T.C.

GAZİ ÜNİVERSİTESİ
İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ
ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BÖLÜMÜ

HITLER’S FOREIGN

POLICY

IR103 DIPLOMATIC HISTORY

OĞUZHAN ÇİÇEK
Abstract
After the Constitutional Republic of Weimar, ideology of National Socialism has went up in
the every part of the German public.Some sources say because of the Capitalism’s
classification, people had to choose the Socialism and National Socialism.While Hitler was
trying to create a Master race in the middle of the Europe, at the same time he was growing
up the German nation’s hate against to Jews who were the citizen of Weimar Republic.When
Hitler was applying his own policies for all of the German nation, he was trying to create a
pole in the World as well.Empire of Japan, Kingdom of Italy and the other countries which
had to support the Triple alliance were going to be the supporter of the Nazi Germany.With
the defeat after World War II, this alliance was going to be collapse and so many things were
going to change in Europe and also in the World.

Key Words:National Socialism, Axis Power, Pan-Germanism, Aryan Race, Jews, Weimarer
Republik, Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Nazi Racism, The
Wehrmacht

A)RISE OF THE NATIONAL SOCIALISM IN GERMANY

a)Early Reasons

Versailles was a Treaty or a peace document which has signed between Allied Powers and the
German Empire1.It was an unavoidable defeat for the German Empire and the end of
somethings especially for the Central Powers.With the collapse of German Empire, Ottoman
Empire which was really believing that the German Empire going to be winner of this war,
was going to be a loser as well.

After the June 28, 1919 loser Empire of Germans had to start living under the hard conditions
which has been started to apply by Allied Powers against German Empire2.Versailles was
including hard matters for all Germany with their public and everything.German Empire has
given the Alsace-Lorraine territory that has been occupied by Germans forty years ago, back
to the France.One of the important industrial fields, Saar has been given to United Nations for
managing.Also eastern and the southern parts of the German Empire has been lost.

1
Treaty of Versailles, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Versailles-1919,
Last Update October 25, 2018.
2
US Holocaust Memorial Museum, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/tr/map/german-territorial-losses-
treaty-of-versailles-1919.
Czechoslovakia and the Poland were advantageous in taking German lands topic.German
Empire has lost its all colonies out of the Europe lands.3 In a nutshell, 13% of their territories
and one tenth of their population have been lost by Germans.

b)Weimar Republic

After this 1919 Treaty, another German republic has been founded.After the Philipp
Scheidemann’s republic declaration in 1918, in the city of Weimar, Germans were trying to
build a new constitutional German republic.Thus thanks to the city of Weimar, the name of
the new republic became Weimarer Republik which means Weimar Republic.4 Weimar’s
Constituion contained 181 matters inside of it.Indeed this was a good attempt against to
monarchial order in the Central Europe but the term that Germans were trying to create a
constitutional republic, has been including the economical problems and conflicts in the civil
society.5

In the next fourteen years, the Weimar Republic felt numerous problems, hyperinflation (also
caused by the Great Depression), political extremism (with paramilitaries, both left and right
wing) etc.

c) Hitler’s Germany

Hyperinflation and the other conditions such as fear of the Communism were hitting and
harming to the German public, especially the middle-class.These kind of factors have pushed
the German public to search the new leaders from extremist parties.One of them was the
Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei which means National Socialist German
Workers' Party.The main and the most effective leader of the party was Adolf Hitler.Except of
this, before him the founder Anton Drexler and after his death Martin Bormann were the
leaders of this Nazi Party6.Despite of the Adolf Hitler’s unpopular and failed attempt to start a
national revolution in 1923, electors were going to know about him and support him in the
elections.In 1932, Nazi Party has seizured the superiority and became the largest party in the
parliament.After that, when he became a chancellor of the Germany, year was 1933.In a few
weeks he has taken the power and started to apply his plans without time wasting.7His first

3
Germany After World War I, https://www.history.com/topics/germany/weimar-republic
4
Weimar Republic, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar_Republic
5
A&E Television Networks, December 4, 2017, https://www.history.com/topics/germany/weimar-republic
6
Nazi Party, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party
7
Weimar Republic, https://www.history.com/topics/germany/weimar-republic#section_1
aim was actually the Communist Party’s members because communism were gaining a power
in German lands and as a Far-Right idealist politician, communism was one of the biggest
treats that a nation can feel in its veins.When the Hitler’s Nazi Party became the largest party
in Parliament, despite of the Nazi Party’s 13.745.680 votes, Kommunistische Partei
Deutschlands which means Communist Party of Germany was gaining more power as well
with the 5,282,636 votes8.It was the third powerful party in the Reichstag after the July 1932
elections.Adolf Hitler immediately announced for the necessarities of the Weimar
Constitution’s 48th matter to suppress communist party’s members and leave them under
pressure. In March 1933, Hitler introduced the Enabling Act to allow him to pass laws
without the approval of Germany’s Parliament or President. To make sure the Enabling Act
was passed, Hitler prevented Communist Parliament members from voting by force.

