SPRING 2014-2015

1
Faculty Of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY-I CIVL 596

Pile Construction Project

INSTRUCTOR:
PROF. DR. TAHİR ÇELİK

Project Number 03 ------- Group Number 04

Students’ Name Students’ Number

BILAL MOHAMMED PIROT 145292
SEVAR DILKHAZ SALAHADDIN 145233
HUSSEIN GHANDOUR 135919
 2
The overall objective of this Presentation is to
Objectives document the idea behind using piles, types of piles
and the benefits of using different types of piles

Historical In Britain, there are numerous examples of timber

piling in bridge works and riverside settlements
Review
constructed by the Romans

Timber, because of its lightness, durability and ease of cutting and handling, remained the
only material used for piling for along time

Reinforced concrete largely replaced timber for high-capacity piling for works on land

Steel has been used to an increasing extent for piling due to its ease of fabrication and
handling and its ability to withstand hard driving
 Types of
foundation 3

Shallow foundation Deep foundation

It will be on the surface of the It will drive to lower soil layers such
ground level as pile and pier

Comparison of pressure distribution and soil disturbance beneath spread and piled foundations (a) Spread foundation (b) Single pile.
Reference: Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition, Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward
 Pile is a Column driven into the 4
soil to support a structure by
transferring the building loads
to the deeper and stronger layer
of soil or rock, and supported by
a combination of skin friction
Pile and end bearing.
foundations

are commonly
constructed of timber, https://www.nationalprecast.com.au/precast
product/piles-piers
concrete, steel and
composite
 Although the use of pile foundation cost more than shallow 5
foundation, it is combination of skin friction essential to be
employed for some conditions. Such Conditions Are
Enumerated

The upper Bedrock is Subjected to Expansive & Foundations Bridge

soil layer is not horizontal collapsible below the abutments
too weak encountered forces soils extend water table and piers are
at a to a great are to avoid the
reasonable depth below subjected to possible loss
the ground uplifting of bearing
surface forces capacity
 6

Timber Pile

Concrete pile
Types of pile
foundation
Steel Pile
Based on Material

Composite pile
Different types of pile foundation
Reference: http://civilengineersforum.com/pile-foundation-
steel-piles-concrete-piles-timber-piles-composite-piles/
 7
Is an ideal material for piling. It has a high
strength to weight ratio, it is easy to handle,
it is readily cut to length and trimmed after
driving.

TIMBER Timber piles have three types according to the

PILES American Society of Civil Engineers:

1) Class A, carry heavy loads, minimum

diameter of butt 356 mm.
1) Class B; carry medium loads, minimum
diameter of butt 305 mm to 330mm.
Timber Piles
Reference: Pile Foundation
Construction Inspection By: Bureau
of Construction Bureau Of Bridges
And Structures

2) Class C piles are used for temporary

construction work, minimum diameter of but
305mm.
 Preparation of Timber Pile In
the Site
8

Timber piles cannot To avoid damage at the To avoid the damage to the
withstand hard driving bottom of timber piles, steel top of the piles, a metal
stress, therefore ⇒ shoes may be used band or a cap may be used

Protecting timber piles from decay (a) By precast concrete
upper section above water level (b) By extending pile cap
below water level.
Reference: Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition,
Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward
Protecting timber piles from splitting during driving (a) Protecting
head by mild steel hoop (b) Protecting toe by cast steel point.
Reference: Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition,
Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward
 9

Driven Timber piles in the site Driven Timber piles in the site
Reference: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger_Hafen Reference: http://www.compositesworld.com/articles/on-the-
waterfront-composite-marine-piles-build-on-success
 10

1. They can easily be extracted

Advantages of 2. They are economical in cost.
Timber Piles 3. They can stay undamaged indefinitely if they are surrounded
by saturated soil.

