Q1. Give importance of media in guiding citizens.

Answer:

Media plays a significant role in keeping everyone updated about the various events
around the world. Today, we can check out the latest news and current affairs with just
few clicks of mouse or by simply switching on the radio or television, apart from glancing
at the newspaper every morning!

Media: Meaning
Media is the plural form for medium and involves the collective communication sources
or mediums including television, radio, newspapers, internet, social media sites and
various relevant sites and blogs. The main purpose of media is to disseminate the
information and knowledge

Importance of Media
Let us know and understand the significance of media through the following most
important points:

1. Gives us immense knowledge & transmits information – Media keeps us

informed about various happening around the world. It lets us know what is happening
around us and all over the world. With the help of media, we get immense knowledge
on various subjects. Media plays a vital role in the dissemination of information. It
broadcasts, prints and updates information from time to time so that the general public
stays aware of what is going on in the country and in the entire world.

2. Raises our consciousness – Media ignites awareness in us by providing

information and knowledge. It does not enforces its own opinion on us, but provides
facts, figures and news to us so that we can analyze the information and can
understand, what is wrong and what is right?

3. Raises voice against social evils – Media also plays a constructive role for the
society by raising social issues. Presently, there are many examples of social evils like
dowry, female foeticide, gender discrimination, etc. that have been raised by
media. When media presents and unveils such issues, the public becomes aware and
the necessary steps are taken for resolving the issues! Media also helps reach the voice
of masses to the concerned authorities.

4. Provides true pictures and live telecast for various events – Be it the cricket
world cup, FIFA matches, our prime minster or president addressing the nation, the
areas affected by flooding or just any other incident, media helps us see the true picture
by providing the LIVE or recorded telecast for almost all important events.
5. Educates the society – One of the most important roles of media is to educate the
society. We can explore and analyze various product reviews, do price comparison for
various items, read news about politics, fashion, war, weather, health and much more
with the help of media. Media exposes issues like poverty, illiteracy, social
backwardness, etc., and educates people on the same. It also educates people about
their rights and duties and helps enforce law as well.

Conclusion: Today, media has become important part of our life as well as society.
Henceforth, the role and effects of media cannot be ignored! It informs, educate and
entertain people and most importantly, it helps in reforming, reshaping, educating and
strengthening the society.

Q2. Explain need for a check on quackery.

Answer:

Quackery refers to the promotion of fraudulent medical practices. A quack is a person who pretends to
have skill, qualification, knowledge or credentials he does not possess. Quackery is a kind of health scam
which promotes bogus products and services.

It has harmful physical and psychological effects. It is important to check quackery because:

1. It puts the lives of people in danger.

2. Consumers become frustrated after spending money on bogus products.

3. It causes a conflict between the consumers and the sellers.

4. Public loses its faith in the effectiveness of the medicine or treatment. This causes anxiety and
distress.

5. It may lead to side effects or cause other diseases.

6. Sometimes fake medicines can cause deformities in the bodies.

7. The sickness may become worse.

Promoters of quackery know how to appeal to every aspect of human vulnerability. What sells is
not the quality of their products but their ability to influence their audience. Here are ten
strategies to avoid being quacked:

1. Remember that quackery seldom looks outlandish.

Its promoters often use scientific terms and quote (or misquote) from scientific references. Some
actually have reputable scientific training but have gone astray.
2. Ignore any practitioner who says that most diseases are caused
by faulty nutrition or can be remedied by taking supplements.
Although some diseases are related to diet, most are not. Moreover, in most cases where diet
actually is a factor in a person's health problem, the solution is not to take vitamins but to alter
the diet.

3. Be wary of anecdotes and testimonials.

If someone claims to have been helped by an unorthodox remedy, ask yourself and possibly your
doctor whether there might be another explanation. Most single episodes of disease recover with
the passage of time, and most chronic ailments have symptom-free periods. Most people who
give testimonials about recovery from cancer have undergone effective treatment as well as
unorthodox treatment, but give credit to the latter. Some testimonials are complete fabrications.

4. Be wary of pseudomedical jargon.

Instead of offering to treat your disease, some quacks will promise to "detoxify" your body,
"balance" its chemistry, release its "nerve energy," or "bring it in harmony with nature," or to
correct supposed "weaknesses" of various organs. The use of concepts that are impossible to
measure enables success to be claimed even though nothing has actually been accomplished.

