C1 – Solutions 1

Sixth Edition

C1 – Solutions
TABLE OF CONTENTS

C1 – Solutions 1
C1.1 Mole Concept ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 2
C1.2 Relating Mass and Moles ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
C1.3 Stoichiometric Calculations........................................................................................................................................................... 7
C1.4 Limiting and Excess Reagents in a Reaction ......................................................................................................................... 9
C1.5 Concentration ................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Test Practice Problems ............................................................................................................................................................................ 17
C1 – Solutions 2

C1.1 Mole Concept

PRE-TEST
Q1. 84 oranges Q4. 210 almonds and cashew nuts
Q2. 7 boxes Q5. 325 girls
Q3. 2880 articles

PRE-READING EXERCISE
Q1. Homogeneous Q3. Physical
Q2. Compound Q4. One-twelfth (1/12th)

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 ⇒ (60)(12) + (40)(14) ⇒ 1280 𝑎𝑚𝑢
Q1. I. Molecular mass of 𝐶𝐻4 So average atomic mass of
1280
⇒ atomic mass of 𝐶 + 4(atomic mass of 𝐻) 𝑋 = ⇒ 12.8 𝑎𝑚𝑢
100
⇒ 12 + 4 = 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢
Q3. Number of atoms = 𝑛 × 𝑁𝐴
II. Molecular mass of 𝐻2 𝑂 = atomic mass
𝑛=number of moles of the atom, and
of 𝑂 +2(atomic mass of 𝐻)= 18 𝑎𝑚𝑢
𝑁𝐴 = Avogadro’s number
III. Molecular mass of 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝐶𝐻3
⇒3 (atomic mass of 𝐶)+8(atomic mass of 𝐻) I. 1 molecule of 𝐶2 𝐻6 contains 2 atoms of 𝐶
⇒ 36 + 8 = 44 𝑎𝑚𝑢 So 1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐶2 𝐻6 contains
IV. Molecular mass of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 1.5 × 2 × 𝑁𝐴 atoms of 𝐶
⇒ atomic mass of 𝐻+(atomic mass of 𝐶𝑙) ⇒ 3 𝑁𝐴 atoms
⇒ 1 + 35.5 = 36.5 𝑎𝑚𝑢 II. 1 molecule of 𝐶3 𝐻8 contains
(3 atoms of 𝐶 ) + (8 atoms of 𝐻)=11 atoms
Q2. We know that average atomic mass So 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶3 𝐻8 contains
total mass
⇒ 3 × 11 𝑁𝐴 atoms
total number of particles
Total number of particles ⇒ 60 + 40 = 100 ⇒ 33 𝑁𝐴 atoms
Total mass of sample 𝑋:

LEVEL 2

Number of molecules of Number of moles of 𝐻 Number of 𝐻 atoms in the

Q No. Compound Number of Moles
the compound atoms in the compound compound

Q4. 𝐻2 𝑂 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 5 𝑁𝐴 2 × 5 = 10 10 𝑁𝐴
Q5. 𝐻2 𝑆 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑁𝐴 2×2= 4 4 𝑁𝐴
Q6. 𝐻𝐶𝑙 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 3 𝑁𝐴 1× 3= 3 3 𝑁𝐴
Q7. 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 3 𝑁𝐴 2×3= 6 6NA

Q8. I. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐻2 : 1 molecule of 𝐻2 has 2 atoms of 𝐻, So, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻-atoms
hence 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of molecules of 𝐻2 contains 2 III. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐻2 𝑂: 1 molecule of 𝐻2 𝑂 has 2 atoms of
moles of 𝐻 𝐻 , hence 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of molecules of 𝐻2 𝑂 contains
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻-atoms 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻
II. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ∶ 1 molecule of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 has 2 So, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of H2 O = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻-atoms
atoms of 𝐻 , hence 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of molecules of IV. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙: 1 molecule of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 contains 1
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 contains 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻 atom of 𝐻, so that
C1 – Solutions 3

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻-atoms ⟹ 𝑥 + 𝑧 = 100 − 50 = 50

