Book of Abstracts IC-EnSURES 2019

IC-ENSURES 2019
International Conference on Environmental

Sustainability and Resource Security, 2019
5th & 6th November 2019

Kuala Lumpur
BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

PREFACE
The International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-

ENSURES) 2019 aims to become the leading annual conference in fields related to
environmental sustainability, development and protection as well as resource security. IC-
ENSURES 2019 covers broad topics such as climate resiliency, water and energy security,
environmental health, ecosystem vitality, advanced treatment technology, cleaner production
and sustainable production and consumption. This conference provides a platform for
dissemination of environmental research and aiming to identify pathways towards a sustainable
society.
The main themes of the conference are Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security.
This book records the abstracts of full papers presented at the conference. The conference has
solicited and gathered technical research submissions related to all aspects of major conference
themes and tracks. Reviewing and initial selections were undertaken electronically. Align with
enhancing the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), the goal of IC-
ENSURES 2019 is to gather scholars from all over the world to present advances in the relevant
fields and to foster an environment conducive to exchanging ideas and information. This
conference also provides an ideal environment to develop new collaborations and meet experts
on the fundamentals, applications, and products of the mentioned fields.
Selected papers will be published under the Special Issue of the participating journals. The
conference embraces international keynote speakers from academia, industry and government
institution. The conference Committee is itself quite diverse and international, with
membership from different countries. We would like to thank the program chairs, advisor,
technical committees and other committees for their cooperation and efforts to make this event
a success. We hope that all the participants and other interested readers benefit scientifically
from the book of abstracts and also find it stimulating in the process. Lastly, we would like to
wish you success in your technical presentations and social networking.
With warmest regards,
The Organizing Committees

IC-ENSURES 2019
5th-6th November 2019
Kuala Lumpur
International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | i

Organizing Committees IC-ENSURES 2019
ADVISOR : Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop
CHAIR I : Prof. Dr. Zainura Zainon Noor
CHAIR II : Prof. Dr. Azmi Aris
SCIENTIFIC CHAIR : Prof. Dr. Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan
SECRETARIES : Dr. Kogila Vani Annammala

Dr. Yong Ee Ling
Dr. Nor Zaiha Arman
Dr. Che Hafizan Che Hassan
TREASURER : Ms. Juhaizah Talib @ Harun

Ms. Siti Hanna Elias
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE : Prof. Ir. Dr. Md. Fadhil Md. Din

Prof. Dr. Kasturi Devi Kanniah
Prof. Dr. Pham Thi Hoa
Dr. Hesam Kamyab
Dr. Lakhveer Singh
Dr. Paiboon Sreearunothai
Dr. Ponraj Mohanadoss
Dr. Baljit Singh
Dr. Norazli Othman
Pn. Nithiya Arumugam
COMMITTEE MEMBERS : Dr. Nor Eliza Alias

Dr. Salmiati
Dr. Norelyza Binti Hussein
Dr. Myzairah Hamdzah
Dr. Zulfaqar Bin Sa’adi
Dr. Ihsan bin Wan Azelee
Dr. Cindy Lee Ik Sing
Dr. Neo Sau Mei
Mr.Mohd Faiz Foze
Ms. Nurliyana Mahpof
Ms. Zainab Mat Lazim
Ms. Ainul Syarmimi Rosli
Mr. Mohamad Amirul Fitry bin Mohd Bahar
Mr. Muhammad Wafiy Adli bin Ramli
Ms. Venmathy Samanaseh
International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | ii

CONTENTS
Preface i
Organzing Committee ii
Parallel Session 1
Determine Of Nutrient Status Of Coffee Trees In PNG 2
Kamal Kishore Goundar, Emma Kiup, Mark K Kenny, Ibuki Norihiko,
Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan and Sathiabama T. Thirugnana
Comparative Biodegredation Of PAHs In Used Engine Oil Betweeen Pseudomonas 3

Aeruginosa And Bacillus Licheniformis Isolated From Contaminated Soil Of
Mechanic Workshop In Sokoto Metropolis
Habiba Aminu, Yanah YM, and Elinge C.M
Analysis Of Static And Dynamic Factors Of The Gravitational Flow Sewer Pipe In 4
Malaysia
Afifa Safira A Gani, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Samira Albati Kamaruddin
and Nithiya Arumugam
Analysis Of Extreme Rainfall Trend Events In The Savanna Zones Of Nigeria 5

Ishiaku Ibrahim, Emigilati M.A, Ismail Usman Kaoje, and Aminu Zuni
A Mini Review: Artificial Intelligence Based Models For River Water Quality 6
Prediction For River In Tropical Climate
Ariani Dwi Astuti, Azmi Bin Aris, Mohd Razman Bin Salim, Shamila Binti
Azman, Mohd Ismid Bin Md Said and Salmiati
Progress On Environmental Sustainability Implementation For Palm Oil Production 7

In Malaysia
Siti Nur Atikah Binti Yahya, Norhayati Abdullah and Norasikin Ahmad Ludin
Parallel Session 2
Indoor Air Quality And The Risk Of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection Among 9
Young Children In A Mediterranean Climate
Wesam A. Al Madhoun, Mohammad Khaled, Ashraf Eljedi, Hyunook Kim, Amanda
Pomeroy Stevens and Faizah Che Ros
Habitat Suitability Index For Melaleuca Cajuputi In Setiu, Terengganu 10

N. Zafirah Ab.lah, Zulkifli Yusop and Mazlan Hashim
Impact Assessment Of Traffic Emissions On The Respiratory System Of Non- 11

Smoking Traffic Policemen In Palestine
Wesam Al Madhoun, Emad Salem, Ashraf Eljedi, Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka and Faizah
Che Ros
International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | iii
Strategy Of Irrigation Security For Agricultural Land Sustainability 12
Hanipah, Hayati S. Hasibuan and Rudy P. Tambunan
A Review Of Regionalization Methods For Ungauged Watershed In Swat Model 13

Ainul Syarmimi Rosli, Azmi Aris, Salmiati and Mohd Ridza Mohd Haniffah
Assessment Of Physical-Chemical Water Quality In The Environment: Current 14

State, Understudied Area And The Way Forward: Case Study Of The Lower Johor
Straits, Malaysia
Y.Q. Liang, K.V. Annammala, P.Martin, E.L. Yong, L.S. Mazilamani, M.Z.M. Najib
Parallel Session 3
Strategic Framework For Managing Sustainability Into The Construction 16
Industry Sector In Developing Countries
Ayman Ahmed Hassan
Comparative Assessment Of Artificial Neural Network Based Baseline Energy 17

Model To Quantify Energy Savings Of Chiller System In Commercial Building
Wan Nazirah Wan Md Adnan, Nofri Yenita Dahlan and Ismail Musirin
Hedonic Price Regression For Stratified Green Residential Building In Johor Bahru 18
Nur Amira Aina Zulkifli, Shazmin Shareena Ab. Azis, Nurul Hana Adi Maimun,
Muhammad Najib Razali and Ibrahim Sipan
Rainwater Harvesting Dynamic Financial Model For Residential Properties 19

Muhammad Najib Razali, Shazmin Shahreena Ab Azis, Nurul Hana Adi Maimun
and Zulkifli Yusop
Concrete Cloth Development For Canal Linings 20

Mariam Imran, Marium Ikhlas, Ayesha Imam and Fizza Batool
Green Biosynthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Muntingia Calabura Leaf 21

And Its Effectiveness Against Pathogenic Bacteria
Mohd Azlan Ahmad and Salmiati
Not In My Backyard! A Hedonic Analysis On Heavy Industrial Site Proximity 22

Impacts On Malaysian House Prices
Nuratikah Karunzaman, Nurul Hana Adi Maimun, Shazmin Shareena Ab. Azis,
Muhammad Najib Razali, Azizah Ismail, Zakri Tarmidi And Sufi Pisol
Parallel Session 4
Ultrafine Palm Oil Fuel Ash As Stabilizer In Compressed Earth Brick 24
Yvonne W. T., Abdul K. M. and Hidayati A.
Characterization Of Eco-Processed Pozzolan As Pozzolanic Material 25

Raihana Farahiyah Abd Rahman, Hidayati Asrah, Ahmad Nurfaidhi Rizalman
and Abdul Karim Mirasa
International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | iv

Carbonization Of Excess Sewage Sludge By Using Super-Heated Water Vapor 26
To Make Fuel
N.A. Haridan, H. Yoshida, M.A.M. Salleh and S. Izhar
Defining The Biogas Generation Potential And The Kinetics Of Biogas Generation 27
For House- Hold Generated Rice Cooking Wastewater
S M Shabab Islam, Umme Farah Shakin Neha and Nadim Reza Khandaker
A Critical Review On The Current Technologies For Recovery Of Precious Metals 28

From Industrial Wastes
Santhana Krishnan, Nor Syahidah Zulkapli, Ooi Theam Yiew, Mohd Fadhil Md
Din, Zaiton Abd Majid, Iwao Kenzo, Yo Ichikawa, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan,
Hesam Kamyab
Briquetting Of Millet Stalk And Sheanut Shell As A Tool For Agro-Waste 29

Management
Yanah YM, Elinge C.M and Ogunleye A.O.
Parallel Session 5
Carbon Storage Of Hybrid Acacia Plantations In The Southern Of Vietnam 31
Tran Thi Ngoan and Nguyen Tan Chung
Above-Ground Biomass And Carbon Sequestration Value Of Rhizophora Apiculta 32

Blume At Ca Mau, Viet Nam
Nguyen Thi Ha, Vien Ngoc Nam, Tran Quang Bao, Van Nu Thai Thien and
Nguyen Thi Hoa
A Novel Approach For Measuring Urban Form Sustainability: A Study Of Kano 33

Traditional City, Nigeria
Abubakar Siddiq Usman, Dr. Wan Mohd Zakri Bin Wan Abdullah
Sustainable Development Concept Awareness Among Students In Higher Education 34

Florianna L. Michael, Helmi Sumilan, Nur Fatihah A. Bandar, Hana Hamidi,
Sheilla L. O. Lim, Siti M. Abdullah, Abg Izhar A. Ahmad, Victoria Jonathan and Nik
Norsyamimi M. Nor
A Structural Equations Modelling Approach To Measuring Urban Form 35

Sustainability: Conceptual Foundations And Methodological Framework
Abubakar Siddiq Usman and Dr. Wan Mohd Zakri Bin Wan Abdullah
Parallel Session 6
Examination Of Malaysian River Water Quality Index By Some Selected Physico- 37
Chemical Parameters
Suzanna Rosli Wong, Brittny Chars and Pak Yan Moh
Enhancement The Biodegradation Of Benzene By Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 38

Through Ultraviolet-Induced Mutation
Fahruddin Fahruddin
International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | v

Life Cycle Assessment Of Green Diesel Production 39
Che Hafizan, Zainura Zainon Noor and Norelyza Hussein
Quality And Environmental Conservation Of Coastal Ecosystems In Purworejo 40

Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
Widodo B., Lupiyanto R., Nugrahayu Q., Widyastuti A, Harmawan F. and Fauzi
FM., Galis A.
The Effect Of Type Of Boarding House On Solid Waste Generation And 41

Composition As A Model Of Solid Waste Management In Indonesia: A Case Study
Of Yogyakarta Province
Kasam, Eko Siswoyo and Fajri Mulya Iresha
Occurrence And Behaviour Of Antibiotics In Conventional Sewage Treatment Plant 42

C. X. Chen, A. Aris, E. L. Yong and Z. Z. Noor
Parallel Session 7
Food And Wood Waste Composting: Operational Perspective At Landfill 44
Yusouf Latif, Zamri Abdul Rahman,, Hashim Wahab, Mohd Faizi Abu and Yusof
Hassan
Optimization Of Municipal Solid Waste Conversion Technology Using Process 45

Network Synthesis
R.A. Ali and N.N.L. Nik Ibrahim
Gracilaria changii: Seaweed Adding Value To Heavy Metals Removal From 46

Leachate
Nithiya Arumugam, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Zamri Abdul Rahman,
Sathiabama T. Thirugnana, Imran Ahmad, Santhana Krishnan & Mohd Fadhil Md
Din
Triclosan Removal By Combination Of Waste Biomass Activated Carbon And 47

Nylon 6,6 Membrane
Nor Khoriha Eliysa Mohd Khori, Salmiati and Zulkifli Yusop
An A2O-MBR System For Simultaneous Biological Nitrogen And Phosphorus 48

Removal From Brewery Wastewater At Various Nitrate Recirculation Ratios
Van Nu Thai Thien, Dang Viet Hung, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa, Nguyen Thi Ha and
Tran Thi Huong

Parallel Session 8
Sequential Operation Of Acetogenic Followed By Aerobic Sequential Batch 50
Reactors For Textile Wastewater Treatment
Nadim Reza Khandaker, Faisal Fahad Rio, Lina Sarkar and Ayesha Sharmin
Kinetics Study Of Phosphate Adsorption Onto Waste Mussel Shell 51
International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | vi

Nur Atikah Abdul Salim, Mohd Hafiz Puteh, Noorul Hudai Abdullah, Mohamad Ali
Fulazzaky, Mohd A’ben Zulkarnain Rudie Arman, Mohd Hairul Khamidun, Abdull
Rahim Mohd Yusoff and Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini
Phytoremediation, Vermiremediation And Soil Dynamics On Ecotoxicity Of 52

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contaminated Wastewater Using Artificial
Wetland System In Okpoka Creek, Niger-Delta, Nigeria
Fawole Charles, Prof. D.A Dashak and Prof. S.J Salami
Start-Up Performance Of Modified Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (MABR) For The 53

Treatment Of Landfill Leachate
Imran Ahmad, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan, Norazli Othman, Norhayati Abdullah,
Nithiya Arumugam & Zamri Abdul Rahman
Development Of Aerobic Granules For Actual Low-Medium Strength Domestic 54

Wastewater Treatment Under The Effect Of Static Mixer
Angel Chyi En We, Azmi Aris and Nor Azimah Mohd Zain
Parallel Session 9
Influence Of Magnetic Field On Sludge Bulking Under Long Sludge Retention 56
Time
Nur Syamimi Zaidi, Khalida Muda, Johan Sohaili, Liew Wai Loan and Norelyza
Hussein
Determination Of Mass Transfer Resistance Of Boron Removal From Wastewater 57

By Electrocoagulation
Ezerie H. Ezechi and Khalida Muda
Mass Transfer Resistance Of Textile Dye Decolorization On Magnetic Activated 58

Carbon Aerobic Granules
Khalida Muda, Ahmad H. Omar, Ezerie H. Ezechi and Mohd H. Khamidun
Adsorption Of Phenol From Aqueous Solution Using Chitosan From Pessu River 59
Crab Shell: Isotherm And Kinetics Study
Asokogene Oluwadayo Francis, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, Idris Misau
Muhammad, Surajudeen Abdulsalam and Usman Aliyu El-Nafaty
Enhancement Of Activated Sludge Process With Low Dissolved Oxygen Using 60

Electromagnetic Field
Nulhazwany Abdul Malik, Khalida Muda, Nur Syamimi Zaidi and Mohamad
Darwish
Isotherm, Kinetics And Thermodynamics Study Of Methylene Blue Adsorption 61

Onto Modified Crab Shell Chitosan
Asokogene Oluwadayo Francis, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, Idris Misau
Muhammad, Surajudeen Abdulsalam and Usman Aliyu El-Nafaty
International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | vii
Removal Of Some Heavy Metals Using Fibrous Radiation Grafted Adsorbent 62
Containing Sulfonate Moiety
Myzairah Hamdzah, Zaini Ujang, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef, Teo Ming Ting
Parallel Session 10
Assessment Of Heterogeneous Mixing Of Meteorological Parameters On PM10 64
Concentration In Equatorial Region
Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka, Wesam A. Al Madhoun and Faizah Che Ros
Potential Use Of Plant-Based Natural Coagulants For Water Treatment 65

Nur Shahidah Aftar Ali, Khalida Muda, Ummu Nusaibah Abdullah and Ahmad
Bazli Sahir
The Potential Of Napier Grass Leaves Fibre As An Acoustic Absorber 66

Z. Haron, K. Yahya, T. N. F. T. Mat, N. M. Fasli, N. Darus, W.A. W. A. Rahman,
E.M. Taiwo and N. Che Din
Effectiveness Of Macrocomposites In Treating Public Wet Market Wastewater In 67

Pekan Pagoh, Johor
Mohamed Zuhaili Mohamed Najib, Kogila Vani Annammala, Mohamad
Darwish, Erwan Hafizi Kasiman, Muhamad Hanafi Samsuri, Mohd Arif Rosli
and Zarizi Awang
Fouling Control Approaches In Recent Advance Membrane Bioreactor Systems 68

Treatingwastewater
Rabialtu Sulihah Binti Ibrahim, Zainura Zainon Noor, Nurul Huda Baharuddin, and
Noor Sabrina Ahmad Mutamim
Comparison Of Biosorbent Pretreatment Methods Of Bjerkandera Adusta On 69

