Molding (decorative)

Cavetto molding and resulting

shadow pattern

Ovolo molding and resulting

shadow pattern

Cyma recta molding and

resulting shadow pattern

Moulding (also spelled molding in the United States though usually not within the industry), also known as coving (United
Kingdom, Australia), is a strip of material with various profiles used to cover transitions between surfaces or for decoration. It is
traditionally made from solid milled wood or plaster, but may be of plastic or reformed wood. In classical architecture and
sculpture, the molding is often carved in marble or other stones.

A "plain" molding has right-angled upper and lower edges. A "sprung" molding has upper and lower edges that bevel towards its
rear, allowing mounting between two non-parallel planes (such as a wall and a ceiling), with an open space behind. Moldings
may be decorated with paterae as long, uninterrupted elements may be boring for eyes.

Contents
Types
Use
See also
References
Further reading

Types
Decorative moldings have been made of wood, stone and cement. Recently
moldings have been made of extruded PVC and Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) as
a core with a cement-based protective coating. Synthetic moldings are a cost
effective alternative that rival the aesthetic and function of traditional profiles.

Common moldings include:

Astragal — Semi-circular molding attached to one of a pair of doors

to cover the gap where they meet.
Baguette — Thin, half-round molding, smaller than an astragal,
sometimes carved, and enriched with foliages, pearls, ribbands,
laurels, etc. When enriched with ornaments, it was also called
chapelet.[1]
Bandelet — Any little band or flat molding, which crowns a Doric
architrave. It is also called a tenia (from Greek ταινία an article of
clothing in the form of a ribbon.[1]
Baseboard, "base molding" or "skirting board" — Used to conceal
the junction of an interior wall and floor, to protect the wall from
impacts and to add decorative features. A "speed base" makes use
of a base "cap molding" set on top of a plain 1" thick board, however
there are hundreds of baseboard profiles.
Baton — See Torus
Batten or board and batten — Symmetrical molding that is placed
across a joint where two parallel panels or boards meet
Moldings from 1728 Table of
Bead molding — Narrow, half-round convex molding, when
repeated forms reeding architecture in the Cyclopedia[1]
Beading or bead — Molding in the form of a row of half spherical
beads, larger than pearling

Other forms: Bead and leaf, bead and reel, bead and spindle
Beak — Small fillet molding left on the edge of a larmier, which forms a canal, and makes a kind of pendant.[1]
See also: chin-beak
Bed molding — Narrow molding used at the junction of a wall and ceiling. Bed moldings can be either sprung or
plain.
Bolection — Raised molding projecting proud of a face frame at the intersection of the different levels between
the frame and an inset panel on a door or wood panel. It will sometimes have a rabbet on its underside the depth
of the lower level so it can lay flat over both. It can leave an inset panel free to expand or contract with
temperature and humidity.
Cable molding or ropework — Convex molding carved in imitation of a twisted rope or cord, and used for
decorative moldings of the Romanesque style in England, France and Spain and adapted for 18th-century silver
and furniture design (Thomas Sheraton)[2]
Cabled fluting or cable — Convex circular molding sunk in the concave fluting of a classic column, and rising
about one-third of the height of the shaft[1]
Casing — Finish trim around the sides of a door or window opening covering the gap between finished wall and
the jam or frame it is attached to.
Cartouche (in French) escutcheon — Framed panel in the form of a scroll with an inscribed centre, or
surrounded by compound moldings decorated with floral motifs
Cavetto — (in Italian) cavare("to hollow"): Concave, quarter-round molding sometimes employed in the place of
the cymatium of a cornice, as in the Doric order of the Theatre of Marcellus. It forms the crowning feature of the
Egyptian temples, and took the place of the cymatium in many of the Etruscan temples.
Chair rail or dado rail — Horizontal molding placed part way up a wall to protect the surface from chair-backs,
and used simply as decoration
Chamfer — Beveled edge connecting two adjacent surfaces
Chin-beak — Concave quarter-round molding, rare in ancient buildings, more common today.[1]
Corner guard — Used to protect the edge of the wall at an outside corner, or to cover a joint on an inside corner.
Cove molding or coving — Concave-profile molding that is used at the junction of an interior wall and ceiling
Crown molding — Wide, sprung molding that is used at the junction of an interior wall and ceiling. General term
for any molding at the top or "crowning" an architectural element.
 Cyma — Molding of double curvature, combining the convex ovolo and concave cavetto. When the concave part
is uppermost, it is called a cyma recta but if the convex portion is at the top, it is called a Cyma reversa[3] —
Crowning molding at the entablature is of the cyma form, it is called a cymatium.
Dentils — Small blocks spaced evenly along the bottom edge of the cornice
Drip cap — Molding placed over a door or window opening to prevent water from flowing under the siding or
across the glass
Echinus — Similar to the ovolo molding and found beneath the abacus of the Doric capital or decorated with the
egg-and-dart pattern below the Ionic capital[2]
Egg-and-dart — egg shapes alternating with V-shapes; one of the most widely used classical moldings.[2]

Also: Egg and tongue, egg and anchor, egg and star
Fillet — Small, flat band separating two surfaces, or between the flutes of a column. Fillet is also used on
handrail applications when the handrail is "plowed" to accept square shaped balusters. The fillet is used on the
bottom side of the handrail between each of the balusters.
Fluting — Vertical, half-round grooves cut into the surface of a column in regular intervals, each separated by a
flat astragal. This ornament was used for all but the Tuscan order
Godroon or Gadroon — Ornamental band with the appearance of beading or reeding, especially frequent in
silverwork and molding. It comes from the Latin word Guttus, meaning flask. It is said to be derived from raised
work on linen, applied in France to varieties of the, bead and reel, in which the bead is often carved with
ornament. In England the term is constantly used by auctioneers to describe the raised convex decorations under
the bowl of stone or terracotta vases. The godroons radiate from the vertical support of the vase and rise halfway
up the bowl.