2)MASTER RACE PLANS AND IT’S EFFECTS ON FOREIGN POLICY

Adolf Hitler’s Germany was actually applying and developing one of the most important
racism examples inside of its borders.The Master race or Super race, in German Herrenrasse
or Herrenmenschen was a concept for Nazi ideology.9Nordic or Aryan races which were
generally living in the northern part of the Germany, were at the top of the German
hierarchical race list.Adolf Hitler was an admirer of the Ancient-Roman Empire and planning
to create a master race in this Roman way.He was believing that the Nazi Germans were
connected to Aryan race with blonde hairs and blue eyes.10

He has not got a race list actually but according to his policies and his speeches, Jews were
the worst race in the world.Except of this, he hasn’t loved the Gypsies either.In addition to
this, Physical disabled people, prostitutes and the African-German people were in the bottom
of this race order.After on it Slavs are the second worst race according to that imaginary

8
German Federal Elections, July 1932, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_federal_election,_July_1932
9
Master Race, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_race
10
Nazi Racism, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/nazi-racism
list.Of course Adolf Hitler has changed this order according to his policies for both inside of
the country and foreign policy’s necessarities.According to Hitler, Jews were applying their
expansionist policies and because of these policies they were against to the Aryan race.In
addition, because of the Jewish thoughts, capitalism and communism were born and the other
nations which have been influenced by the Jews such as Slavs and the other uncivilized Asian
countries were going to exterminate the Germany and the Aryan race.Polish people were also
on the aim of Hitler’s Germany. 11

Because of this racist approach, Hitler’s Germany wasn’t feeling itself as a part of any
alliance.Ideology was supporting just a little part of people.This racist approach triggered the
obligation of productivity and domestic production against to all of the world because there
wasn’t a fact as Master race and no race was better than the other race.12

3) HOW IDEOLOGY AFFECTED THE FOREIGN POLICY

a)National-Socialism in German Nationalsozialismus, with the most common name

Nazism the ideology which has lived and has been supported especially between 1933-1945
in German territories.13Nazism is an ideology which combines the ethnic nationalism and the
socialism.It is totally a racist, anti-capitalist, anti-semitic ideology.14 Its extreme nationalism
came from Pan-Germanism and the Völkisch movement.15This ideology has been supported
by the Fascism effects which has been come out in Kingdom of Italy, with the Benito
Mussolini.We can clearly get that, Far-right or extreme ideologies have supported each other
in the past and the relationships between the countries. Nazism rejected the Marxist concept
of class conflict, opposed cosmopolitan internationalism. The Pan-German nationalist and
antisemitic German Workers' Party, was founded on 5 January 1919.This was a precursor of
what will be happening in the future.After this foundation, party’s name was changed and
became National Socialist German Workers' Party. To attract workers away from left-wing
parties such as the Social Democrats (SPD) and the Communists (KPD) – and Adolf Hitler

11
Hitler’s Race Order, https://www.tarihkomplo.com/2016/10/hitlerin-irk-sralamas.html
12
Nazi Germany, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany
13
Nazism, Britannica encyclopedia, https://www.britannica.com/event/Nazism
14
National Socialist Ideology, Claus‐Christian W. Szejnmann, Shelley Baranowski Armin Nolzen
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118936894.ch5
15
Nazism, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism
has taken the control of his organization.16This ideologic movements were actually defining
the Hitler’s foreign policy exactly.No left-wing alliances, no communist alliances, no marxist
or leninist alliances and no capitalist alliances.

The National Socialist Program or "25 Points" was adopted in 1920 and called for a Greater
Germany that denies giving citizenship to Jews or those new generations, while also
supporting land reform and the nationalization of some industries. In his book Mein Kampf,
("My Struggle", 1924)17, Adolf Hitler excluded the Semitism and Communism from the heart
of his political philosophy.