5. Don't fall for paranoid accusations.

Unconventional practitioners often claim that the medical profession, drug companies, and the
government are conspiring to suppress whatever method they espouse. No evidence to support
such a theory has ever been demonstrated. It also flies in the face of logic to believe that large
numbers of people would oppose the development of treatment methods that might someday
help themselves or their loved ones.

6. Forget about "secret cures."

True scientists share their knowledge as part of the process of scientific development. Quacks
may keep their methods secret to prevent others from demonstrating that they don't work. No one
who actually discovered a cure would have reason to keep it secret. If a method works—
especially for a serious disease—the discoverer would gain enormous fame, fortune and personal
satisfaction by sharing the discovery with others.

7. Be wary of herbal remedies.

Herbs are promoted primarily through literature based on hearsay, folklore and tradition. As
medical science developed, it became apparent that most herbs did not deserve good reputations,
and most that did were replaced by synthetic compounds that are more effective. Many herbs
contain hundreds or even thousands of chemicals that have not been completely cataloged. While
some may turn out to be useful, others could well prove toxic. With safe and effective treatment
available, treatment with herbs rarely makes sense.

8. Be skeptical of any product claimed to be effective against a wide

range of unrelated diseases—particularly diseases that are serious.
There is no such thing as a panacea or "cure-all."
9. Ignore appeals to your vanity.
One of quackery's most powerful appeals is the suggestion to "think for yourself" instead of
following the collective wisdom of the scientific community. A similar appeal is the idea that
although a remedy has not been proven to work for other people, it still might work for you.

10. Don't let desperation cloud your judgment!

If you feel that your doctor isn't doing enough to help you, or if you have been told that your
condition is incurable and don't wish to accept this fate without a struggle, don't stray from
scientific health care in a desperate attempt to find a solution. Instead, discuss your feelings with
your doctor and consider a consultation with a recognized expert.

Q3. Give measures to control pollution.

Answer:

Some of the effective and practical control measures for minimizing

environmental pollution are outlined below:
1. Combustible solid wastes should be burnt in incinerators. This method does
not solve the problem in a real sense because in this, solid waste is being
converted into gaseous wastes causing air pollution. Unless it is properly
controlled, incineration may cause more nuisance.

2. Solid organic wastes including faecal matter and wastes from tanneries
should be converted into compost manure at the places far away from the
cities and human dwellings. The composting should be done in pits or in
heaps adequately covered with layers of soil at least 8-10 cm thick to prevent
fly breeding and rat menace which are important carriers of various diseases.

3. Non-combustible solid waste materials like ash, rubbish, tins, glass pieces if
not recoverable for usual purposes should be disposed of by landfill method in
low-lying areas.

4. Anaerobic septic tank treatment can be used for individual houses or small
communities. Besides, aerobic biological treatment systems including trickling
filters, activated sludge treatment and oxidation ponds can also be used for
liquid wastes or sewage disposal.

5. Automobiles must be either made to eliminate use of gasoline and diesel oil
or complete combustion is obtained in the engine so that noxious compounds
are not emitted. The automobiles, trucks and other transport systems must
have an antismog device. In some countries factories are using devices like
scrubbers, cyclone separators or electrostatic precipitators to minimize
pollution.

6. There should be cut back in the use of fertilizers, herbicides, pesticides and
other agrochemicals as far as possible.

7. Excessive and undesirable burning of vegetation should be stopped.

8. Sponges and towels should be used in place of paper towels and also the
use of paper cups and plates and similar materials should be stopped.

9. Little use of electric appliances and motor-nm appliances will reduce

thermal pollution.

10. Washing soda and scouring pad should be used instead of detergents.

11. Waste management is based on principle of ‘3Rs’ i.e. Reduce, Recycle

and Reuse. Used boxes, bags, plastics and bottles should be reused
whenever possible.

12. Since about 40% of the phosphates in water pollution comes from
detergent, it has been suggested that only detergents low in phosphates
should be used.

