1) Torsion Testing Machines:-

Features :

 Torsion Testing Machine is designed for conducting torsion and twist on various metal
wires, tubes, sheet materials torque measurement is by pendulum dyanometer system.
 Torque ranges can be adjusted by auto torque selector.
 Torque can be applied to specimen by geared motor through gear box.
 Autographic recorder gives the relation between torque and angle of twist.
 The accuracy of torque indication is ±1of the true torque.

Purpose of torsion testing:

The purpose of a torsion test is to determine the behavior a material or test sample exhibits when
twisted or under torsional forces as a result of applied moments that cause shear stress about the
axis. Measurable values include: the modulus of elasticity in shear, yield shear strength, torsional
fatigue life, ductility, ultimate shear strength, and modulus of rupture in shear. These values are
similar but not the same as those measured by a tensile test and are important in manufacturing
as they may be used to simulate the service conditions, check the product’s quality and design,
and ensure that it was manufactured correctly.

Types of torsion tests:

The three common forms that torsion testing take include failure, proof and operational. A
torsion test for failure requires that the test sample be twisted until it breaks and is designed to
measure the strength of the sample. A proof test is designed to observe the material under a
specified torque load over a set period of time. Finally, operational testing is measures the
material’s performance under the expected service conditions of its application. All of these
forms of tests may be performed with either torsion only loading or a combination of torsion and
axial (tension or compression) loading depending upon the characteristics to be measured.

Types of materials:

Many materials experience torques or torsional forces in their applications and so will benefit
from or require torsion testing. Materials used in structural, biomedical and automotive
applications are among the more common materials to experience torsion in their applications.
These materials may be composed of metals, plastics, woods, polymers, composites, or ceramics
among others and commonly take the forms of fasteners, rods, beams, tubes and wires.
Prizes of torsion testing machine:

90,000-2,50,000

Location of torsion testing machine:

Strength Of Material(SOM) Lab

Faculty incharge of SOM lab:

MR. AMOL TATKE SIR

 2) Venturimeter:-
Pincipal :

A venturimeter is a device used to measure the fluid flow through pipes. This flow measurement
device is based on the principle of Bernoulli’s equation. Inside the pipe , pressure difference is
created by reducing the cross-sectional area of the flow passage.This difference in pressure is
measured with the help of manometer and helps in determining rate of fluid flow or other
discharge from the pipe line. As the main inlet area is more as compared to throat , velocity of
fluid at throat increases therefore pressure decreases . By this, a pressure difference is created
between the inlet and the throat of the venturimeter. Hence, by reducing the cross-sectional area
of the flow passage, a pressure difference is created and we measure that difference in pressure
by using Bernoulli equation and discharge formula .

Bernoulli’s equation:

Discharge formula:
where, Coefficient of discharge of venturimeter (Cd) varies between 0.96 and 0.98.

Features :

 Theoretically there is no restriction to the flow down the pipe.

 They can be manufactured to fit any required pipe size.
 The temperature and pressure within the pipe does not affect the meter or its accuracy.
 There are no moving parts.
 Unfortunately the accurate shape required of the inside of the meter makes them
relatively expensive to manufacture.

Purpose :

A venturi meter is also called a venture flowmeter. It is used to calculate the velocity of fluids in
running through a pipeline. The fluid may be a liquid or a gas. The meter consists of a pipe with a
narrowing throat that expands back to it's original diameter on the other side of the choke point. The
venturi meter calculates velocity by measuring the pressure head at both points before and after the
narrowed throat.

Location of Venturimeter:

Fluid Mechanics(FM)Lab

Faculty incharge of FM lab:

MR. NITIN PATIL SIR

Prizes of Venturimeter:

25,000-60,000
 3) Orificemeter:-

Basic Principle of Orifice Meter

When an orifice plate is placed in a pipe carrying the fluid whose rate of flow is to be measured, the
orifice plate causes a pressure drop which varies with the flow rate. This pressure drop is measured
using a differential pressure sensor and when calibrated this pressure drop becomes a measure flow
rate. The flow rate is given by.

Where, Qa = flow rate

Cd = Discharge coefficient
A1 = Cross sectional area of pipe
A2 = Cross sectional area of orifice
P1, P2 = Static Pressures

Description of Orifice Meter

The main parts of an orifice flow meter are as follows:

 A stainless steel orifice plate which is held between flanges of a pipe carrying the fluid whose
flow rate is being measured.
  It should be noted that for a certain distance before and after the orifice plate fitted between
the flanges, the pipe carrying the fliud should be straight in order to maintain laminar flow
conditions.
 Openings are provided at two places 1 and 2 for attaching a differential pressure sensor (U-tube
manometer, differential pressure gauge etc) as shown in the diagram.

Operation of Orifice Meter

 The detail of the fluid movement inside the pipe and orifice plate has to be understood.
 The fluid having uniform cross section of flow converges into the orifice plate’s opening in its
upstream. When the fluid comes out of the orifice plate’s opening, its cross section is minimum
and uniform for a particular distance and then the cross section of the fluid starts diverging in
the down stream.
 At the upstream of the orifice, before the converging of the fluid takes place, the pressure of he
fluid (P1) is maximum. As the fluid starts converging, to enter the orifice opening its pressure
drops. When the fluid comes out of the orifice opening, its pressure is minimum (p2) and this
minimum pressure remains constant in the minimum cross section area of fluid flow at the
downstream.
 This minimum cross sectional area of the fluid obtained at downstream from the orifice edge is
called VENA-CONTRACTA.
 The differential pressure sensor attached between points 1 and 2 records the pressure
difference (P1 – P2) between these two points which becomes an indication of the flow rate of
the fluid through the pipe when calibrated.

Applications of Orifice Meter

1. The concentric orifice plate is used to measure flow rates of pure fluids and has a wide
applicability as it has been standardized.
2. The eccentric and segmental orifice plates are used to measure flow rates of fluids containing
suspended materials such as solids, oil mixed with water and wet steam.

Location of Orificemeter:

Fluid Mechanics(FM)Lab

Faculty incharge of FM lab:

MR. NITIN PATIL SIR

Prizes of Orificemeter: 25000-60000