In the future this National-Socialist ideoloy will be showing the Nazi Germany’s alliances
before and during the World War 2.Because of this extremist ideology and policies were
caused by the master race, except of the Japan and Italy, Nazi Germany was going to feel
lonelines in every part of its institutions.18

4) ALLIANCES AND HELPERS

a)Axis Powers

Actually Axis Powers in German: Achsenmächte, in Italian: Potenze dell'Asse, in Japanese:

枢軸国 Sūjikukoku were the Nazi Germany led by Adolf Hitler, Kingdom of Italy led by
Benito Mussolini and the Japan Empire led by Hirohito or with his common name
Shōwa.Also this Axis Powers known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis.Before the Second
World War, thanks to the similar ideologies that these three countries have, especially
Germans were thinking in a positive way about this Tripartite alliance.19Adolf Hitler was
protecting his Grand Germany from the threats which they can feel from the southern part of
the Nazi Germany.Also Benito Mussolini was leading the Fascist Wing (Far-right ideology)
of the Italian Kingdom.20He was the Duce and the founder of the National Fascist Party of

16
Nasyonal Sosyalizm, Wikipedia, https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyonal_sosyalizm
17
Mein Kampf, My Struggle, Kavgam, Adolf Hitler, 1924-1925
18
World War 2, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II
19
Axis Powers, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers
20
Benito Mussolini, Wikipedia,https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini
Italy, in Italian Partito Nazionale Fascista21. In addition, Japan would be a good ally for him
for the future in any possible war in terms of geography of the balance of the powers.Japan
Empire was also one of the colonists countries in the World.They were particularly invading
the South-eastern parts of the China.22

The Triple alliance grew out of the diplomatic efforts of Germany especially, Italy, and Japan
to secure their own specific expansionist policies in the middle 1930s. The first effort came
from the Germans and treaty signed by Germany and Italy in October 1936. Benito Mussolini
was creating the term of Axis for the first time and declaring on November the 1st that all
other European countries would from then on rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis.23The second
step came from the Germany as well and in November 1936, between Japan Empire and the
Nazi Germany, Anti-Comintern Pact has been signed.24That pact was an political attempt
which has been done against to communist countries.It was an anti-communist treaty between
Germany and Japan. Italy joined the Pact in 1937. The "Rome–Berlin Axis" became a
military alliance in 1939 under the "Pact of Steel", with the Tripartite Pact of 1940 leading to
the integration of the military aims of Germany, Italy and Japan.25

Mostly because of the geographical conditions and the other reasons, There were no tripartite
summit meetings or cooperation and coordination was minimal, with slightly more between
Germany and Italy.Hitler was thinking to use Kingdom of Italy for keeping under control the
Mediterranean sea. The war ended in 1945 with the defeat of the Axis powers and the collapse
of their alliance.26

b) Other Helpers

21
National Fascist Party of Italy, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascist_Party
22
Empire of Japan, Wikipedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Japan
23
Axis Alliances in 2nd World War https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-alliance-in-world-
war-ii
24
Anti-Comintern Pact, encylopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Anti-Comintern-Pact
25
Pact of steel, encylopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/Pact-of-Steel
26
World War II, encylopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II
In addition to the 3 major Axis powers, 4 more countries and 2 puppet regimes signed the Tri-
Partite Pact as its member states.Kingdom of Romania, Kingdom of Hungary, Slovak
Republic, Kingdom of Bulgaria, Kingdom of Yugoslavia (never ratified), Independent State
of Croatia Independent State of Croatia were the Kingdoms and Independent states which
adhered to Tripartite Pact.27

Of the 4 countries, Romania, Hungary and Bulgaria participated in various Axis military
operations with their national armed forces, while the 4th, Yugoslavia, saw its Nazi-thinker
government overthrown in a coup only a few days after it signed the Pact, and the
membership was reversed in a different way.

b1) Bulgaria

The Kingdom of Bulgaria was ruled by Тsar Boris III when it signed the Tripartite Pact on 1
March 1941.Bulgaria was on the losing side in the First World War and they were trying to
get their old territories with the simple opportunities.They were aiming to get the Macedonia

and the Thrace which means western part of the Turkey, northern part of the Greece and
South-eastern part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1930s, because of traditional right-wing
developments, Bulgaria became closer to Nazi Germany. In 1940 Germany pressured
Romania to sign the Treaty of Craiova, returning to Bulgaria the region of Southern Dobrudja,
which it had lost in 1913. The Germans also promised Bulgaria ,if it joined the Axis, an
expansion of its territory to the borders pointed out in the Treaty of San Stefano.

b2) Hungary

Hungary, led by Miklós Horthy, was the first country apart from Germany, Italy, and Japan to
adhere to the Tripartite Pact, signing the agreement on November 20,1940. Slovakia had been
a client state of Germany since 1939.28

b3) Romania

27
World War II, Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II
28
Axis Alliance, https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/axis-alliance-in-world-war-ii
When the war has started in Europe in 1939, the Kingdom of Romania was pro-British and
allied to the Polish people. Following the invasion of Poland by Germany and the Soviet
Union, and the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, Romania found itself
increasingly isolated.After this event Pro-German and Pro-Fascist elements began to grow.