Colour Removal
Ariani Dwi Astuti and Khalida Muda
Parallel Session 11
Toxicity Of Silver Nanoparticle And Its Removal By Pytoremediation System In 71
Water Environment: An Overview
Zainab Mat Lazim, Salmiati, Abdul Rahman Samaluddin, Mohd Razman Salim
and Nor Zaiha Arman
Thermal Activation On Gonggong Shell Waste As An Adsorbent Material For 72

Cadmium Removal In Water
Eko Siswoyo, Ciptaning Rini, Fiorizka Marisha Hadi and Kasam
The Development Of MIWABS Towards Water Demand Management In Malaysia 73

Nurul Sa’dah Bahar, Zainura Zainon Noor, Azmi Aris and Nurul Ashikeen Binti
Kamaruzaman
International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | viii
Estimating Water Footprint Of Palm Oil Production: Case Study In Malaysia 74
Noor Salehan Mohammad Sabli, Zainura Zainon Noor, Kasturi Devi A/P
Kanniah, Siti Nurhayati Kamaruddin, Nurul Sa’dah Bahar
Modelling Of Prevailing Water Distribution Network In Putrajaya, Malaysia 75

Nur Diyana Mohamad and Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari
Parallel Session 12
Trends Of Water Use Efficiency In Industrial Consumption 77
Siti Nurhayati Kamaruddin, Zainura Zainon Noor, Che Hafizan Che Hassan Noor
Salehan Mohammad Sabli, Nurul Sa’adah Bahar
Optimal Power Generation Mix Using Hybrid Dynamic Programming For 78

Improved Multi-Objective: Malaysia Electricity Supply Industry Case
Siti Mariam Mohd Shokri, Nofri Yenita Dahlan and Mohamad Fani Sulaima
Effect Of Physico–Chemical Characteristic Of Water In Sub-Critical Condition 79

Towards Structural Conversion Of Mesocarp Fiber
Sanggithapriya Mahandran, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Nordin Sabli and Shamsul Izhar
Combustion And Viability Properties Of Briquettes Produced From Groundnut 80

Shell And Coconut Shell Admixture
Elinge, C.M, BirninYauri, U.A., Muhammad, A.B., Musa, M. and Ogunleye, A.O.
Performance Of Sandwich Membrane In Reclamation Of Water From Final 81

Discharged POME
Nurul Ain Mazlan, Khairul Faezah Md Yunos, Azhari Samsu Baharuddin and
MohdNazli Mohd Naim
International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | ix

Disclaimer: The works reported in this book of abstracts were reviewed based on
technical content, without extensive English editing

ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Parallel Session 1
International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | 1

DETERMINE THE NUTRIENT STATUS OF COFFEE TREES IN
PNG
Kamal Kishore Goundar*1, Emma Kiup2, Mark K Kenny2, Ibuki Norihiko1,

Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan3, Sathiabama T. Thirugnana3
1,
MG Corporation, Shinjuku Park Tower N-30th 3-7-1, Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo,
JAPAN
2
Research & Grower Services Division, Coffee Industry Corporation, EHP, PAPUA NEW
GUINEA
3
Department of Engineering, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Level 7, Menara
Razak UTM, 54100 Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
*kamal.kishore@mg-corporation.com
ABSTRACT
In Papua New Guinea (PNG) the population in the coffee growing area is growing faster
than the area under cultivation. As a result, land use is being intensified and soil nutrient
depletion may occur, resulting in nutrient deficiencies of coffee crops. Research focused on
adequate nutrition of plants is essential in modern coffee production to increase yield. The
purpose of this work is to estimate nutrient content of coffee crops to manage fertilizer
application for sustained coffee production. ICP-OES was used to determine the
concentration of several nutrients in coffee leaves. The samples from CIC plantation was
found to have the highest level of nutrients compared to the other three plantations and this
could be attributed to factors such as amount of fertilizer input, soil moisture and the ability
of the coffee tree roots to absorb nutrients from the soil. However, the foliar nutrient level
may vary depending on the time of leaf sampling because some nutrients can be translocated
to other parts of the plant depending on the stage of the plant development cycle. Hence to
better understand the nutritional requirements of the coffee tree, the leaf sampling should be
done over a complete cycle of the crop development.
Keywords: Coffee crops, Nutrient deficiencies, foliar nutrient level, cultivation

COMPARATIVE BIODEGREDATION OF PAHs IN USED ENGINE
OIL BETWEEEN Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Bacillus Licheniformis
ISOLATED FROM CONTAMINATED SOIL OF MECHANIC
WORKSHOP IN SOKOTO METROPOLIS
Habiba Aminu*1, Yanah YM1 and Elinge C.M2

1
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi State
NIGERIA
habiba.aminu@gmail.com, Ykb_musa@yahoo.com
2
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology,
Aliero, Kebbi State NIGERIA
Sermgomoh@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The ability of used engine oil degrading Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and Bacillus
Licheniformiswas compared in this study. The bacteria were isolated from the contaminated
soil of mechanic work shop in sokoto state of Nigeria, they were characterised base on their
morphological, biochemical and genetic characteristic. They were subjected to biodegradation
of PAHs in used engine oil as their soul carbon source for the period of three months. Different
standard of colony forming unit (cfu) was used at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0. The result of
gravimetric analysis shows that in all the different cfu of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, more than
50% of the oil was degraded with highest seen at 3.0 cfu which is 55.74%. whileBacillus
Licheniformiswas only able to degrade 40% of the oil in all the cfu with highest seen at 3.0 cfu
as well with 48.87%. The result of the gc-ms shows that only at 1.0 cfu of P. Aeruginosathat
there was a significant difference in the concentration of pahs metabolite when compared both
within the group and outside the group at p- value less than 0.05, this confirm that at a medium
concentration P. Aeruginosacolony forming unit, the bacteria can degrade pahs in used engine
oil to a significant level. Therefore it can be employed in the process of bioremediation of pahs
contaminated soil in the environment.
Key word: Bioremediation, contaminated soil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.

ANALYSIS OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC FACTORS OF THE
GRAVITATIONAL FLOW SEWER PIPE IN MALAYSIA
Afifa Safira A Gani*1,2, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan2, Samira Albati Kamaruddin2

and Nithiya Arumugam2
1
Planning and Engineering Department, Indah Water Konsortium Sdn. Bhd., No.44, Jalan Dungun,
Damansara Heights, 50490 Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
*safirag@iwk.com.my
2
Department of Engineering, Razak Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
shreeshivadasan.kl@utm.my, samira.kl@utm.my, nithiya85.a@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) inspection was used to observe the structural defect in 225,
300 and 375 mm vitrified clay pipe (VCP) and 450 and 500 mm reinforced concrete pipe
(RCP). These defects were classified using the Pipeline Assessment Certification Program
(PACP) grading system before categorization into Grade 1 to 5. A total of 36.6 km of
gravitational flow sewer pipe has been investigated with 703 defects have been detected. An
average of 19 defects was found for every 100 m length for all the pipe type. The Category 1
to 9 were the combination of primary parameters of static and dynamic conditions, which 225
mm diameter VCP with less than 5,000 PE, 300 mm diameter VCP with less than 5,000 PE,
300 mm diameter VCP with between 5,000 to 10,000 PE, 375 mm diameter VCP with between
5,000 to 10,000 PE, 375 mm diameter VCP with between 10,000 to 20,000 PE, 450 mm
diameter RCP with between 5,000 to 10,000 PE, 450 mm diameter RCP with between 10,000
to 20,000 PE, 500 mm diameter RCP with between 10,000 to 20,000 PE, and 500 mm diameter
RCP with more than 20,000 PE, respectively. The probability weights were calculated based
on the defect fraction obtained from the pipe depth, pipe gradient and pipe service period. The
failure factor comprised the remaining factors of pipe size, pipe material and sewage flow.
Key words: Gravitational flow, sewer pipe, static and dynamic factors

ANALYSIS OF EXTREME RAINFALL TREND EVENTS IN THE
SAVANNA ZONES OF NIGERIA
Ishiaku Ibrahim1, Emigilati M.A2, Ismail Usman Kaoje3, and Aminu Zuni 4
1, 3, 4
Department of Geography Federal University Birnin Kebbi, NIGERIA
ishiaku.ibrahim@fubk.edu.ng, ismail.kaoje@fubk.edu.ng, zuni.aminu@fubk.edu.ng
2
Department of Geography Federal University of Technology Minna, NIGERIA
m.emigilati@futminna.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
This study analysed the trends in extreme rainfall from twelve (12) synoptic stations in the
savanna zones of Nigeria for the period of 35 years (1981-2015). Daily rainfall data was
acquired from Nigeria Meteorological Agency and converted into indices (heavy, very heavy,
extremely heavy rainfall days, one day annual maximum rainfall amount and five days annual
maximum rainfall amount). Statistical tests of Mann-Kendall Test (MK), based on a non-
parametric approach was used to evaluate the possible trend in the derived indices. Results
showed both significant and insignificant increasing trends in the five indices in some stations
across the study areas. The significant and insignificant increasing trends were also detected in
the indices across other station. The finding also indicated consistent significant increasing
trends in Kano rain gauge station while consistent decreasing trends was detected in Yelwa rain
gauge station. Generally, the results show an increase in the occurrence of heavy rainfall events
in the selected five variables. The increase trends are possible pointer to climate change and
this could trigger meteorological hazard.
Key words: Rainfall Trends, Extreme, Mann-Kendall, Savanna

A MINI REVIEW: ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE BASED MODELS
FOR RIVER WATER QUALITY PREDICTION
FOR RIVER IN TROPICAL CLIMATE
Ariani Dwi Astuti1,3, Azmi Bin Aris1,2, Mohd Razman Bin Salim1,2, Shamila Binti
Azman1,2, Mohd Ismid Bin Md Said1,2 and Salmiati1,2
1
Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MALAYSIA
daariani2@graduate.utm.my, azmi.aris@utm.my, mohdrazman@utm.my, shamila@utm.my,
salmiati@utm.my
2
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and
Environmental Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, INDONESIA
ABSTRACT
Precise forecast of the water quality time series can provide guidance for early warning of
water pollution and water resource management decision-making. This prediction can
estimate the proclivity of characteristic water quality following the latest water quality, shift,
and transformation rule of pollutant in the river watershed. Predictability of traditional
models was restricted owing to the uncertainty of water quality information including size
and variability, complexity, obscurity, inaccuracy and non-stationary, and the non-linear
interaction of water quality parameter. Artificial Intelligence (AI) methods have been able
to bridge the gaps since the middle of the 20th century, simulate this behavior and
complement the deficiency, and enhance the precision of the forecast models in terms of
multiple analysis measures for better planning, design, application, and handling of multiple
engineering systems. This article discusses the state-of-the-art application of AI in water
quality prediction, concentrating on data-driven AI approaches, sort of AI approaches,
techniques studied include knowledge-based system, as well as literature and their potential
future implementation in water quality modeling and prediction. This mini-review also
explores and presents for further advancement for several future directions for studies.
Keywords: Water quality simulation, Artificial intelligence, knowledge-based system, review

PROGRESS ON ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
IMPLEMENTATION FOR PALM OIL PRODUCTION IN
MALAYSIA
Siti Nur Atikah Binti Yahya1, Norhayati Abdullah*2 and Norasikin Ahmad Ludin3
1, 2
Environment and Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology
(MJIIT), Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
3
Solar Energy Research Institute (SERI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, MALAYSIA
sitinuratikahbintiyahya@gmail.com, *norhayati@utm.my, sheekeen@ukm.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Malaysia started to dominate the world in palm oil production due to Europeans voluntary
commitments to use biofuel as a renewable energy source to replace fossil fuels to generate
vehicles. Acquiring 39% of world production and 44% of the world export, Malaysia palm
oil industry realized the importance of producing certified sustainable palm oil. Malaysia
began introducing several sustainability practices including participation in the National Life
Cycle Assessment (LCA) Project 2006 to support a national eco-labelling program and
fulfilling the requirements of foreign legislation that demands stringent measures to reduce
environmental impact of products and services throughout their life cycles. The voluntary-
based action correlates with the government's aim to achieve United Nation's Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs) 12 and 13 which are responsible consumption and production
and climate action in reducing carbon footprint while using processes that are
environmentally friendly. The current practise of LCA is still not fully support the global
perception of palm oil production in Malaysia which indicates the implementation of LCA
in the palm oil sector should be reviewed and the policy makers should consider further
possibilities in putting LCA as one of mandatory policy instruments to assist in future
decision making.
Key words: Palm oil production, sustainability, Life Cycle Assessment and policy instruments

ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Parallel Session 2

INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND THE RISK OF LOWER
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION AMONG YOUNG CHILDREN
IN A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE.
Wesam A. Al Madhoun*1,2, Mohammad Khaled3, Ashraf Eljedi3 , Hyunook Kim4

,Amanda Pomeroy Stevens5 ,Faizah Che Ros2
1
Civil Engineering Depertment, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 32610 Seri Iskandar,
Perak Darul Ridzuan, MALAYSIA
2
Department of Environmental Engineering & Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International
Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, 54100 Kuala Lumpur,
MALAYSIA
*wsah79@gmail.com
3
Earth and Environment Science Department, The Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, PALESTINE
4
Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
5
JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc., USA
ABSTRACT
A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed to investigate the indoor air quality (IAQ)
exposure of children under 6 years with lower respiratory tract infection in Gaza, Palestine.
The study population included 83 children out of 90 cases who were diagnosed with lower
respiratory tract infection and were admitted to Al Aqsa hospital. A modified questionnaire
of the American Thoracic Society (1978) was computed by guardians, and a study technician
measured relative humidity, temperature, CO2 and CO in a home visit. Air quality
measurements were carried out at each dwelling for a minimum of a half-hour in the morning
while the windows of the dwelling were closed. Mean relative humidity was 69.3% which
exceeded the standard of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE). The mean temperature of 20.1oC and carbon monoxide
level of 3.51 ppm complied with the ASHREA standards Questionnaire results revealed that
60.2% of the children lived in households with 5-10 family members, and 22.9% lived in
households of more than 10 residents. These households had many risks for lower
respiratory tract infections including 50.6% with smokers present, 68.7% with mold or fungi,
39.8% located by the roadside, and 24.1% used wood stove in winter for heating.
Key words: Humidity, Indoor Air, Lower Respiratory Tract Infection, Temperature.

HABITAT SUITABILITY INDEX FOR MELALEUCA CAJUPUTI
IN SETIU, TERENGGANU
N. Zafirah Ab.lah*1, Zulkifli Yusop2 and Mazlan Hashim3

1, 2
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA) , Universiti Teknologi
*nzafirah89@gmail.com, zulyusop@utm.my
3
RISE, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
mazlanhashim@utm.my
ABSTRACT
The Melaleuca cajuputi species (known in Malaysia as Gelam) is well known globally of its
significant in supporting local economy and its role in coastal environment which been
highlighted in many previous papers. In Terengganu, Setiu has the largest Gelam forest in
Peninsular Malaysia and there has been reported the Gelam forest being degraded due to
anthropogenic activities and unmonitored. This species has been described as highly resilient
and can grows in various environment conditions, thus understanding the relationship
between landscape, climate properties and M. cajuputi locations is limited. This paper
presents the Gelam species distribution in Setiu, the species habitat suitability response to
the environmental variables. This species distribution map could help in forest management
and coastal management to produce the species distribution map with better accuracy.
Key words: Melaleuca cajuputi, Species Distribution Model, Habitat Suitability.

IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF TRAFFIC EMISSIONS ON THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF NON-SMOKING TRAFFIC
POLICEMEN IN PALESTINE
Wesam Al Madhoun*1,2, Emad Salem3, Ashraf Eljedi3, Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka4,

Faizah Che Ros2
1*
Civil Engineering DepartmentUniversiti Teknologi Petronas, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul
Ridzuan, MALAYSIA
*wsah79@gmail.com
2
Department of Environmental Engineering & Green Technology, Malaysia-Japan International
MALAYSIA
3
Earth and Environment Science Department, The Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, PALESTINE
4
Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth and Environment Sciences, Kano University of
Science and Technology, Wudil, NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
This study was carried out to investigate the effects of prolonged exposure of non-smoking
traffic police men to vehicular emission within the northern Gaza Governorate-Palestine.
Samples of atmospheric pollutants such as PM10, CO and CO2 were collected alongside
respiratory data involving lung function, chest and respiratory status and direct physical
examination. This was done in order to understand the level of association between
respiratory status such as effect on breathing, upper respiratory tract irritation, frequent
cough and eye irritation. Chi-square statistical techniques and descriptive statistics were
applied in the datasets. The result shows that there is a strong association between air
pollution and respiratory disease with a p-value 0.027 at significance of alfa 0.05. The
statistical result shows that about 20 non-smoking traffic policemen have upper respiratory
tract infection, 15 with frequent cough symptom, 6 with shortness of breathing and 25 with
eye irritation. This study is an indication that vehicular emission within the study area is a
primary source of pollution that possesses a risk in exposing non-smoking policemen to
series of respiratory diseases. Government agencies and other stakeholders should provide
preventive measures in either reducing the number, concentration and sizes of pollutants
emitted or provide protective measures to reduce the level of exposure of traffic policemen
and other habitants.
Key words: Chi-square, Non-smoking Policemen, Respiratory Tract Infection, Traffic Emissions.