16. Legislation against pollution should be strictly implemented.

17. International action is needed to deal with the problems presented by

highly toxic pollutants like lead, mercury, organ chlorine pesticides released in
to the atmosphere and carried far beyond the country of origin as well as
carried down to the sea by rivers. Successful action to improve environmental
qualities depends mainly on the acceptance by industry and local authorities
of the need to reduce greatly both quantities and toxicity of certain wastes at
present being discharged into the sea and the modernization and expansion
of sewage disposal systems.

18. Environmental education is the best programme to deal with the

environmental problems. It is most fundamental in our efforts to combat and
control pollution, over-population and misuse of natural resources.

Environmental education includes the following objectives which are

based on the major outcome of the 1975 workshop on environmental
education:
(i) Awareness of the problems.

(ii) Providing knowledge to deal with the problems.

(iii) Developing new attitudes towards environmental problems.

(iv) Developing skills for solving environmental problems.

(v) Providing development or evaluation ability in these areas.

(vi) Increasing participation and involvement of public.

(vii) A broad recognition of the facts that we are all responsible for helping to
solve environmental problems.

19. Recycling of wastes and sewage should be done.

The work on pollution control and abatement techniques is being carried out
by Desalination and Effluent Engineering Division of Bhabha Atomic Research
Centre (BARC). There is special Directorate for Radiation Protection (DRP),
an all-India organization, which keeps watch on exposure of the users or
public at large to irradiation and provides proper instructions to users for using
radioactive materials.

Besides these, a National Environmental Engineering Institute (NEEI) is

established at Nagpur to execute studies on different aspects of pollution. This
institute has regional offices, one each in Tamil Nadu, Calcutta, Mumbai,
Delhi, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kanpur and Ahmedabad. One more all-India
organization, Industrial Toxicological Research Centre (ITRC), has been
established at Lucknow which is concerned mainly with the study of
toxicological and environmental problems.

Q4. Give importance and use of ISO 9000 standard.

Answer:

ISO 9000 is a set of international standards of quality management that have become
increasingly popular for large and small companies alike. "ISO is grounded on the 'conformance
to specification' definition of quality, " wrote Francis Buttle in the International Journal of Quality
and Reliability Management. "The standards specify how management operations shall be
conducted. ISO 9000's purpose is to ensure that suppliers design, create, and deliver products
and services which meet predetermined standards; in other words, its goal is to prevent non-
conformity.

Importance OF ISO 9000

The importance of ISO 9000 certification are numerous, as both business analysts and
business owners will attest. These benefits, which can impact nearly all corners of a
company, range from increased stature to bottom-line operational savings. They
include:

 Increased marketability—Nearly all observers agree that ISO 9000 registration provides
businesses with markedly heightened credibility with current and prospective clients
alike. Basically, it proves that the company is dedicated to providing quality to its
customers, which is no small advantage whether the company is negotiating with a long-
time customer or endeavoring to pry a potentially lucrative customer away from a
competitor. This benefit manifests itself not only in increased customer retention, but
also in increased customer acquisition and heightened ability to enter into new markets;
indeed, ISO 9000 registration has been cited as being of particular value for small and
mid-sized businesses hoping to establish a presence in international markets.
 Reduced operational expenses—Sometimes lost in the many discussions of ISO 9000's
public relations cache is the fact that the rigorous registration process often exposes
significant shortcomings in various operational areas. When these problems are brought
to light, the company can take the appropriate steps to improve its processes. These
improved efficiencies can help companies garner savings in both time and money. "The
cost of scrap, rework, returns, and the employee time spent analyzing
and troubleshooting various products are all considerably reduced by initiating the
discipline of ISO 9000, " confirmed Richard B. Wright inIndustrial Distribution.
 Better management control—The ISO 9000 registration process requires so much
documentation and self-assessment that many businesses that undergo its
rigors cite increased understanding of the company's overall direction and processes as
a significant benefit.
  Increased customer satisfaction—Since the ISO 9000 certification process almost
inevitably uncovers areas in which final product quality can be improved, such efforts
often bring about higher levels of customer satisfaction. In addition, by seeking and
securing ISO 9000 certification, companies can provide their clients with the opportunity
to tout their suppliers' dedication to quality in their own business dealings.
 Improved internal communication—The ISO 9000 certification process's emphasis on
self-analysis and operations management issues encourages various internal areas or
departments of companies to interact with one another in hopes of gaining a more
complete understanding of the needs and desires of their internal customers.
 Improved customer service—The process of securing ISO 9000 registration often serves
to refocus company priorities on pleasing their customers in all respects, including
customer service areas. It also helps heighten awareness of quality issues among
employees.
 Reduction of product-liability risks—Many business experts contend that companies that
achieve ISO 9000 certification are less likely to be hit with product liability lawsuits, etc.,
because of the quality of their processes.
 Attractiveness to investors—Business consultants and small business owners alike
agree that ISO-9000 certification can be a potent tool in securing funding from venture
capital firms.