b4) Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia was surrounded by members of the pact and now bordered the German Reich.
From 1940 Adolf Hitler tried to sign a non-aggression pact with Yugoslavia. In 1941, Hitler
called for Yugoslavia's accession to the Tripartite Pact but Yugoslavia delayed. After this
delay German army arrived at the Bulgarian-Yugoslav border and requested for a permission
was to pass through to attack Greece. On 25 March 1941 the Yugoslav government signed the
Tripartite Pact with the fear of that Yugoslavia would be invaded if they haven’t signed.29

5) HITLERS WAR POWER AND IT’S EFFECT ON FOREIGN POLICY

a)The Wehrmacht

The Wehrmacht were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1946. It
consisted of the Heer (army), the Kriegsmarine (navy) and the Luftwaffe (air force). The
designation Wehrmacht replaced the previously used term Reichswehr, and was the
manifestation of Nazi Germany's efforts to rearm the nation to a greater extent than the Treaty
of Versailles permitted.

b)German Military Technology

29
Axi Powers, encylopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Axis-Powers
German military technology during Second World War increased in terms of sophistication,
but also cost, mechanical unreliability, and time to manufacture. Nazi Germany put effort into
developing weapons; particularly aircraft, rockets, submarines and tanks during the war.

Germany developed numerous new weapons during the war although was unable to field
many of these weapons in any meaningful number, including the first mass produced assault
rifle in the world.30

Beginning in 1940, Germany solicited developmental prototypes for a semi-automatic rifle to

replace the commonly used Karabiner 98k, a bolt-action rifle, for better performance in
infantry. Two rifle manufacturers, Walther and Mauser submitted competing designs. These
would be known as the Gewehr 41, with the entry by Mauser being designated G41M and
Walther's being designated G41W.31

In 1944, Germany developed the first mass-produced assault rifle, the Sturmgewehr 44 which
proved to be widely successful against the allies. However, the late production and usage of
the gun was not enough to turn the allies near the end of the war.

Except of this German Tanks, Panzer Serie from I to VIII was also so effective.This situtaion
were making the Wehrmact which means Nazi German Army, one of the bests in the
World.To illustrate it, when the German Panzers were invading the Poland, Poland was able
to send just to cavalaries against to German Panzers.Of course it was a terrible defeat fort he
Polish Army.32

30
Nazi War Machines, https://www.businessinsider.com/nazi-war-machines-of-world-war-ii-2017-5
31
Wehrmacht, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht
32
German Panzers, http://www.tanks-encyclopedia.com/ww2/nazi_germany/ww2_german_panzers.php
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York; Toronto: Penguin.
ISBN 978-0-14-303469-8.

Kershaw, Ian (1999) [1998]. Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris. New York: W. W. Norton &
Company. ISBN 978-0-393-04671-7.

Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-
0-393-06757-6.

Mitcham, Samuel W. (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich. Westport, Conn:
Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-95485-7.

Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich. New York: Simon &
Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-62420-0.

Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1997) [1991]. The Encyclopedia of the Third
Reich. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-3068079-3-0.

Aigner, Dietrich (1985). "Hitler's ultimate aims – a programme of world dominion?". In

Koch, H. W. Aspects of the Third Reich. London: MacMillan. ISBN 978-0-312-05726-8.

Doyle, D (February 2005). "Adolf Hitler's medical care". Journal of the Royal College of
Physicians of Edinburgh. 35 (1): 75–82. PMID 15825245.

Bauer, Yehuda (2000). Rethinking the Holocaust. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 5.
ISBN 978-0-300-08256-2.

Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN
978-0-670-03041-5.

Bendersky, Joseph W (2000). A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945. Lanham: Rowman &
Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-1003-5.

Bloch, Michael (1992). Ribbentrop. New York: Crown Publishing. ISBN 978-0-517-59310-3.

Bonney, Richard (2001). "The Nazi Master Plan, Annex 4: The Persecution of the Christian
Churches" (PDF). Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion. Retrieved 28 March 2016.
Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship. Translated by Jean Steinberg. New
York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8.

Bullock, Alan (1962) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. London: Penguin Books. ISBN
978-0-14-013564-0.

Bullock, Alan (1999) [1952]. Hitler: A Study in Tyranny. New York: Konecky & Konecky.
ISBN 978-1-56852-036-0.