STRATEGY OF IRRIGATION SECURITY FOR AGRICULTURAL
LAND SUSTAINABILITY
Hanipah1, Hayati S. Hasibuan*2 and Rudy P. Tambunan3

1,2
School of Environmental Science, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, 10430, INDONESIA
hanipahtanjung@gmail.com, *hayati.hasibuan@ui.ac.id
3
Department of Geography, University of Indonesia, Depok, INDONESIA
rudyptamb@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
In Karawang, the urbanization and industrialization took place on productive agricultural
lands. Besides converting the agricultural lands, the industrial activities also cut water
supply for agricultural irrigation. This is due to the same water source usage and lack of
control on the usage and retrieval of water. The purpose of this article is to determine
the status of irrigation water security and find out the strategy for sustaining water supply
for agricultural irrigation. The study area is in Telukjambe Barat, Karawang Regency,
an area that was once known as a rice barn. The method of this research use spatial
analysis, and correlation analysis. Data obtained including land use maps and irrigation
channel distribution. It was found that the high pressure of water use for industrial
commercial activities made water supply irrigation debits smaller. The strategy of
increasing irrigation discharge for agriculture from the main water source is by calculating
the optimization irrigation discharge.
Key words: landuse change, irrigation security, wetland irrigation, water usage

A REVIEW OF REGIONALIZATION METHODS FOR UNGAUGED

WATERSHED IN SWAT MODEL
Ainul Syarmimi Rosli*1, Azmi Aris 1,2, Salmiati1,2 and Mohd Ridza Mohd
Haniffah1
1
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310,
UTM Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
2
Malaysia, 81310, UTM Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
*a.syarmimi@graduate.utm.my, azmi.aris@utm.my, salmiati@utm.my
mridza@utm.my
ABSTRACT
There are various ongoing researches on topics related to ungauged watershed to overcome
challenging issues in hydrology and water quality modelling. One of the approaches in
making estimates at ungauged watersheds is regionalization. Regionalization is a process of
transferring hydrological responses data from gauged (donor) to ungauged (receiver) or
poorly gauged watersheds to compute several hydrological processes taking place within the
ungauged watersheds. In this paper, we provide an overview of regionalization approaches
(i.e. spatial proximity, physical similarity methods, regression methods, and ratio method)
that have been developed and practised in simulating model parameters in ungauged
watersheds. This includes the discussion of different regionalization approaches and
identifies the best performance in regionalization approaches to transfer the model
parameters. The reliability of regionalization approaches are different in different areas due
to the effect of regional climate, the scale of the watershed, watershed attribute, and human
intervention. The catchment attributes that are usually used in regionalization studies are
meteorological information and physiographic attribute. Finally, we highlight the best
performance for each regionalization approaches to predict ungauged watershed in various
regions that depend on the variability of regional climate and physical attributes.
Keywords: SWAT model, ungauged watershed, Regionalization Methods

ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY IN

THE ENVIRONMENT: CURRENT STATE, UNDERSTUDIED AREA
AND THE WAY FORWARD: CASE STUDY OF THE LOWER
JOHOR STRAITS, MALAYSIA
Y.Q. Liang1, K.V. Annammala1,2*, P.Martin3, E.L. Yong1, L.S. Mazilamani1,

M.Z.M. Najib1
1,
Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering,
2,
Centre of Environmental Sustainability & Water Security (IPASA)
3
Asian School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological University
*kogila@utm.my
ABSTRACT
Fresh water is regarded as a limited resource and surface fresh water resource management
and protection are very crucial. Different anthropogenic activities are carried out along the
Johor River due to urban population expansion, consequently bringing potential risk to fresh
water quality. The aim of this study is to quantify the physical-chemical water quality and
heavy metal concentration at 11 sampling sites along the Johor River. Nine water quality
parameters were determined and 10 selected heavy metals were determined by Inductively
Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The findings revealed that TSS
concentration and pH of the water samples satisfied Class II outlined in the National Water
Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQSM). However, the range of certain elements such as
Fe (1.75 ppm to 6.90 ppm), Cu (0.06 ppm to 1.34 ppm) and As (0.01 ppm to 0.29 ppm) were
found to exceed the Class II standard at all stations. The strong relationships between TSS,
As and Cu concentrations that were found may be due to Cu and As carried along by
suspended sediment from the anthropogenic sources into this catchment. The results indicate
that the river water quality is very sensitive to the local landuse and practices.
Key words: Water Quality, Heavy Metal, Water Quality Index

RESOURCE
SECURITY
Parallel Session 3

STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK FOR MANAGING SUSTAINABILITY

INTO THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY SECTOR IN
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
PHD Student-Architect / Ayman Ahmed Hassan*1, MBA, B.Sc. A.

1
Azman Hashim International Business School, UTM, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
*ahmed.hassan@graduate.utm.my
ABSTRACT
Sustainability/Sustainable Development is continuous ongoing set of processes targeting to
achieve best use of current resources and sustain them without affecting the chance of future
generations. Sustainable Development based on three pillars, Economic Development,
Social Development and Environmental Protection. Construction Industry is one of
complicated industries; its internal/external processes are interacting with the three pillars
in different aspects and levels, it has important role in economy of Developed/Developing
Countries, and is one of largest consumers of energy, material resources, water consumption,
and considered one of main sources of pollution. The 2030 agenda declared/published by
UN in Sept. 2015 is a plan of action for people; planet and prosperity, where all Countries
signed the agenda will work to shift World onto a sustainable resilient path by 2030. The
purpose of the paper is to highlight the importance of having framework for managing
sustainability into Construction Industry in Developing Countries, and to provide knowledge
on the proposed framework elements/variables. The paper depended on quantitative data
collection method, based on information gathered in earlier stage. The results of the paper
can be summarized in the knowledge provided for the frame work elements/variables, and
how they are interacting together. The conclusion reveals the importance and benefits of
having sustainable construction industry, managed by a certain frame work to ensure
sustainability processes are applied.
Keywords: Sustainability, Construction Industry, Developing Countries.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL

NETWORK BASED BASELINE ENERGY MODEL TO QUANTIFY
ENERGY SAVINGS OF CHILLER SYSTEM IN COMMERCIAL
BUILDING
Wan Nazirah Wan Md Adnan*1, Nofri Yenita Dahlan2 and Ismail Musirin3
1
Faculty of Engineering and Life Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Selangor, MALAYSIA
*wan_nazirah@unisel.edu.my
2, 3
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor,
MALAYSIA
nofriyenita012@ppinang.uitm.edu.my ismailbm@salam.uitm.edu.my
ABSTRACT
This paper proposes an accurate baseline energy model of a chiller system for the
Measurement and Verification (M&V) activity. The baseline energy has been modelled
using linear regression (LR) in finding the correlation between input and output variables.
Linear regression model is less suitable for non-linear characteristics systems. Therefore, a
more accurate M&V baseline energy model was proposed using the Artificial Neural
Network (ANN). Three optimization techniques, Evolutionary Programming (EP), Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) are hybridized with ANN in
optimizing the training process and selecting the optimal values of ANN initial weights and
biases. The coefficient of correlation (R) was used as an objective function to minimize the
training error. Three inputs that were affecting the energy consumption of a chiller system
are selected; which were operating time, refrigerant tonnage and differential temperature.
Meanwhile, the output was energy consumption of the building’s chiller system. These three
Hybrid ANN (HANN) techniques were then compared with ANN and LR. The results
revealed that Artificial Bee Colony Hybrid with ANN (ABCHANN) offered better accuracy.
This ABCHANN was further used to quantify the chiller system retrofitting energy saving.
The avoided energy obtained from ABCHANN model was 165,478.46 kWh.
Key words: Artificial Neural Network, Measurement and Verification, Evolutionary Programming,
Particle Swarm Optimization, Artificial Bee Colony.

HEDONIC PRICE REGRESSION FOR STRATIFIED GREEN

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING IN JOHOR BAHRU
Nur Amira Aina Zulkifli1, Shazmin Shareena Ab. Azis*2, Nurul Hana Adi
Maimun3, Muhammad Najib Razali4, Ibrahim Sipan5 and Roshelmy Md Shariff6
1,2,3,4,6
Real Estate, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81200 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA
5,4
Center for Real Estate Studies (CRES), Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, 81200 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA
aynazulkifli@gmail.com, *shazmin@utm.my, nurulhana@utm.my, mnajibmr@utm.my;
ibrahisipan@utm.my
ABSTRACT
Green building is designed for the purpose of saving energy and resources, and eventually
minimize the emission of toxic substances of a building and also to improve the quality of
human life whilst maintain the capacity of the ecosystem. Green building coveys tremendous
economic, environment and social benefits. From economical aspect, studies have proved
green residential value are higher than non-green residential value. However, studies that
were conducted in Malaysia mainly relies on perception data to identify the individual effect
of green attributes on green building value. Therefore, this study aims to statistically
measure the effect of each green attribute on green residential value using empirical data.
This study is conducted on few selected stratified green residential buildings in Johor Bahru.
This study adopted hedonic price regression analysis. The finding shows the value of
stratified green residential building is 24% higher than stratified non-green residential
building. The study has empirically proved the integration of green roof and green wall
provide positive value increment at 13% and 43% respectively. This study is significant for
Malaysia valuation industry as it provide information and monetary evidence in valuing the
worth of green building.
Key words: green building, hedonic pricing, green components, value

RAINWATER HARVESTING DYNAMIC FINANCIAL MODEL FOR

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES
Muhammad Najib Razali1, Shazmin Shahreena Ab Azis1, Nurul Hana Adi

Maimun1, Zulkifli Yusop1
1
Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor
MALAYSIA
mnajibmr@utm.my, shazmin@utm.my, nurulhana@utm.my, zulyusop@utm.my
ABSTRACT
This study attempts to develop a dynamic financial model for rainwater harvesting by taking
into account economic factors. Rainwater harvesting is considered to be an efficient
alternative to the freshwater supply for sustainable growth. This is due to the high demand
of water contributed by many factors such as high population, climate change, natural
disasters and pollution. Therefore the demand for alternative water resources in order to
meet the current and future demand is highly necessary. Based on the case study in
Pengerang Malaysia, the financial aspects of rainwater harvesting has been examined to
highlight the dynamic financial model. This is important as it highly correlates with system
operations and maintenance as well as return on investment (ROI). The methodology is
based on the attributes that need to be identified from the water asset economy aspect. Data
related to construction costs of the asset is based on the per cost item. The findings of this
study will inform stakeholders in terms of the decision making process to ensure that
sustainably goals are able to be achieved from the financial point of view.
Key words: Dynamic, Financial, Malaysia, Rainwater, Harvesting, Pengerang

CONCRETE CLOTH DEVELOPMENT FOR CANAL LININGS
Mariam Imran1, Marium Ikhlas2, Ayesha Imam3 and Fizza Batool4

1-4
Textile Engineering Department, NED University of Engineering & Technology, Karachi,
PAKISTAN
mariam13imran@gmail.com, marium.ikhlas@gmail.com, ayeshafarjad@hotmail.com,
syeda_fizzabatool@hotmail.com
ABSTRACT
Pakistan is an agricultural country and facing shortage of water. Reserving water using canal
system for agricultural purpose is inefficient as most of it is absorbed by soil. The installation
of concrete cloth as canal linings can be a solution to this problem. A concrete cloth is a
three-dimensional fiber matrix having dry concrete mixture with PVC backing on one side
preventing water absorption from its surface. On the other side, hydrophilic fibers helps in
hydration of cloth by drawing water into the mixture when water is sprayed on it. Analyzing
commercially available concrete cloth, it was found that the actual warp knitted spacer fabric
is made on doublé needle bar Raschel machine but that was unavailable. This primary raw
material was found in local car seat covers and was also imported for concrete cloth sample
development. Since the development phase was based on hit and trial method, different
concrete mixtures in different ratios were used to attain durability and hardness in 24 hours
as desired. The developed samples were evaluated for strength and bending properties by
carrying different testing methods. The values found concluded that the development
process of concrete cloth locally would be feasible for the country.
Key words: Concrete cloth, canal lining, spacer fabric, concrete, warp knitted

GREEN BIOSYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES USING

MUNTINGIA CALABURA LEAF AND ITS EFFECTIVENESS
AGAINST PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Mohd Azlan Ahmad1 and Salmiati1,2*

1
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
2
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for
Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor,
MALAYSIA
*salmiati@utm.my
ABSTRACT
A green and simple method in biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles via phytochemicals in
plants extract has been proven to be potential as the new alternative to replace the
conventional physical and chemical methods. The most interesting metal nanoparticles that
were synthesised via reported phytochemicals are Au, Cu and Ag for various applications
such as electronic devices, medical and cosmetics. In this work, the tropical Muntingia
calabura leaf extract obtained by boiling at 60 °C for 30 min was used in biosynthesis of Ag
nanoparticles. The AgNPs formation and development was monitored using UV-Vis
spectrophotometer. The maximum surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for AgNPs was
detected at 425-430 nm. Characterisation of AgNPs size and shape were observed by TEM,
while the elemental analysis was conducted using XRD. The microbial inhibition test on
E.coli and Bacillus subtilis showed that the muntingia leaf-mediated AgNPs has positively
inhibited the growth of these bacteria, indicated by the formation of halo zone around the
AgNPs paper disc. The average inhibition zone for E.coli is 10.3±0.5 mm and for Bacillus
subtilis at 9.5±0.6 mm. Microscopic results showed that the synthesised AgNPs has
spherical form with average size of 22–37 nm. Hence, the synthesised AgNPs can potentially
be applied for water treatment and medicinal purposes.
Key words: Green, Biosynthesis, Silver nanoparticles, Plant extract

NOT IN MY BACKYARD! A HEDONIC ANALYSIS ON HEAVY

INDUSTRIAL SITE PROXIMITY IMPACTS ON MALAYSIAN
HOUSE PRICES
Nuratikah Karunzaman1, Nurul Hana Adi Maimun*2, Shazmin Shareena Ab. Azis3,
Muhammad Najib Razali4, Azizah Ismail5, Zakri Tarmidi6 and Sufi Pisol7
1, 3, 4, 5
Department of Real Estate, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
ikakarunzaman1911@gmail.com, shazmin@utm.my, azizahismail@utm.my
2
Centre for Real Estate Studies, Institute for Smart Infrastructure and Innovative Construction,
Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru,
MALAYSIA
nurulhana@utm.my
6
Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
zakritarmidi@utm.my
7
MAP2U Sdn. Bhd., PT 9951, Jalan BBN 1/3k, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan,
MALAYSIA
msufipisol@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Environmental pollution, obstruction of view and traffic congestion caused by heavy
industrial sites adversely impact on the health and well-being of humans. Thus, heavy
industry areas are less desirable for occupation and investment and reflected in house price
discounts. Despite the growing body of literature examining heavy industry area impact on
house prices, the scarcity of Malaysian based studies raises question of whether heavy
industry area have impact on house prices and if so, what is the magnitude of impact? To
address the research gap, this research aims to investigate the impact of heavy industry area
on house prices in Pasir Gudang, one of highly polluted areas in Johor, using Multiple
Regression Analysis model (MRA). A regression performed on 999 house observations
demonstrate the evidence of distance decay impact of heavy industry area. The price impact
established in this study is beneficial for valuation and investment related decisions and
extends the body of knowledge on the impact of heavy industry area on Malaysian house
prices. Future studies may continue the research debate by examining other property market
sectors, considering multiple heavy industry areas and using a more accurate measure of
distance.
Key words: Industrial Site, Multiple Regression Analysis, Valuation, House Price

RESOURCE
SECURITY
Parallel Session 4

ULTRAFINE PALM OIL FUEL ASH AS STABILIZER IN

COMPRESSED EARTH BRICK
Yvonne W. T.*1, Abdul K. M.2 and Hidayati A.3

1,2,3
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA
*yvonnewill2011@gmail.com, akmirasa@ums.edu.my, hidayati@ums.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Compressed Earth Bricks (CEB) are made of clay soil, sand and water. In order to stabilize
the soil mix, a stabilizer such as cement is added into the mixture to enhance the strength
and durability properties of CEB. However, cement contributes to environmental pollution
due to the fact that the production of cement releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Hence, many studies have been carried out to replace cement in the construction industry
with waste material. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) is a waste material produced by palm oil mills
and has been popularly used in studies as a pozzolanic material for a sustainable construction
material. Nevertheless, the fineness of POFA affects its pozzolanic properties. Studies have
proved that the high fineness of POFA improved its pozzolanic properties. This paper is a
study on the potential use of Ultrafine POFA as waste material in the production of CEB. It
is used as a partial replacement for cement to produce a sustainable CEB. The effects of
Ultrafine POFA (UfPOFA) on the strength activity index and compressive strength of CEB
showed positive results where the incorporation of 10-30% of UfPOFA can be effectively
used as OPC replacement. It is anticipated that UfPOFA could be used as eco-friendly
stabilizers.
Key words: Ultrafine Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Compressed Earth Brick, Pozzolanic Material, Soil
Stabilizers