Q5. Give a note on Human culture.

Answer: Page 31

Q6. Give SWOT analysis in Indian scenario.

Answer:

In this SWOT analysis of India, we’ll learn about the many strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with this bustling country.
In particular, you’ll find out what’s holding the country back in terms of
growth, what affliction is majorly affecting Indian youth, and what it means
to be poor in this country.

STRENGTHS: A LAND OF SOLAR POWER AND

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES
India’s youth is both educated and in the right position to learn a variety of
skills that’ll translate to the workforce. These skills are necessary since
millions of graduates leave their academic life in search of full-time, long-
lasting work. Without the right abilities and experience, they may struggle to
find something.
Luckily, the tech space is bolstering in India, providing more jobs to these
graduates. Additionally, international companies are hiring Indians for tech
support, having them clock in when the company’s local employees are
asleep.

The other benefit for Western companies in hiring Indians, besides the low
cost of labor, is that Indians blend well into Western culture in terms of
temperament and attitude.
Any full-time work is appreciated in India because most families need to care
for the aging members who can’t work any longer. Although the country has
over 1.3 billion people within it, more than half of the population is aged 35
and below. Only a fraction is considered “elderly” but must still be taken care
of.
India is fully self-sufficient in food production. The country has a strong
industrial base and an abundance of grain and crops. Second to China, India
is the largest food producer in the world. But the productivity in this industry
is lacking and requires an upgrade in equipment, infrastructure, and seed
supply.

WEAKNESSES: A COUNTRY STRICKEN BY POVERTY

Despite the self-sufficiency in food, and the many graduates each year, the
country remains poor. Until 2018, India was held the world’s largest number
of poor people. Now it falls in second place, next to Nigeria.
Indians who are wealthy (in the top 1%) account for half of the total wealth in
the country. This can seriously damper hope for those stricken by
poverty who wish to rise up. Instead of trying to find ways to get out of
poverty, many of the poor resort to stealing to make ends meet or to put
something in their hungry bellies for at least one night.
Because it’s known for its poorness, the country doesn’t shine the brightest to
people from other countries. India has a formidable population which means
there are sure to be “bad apples”. And these apples are often attributed to
phone scams and robo-callers. Since these scammers often have an accent
people automatically believe they’re Indian.
OPPORTUNITIES: INVESTMENTS NEEDED FOR 69
INDIAN COUNTRIES
Back in 2012, most Indians lived without the essentials. Education, water,
healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition are considered essentials. Before the
country realized economic liberalization, it was common for most of the
population to go without basic living necessities. The liberalization, which
happened more than 20 years ago, granted the country the ability to globalize.

To grand even more Indians these basic necessities, the government needs to
focus on closing the gap between the poor and working class. This may
include investing in growth, the agricultural sector, and creating new jobs for
the country’s growing population.

By 2025, it’s estimated that India will have more than one million people
living in 69 of their major cities. Some of these cities lack necessities like
clean water, air, and utilities people can rely on. If these cities don’t get these
essentials, the growing population will be left in a vulnerable position.
Instead of progressing, the country will likely regress.
Other opportunities include investment in businesses. There’s plenty of room
for investment since the cost of labor is so low. For this reason, international
business may look into moving or starting new developments in India. In
doing so, efficiency will likely increase for the country.

