AAYOJAN SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN

FOURTH YEAR B.ARCH 2018-19

SEMESTER-VII

QUANTITY SURVEYING AND

ESTIMATION-I

Pankaj zurunge | Lalit wani

 UNIT-1
Introduction to quantity Surveying and Estimating, Data for Estimate,
Purpose of Estimating, Accompaniments of an Estimate, Quantities of an
Estimator, Spot Items, Contingencies, Prime cost and Provisional Sums,
Provisional Quantities, Extra items of work,

1. What is estimation?
 An estimate is the probable cost of a construction work.
 Estimation is the process of calculating quantities and cost.

2. What is the purpose of estimation?

 To find the necessary amount of money required by the owner to complete the
proposed work.
 For public construction works, estimates are required in order to obtain
administrative approvals, allotments of funds and technical sanction.
 To find quantities of materials required in order to programme their timely
procurement.
 To calculate the number of different categories of workers those are to be
employed.
 To evaluate the requirements of tools, plants and equipment required to complete
the work.
 To fix completion period from the amount of works involved in the estimate.
 To make a construction schedule.
 To arrange funds required according to the programme.
 To invite tenders and prepare bills for payment.
 An estimate for an existing property is required for valuation.
 To justify the investment from benefit cost ratio.

3. What is the data required for estimation?

 Drawings consisting of the plan.
 The elevation and section through important points, along with a detailed
specification giving specific description of all workmanship.
 Properties and proportion of materials are required.

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4. What is difference between cost and estimation?
 Cost
 It is the actual rate.
 The cost of construction can be known from physical measurements of items of
work at site.
 Estimation
 It is the probable cost.
 The accuracy of an estimate depends on a careful study of the various dimensions
on the drawings.
 It also depends on the skills of estimator.

5. What are the qualities of a good estimator?

 Should have a thorough understanding of the architects drawing.
 Should have knowledge of building materials and construction methods.
 Should have up to date knowledge of the market.
 Should know the methods preparing an estimate.
 Should be systematic and orderly.

6. What are Contingencies?

 Incidental expenses.
 Cannot be predicted during estimation.
 An additional amount of 3% to 5% of estimated cost is provided.
 Should be included in lump sum amount it-self

7. What is a Prime cost?

 Net cost or purchase cost of articles.
 It refers to the supply of the articles only.
 Profit is not allowed.

8. What is a Provisional sum?

 It is a rough amount provided by an experienced estimator in total estimation to
carry out some special type of work.
 Details of the work may not be known in the beginning.
 E.g. Installation of lift.

9. Write a short note on schedule of rates and its uses?

 A schedule of rates can be a list in contract setting out the staff, labour and plant
hire rates the contactor will use.
 In the schedule necessary analysis of the rates for varying conditions should be
provided.

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10. What is a measurement sheet? And what are the guidelines of writing a measurement
sheet?
 Used for finding out the quantities of work from detailed measurements.
 The estimator takes of the various dimensions from the drawings and tabulates
them in a measurement sheets.
 It contains columns – description, number, length, breadth, depth or thickness
and quantity.

Guidelines for writing a measurement sheet

 Format of the measurement sheet should be standard.
 Numbering of the item should be given asper the execution of work.
 The item must be described in brief and it should be self-explanatory and it must
include material, labour, tools and plants, equipment, form work etc.
 Number of identical items must be clearly specified.
 While entering the dimensions it must be in order of length, breadth and
depth/height.
 All dimensions must be referred from drawings and must be numbered as per
measurement sheet.
 While calculating the quantity we have to multiply the No X Length X Breadth X
Height.
 In the column of remark, details of length, formula of volume if any must be
clarified.
 It must be clarified that all items in the project are covered.
 The rules of lead and lift, addition, deduction and multiplying factors must be as
per I.S 1200.
 The measurements must be accompanied with proper mode of measurement.

11. What are the accompaniments of estimate?

 It is an economic and accounting analysis.
 Evaluation of projects feasibility.
 Preparation of preliminary report.
 Preparation and submission of financing portfolio to bank for approval.
 Approval reviews of financing agreements.
 Conducting legal negotiation with legal document the bank.

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12. What are the spot items?
 Items that require alteration or repairs in an existing building or structure.
 Spot items need to be inspected on site to gain an understanding of extent of
work that will be involved.
 A good knowledge is required in order to identify spot items.
 In BOQ spot items are consider as single item.

