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A DISSERTATION REPORT
Submitted by
ZIYAVUR RAHMAN M
AR.GEEVA CHANDANA
B.ARCH
CHENNAI- 600048
NOVEMBER 2019
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
out the dissertation work under my supervision. Certified further, that to the best
of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
The FACADE treatment design is the design of the building which has
the beautiful design that serves the stunning building which has the modern
design. The modern design is transformed in all of this building construction so
that it will amaze with its modern design which is transformed in the façade
design.
The modern design of the façade treatment is the right design of the
building that can be used to make the beautiful design of the building.
The facade treatment design in modern design uses the simple design in
straight design. The minimalist design is applied in the façade treatment.
The simple design of the faced treatment design can be followed by the
modern material in the façade design. The stainless steel and metal are
applicable in this modern façade treatment. Those materials have the light
weight so it is applicable in this building design. Those materials make the
interior design in stylish look with its modern material.
The modern design in the façade treatment provides the refined look in
this building. The different design of the façade needed to make the different
design in this building design. The façade treatment will be so amazing with the
modern design inserted in the façade treatment design.
But while coming for the residential type, there is lots of style in
residential architecture. In that some kind of styles only suits for our climatic
factor. There are hundreds of styles are segregated in residence, but most of the
styles are similar.when compared to other styles .In facades perspective,
difference between one style to another will be rarely found.
!
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT !
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Aim 1
1.1.2 Objectives 1
1.1.5 Hypothesis 2
2. DATA COLLECTION
2.1 Questioners 3
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3.4 System type 19
3.5 Partitioning 19
3.6 Ventilation 19
3.7 Glazing 20
3.8 Shading 21
3.9 Cavity 21
5 LITERATURE STUDY
5.3.1 Facade 25
5.3.2 Technology 26
5.3.3 Material 26
6 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS 27
7 CONCLUSION 28
8 REFERENCES 28
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LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure 2.5 Resorts 17
1
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Aim:
Main reason is to study about this “How Facades plays in a Building &
What are the types can be provide?
How the designs change according to their climate through Materials &
style
What are the materials to use for facade design purpose
To make identification of each type of buildings
1.1.2 Objectives:
1.1.3.Scope&Limitation:
The Facade treatments in building are an important role for their Identity
and aesthetic purpose.
This dissertation paper will review some of the available techniques as
well as materials installation method in facades.
That can be utilize to treat the facade in their respective buildings.
Facade skin helps in new performance energy sector,control of indoor
environments,responsiveness to user’s activities.
2
1.1.4 Approach/Methodology:
Facade treatment in buildings is carried out.
Literature study projects are reviewed with respect to their materials and
aesthetic purpose.
Comparative study shows how the facades treatment varies according to
their typologies.
1.1.5 Hypothesis:
The ‘FACADE ‘is an essential part of the building, that element which
performs the function of enveloping the inner space. Metaphorically, intelligent
skin, emphasize its similarity with the human epidermis. It is a composition of
construction elements confined to the outer, weather-protecting zone of a
building, which respond predictably to environmental variations, to maintain a
comfortable environment. Energy flows through the building fabric are
automatically controlled for maximum gain, and minimal reliance on imported
energy. The skin forms part of a building system, and is connected to other parts
of building outside of enveloping zone, such as sensors and actuators linked
together by command wires , all controlled by a central building management
system.
3
2.DATA COLLECTION
2.1 Questioners:
2.Do facade plays important role for building? Y=10 & N=0
3.Do facade plays energy efficiency for building? Y=86&N=14
4
5.Do facade changes its style from ancient? Y=10 & N=0
5
7.Which plays an important role for facade in Building?
6
Inference:
According to questioners Facade designs plays an energy efficiency of
building.
It may help to identify the typology of building due to their designs.
Its style changes from ancient to now.
Due to their idea basis and prefer to choose the material and colour
Some countries prefer Facade Design,Others also prefer but rather
functions is important for them.
Comparatively Facade Design helps for identify country.
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2.2.1 Residential Building
8
2.2.4 Heritage Building
9
2.2.7 Institutional Building
10
2.2.10 Public Building
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2.3 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:
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2.3.3 APARTEMTNT
2.3.4 BUNGALOW
13
2.3.6 RESORTS
2.3.7 COTTAGES
2.3.8 PALACE
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2.3.9 VERNACULAR HOUSE
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2.4 BUNGALOW HOUSE FACADE:
While coming to the material section for facades there are lots of façade
skins available, in that for residences only few are them can able to install.
