ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY LECTURE (MIDTERMS)

Integumentary System

The skin that covers your body. 10 to 20 times thicker than epidermis.
Skin is also known as the cutaneous membrane. Responsible for most of skin’s structural
Skin and its derivatives: nails, hair, sweat glands, strength.
and sebaceous glands.

The Integument (covering)

Body’s largest organ.

Its surface is covered by an epithelial tissue that
protects underlying body layers.
The connective tissues contain blood vessels that
provide nutrients and provide strength and
resilience to the skin.
Vasoconstriction Muscular tissue (smooth muscle) controls both
(↑BP)
-orthostatic blood vessel diameter and hair position.
hypotensions goosebumps
Neural tissue supports and monitors sensory
Vasodilation (↓BP)
-hypertensives receptors in the skin.

Functions of Skin

Protection (against abrasion and UV light; also

prevents microorganisms from entering the body).
Prevention of H2O loss (dehydration)
Temperature and metabolic regulation (the
amount of blood flow beneath the skin’s surface
and the activity of sweat glands in skin both help
regulate body temperature).
Immune defense.
stratum germinativum
Sensory reception (detect heat, cold, touch,
pressure, pain).
Excretion.
Vitamin D production (when exposed to UV light,
the skin produces a molecule that can be
transformed into vitamin D, an important
regulator of calcium homeostasis).
Two Distinct Layers
Epidermis: stratified squamous epithelial tissue.
Most superficial layer of skin.
Prevents H2O loss and abrasion.
The deepest layer produce new cells by
mitosis (thus, older goes above).
Keratinization: cells change shape and
chemical composition during movement.
Keratin: protein that fills the cell in order
to become more rigid and durable.
Dermis: deeper layer of dense connective tissue.
Deep to the dermis is a layer of a layer of
areolar and adipose connective tissue
called the subcutaneous layer or
hypodermis.  connects to muscle/bone.
Melanocytes – found at stratum basale that produces
melanin.
Melanin: group of pigments primarily responsible
for skin, hair, and eye color.
Albinism: deficiency or absence of melanin.
Keratinocytes – dominant cell in different strata of
epidermis.
Basal keratinocytes (basal cells): found in stratum
basale.
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells – immune cells in contact
with external environment that is present in all layers of
epidermis.
Tactile (Merkel) cells – responsible for light touch
sensation that is found at the basal part of epidermis.
Stratum basale – consists of cuboidal or columnar cells that
undergo mitotic divisions about every 19 days.
Stratum corneum – most superficial stratum of epidermis.
Consists of dead squamous cells filled with
keratin.
Thick skin: found on the palms of hands, soles of feet, and
corresponding surfaces of fingers and toes.
 All five epidermal strata occur in thick skin. Skin color

Thin skin: covers most of the body yet lacks the stratum Hemoglobin is an oxygen- SIDE NOTE
lucidum. binding protein present in IV GSH s/e: kidney
RBC. Upon binding with problem, thyroid fx
Has only four specific layers. oxygen, it exhibits a bright (goiter), liver problem.
Contains the following accessories: red color. How GSH works? By
Hair follicles: small secretory cavity or Melanin is a pigment inhibiting tyrosinase, an
sac. enzyme that produces
produced and stored in cells melanin.
Sebaceous glands: small gland in skin called melanocytes.
that secretes sebum (oily matter) into the
hair follicles to lubricate the skin. Friction ridges: found on the fingers, palms, soles, and
Sweat glands: secrete substance onto toes.
epithelial surface by way of a duct
(passage way). Can leave noticeable prints on touched surfaces.
Formed from large folds of both dermis and
 Eccrine
epidermis.
 Apocrine
Helps people grasp objects by increasing friction
Dermis: primarily composed of collagen fibers type of so it would not slip easily. (e.g.: walking)
connective tissue although both elastic and reticular fibers Each person has a unique pattern of friction
are also present. ridges.
Fingerprints have become a valuable tool for law
Other components: blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous enforcement in identifying individuals.
glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory neurons, muscular
tissues. Skin markings