Therefore, IV) 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 has the least So we get average atomic weight as:
number of hydrogen atoms [(54)(𝑥)+(58)(𝑧)+(57)(50)]
= 56 (iii)
𝑥+𝑧+50
Q9. Let percent abundance of 𝐹𝑒-54 = 𝑥 or 54𝑥 + 58𝑧 + 2850 = 5600
Let percent abundance of 𝐹𝑒-57 = 𝑦 (∵ 𝑥 + 𝑧 + 50 = 100)
Let percent abundance of 𝐹𝑒-58 = 𝑧 Solving the equation for 𝑥 and 𝑧, we get
We have, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 100 (i) 𝑥 = 37.5 and 𝑧 = 12.5
𝑦 = 50 (given) (ii) Therefore, 𝐹𝑒 - 54 is 37.5% and 𝐹𝑒 - 58 is 12.5 %
(∵ total % abundance of an element has to be equal abundant in nature.
to 100)

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1 30 × 6 + 370 × 7 = 2770 𝑎𝑚𝑢
Next, we calculate the average atomic weight:
Q1. I. 1 molecule of 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 contains 4 atoms of oxygen 2770
𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 6.925 𝑎𝑚𝑢
So 4 molecules of 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 will contain 400
⇒ 4 × 4 atoms of oxygen = 16 atoms of oxygen
Q4. Relative Atomic Mass
II. Number of oxygen molecules present in 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 Isotope
Abundance (%) (𝑎𝑚𝑢)
of oxygen = 6.022 × 1023
63
Number of oxygen molecules present in 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 29𝐶𝑢 70 62.93
oxygen = 3 × 6.022 × 1023 = 18.06 × 1023 65
29𝐶𝑢 30 64.92
III. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 molecule of water contains
From the above data, average atomic mass of copper
6.022 × 1023 molecules of water
will come out to be:
So number of moles of water molecules in (0.70 × 62.93𝑢) + (0.30 × 64.92𝑢) = 63.52 𝑢
12.046 x 1023
12.046 × 1023 molecules of water =
6.022 ×1023 Q5. I. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶4 𝐻10 contains 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶-atoms
⇒ 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 ∴ 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶4 𝐻10 contains 5 × 4 = 20 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶-
IV. In one molecule of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 , number of sulphur atoms.
atoms = 1 II. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶4 𝐻10 contains 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻-atoms
In one mole molecule of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 , number of ∴ 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶4 𝐻10 contains 5 × 10 = 50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of
sulphur atoms = 1 × 𝑁𝐴 𝐻-atoms.
In 12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 molecules of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 , number of III. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶4 𝐻10 contains 6.023 × 1023 molecules
sulphur atoms = 12 × 𝑁𝐴 = 72.26 × 1023 of 𝐶4 𝐻10
V. Number of 𝐻𝑒 atoms in 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻𝑒 ∴ 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶4 𝐻10 will contain
⇒ 6.022 × 1023 5 × 6.023 × 1023 = 5 × 𝑁𝐴 molecules of 𝐶4 𝐻10 .
Number of 𝐻𝑒 atoms in 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻𝑒 IV. 20 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶-atoms = 20 × 𝑁𝐴 atoms of carbon.
⇒ 3.011 × 1023 V. 50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻atoms = 50 × 𝑁𝐴 atoms of hydrogen.
VI. One mole of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 contains
6.022 × 1023 molecules of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 LEVEL 2
So 18.069 𝑥 1023 molecules of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
18.069 × 1023 Q6. 3.0115 × 1023 𝐻-atoms
⇒ = 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
NA 3.0115×1023
= 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻-atoms
6.023×1023
Q2. Molecular mass = 84.5 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 3(atomic mass of 𝑌) = 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻-atoms
+(atomic mass of 𝐻) + (atomic mass of 𝐶𝑙) 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻-atoms are contained in 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶3 𝐻6
⇒ 3(atomic mass of 𝑌) + 1 + 35.5 = 84.5 ∴ 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻-atoms are contained in
84.5−36.5
⇒ atomic mass of 𝑌 = = 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢 1
( × 0.5) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶3 𝐻6
3
6
Based on the atomic mass, the element 𝑌 can be 1
∴ = 0.08 𝑁𝐴 molecules of 𝐶3 𝐻6 are present in the
oxygen, since the atomic mass of 𝑂 = 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢. 12
container.
Q3. Since there are 30 𝐿𝑖-6 and 370 𝐿𝑖-7 atoms, total mass
of 400 atoms would be