CHARACTERIZATION OF ECO-PROCESSED POZZOLAN AS

POZZOLANIC MATERIAL
Raihana Farahiyah Abd Rahman*1, Hidayati Asrah2, Ahmad Nurfaidhi

Rizalman3 and Abdul Karim Mirasa4
1,2,3,4
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Sabah, MALAYSIA
*raihanarahmanacc@gmail.com, hidayati@ums.edu.my, ahmadnurfaidhi@ums.edu.my,
akmirasa@ums.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Waste products with pozzolanic properties have been widely used as cement replacement
materials. Eco-processed pozzolan (EPP) which is the product of extraction of spent
bleaching earth (SBE) from palm oil refineries has also been used as a cement replacement
material recently. The residual waste from a palm oil refinery can be used in the construction
industry instead of sending them to landfills which causes more environmental degradation.
This study intends to determine the physical, chemical and microstructural properties and
strength activity index of EPP. The chemical and microstructural properties of EPP were
analysed by means of x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
respectively. Mortars with 20% of EPP as cement replacement were prepared. The
pozzolanic reactivity of EPP was evaluated by conducting the strength activity index test.
The main component in the chemical composition of EPP is SiO2 and the total amount of
SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 is 68.98%, which is more than 50% as specified in ASTM C618.
The micrograph image from SEM of EPP showed some irregularly shaped, some relatively
spherical and agglomeration of its particles. The compressive strength of mortar containing
20% of EPP as cement replacement was higher than the control specimen at 7 and 28 days.
The strength activity indices of EPP at 7 and 28 days were 114.4% and 104.2% respectively.
Key words: Eco-processed Pozzolan, Pozzolanic Material, Cement Replacement

CARBONIZATION OF EXCESS SEWAGE SLUDGE BY USING

SUPER-HEATED WATER VAPOR TO MAKE FUEL
N.A. Haridan1, H. Yoshida2, M.A.M. Salleh1, S. Izhar*1

1
Dept. Chem. & Environ. Engg, Fac. of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, MALAYSIA
2
Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, JAPAN
*shamizhar@upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Excess sewage sludge was converted to carbonized material using superheated water
vapor for use as fuel. The superheated water vapor carbonized the sewage sludge using
a bench-scale rotary kiln setup at temperatures between 200°C to 500°C and reaction
time of 60 min. The treatment temperature was lower and more rapid than that using N2,
CO2, and air. The yield of carbonization decreased when the temperature of
carbonization increased. SEM images revealed that the macroscopic structure of
carbonized materials strongly depended on the original compositions. The CHNS
elemental analyzer and bomb calorimeter were used to measure the heating value of the
carbonized products. The heating value of the carbonized material was higher after
carbonization. Thus, this study has shown that instead of landfill, excess sewage sludge
can be utilized using superheated water vapor for conversion to fuel.
Keywords: Excess sewage sludge, Superheated water vapor, Carbonization, Fuel

DEFINING THE BIOGAS GENERATION POTENTIAL AND THE

KINETICS OF BIOGAS GENERATION FOR HOUSE- HOLD
GENERATED RICE COOKING WASTEWATER
S M Shabab Islam, Umme Farah Shakin Neha and Nadim Reza Khandaker*
Department of Civil Engineering, North South University

*nadim.khandaker@northsouth.edu
ABSTRACT
Rice is the staple of all families of South Asia and South East Asia. It is cooked at least twice
daily in most households. The process of cooking rice involves boiling the rice in water
which leaves a byproduct of decanted liquid. The research showed that the wastewater
generated from cooked rice (Bhaather Maar) could be used to generate biogas with a biogas
generation potential of 190 ± 46 mL/g BOD5 (5.38 ± 0.75 L of biogas/per L of Maar) with
the methane content of 78 %. First order reaction defines the kinetics of biogas production
with the intent of fitting between modelled and observed data (r2) of 0.961. The first order
kinetics constant “k” was determined to be 0.2 d-1. We further determined that a family of
four produces 1.0 L of starch rich wastewater per day that has the potential to produce 5.38
L of biogas with 78 % methane content. This clearly shows the potential for the use of starch
rich wastewater (Bather Maar) in an urban setting to augment the energy needs for cooking.
Key words: Biogas generation potential, cooked rice decant wastewater, kinetics

A CRITICAL REVIEW ON THE CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR

RECOVERY OF PRECIOUS METALS FROM INDUSTRIAL
WASTES
Santhana Krishnan1, Nor Syahidah Zulkapli1*, Ooi Theam Yiew1,2, Mohd Fadhil Md
Din1*, Zaiton Abd Majid1,2, Iwao Kenzo3, Yo Ichikawa3, Shreeshivadasan
Chelliapan4, Hesam Kamyab4
1
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, UTM Sustainability Campus,
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, MALAYSIA
kcsanthana@utm.my, *nsyahidah4@live.utm.my, tyooi90@outlook.com, *mfadhil@utm.my
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru,
Johor, MALAYSIA
zaitonmajid@utm.my
3
Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya City, 466-8555 JAPAN
iwao.kenzo@bd6.so-net.ne.jp, ichikawa.yo@bd6.so-net.ne.jp
4
Engineering Department, Razak Faculty of Technology & Informatics, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
shreeshivadasan.kl@utm.my, hesam_kamyab@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Challenges of sustainable development, particularly ‘living within limited infinity’ and
‘scarcity of natural resources’ have urged scientific community to develop innovative
processes that integrate into complex technology and reduce ecological disturbances.
Massive amount of industrial wastes being generated annually and majorly being treated via
landfills and incineration which eventually leads to environmental challenges. As a result,
the treatment methods for industrial waste such as reuse, remanufacturing and recycling
have received much attention. The present studies provide a state of art review on the current
technologies existing for the recovery of precious metals from industrial wastes. Various
different metal recovery processes including physical, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy,
electrometallurgy and biometallurgy are discussed. The current challenges of
pyrometallurgy, modification on the hydrometallurgy, introduction to electrometallurgy and
development of advanced technology of bioprocessing were emphasized. Compared to
pyrometallurgical methods, hydrometallurgical methods are becoming a well-established
and efficient method for recovering metals from raw materials. Although there have been
many proposed or currently applied recovery processes, majority of them are effective only
in recovering certain metals from the industrial wastes. Extensive studies mainly on the
metal recovery from wastewater badsorption, cementation, chemical precipitation, ion
exchange, membrane filtration and ion flotation were briefly discussed.
Keywords: Metal recovery, industrial wastes, metallurgical process

BRIQUETTING OF MILLET STALK AND SHEANUT SHELL AS A

TOOL FOR AGRO-WASTE MANAGEMENT.
Yanah YM1* , Elinge C.M2 and Ogunleye A.O.3

1
Department of Biochemistry, Kebbi State University of Science and Technology, Aliero, Kebbi
State NIGERIA
Ykb_musa@yahoo.com
2
Aliero, Kebbi State NIGERIA
Sermgomoh@gmail.com
3
Department of Chemistry, Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano State, NIGERIA
Lizzycrown478@gmail.com
*Yaksyanah@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
In an effort to provide a cheap and available alternative to firewood in rural household, and
to reduce agricultural residues, this study was carried out to produce bio-briquettes from
sheanut shell and millet stalk using a simple extruder briquetting machine. Different samples
of briquettes were produced by blending varying ratios of the wastes in the ratio of 100:0;
80:20; 70:30; 60:40; 50:50 using cassava starch as binder. The result of the proximate
analyses showed that sheanut shell briquettes had a moisture content of 2.50% and millet
stalk 3.50%; ash content of 2.50% and 4.50%; volatile matter of 16.0% and 11.0% while
fixed carbon content of 79.0% and 81.50% respectively. The viability test results showed
that sheanut shell briquettes had a higher density 0.60g/cm3 and compressive strength of
2600Mpa than the millet stalk briquette with 0.31g/cm3 and 880MPa respectively. It took
the sheanut shell briquettes 20mins to boil 2 litres of water with calorific value of 7.50ms/kg
while it took the millet stalk briquettes 22mins to boil same quantity of water with calorific
value of 6.88mj/kg.An efficient fuel has been produced and land pollution nuisance
minimized.
Keywords: Briquettes, Biomass, Sheanut Shell, Millet Stalk, Firewood.

ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Parallel Session 5

CARBON STORAGE OF HYBRID ACACIA PLANTATIONS IN THE

SOUTHERN OF VIETNAM
Tran Thi Ngoan1 and Nguyen Tan Chung2

1
Vietnam National University of Forestry at Dong Nai province, VIET NAM
ngoandhln2@gmail.com,
2
Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Nong Lam University Ho Chi Minh City
ntchung@hcmuaf.edu.vn
ABSTRACT
Acacia hybrid plantations are popularly grown in the Southeast region of Vietnam. In addition
to their economic value, Acacia hybrid plantations are highly capacity to absorb carbon source
in the air. This research aimed to estimate ability of carbon accumulation in the above-ground
biomass of plantations in order to propose scientific basis for forest management and
calculation of payment for forest environmental services. The above-ground biomass of
plantations was determined by basing on an average tree method that was collected from 162
sample plants of Acacia hybrid plantations from 2 to 10 years old. The density of Acacia hybrid
plantations was determined from 81 sample plots with their sizes of 1,000 m2. The above-
ground biomass of plantations was determined by combining the density function and the
biomass function at the average tree level. Appropriate biomass functions were tested by 5
different functions of Korf, exponent, Korsun - Strand, Drakin - Vuevski, and Gompertz.
Carbon storage in above-ground biomass was calculated according to IPCC (2006). Research
results have shown that the above-ground carbon stock for Acacia hybrid plantations at ages of
2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 is 6.1; 26.0; 57.7; 89.3 and 113.6 tons / ha, respectively.
Key words: Acacia hybrid plantation, Above-ground biomass, Carbon storage.

ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION

VALUE OF RHIZOPHORA APICULTA BLUME AT
CA MAU, VIET NAM
Nguyen Thi Ha1, Vien Ngoc Nam2, Tran Quang Bao3, Van Nu Thai Thien4 and
Nguyen Thi Hoa5
1,4,5
Vietnam National University of Forestry - Southern Campus, Dong Nai Province, VIET NAM
nguyenhavfu2@gmail.com, vannuthaithien@gmail.com, hoanguyen.nrm@gmail.com
3
Vietnam National University of Forestry, Ha Noi Capital, VIET NAM
baofuv@yahoo.com
2
Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, VIET NAM
drvnnam@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The author conducted the research on determining the above-ground biomass and carbon
sequestration value of Rhizophora apiculata Blume forest due to different diameter and age
groups at Ca Mau province. Set up 56 sample plots in the field, in each sample plot set up 5
sub-plots with area 10 x10 m and cut down 63 trees in different diameter and age groups for
measuring the fresh biomass. The analysis of dry biomass and carbon content was conducted
by oven method at 1050C and TOC/TN HT 1300 machine respectively. The results show the
average of above ground biomass and accumulated carbon of individual and forest due to
different age and diameter classes differed significantly. The above-ground biomass and
carbon sequestration ratio of the population as well as the major of mangroves are within
the trunk. The total above-ground biomass and carbon stocks have a strong variation
between different diameter and age class, total above-ground biomass and Carbon
accumulation population increases with diameter and age groups. Total dry biomass of the
population was 237 tons/ha, ranging from 92.1 to 351.8 tons/ha. The amount of carbon
concentration of forest reached 117.4 ton/ha. The amount of CO2 absorption reach the
highest point at 692.4 ton CO2/ha, which was achieved with a mean diameter of 11.7 cm, a
density of 2,580 trees/ha. The value of accumulated carbon depends on the growth of the
forest.
Key words: Above-ground biomass, Carbon, Rhizophora forest, Accumulation, Ca Mau province

A NOVEL APPROACH FOR MEASURING URBAN FORM

SUSTAINABILITY: A STUDY OF KANO TRADITIONAL CITY,
NIGERIA
Abubakar Siddiq Usman1*, Dr. Wan Mohd Zakri Bin Wan Abdullah2
1
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying,
University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
*ausodangi@gmail.com
2
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, University Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
wanzakri@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
The rapid rate of urban growth and its impact on the urban built environment although a
global phenomenon is unprecedented in developing countries of the world especially
Nigeria. Sustainable urban form is commonly adopted as a panacea for promoting urban
sustainability. Yet, what constitutes the most sustainable urban form remains unresolved.
This is in part due to the application of different methods, models, and assessment tools for
sustainable urban form measurement. It has been advocated, however, that appropriate
policies and strategies for sustainable urban development depends on an accurate assessment
of sustainable urban form. This study is an attempt to fill that gap. It is a mixed-method
approach that utilizes structural equation modelling (SEM) as the main analytical tool. Three
endogenous lifestyle variables of economic, social and environmental sustainability, and 17
exogenous variable – urban form components make up the SEM assessment model. A case
study of Kano traditional city in Nigeria demonstrates the validity of the assessment model.
The study posits that the model could be effective in promoting sustainable urban
development through urban form by recognizing the importance of sustainable lifestyle
variables and as planning tools. It, therefore, calls for the adoption of lifestyle variables in
sustainable urban design and planning paradigm.
Key words: Sustainable urban form, Structural equation modelling, Lifestyle, Nigeria.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT AWARENESS AMONG

STUDENTS IN HIGHER EDUCATION
Florianna L. Michael*, Helmi Sumilan, Nur Fatihah A. Bandar, Hana Hamidi,

Sheilla L. O. Lim, Siti M. Abdullah, Abg Izhar A. Ahmad, Victoria Jonathan and Nik
Norsyamimi M. Nor
Faculty of Cognitive Sciences and Human Development, Kota Samarahan, MALAYSIA

*mmflendai@unimas.my, shelmi@unimas.my, abnfatihah@unimas.my, hhana@unimas.my,
olslim@unimas.my, asmariam@unimas.my, aaaizhar@unimas.my, jvictoria@unimas.my,
mnnnorsyamimi@unimas.my
ABSTRACT
As higher education is given a primary role as knowledge producer, it serves as a powerful
means to help create a more sustainable future which involves educating students on the
necessity of sustainable development. The purpose of this case study was to survey the
students’ awareness, attitudes and actions in regard to sustainable development. The study
was conducted in one of the public universities in Malaysia located in Kota Samarahan.
Questionnaire used was developed based on learning objectives provided by UNESCO. A
total of 79.2% (N=507) of students from the same programme participated in the study.
Results indicated that 40.7% (N=239) students have insufficient knowledge on sustainable
development. Using ANOVA test, it was found that there are significant differences between
students’ year of study and their sustainability awareness, attitudes, and actions. Further
findings revealed that the final year students have the highest level of sustainability
awareness (M=3.918, SD=.517), attitudes (M=4.349, SD=.514) and actions (M=4.365,
SD=.538) as compared to Year 1 and 2. Improvising the current higher education curriculum
is required to effectively equip the students with the knowledge and understanding, skills
and attributes in embedding sustainability into their daily activities.
Key words: Sustainable development, Awareness, Higher Education

A STRUCTURAL EQUATIONS MODELLING APPROACH TO

MEASURING URBAN FORM SUSTAINABILITY: CONCEPTUAL
FOUNDATIONS AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK
Abubakar Siddiq Usman*1; Dr. Wan Mohd Zakri Bin Wan Abdullah2
1, 2
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying,
University Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
*ausodangi@gmail.com/asusman2@graduate.utm.my
2, 3
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment and Surveying, University Teknologi
Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
wanzakri@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Two-thirds of the world’s population is expected to be urban by 2030. Virtually all this
growth is expected to be accommodated in the developing world. Urban development
stakeholders need to come up with sustainable ways to accommodate this growth. However,
much discourse on sustainable urban form measurement centres on cities of the developed
world, with little or no consideration to the developing world with its distinct urban form (in
terms of history, tradition and identity). There is the need for a sustainable urban form
measurement framework that evaluates urban form sustainability, taking cognizance of its
peculiarity and residents. This research is an attempt in that direction. It is a desk research
that seeks to contribute to the pertinent discourse on sustainable urban form. The paper posits
that effective understanding of urban form and its relationship with urban sustainability
could minimize the impacts of urbanization by providing the basis for sustainable urban
development. It suggests that an acceptable and more responsive sustainable urban form
assessment is desirable in promoting urban sustainability. Conclusions are drawn on the
robustness of the framework, with areas requiring further development highlighted.
Key words: Sustainability, Structural equation modelling, Urban form, Methodological framework.