Those materials are concrete, wood, brick work, stone work, Tiles &
stones veneer panels, mild steel or stainless steel louvers.
Some kind of facades will be like just a projection of slabs and walls &
also they can create extra massing by brick work.
The material used in this type mostly like brick cladding , stone
cladding , wooden panels , ACP (Aluminum Composite Panels) & veneer
finish panels.
In Residential building, facades are designing as per the client own taste
and also as per their budget only they fixed the material for those façade, in that
case each type of residence carry each façade treatments, that segregation is
not for the aesthetic appealing, which is used to show difference between one
typology to another
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2.5 Resort
The material used in this type mostly like CONCRETE ROOF, BRICK
CLADDING,GLASS AND VENEER FINISHES.
Facade for the Individual villas can be either aesthetic appealing facades
or otherwise it may look like traditional appealing.
Material for facades in this type of residence are chosen depends upon
the surrounding nature & climatic factor
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3 MATERIAL BASED FACADE TECHNIQUES
The European Best Façade report claims that the Steiff Factory in Germany, still
in use today, as well as Otto Wagner’s Post Office Savings Bank in Austria, used the
double façade method in 1903. In 1930’s France, Corbusier was designing his “Mur
Neralistant”, where an air cavity was meant to neutralize the external climate.
Research and development in the field of sustainable design has led to advancement
in products and methods used in double glass façades, and holistic analysis of building
physics using computer modeling proves that integrated design can maximize energy
efficiency.
Another factor in the development of the building skin, and thus the double glass wall
façade, is the impact of Biomimicry on the design industry. Biomimetic buildings apply this
innovative design model most successfully to the building skin. Examples can be seen in the
self-cleaning Lotus-Effect paint used in Germany, the transpiring Stomatex cladding, and the
passive thermally-regulated ‘Termite-Mound’ building in Zimbabwe.
Glass, cavity, shading and ventilation – these are the basic components of the double
façade. However, a list of considerations from aesthetics to acoustics will produce a different
combination of these basic elements within a complex, integrated environment.
Ventilation Types
•Natural
• Mechanical
•Hybrid
•Ventilated Window
•Ventilated Façade
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Cavity Ventilation Types
•Air Supply
•Air Exhaust
•Buffer Zone
Natural ventilation relies primarily on stack effect for air movement, but also pressure
differences created by wind. Since no mechanical systems are used to facilitate the air
movement, the level of ventilation is dependant on exterior climate and the temperature of
the air in the cavity.
Mechanical ventilation requires that the building envelope be carefully sealed and
monitored. Being that energy conservation is a major reason for designing double facades, it
seems counter-intuitive to rely solely on mechanical ventilation.
Mixed-mode is most popular among-st the types listed in this report. This type
requires a complex, centralized environmental management system which can switch the
façade’s components from natural mode to mechanical mode depending on climate and
user need.
3.5 Partitioning
The next criterion is the partitioning of the façade, which is split in two. The partition
creating the cavity can either isolate each individual window, or open the entire façade. Of
the ventilated façade type, the system may be further partitioned either vertically by floor, or
horizontally via a rising shaft. Or it may not be partitioned at all – but this multi-storey type of
partitioning may lead to negative issues such as fire safety and inter-office noise pollution.
3.6 Ventilation
In the ‘curtain’ modes, air is not exchanged between the inside and outside. The air
exchange modes either take fresh air from outside or exhaust indoor air to the outside. The
buffer zone provides no ventilation, but is distinguished because it is still a double
façade. The variants are simply a reversal of the air flow.
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During heating/cooling mode, the façade is sealed to the interior so the radiant slabs
can temper the indoor environment. In cooling mode, operable shading minimizes solar gain,
and the double façade portion evacuates hot air from the western and southern facades.
Notice the bottom of the cavity is opened to allow air flow through to the top.
3.6 Natural/Cooling
3.7 Glazing
Glazing must be split into inner and outer glazing. The air cavity provides insulation,
and so, while one of the glazings is double glass, the other can be single pane. The
consideration of spectrally selective or tinted glass must be countered with the possibility of
other shading devices. Glazing can also be ‘angularly selective’; this fritted glass appears in
buildings where lighting is important, such as libraries or laboratories. The chosen angle of
the textured glass allows maximum light while minimizing heat gain. Also, integrating
photovoltaics into the external façade is becoming more popular, as it can provide many
levels of transparency, shading and power production simultaneously.