THREATS: HYPERTENSION AFFECTING 40% OF INDIAN

YOUTH
You would think that India having such a vast population of people aged 35
and younger would be a benefit. And it is — except for those afflicted with
hypertension. More than 40% of Indian youth is fighting hypertension. This
condition has increased drastically by 150 percent in less than a decade. In
fact, hypertension is the cause of over 30% of Indian deaths each year.
The steadily growing population is another problem. At the moment, India is
expected to beat China’s population by 2023. Unfortunately, there are too
many people in India and not enough places with basic necessities: the
majority of the current population lives in rural areas.
SWOT ANALYSIS OF INDIA: CONCLUSION
India boasts an impressive population of youth who are itching to get out and
work. Most of the youth are considered “poor” and live in extreme poverty.
In fact, until recently, India hosted the largest number of poor people in their
country. Despite a growing technology sector and international businesses
looking to hire Indians for tech support, too many of the citizens live without
basic necessities, like nutrition, education, and healthcare.
India is a country able to create its own food supply with crops. And yet,
much of the agricultural industry suffers from lack of upgraded tools to foster
growth. Much of the country uses solar powered tools for farming (and
everyday life), India isn’t investing in renewable energy. The growing
population demands better living standards but as of yet, little has been down
to achieve this.

Q7. Write a note on national consumer disputes redressal commission

Answer

The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 (In short,‘The Act’) is a benevolent social legislation that lays down the rights

of the consumers and provides their for promotion and protection of the rights of the consumers. The first and

the only Act of its kind in India, it has enabled ordinary consumers to secure less expensive and often speedy

redressal of their grievances. By spelling out the rights and remedies of the consumers in a market so far

dominated by organized manufacturers and traders of goods and providers of various types of services, the Act

makes the dictum, caveat emptor (‘Buyer Beware’) a thing of the past.

The Act mandates establishment of Consumer Protection Councils at the Centre as well as in each State

and District, with a view to promoting consumer awareness. The Central Council is headed by Minister In-

charge of the Department of Consumer Affairs in the Central Government and the State Councils by the

Minister In-charge of the Consumer Affairs in the State Governments. It

also provides for a 3-tier structure of the National and State Commissions and District Forums for speedy

resolution of consumer disputes.

 To provide inexpensive, speedy and summary redressal of consumer disputes, quasi-judicial bodies have

been set up in each District and State and at the National level, called the District Forums, the State Consumer

Disputes Redressal Commissions and the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission respectively. At

present, there are 629 District Forums and 35 State Commissions with the National Consumer Disputes

Redressal Commission (NCDRC) at the apex. NCDRC has its office at Upbhokta Naya Bhawan, 'F' Block, GPO

Complex, INA, New Delhi-110 023.

Each District Forum is headed by a person who is or has been or is eligible to be appointed as a District Judge

and each State Commission is headed by a person who is or has been a Judge of High Court.

The National Commission was constituted in the year 1988. It is headed by a sitting or retired Judge of the

Supreme Court of India. The National Commission is presently headed by Hon’ble Mr. Justice R. K. Agrawal,

former Judge of the Supreme Court of India as President and has eight Members, viz. Hon'ble Mr. Justice V.K.

Jain, Hon'ble Mrs. M. Shreesha, Hon'ble Mr. Prem Narain, Hon'ble Mr. Anup K. Thakur, Hon'ble Ms. Justice

Deepa Sharma, Hon'ble Mr. C Viswanath, Hon'ble Dr. S. M. Kantikar & Hon'ble Mr. Dinesh Singh.

The provisions of this Act cover ‘goods’ as well as ‘services’. The goods are those which are manufactured or

produced and sold to consumers through wholesalers and retailers. The services are in the nature of transport,

telephone, electricity, housing, banking, insurance, medical treatment, etc.

A written complaint, can be filed before the District Consumer Forum for pecuniary value of upto Rupees

twenty lakh, State Commission for value upto Rupees one crore and the National Commission for value above

Rupees one crore, in respect of defects in goods and or deficiency in service. The service can be of any

description and the illustrations given above are only indicative. However, no complaint can be filed for alleged

deficiency in any service that is rendered free of charge or under a contract of personal service.

The remedy under the Consumer Protection Act is an alternative in addition to that already available to the

aggrieved persons/consumers by way of civil suit. In the complaint/appeal/petition submitted under the Act, a

consumer is not required to pay any court fees but only a nominal fee.

Consumer Fora proceedings are summary in nature. The endeavor is made to grant relief to the aggrieved

consumer as quickly as in the quickest possible, keeping in mind the provisions of the Act which lay down time

schedule for disposal of cases.

 If a consumer is not satisfied by the decision of a District Forum, he can appeal to the State Commission.

Against the order of the State Commission a consumer can come to the National Commission.