ENVIRONMENTAL
SUSTAINABILITY
Parallel Session 6

EXAMINATION OF MALAYSIAN RIVER WATER QUALITY

INDEX BY SOME SELECTED PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
PARAMETERS
Suzanna Rosli Wong1,2, Brittny Chars1,2, Pak Yan Moh1,2*

1
Water Research Unit, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan
UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA
2
Industrial Chemistry Programme, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA
*pymoh@ums.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Malaysian Water Quality Index (WQI) is based on National Water Quality Standards
(NWQS) developed by the Department of Environment since 1982. Sensitivity of the WQI
however, is doubtful. Several limitation has been revealed mainly related to the
inconsistency of the weightage used between the six WQI parameters and the suitability of
the selected parameters which are highly correlated to each other. The results in this study
revealed that current WQI is irrelevant as the provided river-water classes does not reflects
with the physical observation. Laboratory scale analysis data further proved that parameters
such as COD, BOD and TSS are correlated, which account 73% of the total weightage in
the Malaysian WQI. pH and NH3-N indeed, are correlated as well. Therefore, a formulation
with non-significantly related physico-chemical parameters should be proposed to avoid bias
in the WQI determination. Based on the statistical analysis data, NH3-N, colour, EC and
PO43--P are independent and could be used as determining parameters in the assessment of
river water quality inconsideration to the easiness, time consume and cost of analysis. A
more relevant water quality output was obtained when the four parameters were applied in
the most stringent formulation, Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI). This study implies
that elimination of the correlated parameters in WQI calculation can precisely determine the
river water quality status and significantly reflects the physical appearance of the river.
Key words: Water Quality Index; River; Physico-chemical parameters; Correlation.

ENHANCEMENT THE BIODEGRADATION

OF BENZENE BY Pseudomonas aeruginosa THROUGH
ULTRAVIOLET-INDUCED MUTATION
Fahruddin Fahruddin
Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University,

Makassar, INDONESIA
fahruddin65@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Mutagenesis can increase the capacity of bacterial metabolism to degrade pollutants. Two
bacteria mutan strains (ISM1) obtained from the UV mutagenesis of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (ISP) is a parental bacteria isolate. Mutants strain isolate were applied to a
groundwater microcosm containing a benzene of 125 ppm. For were incubation is carry out
an observation includes: analysis of benzene, CO2, and bacterial population. The result
shows that benzene degradation to of 11.82 ppm of 87.8 percent for the ISM1 mutant strain
whereas in the presence of parental bacteria a benzene of 38.8 ppm of 60 percent at the initial
concentration of 125 ppm in 120 h. Degradation of benzene has followed the increase of the
bacterial population and increase of CO2 produced.
Keywords: biodegradation, benzene, parental, mutant

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF GREEN DIESEL PRODUCTION
Che Hafizan*1, Zainura Zainon Noor2, Norelyza Hussein3

1, 2,
Malaysia, Skudai, 80990 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
*chehafizan@utm.my, zainurazn@utm.my
3
School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 80990 Johor Bahru, Johor,
MALAYSIA
norelyza@utm.my
ABSTRACT
The global transportation sector is one of the major fuel consumers and contributes directly
to greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce the environmental burden of fuel usage, new diesel
blending formulations that consist of biofuels were developed. The objective of the study is
to assess the environmental performance of the five new diesel blending formulations with
the existing diesel blending formulation by using Life Cycle Assessment method. In term of
LCA result within midpoint categories, Blending 5 has shown the most potential compared
to other fuels including B5 blending due to better environmental performance in most
categories except for ozone depletion and urban land occupation impacts. In conclusion,
Blending 5 has scored the least weighting values as compared to other diesel blending
formulations including B5 thus indicating its potential as an alternative to the existing diesel
blending formulation.
Key words: Life Cycle Assessment, Biodiesel, Biofuel, Renewable Energy

QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OF

COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN PURWOREJO REGENCY, CENTRAL
JAVA, INDONESIA
Widodo B.*1, Lupiyanto R.2, Nugrahayu Q.3, Widyastuti A4, Harmawan F.5 and
Fauzi FM.6, Galis A.7
1, 3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta,
INDONESIA
*widodo.bronto@uii.ac.id, lupy.algiri@gmail.com, qorrynugrahayu@uii.ac.id
2,4,5
Karunia Sejahtera, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA
6,7
Center for Environmental Study, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA
psl@uii.ac.id
ABSTRACT
The quality of coastal ecosystems in Purworejo - Central Java which is closed to Yogyakarta
International Airport tends to degrade due to pollution and environmental degradation.
Environmental quality identification is essential for conservation. This study aims to identify
indicators, including soil ecosystem, water quality, wastewater, and seawater quality. The
methods include geo-electrical survey, field observation, and laboratory test. The results
show that the area is polluted and degraded. Salinity distribution varies between 0.01 and
0.13 due to geological factors and seawater intrusion. Another finding shows that TSS
reaches 1000-13.000 mg/L with 162-551 mg/L BOD, 2.24-4.77 mg/L Sulfide, and 0.61-2.06
mg/L Nitrite allegedly caused by shrimp farming activities. Clean water sources are polluted
as total coliforms reach 46x103 – 195x103 MPN/100 ml. Seawater quality is also degraded
with 8.96 pH. Pb, Cd, Cr, and Hg exceed the standard. This study recommends that, for a
sustainable coastal area, shrimp farming should apply the best practice management with a
wastewater treatment plant. Such area requires sanitation facilities to minimize pollution by
coliforms. Firm control should be performed on industrial activities that contaminate
seawater with heavy metals. Clean water pumping through wells should not exceed 16.82 m
of depth to anticipate seawater intrusion.
Key words: Pollution, degradation, conservation, coastal area

THE EFFECT OF TYPE OF BOARDING HOUSE ON SOLID

WASTE GENERATION AND COMPOSITION AS A MODEL OF
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA: A CASE STUDY
OF YOGYAKARTA PROVINCE
Kasam*1, Eko Siswoyo2 and Fajri Mulya Iresha3

1,2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
*
kasam@uii.ac.id, eko_siswoyo@uii.ac.id
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
fajri.mulya@uii.ac.id
ABSTRACT
The type of boarding house (student rented room) in Indonesia is grouped into two different
types, namely non-exclusive and exclusive boarding house. The different types of boarding
house will affect the generation of solid waste. This study aims to determine the waste
management system of both types of boarding houses which includes: solid waste
generation, composition, and characteristic of residents. The research activity began with
waste generation sampling in the boarding houses around campus in the Yogyakarta region.
While the resident characteristic was identified by using questionnaires. The volume of
waste generated from exclusive boarding house is slightly larger than non-exclusive
boarding house namely 2.38 and 2.07 liter/person/day, respectively. Significant difference
occurs for organic waste (17.41% and 9.14%) and plastic waste (31.70% and 40.79%) for
the non-exclusive and exclusive boarding house. Even though the level of knowledge of
residents about waste management is same, however, the level of participation for non-
exclusive boarding house residents is higher than the exclusive boarding house with a score
of 61% and 41%, respectively. The result of this study is important to be considered in the
development of the model of boarding house regarding waste management system in
Indonesia.
Key words: Boarding house, solid waste generation, solid waste management

OCCURRENCE AND BEHAVIOUR OF ANTIBIOTICS IN

CONVENTIONAL SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
C. X. Chen1, A. Aris1,2, E. L. Yong1, Z. Z. Noor2,3

1
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
2
Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
chee.xiang@graduate.utm.my, azmi.aris@utm.my, eeling@utm.my, zainurazn@utm.my
ABSTRACT
Antibiotics are widely used in the society with significant quantities of these chemical
ending up being discharged into sewage treatment plant (STP). However, most of the
antibiotics are not completely removed by conventional STP processes and eventually
discharged into the environment. In this study, the concentration and type of four selected
antibiotics namely, ampicillin (AMP), ciprofloxacin (CIP), erythromycin (ERY), and
sulfamethoxazole (SMX) in six STPs in Johor Bahru district were investigated. The types
of STPs investigated in this study consists of Imhoff tank (IT), Extended Aeration (EA) and
Hi-kleen (HK). In addition, the removal efficiency of common wastewater quality
parameters (COD, BOD, TSS, Total Nitrogen, Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite and Total
Phosphorus) were evaluated. The results show that only one EA plant was capable to remove
COD and BOD with efficiencies of more than 70%. Others plants achieved removal of all
parameters with efficiencies less than 70%. All antibiotics were detected in the influent,
effluent from secondary treatment and final effluent samples of all STPs. The concentration
of occurrence antibiotics ranged from 2.87 to 606.85 ng/l, 3.98 ng/l to 276.11 ng/l and 2.10
to 171.85 ng/l in influent, secondary effluent and final effluent samples, respectively. AMP
and SMX were highly removed with efficiencies ranging from 47% to 100% and 39% to
100% in all processes, respectively. ERY have high removal variability with overall removal
efficiency ranging from 5% to 100% in all processes. CIP was the least removed antibiotic,
with removal efficiency up to only 52%.
Key words: Ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole, municipal wastewater,

CEC, LC-MS.

RESOURCE
SECURITY
Parallel Session 7

FOOD AND WOOD WASTE COMPOSTING:

OPERATIONAL PERSPECTIVE AT LANDFILL
Yusouf Latif*1, Zamri Abdul Rahman2, Hashim Wahab3,

Mohd Faizi Abu4 and Yusof Hassan5
1,2,3
Worldwide Landfills Sdn Bhd, Shah Alam, MALAYSIA
*yusouflatif@whb.com.my, zamri@whb.com.my, hashim@whb.com.my
4,5
Worldwide Holdings Berhad, Shah Alam, MALAYSIA
faizi@whb.com.my, yusof.hassan@whb.com.my
ABSTRACT
There are several proprietary processes to make compost from organic materials. Takakura
method applies direct mixture of fermentation solution to organic media, typically rice husk
and food waste. Rice husk was once available at landfill but having its own market recently.
Substitution of rice husk by wood waste was carried out in a separate trial as an attempt to
find alternative carbon source. The compost was later applied to plant bed and after awhile
mite trails were observed suggesting mite attack on the dried and decomposed wood waste.
Thus, this paper discusses the results of composting batch made without rice husk
substitution. The macro and micro-nutrient content met general requirement, only the C:N
ratio and final compost pH suggested longer composting period to produce fully matured
compost. It was also learned that the fermentation solution can be applied to waste pile as
foul odor remover. This aspect can be further explored so the multiple applications could
upheld compost making at landfill that suit the daily operation and being beneficial to the
environment as well.
Keywords: Food waste, Wood waste, Fermentation, Compost, Landfill operation

OPTIMIZATION OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE CONVERSION

TECHNOLOGY USING PROCESS NETWORK SYNTHESIS
R.A. Ali*1 and N.N.L. Nik Ibrahim2

1, 2
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,
MALAYSIA
*adwyhali@gmail.com, niknorliyana@upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT
The number generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) is increasing year by year all
around the world including Malaysia. For now, it still a big concern in Malaysia since we
only dispose our MSW on landfills. Process Network Synthesis (PNS) is a tool to optimize
technologies conversion of MSW. This study optimizes MSW conversion technologies
using PNS tool which is Process Graph (P-Graph). Four highest composition (food waste,
agriculture waste, paper and plastics) of MSW generated in Malaysia are optimized using P-
graph. Two types of technologies conversion are considered which are biological conversion
(Anaerobic Digestion) and thermal conversion (Pyrolysis and Incinerator). All these
technologies conversion is compared with common method used; landfill. 100 feasible
structure have been generated using P-graph. These optimization models allowed analysis
of economic performance and environmental impact of MSW conversion technologies. Out
of 100, 9 feasible structures have been analysed. Two feasible structures are selected based
on maximum economic performance and minimum environmental impact
Key words: Optimization, P-Graph, Municipal Solid Waste Conversion Technology

GRACILARIA CHANGII: SEAWEED ADDING VALUE TO HEAVY

METALS REMOVAL FROM LEACHATE
Nithiya Arumugam1*, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan1, Zamri Abdul Rahman2

Sathiabama T. Thirugnana1, Imran Ahmad3, Santhana Krishnan4, Mohd Fadhil Md
Din4
1
Department of Engineering, Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MALAYSIA
*nithiya85.a@gmail.com; shreeshivadasan.kl@utm.my; sathiabama@utm.my
2
3
Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan
Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
mustafwibinqamar@gmail.com
4
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, UTM Sustainability Campus,
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, MALAYSIA
ABSTRACT
Treatment of landfill leachate often involves technologies to reduce toxicity to meet
environmental standards prior to discharge into water bodies. The malignant of generating
landfill leachate primarily depends on the source of waste dumped at the landfill site. Heavy
metals are one of the major pollutants in leachate. Due to their harmful nature towards the
ecosystem, specifically, when exceeded the regulatory standards, authorities are in the urge
of finding a solution to reduce the severity. In that purpose, many types of treatment methods
practised. However, the choice of treatment techniques exclusively depends on the nature
and composition of leachate. Adsorption technique has received significant interests and
several types of adsorbents being researched. However, alternatives for existing adsorbents
are necessary by the fact to replace costly, non-environmental friendly and sophisticated
production and operations of adsorbents. Therefore, this paper aims to introduce Gracilaria
changii, a seaweed species based adsorbent which found abundantly in nature. This
adsorbent was used to remove Cr6+ and Fe2+ from leachate via a laboratory batch study.
Leachate with synthetically added heavy metals concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 and
100mg/L tested with optimum pH of 5, 10g seaweed dosage and stirrer speed of 50 for time
intervals 10-60min. Adsorption of metal ions onto seaweed found to be influenced by
contact time and initial concentration of metal ions. In general, the rapid removal occurred
in the first 30min, and decreasing removal rate observed after that. It reached maximum
removals of 60% and 98% for Cr6+ and Fe2+ respectively at t=30min and initial concentration
of 100mg/L. In conclusion, Gracilaria changii potentially an environmental friendly
adsorbent in removing Cr6+ and Fe2+ from leachate.
Keywords: Leachate; heavy metals; seaweed; adsorption; adsorbent

TRICLOSAN REMOVAL BY COMBINATION OF WASTE

BIOMASS ACTIVATED CARBON AND NYLON 6,6 MEMBRANE
Nor Khoriha Eliysa Mohd Khori1, Salmiati1,2,*, Zulkifli Yusop1,2

1
Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA
2
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute for
Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor,
MALAYSIA
eliysa9289@gmail.com, *salmiati@utm.my, zulyusop@utm.my
ABSTRACT
Triclosan (TCS) is a biocide used as antibacterial and antifungal agent. It was used in many
personal care and health care products. However, TCS can cause health and environmental
problems such as environmental pollutions, acute toxicity and others. The aim of this study
was to investigate the removal of TCS from aqueous solution by combination of coconut
pulp waste (Cocos nuciefera) activated carbon (AC) and nylon 6,6 membrane. The effects
of physico-chemical parameters, adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms and physical-
chemical characteristics of the nylon 6,6 membrane were studied. The nylon 6,6 membrane
[14 wt.%] was prepared by using electrospinning machine. A flat sheet membrane test
machine at pressure 1.0 bar was used in this experiment. The characteristics of the membrane
were analysed by using FESEM and FTIR test. The analysis show that the removal of TCS
by using nylon 6,6 membrane follow Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order model.
The nylon 6,6 membrane can remove 90.2 % of TCS within 5 minutes and increased to 100
% removal in less than 5 minutes after combined with AC. This study proved that the
combination of AC and nylon 6,6 membrane can increase the removal of TCS in water.
Key words: Triclosan; Coconut pulp waste activated carbon; Nylon 6,6 membrane; Adsorption;
Filtration

AN A2O-MBR SYSTEM FOR SIMULTANEOUS BIOLOGICAL

NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FROM BREWERY
WASTEWATER AT VARIOUS NITRATE RECIRCULATION
RATIOS
Van Nu Thai Thien*1, Dang Viet Hung 2, Nguyen Thi Thanh Hoa3,
Nguyen Thi Ha4, Tran Thi Huong5
1
Institute for Environment and Resources, Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City,
VIETNAM
*vannuthaithien@gmail.com
2
University of Technology, Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City, VIETNAM
dvhung70@gmail.com
3
Ho Chi Minh City University of Natural Resources and Environment, VIETNAM
ntthoa@hcmunre.edu.vn
4,5
Vietnam National University of Forestry, Southern Campus, VIETNAM
nguyenhavfu2@gmail.com, tranhuong3182@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic – Membrane BioReactor (A2O-MBR) system was used to enhance
simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorus from brewery wastewater. The model of
A2O-MBR system made from polyacrylic with the capacity of 49.5 liters was operated with
organic loading rate of 0.75 kgCOD/m3.day. Nitrate recycling ratio was increased from 100
to 300% while sludge recirculation ratio was maintained at 100%. The results showed that
for the nitrate recycling ratios of 100, 200, 300%, average NH4+-N and total nitrogen (TN)
removal efficiencies of the model were 95.7 and 72.4, 99.2 and 86.7, 99.3 and 89.6%,
respectively. The removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total
phosphorus (TP) were over 90 and 75%, respectively, regardless of nitrate recirculation
ratio. The output values of COD, NH4+-N, TN and TP were within the limits of Vietnam
National Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater (QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT),
column A throughout the experiments.
Key words: A2O-MBR system, brewery wastewater, nitrogen removal, phosphorus removal