1. Timber pile cannot withstand hard driving stress.

Disadvantages 2. The pile capacity is generally limited.
of Timber Piles 3. Top of timber easy to damage during the driving operation.
4. Subject to attack by various organisms and insects.
 11
PRECAST CONCRETE PILE
have their principal use in marine and river structures, i.e.
in situations where the use of driven and cast-in-place piles
is impracticable or uneconomical
Concrete
Piles

Precast Concrete Piles, Precast Concrete Piles,

Reference:http://www.voorbijfunderingst Reference:https://www.nationalprecast.c
echniek.nl/english/products/piling- om.au/precast product/piles-piers
systems/precast-concrete-pile.html
 12

Precast concrete piles Precast concrete piles

Reference: http://www.aarsleff.co.uk/precast-reinforced- Reference:http://www.geoforum.com/info/pileinfo/view.
concrete-piles/ asp?ID=38

Precast concrete piles

Reference: Pile Foundation Construction Inspection By:
Bureau Of Construction Bureau Of Bridges And Structures
 JOINTED PRECAST CONCRETE PILES

casting on additional lengths to accommodate variations in the depth to a hard bearing stratum 13
will be evident. These drawbacks can be overcome by employing jointed piles

Typical locking pin joint for precast concrete pile.
Reference:
Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition,
Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward
Unseen breakage of precast concrete piles
with welded butt joints.
Reference: Pile Design and Construction
Practice, 5th edition, Michael Tomlinson and
John Woodward
 14
1) Can be subjected to hard driving.
Advantages of Precast 2) Corrosion resistant.
Concrete Pile 3) Can be easily combined with a concrete
superstructure.

Disadvantages of 1) Difficult to achieve proper cutoff.

Precast Concrete Piles 2) Difficult to transport.
 CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES 15
Piles are built by making a hole in the ground and then filling it with
concrete. These piles may be divided to two: (a) cased (b) uncased. Both
types may have a pedestal at the bottom

top view of a cast-in-place pile Cast in place concrete pile Cast in place concrete pile
Reference:http://strongfoundation.ca/services/cai Reference:http://www.iamcivilengineer.com/2014_12_0 Reference: http://spiraldrillers.co.nz/reinforced-
ssons/ 1_archive.html concrete-piles/
Bulb Pile: They are special forms
of cast-in-place concrete piles. It
forms a large base (bulb) during the
driving process increases their
effectiveness in serving as an end
bearing pile.
Bulb Pile
Reference: http://www.engineeringcivil.com/do-edge-
piles-take-up-same-loadings-as-central-piles-in-rigid-
cap.html
SHELL TYPES CAST-IN-PLACE PILES
consist of a permanent light gauge steel tube in 16
diameters from 150 to 500 mm with wall thickness
up to 6 mm and are internally bottom driven by
drop hammer.
On reaching the bearing layer the hammer is
removed, any reinforcement inserted, and a high
slump concrete placed to produce the pile.
The Taper Tube pile
Reference: Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition, Michael Tomlinson
and John Woodward
 17

ROTARY DISPLACEMENT AUGER PILES

the soil is displaced and compacted
as the auger head is rotated into the
ground to form the stable pile shaft,
with little soil being removed from the
hole.

The Screw auger tube (b) Cleaned-off section of an

excavated Screw pile.
Reference : http://www.bacsol.co.uk/specialist-
geotechnics/piles-micropiles/

Advantages of Cast-In-Place
Concrete Piles
Disadvantages of Cast-In-
Place Concrete Piles
18
1) Relatively low cost.
2) Allow for inspection before pouring
concrete.
3) Easy of length variation.
4) Minimal ground vibrations during
installation.
1) The uncertainty of the shape and condition of
the constructed pile.
2) The cast components may be damaged during
driving.
3) Difficult to splice after concreting.
4) Steel casings (temporary or permanently) and
reinforcing cages may also be required.
5) Cast-in-place concrete pile lengths are limited
by the drilling equipment used.
 are either pipe pile or rolled section steel H- section
Steel piles piles. 19
Pipe pile can be driven into the ground with their ends open or close.

Wide-flange and I-section steel beams can also be used as piles.

H-section piles are usually preferred because their web and flange
thickness are equal.

Figure 20: shapes of steel piles (a) and (b) Placing of Steel piles in site
Reference Reference: http://www.aeyates.co.uk/spi-appleton-
(a): Pile Foundation Construction Inspection By: Bureau Of Construction Bureau ltd/services/steel-piling
Of Bridges And Structures
(b): Https://Www.Vpgroundforce.Com/Gb/Piling/Products/Larssen-Sheet-Piles/
SHOES FOR STEEL PILES
shoes or other strengthening 20
devices at the toe are needed for
tubular piles driven with open
ends in easy to moderately easy
driving conditions.