REVIEW: Nevus: mole, brown spots, cluster of pigmented

cells.
a. Cells Rarely, mole can turn into melanoma
fibroblasts - found in connective tissue (most serious type of skin cancer).
proper
adipocytes - fat Freckles: small brown spots stimulated by sun
chondrocytes - cartilage exposure and overproduction of melanin.
osteocytes - bone
b. Protein fibers
Hemangioma: benign tumor caused by excess
collagen fibers - strong and stretch- blood vessels that can disappear a few years from
resistant birth.
elastic fibers - flexible and resilient
reticular fibers - form an interwoven
Cavernous (port-wine stains; firemark)
framework Capillary (strawberry-colored
c. Ground substance - mainly composed of protein, birthmarks)
carbohydrate, water
viscous (blood)
Lines of cleavage (tension lines): identifies the
semisolid (cartilage)
solid (bone) predominant orientation of collagen fiber.
d. Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar Clinically and surgically significant
Reticular because cuts can result in slow healing
Adipose
e. Dense Connective Tissue and increased scarring.
Dense regular (tendons; ligaments)
Dense irregular (dermis of skin) Nails: scale-like modifications of the epidermis formed on
f. Cartilage the dorsal surfaces of the tips of fingers and toes.
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Protects the exposed distal (back) tips and prevent
Bone or Osseous tissue damage or distortion during jumping, kicking,
catching, or grasping.
Hard derivatives formed from the stratum
corneum layer of epidermis.
Similar to claws in other animals.

Parts of nails
 Nail groove: lies alongside of the edge of nail Heat retention
plate that keeps the nail growing in straight line. Facial expression
Lunula (small moon): a crescent-shaped white Sensory reception
area at the base of fingernail. Visual identification
Cuticle (eponychium): protective seal. Chemical signal dispersal
Nail body (nail plate): hard part of nail.
Hyponychium (quick): epithelium located beneath Hair color: result of synthesis of melanin.
the nail plate. Variations in hair color reflect genetically
Free edge: distal edge of nail. determined differences in the structure of the
Hair: found almost everywhere on the body except the melanin.
palms of hands, sides and soles of feet, lips, sides of fingers Environmental and hormonal factors.
and toes, and portions of external genitalia. Age
Gray hair: happens when body stops
Most of the hairs on generating melanin.
the human body are
on the general body Hair growth and replacement
surface rather than Sometimes hair loss may be temporary as a result
the head. of:
Two major parts: root Exposure to drugs
imbedded in skin and Dietary factors
shaft projecting Radiation
above skin surface. High fever
Hair papilla: base of Stress
hair follicle that is made up of capillaries and Alopecia areata: thinning of hair usually as a
connective tissues for blood supply, oxygen, and result of aging.
nutrients of hair bulb.
Hair follicle: an invagination of epidermis that
extends deep into dermis.
Shaft: protrudes above surface of skin.
Root: below skin.
Hair bulb: expanded base of root. ADDITIONAL NOTES
Intradermal injection: administered by
drawing the skin taut and inserting a small
needle at a shallow angle into the dermis.
Three concentric layers: (tuberculin skin test)
SC injection: pinching the skin to form a
Medulla tent and injecting a needle into the adipose
Cortex (surrounds medulla) tissue of SC tissue. (insulin)
Cuticle: single layer IM injection: 90o angle to skin into a
muscle deep to SC tissue.

Kinds of hair Pharmaceutical application

Lanugo: fine, soft hair that covers the body and Drugs for baldness:
limbs of a human fetus or newborn. Minoxidil (Rogaine) and Finasteride (Propecia)
Vellus: short, thin, slight-colored and barely
Burns: major cause of accidental death that is usually
noticeable thin hair that develops on most of a
caused by heat, radiation, harmful chemicals, sunlight, or
person’s body during childhood.
electrical shock.
Terminal hair: thick, long and dark as compared
with vellus. During puberty, the increase in The immediate threat to life results primarily from
androgenic hormone levels causes vellus hair to fluid loss (dehydration), infexn, fx of burned dead
be replaced with terminal hair. tissue.
Classified accdg to depth of tissue involvement:
Functions of hair

Protection
 First degree: involve only the epidermis
Partial thickness burn
and characterized by redness, pain, and
slight edema (e.g.: sunburn).
Second degree: involve epidermis and
part of dermis where the skin appears to
be red, tan or white and is blistered and
painful (e.g.: scald)
Third degree (full-thickness): involve
the epidermis, dermis, and SC layer
which are often destroyed.
 Skin grafting is required to
prevent disfigurement.
 Dehydration is a major concern
because the entire portion of
skin has been lost and H2O
cannot be retained.
 Must be aggressively treated for
dehydration.

Aging of the integument

Skin forms wrinkles and becomes less resilient.

Skin’s immune responsiveness is diminished.
Skin becomes drier due to decreased sebaceous
gland activity.
Altered skin and hair pigmentation.
Sweat production diminishes.
Hair thinning and loss.

Skin cancer: the most common type of cancer which

greatest risk factor is exposure to UV rays of sun.

The highest incidence is in people who have had

severe sunburns esp children.