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3.8 Shading
3.9 Cavity
The cavity can vary in its size from a few inches to many feet (in the case of an
atrium).This specification depends on maintenance accessibility, amongst others. The
continuous air flow in the cavity, supplied by exhaust/room air, acts as an insulation barrier to
the external environment.
Façade design has a big role to play in both of these issues. Climate
Based Daylight Modelling (CBDM) challenges the industry’s reliance (through
BREEAM and LEED among others) on the Daylight Factor and its “Standard
Overcast Sky” as a design standard
4.1 Daylight
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5 LITERATURE STUDY
Germany sets the benchmark for double ventilated facades. The Commerz bank is
claimed to be the world’s first ecological high-rise tower. Consequently, post occupancy data
is more available in Germany than anywhere else, giving us rich data regarding energy
efficiency and occupant satisfaction.
The success of the double ventilated façade here is a direct result of intelligent,
integrated design, starting at the overall building design level. In section, the building is a
triangle with a full height atrium in the center.
Four-story ‘Sky Gardens’, atriums placed in between the inner and outer layer of the
glass façade, are placed on each side every eight floors. This smart design allows every floor
access to the massive atrium across the triangle. Atriums provide pollutant removal and
humidification in dry winter weather when used in conjunction with the double façade system.
Absorption refrigeration running on municipal steam chills the ceiling slabs on hot days.
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5.2 Melvin J. and Claire Levine Hall, School of Engineering and Applied
Science, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA Kieran
Timberlake Associates2001
The mechanically ventilated cavity between two glass walls has an inlet at the
base of each frame supplies the cavity with air from the interior rooms, while an outlet at the
top draws tempered air back into the room.
Blinds located in the cavity absorb solar radiation, which is then exhausted by the
ventilating cavity. This strategy leaves the surface of the inner glass within 1-2 degrees of the
room temperature.
5.2.3 View
The unique feature of Levine Hall is its unitized custom aluminium frame – completely
fabricated and glazed off-site. Its off-site fabrication allows fewer room for errors, leading to
higher energy efficiency and tighter construction overall.
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5.3 BUND CENTRE
Structure:
These structures in turn surround new public spaces and speak to the
heritage of the historical Bund buildings.
5.3.2 Inspire
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Facade:
5.3.3 Plan
5.3.4 Elevations
25
Technology:
5.3.5 Weaving
Material:
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6 Comparative analysis of materials:
Things to consider include the type of building, the type of material for the
cladding product, and any specific requirements like insulation.
It gives a natural look to the house and gels well with any type of natural
surroundings. Timber cladding systems are available in planks and shingles.
The wood for this type of cladding usually comes from trees like cedar, pine
and oak.
The cladding system may consist of more than one layer. For example,
before installing the main cladding product, a thin sheet of a material that helps
protect the building structure from moisture may be used. Choosing the right
type of cladding system may not be easy because there are so many options.
However, knowing the advantages and disadvantages of each option makes it
easy to select the right material.
27
7 Conclusion:
But while coming for the residential type, there is lots of style in
residential architecture. In that some kind of styles only suits for our climatic
factor.
There are hundreds of styles are segregated in residence, but most of the
styles are similar when compared to other styles.
The façade treatments are an important part for the building towards
architecture.
They are not only the aesthetic appealing element, it also acts as the
external skin for whole building structure through the variety of materials that we
used.
Therefore, I concluded that façade always plays major role in all type of
buildings.
8 References:
http //study.com/academy/course/architectural-design-history.html
http://gizmodo.com/5-smart-building-skins-that-breathe-farm-energy-
and-g-1254091559
https://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-anodized-aluminum.html
http://design8-cheryl.blogspot.in/2011/09/intelligent-skin.html
https://www.archdaily.com/924862/ktm-motohall-hofbauer-liebmann-
wimmesberger-architekten-plus-x-architekten.
https://www.archdaily.com/881511/bund-finance-centre-foster-plus-
partners-plus-heatherwick-
studio?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
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http://www.smalldesignideas.com/modern-house-facade-design.html
https://www.homify.co.uk/rooms/houses
https://www.fernhillstone.com/apply-stone-cladding-walls
http://www.archiexpo.com/architecture-design-
manufacturer/cladding-brick-923.html
https://www.realestate.com.au/lifestyle/house-facade-ideas/
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