Where open-ended piles have to

be driven through moderately
resistant layers to obtain deeper
penetrations,

or where they have to be driven

into weak rock, the toes should be
strengthened by welding-on a
steel ring.
(a) Strengthening shoe of tubular steel pile by cruciform plates (b) Buckling and
tearing of welded-on external stiffening ring to tubular steel pile driven on to
sloping rock surface.
Reference: (a and b) Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition, Michael
Tomlinson and John Woodward
 1) Easy to handle with respect to cutoff and
21
extension to the desired length.
Advantages of Steel 2) Can stand high driving stresses.
Piles 3) Can penetrate hard layers such as dense
gravel and soft rock.
4) High load-carrying capacity.

1) Steel Piles subject to corrosion.

2) They are very expensive.
Disadvantages of 3) High level of noise during pile driving.
4) H-section may be damaged or deflected from
Steel Piles the vertical during driving through hard layers
or past major obstruction.
 combinations of bored piles with driven piles can be
Composite used to overcome problems resulting from particular 22
pile site or ground conditions such as the problem of
timber piles above ground-water level

composite piles may be made of steel and concrete or timber

and concrete.
Steel and concrete piles consist of a lower portion of steel
and an upper portion of cast-in-place concrete

composite piles are not economical compared with those of

uniform section
different stages in construction of composite piles
Reference:http://www.theconstructioncivil.org/composit
e-piles/
 With non-displacement piles soil is removed
NON-DISPLACEMENT
PILES and the resulting hole filled with concrete or 23
sometimes a precast concrete pile is
dropped into the hole and grouted in.

This method of construction produces an irregular interface between the pile shaft and
surrounding soil which affords good skin frictional resistance under subsequent loading.

Non- displacement pile

Reference:
http://www.civilworksaustralia.com.au/index.php?p
age=piling-methods
 These tend to be 600mm or less in diameter and
SMALL DIAMETER
are usually constructed by using a tripod rig. The 24
BORED CAST-IN-
equipment consists of a tripod, a winch and a cable
PLACE PILES
operating a variety of tools

(a) shell auger for cohesion-less, (b) cruciform auger for

cohesive soils
Small diameter bore (cast in place piles)
Reference: Civil Engineering
Reference:http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/Fou
Association:http://ceanitc.in/category/piles/
ntype.htm
 Large boreholes from 750mm up to 3m
LARGE DIAMETER diameter (with 7m under-reams) are possible 25
BORED CAST-IN- by using rotary drilling machinery. The
PLACE PILES angering plant is usually crane or lorry
mounted.

Large diameter cast in place piles’ machine

Reference:http://www.soilmec.com/it/viewdoc.asp Stages of constructing large diameter bored cast-in-place piles
?co_id=3596 References: http://bestengineeringprojects.com/civil-projects/construction-of-pile-foundation/
 This type of pile is particularly suitable in conditions 26
where the ground is waterlogged, or where there is
movement of water in an upper layer of the soil which
could result in cement being leached from a cast-in-
place concrete pile

PARTIALLY
PRE-FORMED
PILES

Partially pre-formed pile

Reference: https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/site-planning-and-design-are40-part-1/deck/12006237
 GROUT- OR The use of continuous flight augers is becoming a 27
CONCRETE- much more popular method in pile construction.
INTRUDED These piles offer considerable environmental
PILES advantages during construction

Their noise and vibration levels are low and there is

no need for temporary borehole wall casing or
bentonite slurry making it suitable for both clays
and granular soils

The only problem is that they are limited in depth to

the maximum length of the auger (about 25m)

Figure 31: Concrete

intruded piles
 Sheet piles are structural tools which are designed to resist
horizontal forces as they embedded in soils. They are also
28
used as retaining systems.
SHEET PILES
Sheet piles are made of different materials as wood,
concrete, steel or aluminum which play an important role in
their applications

Sheet piles are widely used for several purposes

such as:
1) Large and waterfront structures
2) Erosion protection
3) Stabilizing ground slopes
4) Shoring walls of trenches and other
excavations, and cofferdams.