Also: Gadrooning, lobed decoration, (k)nukked decoration, thumb molding

Guilloché — Interlocking curved bands in a repeating pattern often forming circles enriched with rosettes and
found in Assyrian ornament, classical and Renaissance architecture.[2]
Keel molding — Sharp-edged molding resembling a cross-section of a ship's keel, common in the Early English
and Decorated styles.
Lamb's Tongue — Lambs Tongue is a moulding having a deep, symmetrical profile ending in a narrow edge.[4]
Muntin — Narrow strip of wood or metal separating and holding panes of glass in a window.
Ogee — see "Cyma"
Ovolo — Simple, convex quarter-round molding that can also be enriched with the egg-and-dart or other pattern
Neck molding
Panel Mould - A moulding that is flat on the back and profiled on the face. Panel mould is applied directly on a
flat surface like a wall or flush door. The moulding is mitered before applying and installed in squares or
rectangles on a surface to simulate a panel.
Picture rail — Functional molding installed 7–9 feet above the floor from which framed art is hung, common in
commercial buildings and homes with plaster walls.
Rosette — Circular, floral decorative element found in Mesopotamian design and early Greek stele, common in
revival styles of architecture since the Renaissance.[2]
Scotia — Concave molding with a lower edge projecting beyond the top and so used at the base of columns as a
transition between two torus moldings with different diameters[2]
Screen molding — Small molding used to hide and reinforce where a screen is attached to its frame.
Shoe molding, toe molding or quarter-round — Small flexible molding used at the junction of a baseboard and
floor as a stylistic element or to cover any gap between the two.
Strapwork - Imitates thick lengths of leather straps applied to a surface to produce pattern of ribs in connected
circles, squares, scrolls, lozenges etc. Popular in England in 16th & 17th. centuries, used in plaster on ceilings,[5]
also sculpted in stone on exterior of buildings, e.g. around entrance doors. Also carved in wood, and used for
topiary designs for parterres.
Torus — Convex, semi-circular molding, larger than an astragal, often at the base of a column, which may be
enriched with leaves or plaiting.[6]
Trim molding — General term used for moldings used to create added detail or cover up gaps, including corner
moldings, cove moldings, rope moldings, quarter rounds, and accent moldings.[7]

Use
At their simplest, moldings hide and help weather seal natural joints produced in the framing process of building a structure. As
decorative elements they are a means of applying light- and dark-shaded stripes to a structural object without having to change
the material or apply pigments. Depending on their function they may be primarily a means of hiding or weather-sealing a joint,
purely decorative, or some combination of the three.

As decorative elements the contrast of dark and light areas gives definition to the object. If a vertical wall is lit at an angle of
about 45 degrees above the wall (for example, by the sun) then adding a small overhanging horizontal molding, called a fillet
molding, will introduce a dark horizontal shadow below it. Adding a vertical fillet to a horizontal surface will create a light
vertical shadow. Graded shadows are possible by using moldings in different shapes: the concave cavetto molding produces a
horizontal shadow that is darker at the top and lighter at the bottom; an ovolo (convex) molding makes a shadow that is lighter at
the top and darker at the bottom. Other varieties of concave molding are the scotia and congé and other convex moldings the
echinus, the torus and the astragal.

Placing an ovolo directly above a cavetto forms a smooth s-shaped curve with vertical ends that is called an ogee or cyma reversa
molding. Its shadow appears as a band light at the top and bottom but dark in the interior. Similarly, a cavetto above an ovolo
forms an s with horizontal ends, called a cyma or cyma recta. Its shadow shows two dark bands with a light interior.

Together the basic elements and their variants form a decorative vocabulary that can be assembled and rearranged in endless
combinations. This vocabulary is at the core of both classical architecture and Gothic architecture.

See also
Ancient Greek architecture
Ancient Roman architecture
Architrave
Cornice
Entablature
Glossary of architecture
Molding plane
Order (mouldings)
Renaissance architecture

References
1. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chambers, Ephraim, ed. (1728).
"article name needed". Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (first ed.). James and John
Knapton, et al.
2. Lewis, Philippa & Gillian Darley (1986) Dictionary of Ornament, NY: Pantheon
3. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Cyma" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cym
a). Encyclopædia Britannica. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 690.
4. "Lamb's tongue profile" (https://www.wrp-timber-mouldings.co.uk/moulding-profiles/profiles/lambs-tongue).
Retrieved August 26, 2019.
5. See drawings of period ceilings in Bankart, George, "The Art of the Plasterer", 1908; also Millar, William,
"Plastering, Plain & Decorative", 1897
6. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Torus" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Toru
s). Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 79.
7. Distinctive Wood Designs Inc. (2010) "Trim Mouldings" (http://www.distinctivewooddesigns.com/trim.php)

Further reading
 Theory of Mouldings (Classical America Series in Art and Architecture) (http://www.books-by-isbn.com/0-393/039
3732339-Theory-of-Mouldings-C.-Howard-Walker-0-393-73233-9.html); C Howard Walker (Author); Richard
Sammons (Foreword); W. W. Norton & Co. (July 31, 2007); ISBN 0-393-73233-9

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