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 UNIT-2
Different types of Estimate their uses and characteristics, Schedule of
Quantities, Schedule of Rates and its uses, Stages of work, Complete Estimate
of a Project, Methods of taking out Quantities, Measurement Sheet, Abstract
Sheet, Bill of Quantities.

13. What are the types of estimate and its characteristics?

A. A detail estimate
B. A preliminary or approximate or rough estimate
C. A Quantity estimate or quantity survey
D. Revised estimate
E. A supplementary estimate
F. Combination of revised and supplementary
G. Revised estimate and supplementary estimate due to reduction of cost
H. A complete estimate
I. Annual maintenance or repair estimate

A. A detailed estimate
 Includes the detailed particulars for the quantities, rates and cost of all the items.
 Quantities of all items are calculated from their respective dimensions.
 Drawing and measurement sheets are used.
 Quantities are multiplied by their respective rates.
 Best and most accurate estimate

B. A preliminary or approximate or rough estimate

 Used to find out approximate cost.
 Framed after knowing the rate of similar works and from practical knowledge.
 Various methods are used.
I. Square-metre method methods.
II. Cubic rate method.
III. Unit rate method.

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 C. A Quantity estimate or quantity surveys
 Complete estimate or list of quantities for all items of work required to complete
the concerned project.

D. Revised estimate
 Detailed estimate for the revised quantities and rates of items of works.
 Deviations of structural nature are not allowed.
 Also required when the sanction estimate is more than the actual requirement.
 Required when sanction amount is exceeded due to change of rates or addition
of works.
 a comparative abstract form showing variations of quantity, rate and amount of
each item is needed
 Required due to change of rate or quantity of material.

E. A supplementary estimate
 Due material deviation of structural nature.
 Comparative abstract form is not needed.
 Required due to new works or change of design.

F. Combination of revised and supplementary

 Sometimes it is necessary to revise the original estimate due to increased volume
of original proposed work and at the same time sanction of supplementary work.

G. Annual maintenance or repair estimate

 Prepared for the items which required renewal, replacement, repairs etc.
 Included in detailed estimate.
 E.g. white washing, colour and painting of doors and windows etc.

14. What are the factors that are to be considered during preparation of detailed
estimate?
 Quantity of materials.
 Availability of materials.
 Transportation of materials.
 Location of site.
 Local labour charges.

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15. Write a short note on schedule of quantities OR bill of quantities?
 Complete list of all items of work.
 A detailed statement of work, prizes, dimensions and other details for the erection
of a building by contract.
 Required to calculate the quantities of different material required for the project.
 The BOQ when multiplied by the corresponding rates and totalled gives estimated
cost.

16. What are the different stages of work?

 Site clearance.
 Excavation.
 Footing
 Back fill.
 Superstructure.
 Finishing.

17. What are the different methods of taking out quantities?

 Centreline method.
 Long wall short wall method.

18. What is an abstract sheet?

 Only the rate and total quantity are included.

19. What are the guidelines of writing an abstract sheet?

 Format of abstract sheet must be standardising.
 Numbering of items must be same as per measurement sheet.
 The quantity of each item must be referred from the measurement sheet.
 Description of item must be short.
 The quantity must be written in accuracy of two decimals.
 Rate of each item must be taken from D.S.R (District Schedule of Rates).
 Rate must be in rupees.
 Total amount of each page should be carried forward to next page and must be
considered while calculating the total of that page.

20. What is meant by a complete estimate?

 Prepared for submission to the government to obtained stanchion from the
government.
 Shall consist :
I. Title page.
II. Index.

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 III. Report.
IV. Design data and calculation.
V. Specifications.
VI. Detail statement of measurements, quantities and rates.
VII. Analysis of rates for unscheduled items.
VIII. Detailed estimate in specify form.
IX. Abstract.
X. General abstract.
XI. Drawings.