Butler, Ewan; Young, Gordon (1989). The Life and Death of Hermann Göring. Newton
Abbot, Devon: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0-7153-9455-7.

Carr, William (1972). Arms, Autarky and Aggression. London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 978-0-
7131-5668-3.

Conway, John S. (1968). The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45. London:
Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-76315-4.

Crandell, William F. (1987). "Eisenhower the Strategist: The Battle of the Bulge and the
Censure of Joe McCarthy". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 17 (3): 487–501. JSTOR
27550441.

Deighton, Len (2008). Fighter: The True Story of the Battle of Britain. New York: Random
House. ISBN 978-1-84595-106-1.

Del Testa, David W; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003). Government Leaders,
Military Rulers, and Political Activists. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN
978-1-57356-153-2.

Dollinger, Hans (1995) [1965]. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan: A
Pictorial History of the Final Days of World War II. New York: Gramercy. ISBN 978-0-517-
12399-7.

Dorland, Michael (2009). Cadaverland: Inventing a Pathology of Catastrophe for Holocaust

Survival: The Limits of Medical Knowledge and Memory in France. Tauber Institute for the
Study of European Jewry series. Waltham, Mass: University Press of New England. ISBN
978-1-58465-784-2.
Downing, David (2005). The Nazi Death Camps. World Almanac Library of the Holocaust.
Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens. ISBN 978-0-8368-5947-8.

Ellis, John (1993). World War II Databook: The Essential Facts and Figures for All the
Combatants. London: Aurum. ISBN 978-1-85410-254-6.

Evans, Richard J. (2003). The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN
978-0-14-303469-8.

Evans, Richard J. (2005). The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-
0-14-303790-3.

Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich At War. New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-
14-311671-4.

Fest, Joachim C. (1970). The Face of the Third Reich. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
ISBN 978-0-297-17949-8.

Fest, Joachim C. (1974) [1973]. Hitler. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-
76755-8.

Fest, Joachim C. (1977) [1973]. Hitler. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-021983-8.

Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). Nazi Germany: A New History. London: Constable and Company.
ISBN 978-0-09-474910-8.

Fromm, Erich (1977) [1973]. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. London: Penguin
Books. ISBN 978-0-14-004258-0.

Fulda, Bernhard (2009). Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic. Oxford: Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-954778-4.

"Agreement Between the Governments of the United Kingdom, the United States of America,
and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and the Provisional Government of the French
Republic on Certain Additional Requirements to be Imposed on Germany". dipublico.com. 20
September 1945.

Bartrop, Paul R.; Jacobs, Leonard, eds. (2014). Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource
and Document Collection. 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-363-9.
Beevor, Antony (2002). Berlin: The Downfall 1945. London: Viking-Penguin Books. ISBN
978-0-670-03041-5.

Beevor, Antony (2012). The Second World War. New York, NY: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-
316-02374-0.

Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007). A Concise History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945. Lanham,

MD: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5363-7.

Berben, Paul (1975). Dachau 1933–1945: The Official History. London: Norfolk Press. ISBN
978-0-85211-009-6.

Berghahn, Volker R. (1999). "Germans and Poles, 1871–1945". In Bullivant, Keith; Giles,
Geoffrey; Pape, Walter. Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural
Differences. Yearbook of European Studies. Amsterdam and Atlanta, GA: Rodopi. ISBN 978-
90-420-0688-1.

Beyer, John C.; Schneider, Stephen A. "Forced Labour under the Third Reich – Part 1"
(PDF). Nathan Associates. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 12
May 2013.

Biddiscombe, Perry (2001). "Dangerous Liaisons: The Anti-Fraternization Movement in the

US Occupation Zones of Germany and Austria, 1945–1948". Journal of Social History. 34
(3): 611–647. doi:10.1353/jsh.2001.0002.

Boczek, Bolesław Adam (2005). International Law: A Dictionary. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow
Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5078-1.

Bracher, Karl Dietrich (1970). The German Dictatorship. Translated by Jean Steinberg. New
York, NY: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-013724-8.

Browning, Christopher (2005). The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi
Jewish Policy, September 1939 – March 1942. Arrow. ISBN 978-0-8032-5979-9.

Busse, Reinhard; Riesberg, Annette (2004). "Health Care Systems In Transition: Germany"
(PDF). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe on behalf of the European
Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
Bytwerk, Randall (1998). "German Propaganda Archive: Goebbels' 1943 Speech on Total
War". Calvin College. Retrieved 3 March 2016.

Childers, Thomas (2017). The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. New York, NY:
Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-45165-113-3.

"Children during the Holocaust". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 24
April 2013.