RESOURCE
SECURITY
Parallel Session 8

SEQUENTIAL OPERATION OF ACETOGENIC FOLLOWED BY
AEROBIC SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTORS FOR TEXTILE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Nadim Reza Khandaker1*, Faisal Fahad Rio1, Lina Sarkar2,

And Ayesha Sharmin3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, North South University, 2Military Institute of Science and
Technology, 3Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology,
*nadim.khandaker@northsouth.edu
ABSTRACT
This paper reports on the efficacy of textile wastewater treatment using series operation of
acetogenic sequential batch reactor followed by aerobic sequential batch polishing reactor.
The experimental protocol was conducted using wastewater obtained from the equalization
basin of a composite textile wastewater treatment plant. The experimental reactors were
operated at the bench level under controlled conditions. The acetogenic reactor was
maintained in a washout mode with daily shock aeration and the aerobic reactor was
constantly aerated. Both acetogenic lead reactor and aerobic polishing reactor influent and
effluent water were monitored for color, COD, BOD5, TDS, and pH. The reactor HRT, TSS,
F/M ratio, and temperature, were also monitored and controlled. The treatment train was
operated till steady state operation was ensured and the data analyzed to determine the
efficacy of the treatment system with respect to textile wastewater treatment. The results
indicated that after a period of culture acclimation high rates of wastewater stabilization was
achieved by the system. The color, BOD5, COD, removal efficient were greater than 95%.
The experimental program confirmed that acetogenic pretreatment followed by aerobic
polishing is a viable option for treating textile processing wastewater.
Key words: Textile wastewater, Acetogenic/Aerobic, Treatment

KINETICS STUDY OF PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION ONTO WASTE
MUSSEL SHELL
Nur Atikah Abdul Salim*1, Mohd Hafiz Puteh1,2, Noorul Hudai Abdullah3, Mohamad
Ali Fulazzaky4 , Mohd A’ben Zulkarnain Rudie Arman1, Mohd Hairul Khamidun5,
Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff6 and Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini7
1
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor
Bahru, MALAYSIA
*atikahsalim@gmail.com
2
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Research Institute for Sustainable
Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
mhafizputeh@utm.my
3
Centre For Diploma Studies, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
Muar, MALAYSIA
noorul@uthm.edu.my
4
Department of Postgraduate Studies, Djuanda University, INDONESIA
fulazzaky@gmail.com
5
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
Batu Pahat, MALAYSIA
hairulk@uthm.edu.my
6
Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
rahim@kimia.fs.utm.my
7
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
abbas@cheme.utm.my
ABSTRACT
In this study, removal of phosphate (PO43−) from aqueous solutions using waste mussel shell
(WMS) was examined. The physicochemical characteristics of WMS were identified. In the
batch experiments, the effects of contact time and adsorbent dosage (m) on the PO43−
adsorption by the WMS were scrutinised. The maximum PO43− removal efficiency (E) was
72.2% at 120 h contact time for WMS dosage of 20 g. A comparison of kinetic models
applied to the adsorption of PO43− onto WMS was evaluated for pseudo-first-order (PFO)
and pseudo-second-order (PSO) kinetic models. The correlation coefficient (R2 > 0.988) for
pseudo-second-order model was higher than that (R2 > 0.969) for pseudo-first-order
model.The experimental data fitted well with the PSO kinetic model suggesting that
chemisorption is involved during the adsorption process. The results indicate that WMS has
a good potential to adsorb PO43− from water and thus can improve environmental quality.
Key words: Adsorption, Phosphate, Waste mussel shell, Pseudo-first-order kinetic, Pseudo-second-
order kinetic

PHYTOREMEDIATION, VERMIREMEDIATION AND SOIL
DYNAMICS ON ECOTOXICITY OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS CONTAMINATED WASTEWATER USING
ARTIFICIAL WETLAND SYSTEM IN OKPOKA CREEK, NIGER-
DELTA, NIGERIA
Fawole Charles*, Prof. D.A Dashak and Prof. S.J Salami
Chemistry Department, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria

*cfawole@gmail.com, dashaka@unijos.edu.ng,, salamij@unijos.edu.ng
ABSTRACT
Petroleum contaminated wastewater and soil samples were characterized for Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). 17PAHs consisting of the US EPA 16 priority pollutants
[16PAHs] were identified using Gas chromatograph with Mass spectrometric detection of
Agilent Technologies 7890A in accordance with standard analytical method of US EPA
8270;625. The raw petroleum-contaminated wastewater sample result showed presence of
Naphthalene [2.6000mg/l], Acenaphthylene [8.0000mg/l], Fluorene [9.0008mg/l], O-
Terphenyl [5.0200mg/l], Fluoranthene [1.1000mg/l], Pyrene [8.0000 mg/l],
Benz[a]anthracene [1.0900 mg/l], Benzo[b]fluoranthene [10.0000mg/l], Benzo[e]pyrene
[0.0000mg/l], Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene [4.0100mg/l], Indeno[1,2.3-cd]pyrene [9.2000mg/l]
and Benzo[g,h,i]perylene [3.0000mg/l]. The results also indicated that some of the 17PAHs
constituents were extensively above the PAHs World Health Organization [2003] Maximum
Permissible Limits (MPL) in drinking water. The I7PAHs including all 16 PAHs were also
detected in the raw petroleum-contaminated soil sample with total concentration 77.11
mg/kg of ∑16PAHs. According to the European classification system of soil concentration,
> 1.00 mg/kg indicates heavy contamination. This implies studied soil was also heavily
PAHs contaminated before employing the combination processes of phytoremediation and
vermiremediation using artificial wetland reactor for PAHs decontamination.
Key words: Phytoremediation, Vermiremediation, Polycyclic-aromatic-hydrocarbons [PAHs],

Petroleum-contaminated wastewater.

START-UP PERFORMANCE OF MODIFIED ANAEROBIC
BAFFLED REACTOR (MABR) FOR THE TREATMENT OF
LANDFILL LEACHATE
Imran Ahmad1*, Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan2, Norazli Othman2, Norhayati

Abdullah1, Nithiya Arumugam2, Zamri Abdul Rahman3
1
Malaysia Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan
Yahya Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
*mustafwibinqamar@gmail.com
2
Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya
Petra, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
3
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the start-up performance of the MABR using
granular sludge treating landfill leachate. Anaerobic reactor start-up is a complex process as
it depends on the substrate characteristics, operating conditions, inoculum and reactor
configuration. Reduction of the time necessary for the start-up and improved operational
control of the anaerobic processes are key factors required to increase the efficiency and the
competitiveness of the high-rate anaerobic systems. Sludge granulation concept was a
significant milestone in anaerobic wastewater treatment and has greatly enhanced the
efficiency and applicability of the technology. It has many advantages such as high efficient
microbial proliferation, continuous operation beyond normal washout rates, generation of a
reactor effluent with low suspended solids and manipulation of growth rates independent of
the dilution rate. Each anaerobic granule is a functional unit comprising of all the different
micro-organisms necessary for the methanogenic degradation of organic matter. Results
from this study showed a successful start-up of the MABR at an organic loading rate (OLR)
of 0.0875 kgCOD/m3/d and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of and 4 days. During this period
the COD removal efficiency was 99 % and the gas production increased steadily from 0.013
L/d to 0.021 L/d.
Keywords: landfill leachate, modified anaerobic baffled reactor (MABR), granular sludge

DEVELOPMENT OF AEROBIC GRANULES FOR ACTUAL LOW-
MEDIUM STRENGTH DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT
UNDER THE EFFECT OF STATIC MIXER
Angel Chyi En We1, Azmi Aris*1,2 and Nor Azimah Mohd Zain2,3
1
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
angelwe1996@hotmail.com
2
Centre of Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Research Institute for Sustainable
Environment, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
*azmi.aris@utm.my, norazimah@utm.my
3
Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM
Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
ABSTRACT
Aerobic granulation technology is considered as a superior alternative for treatment of actual
domestic wastewater. It is generally known that the aerobic granules are less likely to be
formed in low-medium strength wastewater due to the high OLR required for the formation
of aerobic granules. Furthermore, hydrodynamic shear force has been proved to be essential
for formation of aerobic granules. However, hydrodynamic shear force in sequential batch
reactor (SBR) which is usually provided by high aeration rate is not sustainable in view of
operating cost. Thus, static mixer was suggested to be the new alternative to provide the high
hydrodynamic shear force. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility
of aerobic granulation for actual low-medium strength domestic wastewater treatment
despite the unstable and low OLR and to examine the effect of static mixer on the formation
and removal capability of aerobic granules. The results showed that aerobic granules can be
successfully formed in actual low-medium strength domestic wastewater. The addition of
static mixer was proved to enhance the settleability and compactness of the aerobic granules
due to the higher hydrodynamic shear force provided. However, the static mixer did not
cause significant improvement on the removal of organic and ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-
N).
Key words: Aerobic granules, domestic wastewater, static mixer

RESOURCE
SECURITY
Parallel Session 9

INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON SLUDGE BULKING
UNDER LONG SLUDGE RETENTION TIME
Nur Syamimi Zaidi*1, Khalida Muda2, Johan Sohaili3, Liew Wai Loan4 and
Norelyza Hussein5
1, 2, 3, 5
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310
UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
*nursyamimi@utm.my, khalida@utm.my, johansohaili@utm.my, norelyza@utm.my
4
Centre for Degree Program, UTM School of Professional and Continuing Education
(UTMSPACE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
liew@utmspace.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Sludge retention time (SRT) is an important factor affecting the treatment performances.
Long SRT has been reported in inducing filamentous microorganisms, thus causing sludge
bulking. When bulking occurs, the removal performances are decreased due to the failure of
aggregation by the floc-formers. Approach of sufficiently minimizing the SRT had been
taken most of the times. This approach, however, eliminated the floc-formers although it
was found to inhibit the bulking. The aim of the present study, therefore, is to investigate
the potential of magnetic field application as an alternative approach for controlling sludge
bulking. Two sequencing batch reactors, Reactor A (SBRA) and Reactor B (SBRB), were
operated in long SRT to induce the bulking. SBRA was subjected to 88.0 mT magnetic field
intensity while SBRB served as a control system. The findings showed that the magnetic
field was able to enhance the aggregation of the biomass under an adverse effect of long
SRT thus, led more stable flocs been formed. This had resulted with consistent high removal
of SBRA compared to SBRB even under long period of SRT. Consequently, this approach
minimizes the occurrence of sludge bulking.
Key words: Magnetic field, Sludge bulking, Sludge retention time, Aggregation, Removal
performances

DETERMINATION OF MASS TRANSFER RESISTANCE OF BORON
REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER BY ELECTROCOAGULATION
Ezerie H. Ezechi*1 and Khalida Muda2

1, 2
Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
*honhenry2k5@gmail.com, khalida@utm.my
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated boron removal from aqueous solution by electrocoagulation in batch
mode and determined the mass transfer resistance. Various initial boron concentrations of
10, 20 and 30 mg/L were used. Experiments were conducted under optimized conditions of
pH and current density. The modified mass transfer factor (MMFT) model was applied to
the experimental data to determine the mass transfer resistance. The results show that boron
removal decreased from 98% to 82.6% with increasing boron concentration from 10 mg/L
to 30 mg/L. Analysis of mass transfer resistance shows that the driving force (B) increased
from 0.2607 to 0.9491 mg/g while the affinity between the adsorbate and the electro-
coagulants increased from 1.164 to 1.1901 g.h.mg with increasing initial boron
concentration from 10 mg/L to 30 mg/L. The variations of global [kLa]g, film mass transfer
[kLa]f and porous diffusion [kLa]d relative to the percentage of outflow demonstrates that the
mass transfer resistance of boron could depend on film mass transfer. This study
demonstrates that electrocoagulation is a suitable technology for boron removal from
wastewater at optimum combination of variables.
Key words: Boron, Electrocoagulation, Mass transfer resistance, Electrode, Concentration

MASS TRANSFER RESISTANCE OF TEXTILE DYE
DECOLORIZATION ON MAGNETIC ACTIVATED CARBON
AEROBIC GRANULES
Khalida Muda*1, Ahmad H. Omar2, Ezerie H. Ezechi3 and Mohd H. Khamidun4

1, 2,3
Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
*Khalida@utm.my, hanisomar@gmail.com, honhenry2k5@gmail.com
4
Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, MALAYSIA
hairulk@uthm.edu.my
ABSTRACT
This study evaluated the mass transfer resistance of dye decolorization on magnetic activated
carbon aerobic granules (MACAG). MACAG was formed by two ways; first, the mixture
of dye wastewater and sludge was magnetized at a static magnetic field (SMT) intensity of
15 mT and second, magnetic activated carbon (MAC) was added to the mixture in a
sequencing batch reactor (SBR). A control bioreactor was operated with aerobic granules to
compare the dye decolorization efficiency. Air bubbles were supplied into the reactors using
air compressor at superficial air velocity of 1.49 cm/s. Results show that MACAG achieved
higher dye decolorization than the control bioreactor. Dye decolorization in the MACAG
and control bioreactor were 82% and 65%, respectively. Evaluation of mass transfer
resistance shows that the driving force (B) of dye compounds was higher in MACAG
(0.9473 mg g-1) than the control bioreactor (0.9385 mg g-1). The affinity of the dye for
biodegradation was 3.0454 g h mg-1 and 3.8201 g h mg-1 in MACAG and control bioreactor,
respectively. The variations of [kLa]g, [kLa]f and [kLa]d demonstrates that the resistance of
mass transfer of dye on MACAG could depend on film diffusion.
Key words: Textile wastewater, Biogranules, Magnetic activated carbon, Static magnetic field,
Mass transfer, Resistance

ADSORPTION OF PHENOL FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING

CHITOSAN FROM PESSU RIVER CRAB SHELL: ISOTHERM AND
KINETICS STUDY
Asokogene Oluwadayo Francis*1,2, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini2, Idris Misau

Muhammad3, Surajudeen Abdulsalam3 and Usman Aliyu El-Nafaty3
1
Department of Mineral and Petroleum Resources Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi, Edo
State, NIGERIA
*asokogenedayo@yahoo.com
2
Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu-Sina Institute for Scientific
and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor,
MALAYSIA
abbas@cheme.utm.my
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi,
Bauchi State, NIGERIA
idrismisau@gmail.com, surajudeen_abdulsalam@yahoo.com, elnafaty@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Synthesized chitosan aggregate (300 µm) from Pessu river crab shells was used for the
adsorption of phenol from simulated wastewater. Synthesized chitosan was characterized
for surface chemistry and textural properties. Fourier transform infrared spectrum revealed
characteristics primary and secondary amine/amide groups of the chitosan with specific
surface area of 226 m2/g. The effects of initial concentrations and contact time were also
studied. Maximum adsorption capacity of synthesized chitosan was 54.7 mg/g. Mesopore
filling and ionic interaction were possible adsorption mechanism. Sips isotherm model
showed best fit to experimental data at experimental conditions (R2 = 0.976), thereby
suggesting heterogeneous adsorption process. Pseudo first-order kinetics model best
described the adsorption process and controls the rate mechanism.
Key words: Chitosan, adsorption, kinetics, thermodynamics, phenol

ENHANCEMENT OF ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS WITH
LOW DISSOLVED OXYGEN USING ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
Nulhazwany Abdul Malik1, Khalida Muda1*, Nur Syamimi Zaidi1, Mohamad

Darwish1
1
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor
Bahru, MALAYSIA
nulhazwany@gmail.com, *khalida@utm.my, nursyamimi@utm.my, sjmohamad@utm.my
ABSTRACT
Activated sludge (AS) system is a biological treatment process that is widely applied in
municipal wastewater treatment. Concentration of the dissolved oxygen (DO) is one of the
important parameters that may influence the performance of AS system. However, the
energy consumption of aeration stage represents approximately 50% of total demand of AS
system. Therefore, reducing aeration energy would improve the feasibility of AS process.
This study investigated the enhancement of AS process under low DO condition using
electromagnetic field (EMF). The AS was exposed to EMF at intensity of 3 mT with DO
concentrations of 1 and 2 mg/L for 24 hours. The impact of EMF on the biomass
concentration, as well as removal of ammonia nitrogen and COD, were investigated. The
results indicated high accumulation of biomass concentration. Besides, the reactor exposed
to EMF under 2 mg/L of DO showed the highest removal efficiency of COD (80%) and
ammonia (97%). Furthermore, it was proved that EMF could enhance the settleability of the
AS in the treatment system.
Key words: Municipal wastewater, Electromagnetic field, Activated sludge, Ammonia nitrogen

