a venture tube, water manometers and
different parts as shown in Figure 2 (Bernoulli’s theorem demonstration unit). Water manometers
are installed at venture tube to observe the changing values of pressure of a fluid on different
points of venture tube. Flow of the fluid through the venture tube is controlled by a valve at the
outlet.

Figure 2
3.2. Hydraulic bench
Hydraulic bench is used to provide water supply and volumetric measurement to specific
instruments. Hydraulic bench consists of measuring tank, storage tank, pump and different other
parts as shown in Figure 3 (Hydraulic bench). There is a volume measuring scale installed on the
hydraulic bench which is used to measure flow rate.

Figure 3

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4. Procedure:
 Set up the Bernoulli’s demonstration unit on the hydraulic bench. The base is placed
horizontally to measure the readings on manometer accurately.
 Calculated the Area of flow (from provided diameters) of venture tube points where the
manometer is connected.
 Switched on the power supply of pump of hydraulic bench and calculated the flow rate for 10
litters of water.
 Calculated the velocity of fluid on each point by using values of discharge and area of flow.
 Velocity head is calculated from the values of velocity.
 Measured the pressure head from the readings of manometer.
 Total head is calculated by adding velocity head and pressure head.

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5. Result:
Table 1(Observations and calculations)

Tube Diameter of Area of Discharge Veloci Velocity Pressure Total Head

# venture tube Flow ty Head Head

D A Q v 𝒗𝟐 ⁄𝟐𝒈 P T

m m3 m3 s-1 m s-1 m m M

1. 28×10-3 6.157×10-4 1.79×10-4 0.507 0.013 0.361 0.374

2. -3 -4 -4 0.377
21×10 3.463×10 1.79×10 0.901 0.041 0.336
3. 14×10-3 1.539×10-4 1.79×10-4 2.03 0.210 0.190 0.4
4. 16.8×10-3 2.216×10-4 1.79×10-4 1.41 0.101 0.268 0.369
5. 19.6×10-3 3.017×10-4 1.79×10-4 1.03 0.054 0.302 0.356
6. 22.4×10-3 3.940×10-4 1.79×10-4 0.79 0.032 0.317 0.349
7. 25.2×10-3 4.987×10-4 1.79×10-4 ---- ---- ---- ----
8. 28×10-3 6.157×10-4 1.79×10-4 0.51 0.013 0.334 0.347

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6. Discussion:
In this experiment we demonstrate the Bernoulli’s theorem and from results we observe that
where the speed of fluid is high pressure of fluid is low. Smaller cross sections have higher
values of pressures. The narrow cross section has high velocity and high value of pressure
difference. As in reading 1 and 2 of Table 1(Observations and calculations) it is clear that where
the area of flow is wider velocity is low. The total head pressure increases both for diverging and
converging flow. The results show the approximate values because of there are many limitations
of apparatus and calculations.

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7. Conclusion:
Bernoulli’s theorem states that the high velocity flow of a fluid result in low pressure. The results
of this experiment verify this theorem. Even the values are not same but the pattern is same for
converging and diverging flow. So the objective of this experiment is achieved.

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8. References

[1] "Wikipedia," [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli. [Accessed

24 11 2018].

[2] "Britannica," [Online]. Available: https://www.britannica.com/science/Bernoullis-theorem.

[Accessed 25 11 2018].

[3] "My Rank," [Online]. Available: https://blog.myrank.co.in/applications-of-bernoullis-

theorem/. [Accessed 25 11 2018].

[4] Y. A. Cengel, Fluid Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications, New York: Mc Graw Hill,
2006.

[5] R. K. Bansal, A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics, New Delhi: Laxmi Publications, 2005.