Installed sheet piles in a project common shapes of sheet piles

Reference: http://jdfields.com/retaining-wall-sheet-piling-construction Reference: http://www.pennarindia.com/steel-products-sheet-piling.html
 Timber is cheap relative to concrete or steel. It is 29
light, easy to handle, and readily trimmed to the
required length. It is very durable below ground-water
level but is liable to decay above this level.

Concrete is adaptable for a wide range of pile types. It

CHOICE OF ILE can be used in precast form in driven piles, or as
MATERIALS insertion units in bored piles.

Steel is more expensive than timber or concrete but

this disadvantage may be outweighed by the ease of
handling steel piles, by their ability to withstand hard
driving, by their resilience and strength in bending,
and their capability to carry heavy loads
 30

1) The depth to a stratum capable of supporting a pile.

2) The availability of materials for piles.
3) The number of piles required.
4) The driving equipment.
5) The depth and kind of water if any, above the ground
Factors Influencing
which the piles will be driven.
Choice Of Piles To Be
6) Location and type of structure.
Used For Construction
7) Types of structures adjacent to the site.
8) The size, weight of the structure.
9) The physical properties of the soil stratum on site.
10)The durability required.
11)The comparative in-place cost.
 PILE The available types include: 31
HAMMERS 1) Drop.
2) Single-acting steam or compressed air
(60 blows per minute).
3) Double-acting steam or compressed
air (120 blows per minute).
4) Differential-acting steam or
compressed air ( Frequency usually
between single and double).
5) Diesel ( Can operate in freezing
weather, but may fail to operate in soft
soil).
6) Hydraulic.
7) Vibratory drivers ( most effective in
driving piles into granular soils, they
operate at very high frequencies).
Typical operation of pile driving hammers
Reference: http://www.aboutcivil.org/pile-driving-
equipment-hammers.html
 The dropping weight or drop 32
hammer is the most commonly used
method of insertion of displacement
piles.
Dropping weight
(Drop Hammer)

Variants of the simple drop hammer are the single

acting and double acting hammers. These are
mechanically driven by steam, by compressed air
or hydraulically.

Piles' dropping weight in the site

Reference: http://www.forcepile.com/
 Rapid controlled explosions can be produced by 33
the diesel hammer.

Diesel
Hammer

This type of hammer is most suitable for driving piles

through non-cohesive granular soils where the major
resistance is from the end bearing.

Using diesel hummer in the site

Reference:http://www.powerquip.co.kr/products/hydraulic-pile-hammer_photo_M.html
 Vibratory methods of pile driving: 34
Vibratory methods can prove to be very effective in driving piles through non cohesive
granular soils. The vibration of the pile excites the soil grains adjacent to the pile
making the soil almost free flowing thus significantly reducing friction along the pile
shaft.

Jacking methods of insertion:

Jacked piles are most commonly used in underpinning existing
structures. By excavating underneath a structure short lengths of
pile can be inserted and jacked into the ground using the underside
of the existing structure as a reaction.

jacking method of insertion

Reference:http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geoca
l/foundations/Fountype.htm
 REFERENCES
35
Pile Design and Construction Practice, 5th edition, Michael Tomlinson and John Woodward.
Principles of Foundation Engineering, 7th edition, chapter 11, DAS, B.
Construction Methods and Management, 7th edition, S. W. NUNNALLY (Consulting Engineer), Professor Emeritus, North Carolina
State University.

Basic Types of Sheet Pile Walls and Their Application in the Construction Industry, Leila Eskandari, Department of civil
engineering, University of Hormozgan, Bandar abbas, Iran.

Piling and Penetrative Ground Improvement Methods on Land Affected by Contamination, Guidance on Pollution Prevention
National Groundwater & Contaminated, Land Centre report NC/99/73

Shallow Foundation and Deep Foundation, Wei Siong on Aug28, 2011

National Program on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL),India, Advanced Foundation Engineering-I, Module 8, Lectures
29 To 34), Pile Foundations

Faculty of Environment and Technology, University of the West of England from

(http://environment.uwe.ac.uk/geocal/foundations/Fountype.htm)

Overview of Construction and Design of Auger Cast-In-Place and Drilled Displacement Piles, Monica Prezzi, Assistant Professor,
And Prasenjit Basu, Doctoral Student, Purdue University, USA

Excavations and Foundations in Soft Soils, Hans-Georg Kempfert, Berhane Gebreselassie

36