ISOTHERM, KINETICS AND THERMODYNAMICS STUDY OF
METHYLENE BLUE ADSORPTION ONTO MODIFIED CRAB
SHELL CHITOSAN
Asokogene Oluwadayo Francis*1,2, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini2,

Idris Misau Muhammad3, Surajudeen Abdulsalam3 and Usman Aliyu El-Nafaty3
1
Department of Mineral and Petroleum Resources Engineering, Federal Polytechnic, Auchi, Edo
State, NIGERIA
*asokogenedayo@yahoo.com
2
Centre of Lipid Engineering and Applied Research (CLEAR), Ibnu-Sina Institute for Scientific
and Industrial Research (ISI-SIR), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor,
MALAYSIA
abbas@cheme.utm.my
3
Department of Chemical Engineering, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Bauchi
State, NIGERIA
idrismisau@gmail.com, surajudeen_abdulsalam@yahoo.com, elnafaty@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Synthesized chitosan from crab shell was sieved to 300 µm and modified with oxalic acid
in the presence of activated neem leave to form chitosan-activated neem leave (CANL)
composite. The composite was characterized for surface texture. Results revealed specific
surface area of 258 m2/g. Effects of initial concentration, contact time and temperature were
studied. CANL demonstrated maximum adsorption capacity (Qm) of 92.5 mg/g in which
ionic interaction and mesopore filling were the possible adsorption mechanism. Redlich
Peterson model showed best fit to equilibrium data, thereby suggesting heterogeneous
adsorption. Kinetics data was best described by intraparticle diffusion model, indicating the
coexistence of film diffusion, intrapartcle diffusion and surface adsorption. Thermodynamic
study revealed spontaneous adsorption nature, less favourable at higher temperature and
endothermic with increased randomness at solid/solution interface.
Key words: Synthesized, Chitosan, neem leave, adsorption, methylene blue

REMOVAL OF SOME HEAVY METALS USING FIBROUS
RADIATION GRAFTED ADSORBENT CONTAINING SULFONATE
MOIETY
Myzairah Hamdzah1, Zaini Ujang2, Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef3, Teo Ming Ting4
1
Research Institute of Sustainable Institute (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM
Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
myzairah@utm.my
2
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, MALAYSIA
zaini@utm.my
3
Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 32610 Perak, MALAYSIA
mahmoudeithar@cheme.utm.my
4
Radiation Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
The removal of some heavy metal ions such as Ni(II), Zn(II) and Pb(II) was investigated
using sulfonated adsorbent obtained by radiation induced grafting of glycidyl methacylate
(GMA) onto polyethylene (PE) nonwoven sheets followed by functionalization with sodium
sulfite. The efficiency of the adsorbent was evaluated by the percentage of heavy metal ions
removal under different ranges of concentrations. The effects of various parameters on the
metal ion adsorption on the sulfonated adsorbent such as metal ion concentration, pH and
contact time were studied. Adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics were studied
to elucidate the adsorption of behavior of the metal ions. It was found that the percentage
adsorption increased with the increase in metal ion concentrations and contact time.
Particularly, experimental results showed that the removal efficiencies of both Ni(II) and
Zn(II) were above 90% while that for Pb(II) was found to be variable during the entire
experimental work.
Key words: Heavy metal ions; response surface methodology; functionalized graft-PE
adsorbent sheets.

RESOURCE
SECURITY
Parallel Session 10

ASSESSMENT OF HETEROGENEOUS MIXING OF
METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS ON PM10 CONCENTRATION
IN EQUATORIAL REGION
Hamza Ahmad Isiyaka1, Wesam A. Al Madhoun*2,3 ,Faizah Che Ros3

1
Department of Geography, Faculty of Earth and Environment Sciences, Kano University of
Science and Technology, Wudil, NIGERIA
isiyakas@gmail.com, *wsah79@gmail.com
2
Civil Engineering Deparetment, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul
Ridzuan, MALAYSIA
3
Department of Environmental Engineering & Green Technology,Malaysia-Japan International
MALAYSIA
ABSTRACT
This study applies multivariate techniques to understand the concentration, seasonal
variation and sources of PM10 in Perak, Malaysia under a tropical climate. The dry southwest
monsoon season (June to September) from 2010 to 2011 shows a high level of homogeneity
in the dendrogram indicating a peak level of PM10 concentration. This is caused by high
temperature, clear skies, less humidity and weak wind. The northeast monsoon season
account for a relatively less pollutant concentration with a high dissimilarity due to heavy
downpour, high humidity and strong wind. A discriminant function with correct assignation
of 66% using standard, forward stepwise and backward stepwise mode shows that all the
observed parameters play significant role in determining the concentration of PM10. The
major sources of PM10 in Perak were linked to vehicle emission, suspension of soil dust,
transboundary and industrial emission. Furthermore, a scatter gram plot was also developed
based on the two monsoon season. The results show that the southwest monsoon season
(June, July and August) have the highest concentration of PM10. This finding shows that
PM10 concentration exhibits a complex relationship when in contact with meteorology, and
multivariate technique has the capability to reveal the hidden characteristics that exist
between the variables.

POTENTIAL USE OF PLANT-BASED NATURAL COAGULANTS
FOR WATER TREATMENT
Nur Shahidah Aftar Ali1, Khalida Muda*2, Ummu Nusaibah Abdullah3, Ahmad
Bazli Sahir4
1, 2,3,4
Department of Water and Environmental, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bharu, Johor, MALAYSIA
shahidahaftar@gmail.com , *khalidamuda@utm.my, unusaibahabdullah@gmail.com,
bazley95@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This study was aimed to investigate the ability of six plant-based natural coagulants (Carica
Papaya seeds, Nephelium Mutabile seeds, Euphoria Malaiense seeds, Pandanus leaves,
Centella Asiatica leaves and Cymbopogon Citratus leaves) to replace chemical coagulants
for water treatment. A series of Jar test were performed using raw water from Sultan Ismail
water treatment plant. The effects of pH and coagulant dosage were evaluated based on the
turbidity removal and coagulation activity. Of all plants that have been examined, the Carica
Papaya seeds appeared to be the best coagulants for water treatment. An optimum dose of
130 mg/L of this coagulant resulted in 95.5% of turbidity removal and 94% of coagulation
activity, at optimum pH= 7.5. Overall, the results suggest the potential of plant-based natural
coagulants in water treatment.
Key words: Natural Coagulants, Turbidity, Coagulation Activity, Carica Papaya seeds, Water
treatment.

THE POTENTIAL OF NAPIER GRASS LEAVES FIBRE AS AN
ACOUSTIC ABSORBER
Z. Haron1*, K. Yahya2, T. N. F. T. Mat3, N. M. Fasli4, N. Darus1, W.A. W. A.
Rahman5, E.M. Taiwo6 and N. Che Din7
1-4
Department of Structures and Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru,
MALAYSIA
*zaitonharon@utm.my, khairulzan@utm.my, farazila.tuanmat@yahoo.com,
nurathirahfasli@gmail.com
5
Department of Polymer Engineering
r-aizan@utm.my
6
Federal Polytechnic, Ede, NIGERIA
esanmartins6@gmail.com
7
Faculty of Built Environment, University Malaya, MALAYSIA
nazlichedin@um.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Acoustic panels were introduced to treat poor acoustic enviroment in rooms. However, many
of the available acoustic panels in the market are composed of hazardous materials. Thus,
there are demands for the use of sustainable materials in the production of acoustic panels.
This research investigated the sound absorption potential of grass leaves fibres i.e. Napier
grass as material for acoustic panels. Various bound Napier grass fibre samples with
different thickness were prepared and tested by using an impedance tube test to obtain the
sound absorption coefficient (SAC). The results revealed that 5mm and 20mm fibres
respectively, when bonded with UF samples with thickness of 30mm, produced a relatively
high SAC for frequencies of 500 Hz, 1000 Hz and 2500 Hz, and thus resulting in a high
average NRC value of 0.59. This exceeded the value for synthetic fibre glass and similar to
rockwool. This study concluded that non-toxic Napier grass fibres can be used in the
production of sustainable acoustic panels.
Keywords: Napier grass, Sound absorber, Natural fibre, Sound absorption coefficient

EFFECTIVENESS OF MACROCOMPOSITES IN TREATING
PUBLIC WET MARKET WASTEWATER IN PEKAN PAGOH,
JOHOR
Mohamed Zuhaili Mohamed Najib*1, Kogila Vani Annammala2, Mohamad
Darwish3, Erwan Hafizi Kasiman4, Muhamad Hanafi Samsuri5, Mohd Arif Rosli6,
Zarizi Awang7
1,2,3,4
Department of Water and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
*mohamedzuhaili@utm.my, kogila@utm.my, sjmohamad@utm.my, erwanhafizi@utm.my,
5,6,7
Department of Civil Engineering Technology, Faculty of Engineering Technology,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84600 Pagoh, Johor, MALAYSIA
m.hanafisams@gmail.com, mohdarif@uthm.edu.my, azarizi@uthm.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Public wet market effluent in Malaysia frequently associated with their large quantity of
discharge daily and adverse impacts to the environment in terms of odour problem, water
pollution and waterborne diseases. Due to few wastewater treatment facilities built at the
markets, poor water effluent will flow and pollute several water sources especially the river.
To improve its quality, the macrocomposites was implemented as alternative green and low-
cost wastewater treatment technology. This study was purposely to measure its effectiveness
in treating the wastewater collected at public wet market in Pekan Pagoh, Johor. Using field
and laboratory testing, the efficiency of macrocomposites in treating wet market wastewater
was demonstrated based the optimized parameters on COD, colour and TSS removal
affecting adsorption under different flow rates using Thomas and Yoon-Nelson model
analysis. The final results showed that the best flow rate was 7 mL/min which achieved the
highest removal efficiency of COD, color and TSS. As the flow rate decreased, the contact
time between the sorbent (macrocomposites) and sorbate (wastewater) increased whereby
more sorbate can be retained and occupy within the particles during this interaction period.
Key words: wet market wastewater, macrocomposites, Thomas and Yoon-Nelson model

FOULING CONTROL APPROACHES IN RECENT ADVANCE
MEMBRANE BIOREACTOR SYSTEMS TREATING
WASTEWATER
Rabialtu Sulihah Binti Ibrahim1, Zainura Zainon Noor1,2*, Nurul Huda
Baharuddin3 and Noor Sabrina Ahmad Mutamim4
1
School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA
rabialtusulihahibrahim@gmail.com, *zainurazn@utm.my
2
Centre of Environmental Sustainability and Water Security, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310, Skudai, Johor, MALAYSIA
3
School of Professional and Continuing Education (UTMSPACE), Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia,81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
nurul.huda@utm.my
4
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Natural Resources Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Pahang, LeburayaTun Razak, 26300 Gambang, Kuantan, Pahang,
MALAYSIA
noorsabrina@ump.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Membrane bioreactors (MBR) is an efficient technology for treating wastewater to a very
high quality. Of all the sustainable water reuse technologies, MBR is the most feasible and
has been employed in real applications. However, MBRs also have several challenges or
limitation that affect the quality of treated wastewater. Accumulation of soluble and
particulate components onto and into the membrane resulting to fouling problem. Recent
research and development trends of MBR technology has shifted from process optimization
and economic evaluation to installation of new process providing system for membrane
fouling mitigation. This paper aims to provide a consolidated review on the current state of
research for the advance MBR system in fouling control treating wastewater. Advance MBR
such as forward osmosis , anaerobic MBR and MBR with microbial fuel cell for fouling
mitigation are summarized. MBR with biofouling reducers such powder or granular
activated carbon, biocarriers, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) beads, quorum quenching
beads, bamboo charcoal (BC), fluidized glass bead, and aerobic granular sludge (AGS) are
discussed. From this review, it shows that there are numerous approach to produce
sustainable control of membrane fouling since it is one of the top priorities in enhancing
MBR performance.
Key words: Membrane bioreactor, wastewater treatment, membrane fouling

COMPARISON OF BIOSORBENT PRETREATMENT METHODS
OF BJERKANDERA ADUSTA ON COLOUR REMOVAL
Ariani Dwi Astuti1,2 and Khalida Muda1
1
Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, MALAYSIA
daariani2@graduate.utm.my, khalida@utm.my
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Landscape Architecture and Environmental
Technology, Universitas Trisakti, Jakarta, INDONESIA
ABSTRACT
The textile industry generates large amounts of wastewater with heavy BOD/COD and salt
load, which is often discovered dark in color. One alternative treatment is biosorption, i.e.,
passive organic and inorganic compound uptake including dye or their derivatives using
non-growing/living microbial mass. The techniques of biosorbent pretreatment, autoclaving
and autoclaving combined with chemical process were explored. In the method of
biosorption using Bjerkandera adusta in synthetic textile wastewater, the impacts of pH,
contact time, weight and size of biosorbent were examined and designed using response
surface methodology (RSM). When pH was 4, contact time was 90 minutes, biosorbent
weight was 3000 mg/L, and the biosorbent size was 0.4 mm, the optimum removal
conditions were determined. The experimental laboratory proved 53.55 % and 81.3 % color
removal; while the experimental results and model predictions were well agreed. In the
optimization, the quadratic model estimated both R2 and R%"#$ correlation coefficients quite
satisfactorily as 0.988, 0.977, 0.926 and 0.783 respectively. Combining autoclaving with
chemical processes is more effective than just autoclaving. The two-sided t-test was used to
identify any important variations in preparation techniques for biosorbents with p < 0.05.
The findings achieved are supported by biosorbent analysis using scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) and chemical characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectroscopy.
Keywords: Bjerkandera adusta, synthetic textile wastewater, biosorbent, Response Surface

Methodology, the colour removal efficiency.

RESOURCE
SECURITY
Parallel Session 11

TOXICITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE AND ITS REMOVAL BY
PYTOREMEDIATION SYSTEM IN WATER ENVIRONMENT: AN
OVERVIEW
Zainab Mat Lazim1, Salmiati2* Abdul Rahman Samaluddin1, Mohd Razman
Salim2 and Nor Zaiha Arman2
1
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bharu,
MALAYSIA
2
Institute Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Johor Bharu,
MALAYSIA
*
zaienab88@yahoo.com, salmiati@utm.my, mohdrazman@utm.my, n.zaiha@utm.my
ABSTRACT
The widespread use of silver nanomaterial potentially harms ecosystem health and the
aquatic environment. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the washing machine, colloidal
silver medicine and other AgNPs containing product are directly released into the
environment. Review from ecotoxicological studies and the prediction of the future
environmental concentrations (PEC), reported that the presence of the toxic level of AgNPs
in the surface water and its effect and risks to aquatic organisms. However, the silver
nanoparticles transport behavior and transformation in the natural environment and how this
behavior poses a risk to human and ecosystem health has not known, thus, an urgent issue
that needs to be tackled. This study also had reviewed the potential of using macrophytes to
remove AgNPs in aqueous solution. The impact of AgNPs in water environments, their
toxicity to aquatic organisms and the phytoremediation function will be discussed.
Keywords: Silver nanoparticle, macrophyte, phytoremediation, surface water

THERMAL ACTIVATION ON GONGGONG SHELL WASTE AS
AN ADSORBENT MATERIAL FOR CADMIUM REMOVAL IN
WATER
Eko Siswoyo*, Ciptaning Rini, Fiorizka Marisha Hadi and Kasam
Department of Environmental Engineering, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta,

INDONESIA
*eko_siswoyo@uii.ac.id
ABSTRACT
The increase of consumption of gongong, one of scallop in Indonesia, remains a problem of
shell waste generation. The shell waste is mostly disposed together with municipal solid
waste to landfill and only a limited use for handy craft. The purpose of the current study was
to investigate the ability of shell waste for adsorbent material after thermal activation in
order to remove cadmium ion in water. Some parameters such as temperature of hitting,
mass of adsorbent, pH of solution, contact time, and initial cadmium concentration were
investigated to know the adsorption capacity of gonggong shell. After 15 minutes of shaking,
the adsorption capacity of the adsorbent based on gonggong shell before and after activated
on 550ºC was 16.39 and 27.04 mg/g respectively. The optimum pH was from 6 to 8. The
quick adsorption process and high adsorption capacity of the adsorbent should be considered
as a low cost adsorbent material for cadmium removal in the real application.
Key words: adsorption, cadmium, gonggong shell, thermal activation.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF MIWABS TOWARDS WATER DEMAND
MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA
Nurul Sa’dah Bahar1, Zainura Zainon Noor2, Azmi Aris3 and Nurul Ashikeen
Binti Kamaruzaman4
1
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, MALAYSIA
nurulbahar@gmail.com
2,3
Centre for Environment Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi
zainurazn@utm.my, Azmi.aris@utm.my
4
National Water Services Commission (SPAN)
ashikeen@span.gov.my
ABSTRACT
Industrialization is one of the drivers for development as it will shift one country towards
urbanization and economic expansion. Although industrialization increases productivity,
jobs and better income, valuable resources such as water is at risk to accommodate the water
demand based on the population growth. Along with the sustainable development goal
initiated by United Nation, manufacturing water demand will increase 400% by 2050. Since
Malaysia is among the top 20 ranking of manufacturing countries, it is crucial to consider
water conservation and efficiency in manufacturing. This is to ensure that the water demand
can meet the production and do not disrupt other sectors since the water resources are shared
among all sectors. This paper demonstrates an indicator framework known as MIWABS that
has been developed as a scorecard tool to monitor the performance of manufacturing water
use in Malaysia. Result shows that factories can improve in their water recycling and
dependency to potable water by water utility company. These efforts of manufacturing and
policy direction by the government and water stakeholders can help towards a better water
demand management in Malaysia.
Key words: Manufacturing water use, water demand management, MIWABS, water recycling,
water utility.