In order to help achieve the objects of the Consumer Protection Act, the National Commission has also been

conferred with the powers of administrative control over all the State Commissions by calling for periodical returns

regarding the institution, disposal and pendency of cases. The National Commission is empowered to issue

instructions regarding:

(1) adoption of uniform procedure in the hearing of the matters,

(2) prior service of copies of documents produced by one party to the opposite parties,

(3) speedy grant of copies of documents, &

(4) generally over-seeing the functioning of the State Commissions and the District Forums to ensure that the

objects and purposes of the Act are best served, without interfering with their quasi-judicial freedom.

The Registry of the National Commission is at the Ground Floor, Upbhokta Nyay Bhawan, 'F' Block, GPO

Complex, INA, New Delhi-110 023 which remains open on all working days. For any enquiry with the Registry of

the National Commission, one can contact on Telephone Nos. 011-24608801, 24608802, 24608803, 24608804

and Fax No. 24651505. The filing timings are from 10.00 a.m. to 4.30 p.m. Every matter filed with the Registry is

listed on the 7th day of its filing for admission before the National Commission. Functioning of District Forum,

State Commission and National Commission is consumer friendly, and thus a consumer can file a complaint and

also address arguments in person. In genuine cases where the complainant/ appellant/ petitioner before the

National Commission is unable to engage the services of an advocate legal aid is provided by the Commission

free of charge.
Q8. Write note on electrification of villages.

Answer

Rural or Village electrification is the process of bringing electrical power to rural and remote areas.
Rural communities are suffering from colossal market failures as the national grids fall short of their
demand for electricity. As of 2017, over 1 billion people worldwide lack household electric power - 14%
of the global population. [1] Electrification typically begins in cities and towns and gradually extends to
rural areas, however, this process often runs into road blocks in developing nations. Expanding the
national grid is expensive and countries consistently lack the capital to grow their current infrastructure.
Additionally, amortizing capital costs to reduce the unit cost of each hook-up is harder to do in lightly
populated areas (yielding higher per capita share of the expense). If countries are able to overcome
these obstacles and reach nationwide electrification, rural communities will be able to reap considerable
amounts of economic and social development.

Social and Economic Benefits

Education

Access to electricity facilitates sustainable economic and social growth. First, through an
increase in educational achievement. Students who were previously forced to study when the sun
was shining are now able to study by the light of LEDs early in the morning or late into the
night. In Kenya for example, interviews with school teachers revealed that access to light has
allowed for extra hours of teaching earlier and later in the day to cover material not adequately
reviewed during normal hours. Additionally, schools with access to electricity are able to recruit
higher quality teachers and have seen improvements on test scores and graduation rates, raising
the human capital entering the labor force in the future

Productivity & Efficiency

In addition to improved education, rural electrification also allows for greater efficiency and
productivity. Businesses will be able to keep their doors open for longer and generate additional
revenues. Farmers will have access to streamlined modern techniques such as irrigation, crop
processing, and food preservation. In 2014, rural communities in India gained more than US$21
million from increased economic activity driven by recent additions of electricity.[5]

When expanding the electrical grid, there is a demand for thousands of jobs ranging from
business development to construction. Projects to spread electricity create a wealth of job
opportunities and help to alleviate poverty. For example, India set a target of 175GW of clean
energy to be installed by 2022 to increase electrification throughout the country. An estimated
300,000 jobs will need to be created in order to reach these lofty goals.[6]
Healthcare ImprovementsEdit

The availability of electricity can drastically increase the quality of healthcare provided.
Improved lighting increases the time patients can come and get treatment. Refrigerators can be
used to conserve incredibly valuable vaccines and blood. Sterilization measures will be improved
and the implementation of high tech machines such as x-rays or ultrasound scanners can provide
doctors and nurses the tools they need to perform. In Diara Rhashalpool, a cluster of villages on
the river Ganges, 140 households are without power. The locals are forced to travel 2-3 hours
across the river for treatment or access to vaccines. With access to electricity, treatment would be
far more accessible to the local population.[7][8]

Additional BenefitsEdit

 Reduce isolation and marginalization through telephone lines and Television[9]

 Improve safety with the implementation of street lighting, lit road signs.[10]
 Reduce expenses on expensive fossil fuel lamps i.e. kerosene[11]