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 UNIT-3
Study of mode of measurement as stipulated in IS – 1200, Classification of
strata as per IS – 1200, trial pit data, lift and leads, Unit of measurements.
1. Guidelines for mode of measurement
 Steel work shall be measured in weight (Quintal or Kg.) Thus the quantity of steel –
Volume X density where Volume – Area X length of member and area can be
referred from steel table for an ISA, ISMB OR ISMC sections.
 Certain items shall be measured in number such as plumbing fittings.
 The items which cannot be measured by surveyors are classified as a job work.
 The items which have long length as compared to the cross sections can be
measured in running meter.
 The items whose thickness is uniform can be measured in Square meter. For
example Plastering, Flooring, etc.
 The items whose Length, Breadth and depth are prominent are classified as
voluminous items which are measured in Cubic meter.

2. Miscellaneous mode of measurement

Sr.no Item Measurement

1. Site clearance & lead, Lift Job work
2. Steel/Iron work Quintal of Kg
3. Water tanks/Septic Tanks Per litre capacity
4. Electric Work No of points

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 3. Various mode of measurement

Number (No.) Running Meter (Rm) Square Meter (Sq.m) Cubic Meter (Cum)
Wash basins Compound wall Collapsible door Excavation in
foundation
Water closets Barbed wire fencing D.P.C layer P.C.C in foundation
Manhole Retaining wall Flooring All R.C.C items
Inspection chamber Skirting Brick work less than Brick masonry more
230mm thickness than 230mm thick
Plumbing fittings Railing Door grills Stone masonry
Steps in staircase Water supply pipes Door and window Wood work in doors
shutters and windows
C.I. Brackets Sewage pipes Internal plaster 12mm U.C.R in foundation
thick
Pot hole String Course and External plaster B.B.M in foundation
cornices
All types of traps R.C.C or Hume pipe A.C sheet roofing Earth filling
Excavation for gulley Eaves gutter Internal painting Soling
trap chambers
Urinals Excavation for cable External painting Reinforced Brick
masonry
Culverts Concrete Jaali
Roads R.C.C. sun breakers
Footpaths Honey comb brick
work
Expansion joints Dado in bathrooms
Brick bat coba
Floor pavement
Pointing
Glazing work
Varnishing

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 UNIT-4
Bill certification Part rate certification, Interim/Running bill Certification
1. What is meant by completion certificate or practical certificate?
 This certificate is issued when the work is practically complete.
 This certificate is issued under following circumstances.
a. When contractor gives a notice.
b. When the architect applies for occupation certificates.
c. When water connection is obtained.
d. When the architect applies completion certificate.
e. When the local authority grants the occupation certificate or completion
certificate.

2. What is meant by Interim and final certificates?

 It is essential for an architect to issue an interim certificate from time to time.
 This certificate is issued every month or when the cost of work is Rs.50, 000 or
more.
 In this certificate he has to specify the following things.
a. The amount for the works executed.
b. Payment to be advanced against the cost of material.
c. Deduction for the retention fund.
d. Material delivered on the site etc.
 The characteristics of interim certificate are as stated below.
a. The issue of Interim certificate does not guarantee that the work executed is
proper.
b. This certificate can be revised.
c. Retention fund is to be considered while issuing this certificate.
d. These certificates are issued during the progress of work strictly as per
conditions of contract.
e. Once the certificate is issued, the material from the site cannot be removed.
f. Final certificate can be withheld even though Interim certificate have been
issued time to time.
g. These certificates are issued at various stages like- plinth level, first slab level
etc. or month wise or value wise.

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3. What is meant by Final certificate?
 After the completion of work the architect has to issue a final certificate to the
contractor.
 The condition for Final certificate is stated below.
a. The certificate is issued at the end of defect liability period which is considered
from the date of virtual completion.
b. The contractor is issued a schedule of defects if there is defect in the work.
c. The final certificate is issued after satisfactory report about the efforts taken by
the contractor to overcome the defect.
d. The final certificate brings out clearly the state of affairs which becomes a debt
from one pert to other.
e. The final certificate is issued after scrutiny (critical observation or examination)
of all work.
f. The final certificate can be withheld on the grounds that the work is not carried
out satisfactory.
g. The issue of final certificate must be within the limitation of contract.
h. The final certificate is the conclusive certificate and is issued after the expiry of
defect liability period

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 UNIT-5
Working out quantities for load bearing structure (below plinth only) of
approximately 15-30 Sq.m by offset and centreline method illustrating L and t
junctions and preparing measurement sheet and abstract for all items.

UNIT-6
Working out quantities for R.C.C. G+1 structure of approximately 150-200
sq.m and preparing measurement sheet and abstract for all items of work.

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