ESTIMATING WATER FOOTPRINT OF PALM OIL
PRODUCTION: CASE STUDY IN MALAYSIA
Noor Salehan Mohammad Sabli1,2, Zainura Zainon Noor1,2*, Kasturi Devi A/P
Kanniah3, Siti Nurhayati Kamaruddin1,2, Nurul Sa’dah Bahar4
1
Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Research Institute of
Sustainable Environment (RISE), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor Darul
Takzim, MALAYSIA
*zainurazn@utm.my, salehansabli87@gmail.com, snurhayati18@gmail.com
2
3
Department of Geoinformation, Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi
kasturi@utm.my
4
Faculty of Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Technology Malaysia, 81310
Skudai, Johor Bahru, Johor, MALAYSIA
ABSTRACT
Malaysia is currently facing the issues in fulfilling high demand in palm oil production thus
inevitably led to rapid expansion of palm oil industry in Malaysia. Therefore, water-related
problems have become a major concern in environmental and social issues associated to
palm oil industries. Inevitably, water consumption in this sector is very important to be
analyzed. Water footprint is one of the methods that can be used as a tool for the sustainable
appropriation of freshwater resources. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate water
footprint at palm oil mill from fresh fruit bunches to the production of crude palm oil. Water
footprint concluded that the main potential impacts within the system boundary were
dominated by water usage at the process through producing crude palm oil and waste water
effluent. In this stage, total water input mainly come from the nearest water resources such
as river and lake. Meanwhile, from the result, it shows that total WF at selected mills is
18.55 m3/ton. At the end of this paper, strategies to optimized the use of water in palm oil
mill will be proposed.
Key words: Agricultural Industry, Water degradation, Water footprint, ISO 14046, Sustainable Palm
Oil Plantation

MODELLING OF PREVAILING WATER DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA
Nur Diyana Mohamad1, Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari*1,2
1
Department of Environmental Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, MALAYSIA
diyanamohas@gmail.com, *zulfa@upm.edu.my
2
Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang,
MALAYSIA
ABSTRACT
Water is a basic need for every human being, which is used for numerous activities such as
drinking, cleaning, sanitation, etc. This indicates the fact that how vital it is to make water
accessible for resident’s need, industries and other commercial organizations. Since water
demand is increasing day by day, the source of water becomes limited. To solve this
problem, the design of new or improvement of existing water distribution network is
obligatory in order to ensure the availability of sufficient amount of decent quality of water
in accordance with the demand. Hence this study is based on the assessment of existing
water distribution network in Putrajaya using EPANET 2.0 software and out of all the tools
offered, EPANET turn out to be the most popular and convenient for effective design of
complex pipe networks. The pipe network and junction network system is simulated to
comprehend its behaviour with different inputs using EPANET 2.0. Simulation has been
perform for hydraulic factors such as head, pressure and flow rate. The results achieved
proved that the pressures at all junctions and the flows with their velocities at all pipes are
practical enough to provide adequate water to the network of study area.
Key words: Water distribution network, EPANET, Pipe, Junction

RESOURCE
SECURITY
Parallel Session 12

TRENDS OF WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN INDUSTRIAL
CONSUMPTION
Siti Nurhayati Kamaruddin*1, Zainura Zainon Noor2 , Che Hafizan Che Hassan3
Noor Salehan Mohammad Sabli4, Nurul Sa’adah Bahar5
1,2,4
Malaysia, Johor, MALAYSIA
*snurhayati18@gmail.com, zainurazn@utm.my, salehansabli87@gmail.com
2,3
Malaysia, Johor, MALAYSIA
chehafizan@utm.my
5
School of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor,
MALAYSIA
ABSTRACT
Freshwater is currently scarce in certain places over the globe due to agricultural, industrial
and domestic usages. The amount of water used increasing each years by 64 billion m3. In
that case, numerous organisations either governments or non-governments committed to
reduce large water consumption related activities in the affected areas. The industrial
activities consumed around 23% of the freshwater among the other usages with over 70%
of it used by manufacturing and energy production industry, and estimated this 23% to be
doubled in next two decades. Therefore, it is important to assess the trends of water use
efficiency in industrial consumption and efforts that had been taken to improve it. The
different production in industries require different processes and amount of water need.
Thus, this paper is aims to provide as guidance in future in order to reduce the water demands
and optimize water use in industrial context. Water use efficiency basically can be divided
into quantity and quality of water where the quantity can be reduced with usages of water-
saving technologies. While in other types of industry, different quality of water can be used
in the process based on its characteristics.
Key words: Water Use Efficiency, Water Saving, Industrial Consumption

OPTIMAL POWER GENERATION MIX USING HYBRID
DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING FOR IMPROVED MULTI-
OBJECTIVE: MALAYSIA ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY
CASE
Siti Mariam Mohd Shokri*1, Nofri Yenita Dahlan2 and Mohamad Fani Sulaima3
1, 2
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), 40450, Shah Alam,
Selangor, MALAYSIA
*maryam.mohdshokri@yahoo.com, nofridahlan@gmail.com
3
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM), 76100, Hang
Tuan Jaya, Melaka, MALAYSIA
fani@utem.edu.my
ABSTRACT
This paper presents development of Hybrid Dynamic Programming (HDP) technique to
improve multi-objective optimization in dealing to the power generation mix problem. The
role of Dynamic Programming (DP) is to find the optimal long-term multi-objective
generation mix which simultaneously optimizes the total cost, total carbon emission and
reliability index. On the other hand, artificial intelligence (AI) technique is implemented via
Weighted Sum Method (WSM) approach within the HDP framework to find the optimally
weighted coefficient by minimizing a weighted sum called the multi-objective index (MOI).
The weighted coefficient attributes to the importance of the objective function in power
generation mix planning. Four AI techniques were applied in HDP framework. The proposed
HDP multi-objectives yielded a better solution in term of providing the lowest MOI as
compared to the non-optimal WSM DP model. Thus, among the four HDP models, the
simulation results showed that the HDP with Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) provided the best
result in obtaining the lowest MOI. In this study, the results showed that Malaysia’s optimum
generation mix at the end of simulation year i.e. year 18 is 45.11% from gas, 35.34% from
coal, 9.82% from RE and 9.73% from hydro.
Key words: Multi-Objective Optimization, Power Generation Mix Planning, Hybrid Dynamic
Programming, Artificial Bee Colony, Weighted Sum Method.

EFFECT OF PHYSICO–CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF
WATER IN SUB-CRITICAL CONDITION TOWARDS
STRUCTURAL CONVERSION OF MESOCARP FIBER
Sanggithapriya Mahandran, Hiroyuki Yoshida, Nordin Sabli and Shamsul Izhar*
Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Putra Malaysia, MALAYSIA

sanggithapriya@yahoo.com.my, h-yoshida@upm.edu.my, nordin_sab@upm.edu.my,
*shamizhar@upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Water at subcritical state was studied as an alternative way to breakdown oil palm mesocarp
fiber (OPMF). The complex structure of cellulose causes difficulty in breaking down the
palm oil cell using physical industrial scale method. The decomposition of OPMF using
subcritical water (Sub-CW) method has been carried out at reaction temperatures ranging
from 200oC to 300oC with a constant reaction time of 5 minutes using batch stainless-steel
tube as the reactor. The solid samples were viewed under SEM and found that surface of
solid sample of 240oC is occupied by opened pores. The breakdown cell wall in form of
monosaccharide contributes to increase in yield of total sugar from 5.81mg g-1 OPMF
sample (200oC) to 22.17mg g-1 OPMF sample (240oC). However, yield of tar increase from
5.05mg g-1 OPMF sample (200oC) to 187.61 mg g-1 OPMF sample (300oC) due to pyrolysis
process. Thus, particle size of OPMF after Sub CW reaction temperature elevated to 240oC
to ease hydrolysis process and reduce as the sample degrade as temperature gets higher.
Key words: Oil Palm Mesocarp Fibre, Extraction, Hydrolysis, Pyrolysis, Subcritical water

COMBUSTION AND VIABILITY PROPERTIES OF BRIQUETTES
PRODUCED FROM GROUNDNUT SHELL AND COCONUT SHELL
MIXTURE
*Elinge, C.M1., BirninYauri, U.A.2, Muhammad, A.B.3, Musa M4 and Ogunleye, A.O5
1
Aliero, NIGERIA
*sermgomoh@gmail.com
2.3
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, UsmanuDanfodiyo University Sokoto, NIGERIA
uabyauri@gmail.com, muhammadaminu@udusok.edu.ng
4
Energy Research Centre, UsmanuDanfodiyo University Sokoto, NIGERIA
muazuserc@yahoo.com
5
Department of Chemistry, Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano, NIGERIA
Lizzycrown478@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Agriculture is the main occupation of most Nigerians. Nigeria has abundant supplies of
biomass resources, particularly agricultural residues and municipal solid wastes, whose
potentials are yet to be fully harnessed especially for the generation of energy. In this study,
briquettes were produced from a mixture of groundnut and coconut shells at varying
proportions using cassava starch as binder. The briquettes were analyzed for their
combustion and viability characteristics using standard procedures. The results obtained
showed that the coconut shell briquettes have a higher moisture content, fixed and total
carbon than the groundnut shell briquettes. The viability properties of the groundnut shell
briquettes are slightly higher than those of the coconut shell while there is a significantly
higher combustion properties for the coconut shell briquettes than its groundnut shell
counterpart. It was observed that as the proportion of coconut shell increases in the mixture,
these variables also increased. The coconut shell briquettes have more positive attributes of
biomass fuel than the groundnut shell briquettes.
Keywords: Briquettes; Combustion; Coconut shell; Groundnut shell; Viability properties.

PERFORMANCE OF SANDWICH MEMBRANE IN RECLAMATION
OF WATER FROM FINAL DISCHARGED POME
Nurul Ain Mazlan*1, Khairul Faezah Md Yunos2, Azhari Samsu Baharuddin3, Mohd
Nazli Mohd Naim4
1,2,3,4
Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, Selangor, MALAYSIA
nurulain.fst@gmail.com, kfaezah@upm.edu.my, azharis@upm.edu.my, mohdnazli@upm.edu.my
ABSTRACT
Performance of sandwich configurations of paired ultrafiltration membranes in reclamation
of water from final discharged POME were evaluated extensively. Two membranes were
sandwiched together in different configurations without spacer. Two types of membrane
were used in this study which were PES and RC with MWCO 5kDa. The sandwich
configurations were known as SS-Sandwich, SB-sandwich, where S indicates that the skin
layer faces the feed and B indicates that support layer faces towards the feed. The result of
single membrane was compared with both sandwich arrangement. SS-sandwich
configuration shows the best permeate quality for PESMWCO 5kDa. The pollutant reduced
range up to 80%-90% compared to single membrane which were 60%-70% range. The
quality of permeate obtained for total dissolved solid (TDS), suspended solid (mg/L),
turbidity, BOD5, COD, were 535 mg/L, <25 mg/L, 0.88 NTU, BOD5 23.3 mg/L, and 48
mg/L. The quality of permeate from SS-sandwich membrane of 5 kDa was beyond reuse
standard and approaching drinking water standard for TSS, TDS and turbidity. Therefore it
can be concluded that, water reclaimed from treating final discharged from palm oil mill
effluent using ultrafiltration technique with right sandwich configuration at optimum
operating conditions was successfully complied with WHO reuse water standard.
Keywords: Ultrafiltration, Sandwich Membrane, Reclamation, Permeate, Quality

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IC-ENSURES 2019

International Conference on Environmental

5th & 6th November 2019

The International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-

With warmest regards,

The Organizing Committees

International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | i

ADVISOR : Prof. Dr. Zulkifli Yusop

CHAIR I : Prof. Dr. Zainura Zainon Noor

CHAIR II : Prof. Dr. Azmi Aris

SCIENTIFIC CHAIR : Prof. Dr. Shreeshivadasan Chelliapan

SECRETARIES : Dr. Kogila Vani Annammala

TREASURER : Ms. Juhaizah Talib @ Harun

TECHNICAL COMMITTEE : Prof. Ir. Dr. Md. Fadhil Md. Din

COMMITTEE MEMBERS : Dr. Nor Eliza Alias

International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | ii

Comparative Biodegredation Of PAHs In Used Engine Oil Betweeen Pseudomonas 3

Analysis Of Extreme Rainfall Trend Events In The Savanna Zones Of Nigeria 5

Progress On Environmental Sustainability Implementation For Palm Oil Production 7

Habitat Suitability Index For Melaleuca Cajuputi In Setiu, Terengganu 10

Impact Assessment Of Traffic Emissions On The Respiratory System Of Non- 11

A Review Of Regionalization Methods For Ungauged Watershed In Swat Model 13

Assessment Of Physical-Chemical Water Quality In The Environment: Current 14

Comparative Assessment Of Artificial Neural Network Based Baseline Energy 17

Rainwater Harvesting Dynamic Financial Model For Residential Properties 19

Concrete Cloth Development For Canal Linings 20

Green Biosynthesis Of Silver Nanoparticles Using Muntingia Calabura Leaf 21

Not In My Backyard! A Hedonic Analysis On Heavy Industrial Site Proximity 22

Characterization Of Eco-Processed Pozzolan As Pozzolanic Material 25

International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | iv

A Critical Review On The Current Technologies For Recovery Of Precious Metals 28

Briquetting Of Millet Stalk And Sheanut Shell As A Tool For Agro-Waste 29

Above-Ground Biomass And Carbon Sequestration Value Of Rhizophora Apiculta 32

A Novel Approach For Measuring Urban Form Sustainability: A Study Of Kano 33

Sustainable Development Concept Awareness Among Students In Higher Education 34

A Structural Equations Modelling Approach To Measuring Urban Form 35

Enhancement The Biodegradation Of Benzene By Pseudomonas Aeruginosa 38

International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | v

Quality And Environmental Conservation Of Coastal Ecosystems In Purworejo 40

The Effect Of Type Of Boarding House On Solid Waste Generation And 41

Occurrence And Behaviour Of Antibiotics In Conventional Sewage Treatment Plant 42

Optimization Of Municipal Solid Waste Conversion Technology Using Process 45

Gracilaria changii: Seaweed Adding Value To Heavy Metals Removal From 46

Triclosan Removal By Combination Of Waste Biomass Activated Carbon And 47

An A2O-MBR System For Simultaneous Biological Nitrogen And Phosphorus 48

Kinetics Study Of Phosphate Adsorption Onto Waste Mussel Shell 51

International Conference on Environmental Sustainability and Resource Security (IC-ENSURES) 2019 | vi

Phytoremediation, Vermiremediation And Soil Dynamics On Ecotoxicity Of 52

Start-Up Performance Of Modified Anaerobic Baffled Reactor (MABR) For The 53

Development Of Aerobic Granules For Actual Low-Medium Strength Domestic 54

Determination Of Mass Transfer Resistance Of Boron Removal From Wastewater 57

Mass Transfer Resistance Of Textile Dye Decolorization On Magnetic Activated 58

Enhancement Of Activated Sludge Process With Low Dissolved Oxygen Using 60

Isotherm, Kinetics And Thermodynamics Study Of Methylene Blue Adsorption 61

Potential Use Of Plant-Based Natural Coagulants For Water Treatment 65

The Potential Of Napier Grass Leaves Fibre As An Acoustic Absorber 66

Effectiveness Of Macrocomposites In Treating Public Wet Market Wastewater In 67

Fouling Control Approaches In Recent Advance Membrane Bioreactor Systems 68

Comparison Of Biosorbent Pretreatment Methods Of Bjerkandera Adusta On 69

Thermal Activation On Gonggong Shell Waste As An Adsorbent Material For 72

The Development Of MIWABS Towards Water Demand Management In Malaysia 73

Modelling Of Prevailing Water Distribution Network In Putrajaya, Malaysia 75

Optimal Power Generation Mix Using Hybrid Dynamic Programming For 78

Effect Of Physico–Chemical Characteristic Of Water In Sub-Critical Condition 79