C1.1
C1 – Solutions 4

Number of Number of molecules of Number of moles of 𝐻 Number of 𝐻 atoms Number of 𝐶 atoms in

Q. No. Compound
moles the compound atoms in the compound in the compound the compound

Q7. 𝐶3 𝐻8 𝑂 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 2 𝑁𝐴 2×8 2 × 8 × 𝑁𝐴 2 × 3 × 𝑁𝐴

Q8. 𝐶𝐻4 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 3 𝑁𝐴 3×4 3 × 4 × 𝑁𝐴 3 × 1 × 𝑁𝐴

Q9. 𝐶6 𝐻6 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 6 𝑁𝐴 6×6 6 × 6 × 𝑁𝐴 6 × 6 × 𝑁𝐴

Q10. 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝐴 1×6 1 × 6 × 𝑁𝐴 1 × 2 × 𝑁𝐴

Q11. 𝐶2 𝐻8 2.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 2.5 𝑁𝐴 2.5 × 8 2.5 × 8 × 𝑁𝐴 2.5 × 2 × 𝑁𝐴

Q12. Let the atomic mass of 𝑋 = 𝑥 𝑎𝑚𝑢 ⇒ 2400 = 1872 + 250 + 12𝑥
Then, the average atomic mass ⇒ 𝑥 ≈ 23 𝑎𝑚𝑢
[(24)(78)+(10)(25)+(𝑥)(12)] So the third isotope is 𝑀𝑔-23.
= 24 = [78+10+12]

C1.2 Relating Mass and Moles

PRE-READING EXERCISE
Q1. Molar mass Q4. 12C

Q2. 34 𝑔 Q5. 6.022 × 1023

Q3. 4 Q6. Empirical

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 Q3. The given number of molecules is same as 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of
molecules.
Q1. I. From the periodic table, we know that the atomic
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐻2 𝑂 weighs 18 𝑔
mass of potassium = 39 𝑎𝑚𝑢
∴ 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻2 𝑂 will weigh 18 × 2 = 36 𝑔
So, molar mass of potassium = 39 𝑔
Number of moles of atoms of potassium Q4. First, we find the total molecular mass of the
⇒
13
= 0.33 𝑚𝑜𝑙 compound.
39
The molecular mass of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 100 𝑎𝑚𝑢
II. Mass of oxygen gas given = 96 𝑔 40
oxygen exists as a diatomic molecule (𝑂2 ), so that Mass percent composition of 𝐶𝑎 = × 100 = 40%
100
12
molar mass of oxygen = 32 𝑔 Mass percent composition of 𝐶 = × 100 = 12%
100
96 48
No of moles of oxygen molecules = = 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Mass percent composition of 𝑂 = × 100 = 48%
32 100
Q2. 2𝑔 of 𝐻2 means 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2
1
∴ 6 grams of 𝐻2 = × 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 LEVEL 2
2
⇒ 3 moles of 𝐻2 = 3𝑁𝐴 molecules of 𝐻2 Q5. First, we assume that we have 100 𝑔 of the compound.
32𝑔 of 𝑂2 means 1 mole of 𝑂2 (This mass is irrespective of the calculation. We can
1 take it to be any value, here we take it 100 𝑔 just to
∴ 128 𝑔 of oxygen = × 128 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑂2
32
simplify calculations).
⇒ 4 moles of 𝑂2 = 4𝑁𝐴 molecules of 𝑂2
Since mass % of sulphur in the compound is 50%,
18 𝑔 of 𝐻2 𝑂 means 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑂
Mass of 𝑆 present = 50 𝑔
∴ 36 𝑔 of H2 O = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑂
Similarly, mass of 𝑂 present = 50 𝑔
⇒ 2𝑁𝐴 molecules of 𝐻2 𝑂
Converting these to number of moles, we get
Thus, oxygen has both highest number of moles and 50
molecules. Number of moles of sulphur = ≈ 1.56 𝑚𝑜𝑙
32
C1 – Solutions 5

50 Q8. Molar mass of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

Number of moles of oxygen = ≈ 3.12 𝑚𝑜𝑙
16
⇒ (1 × 2 + 32 × 1 + 16 × 4) = 98𝑔
To obtain a simple whole number ratio, we divide the
∴ 98𝑔 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 means 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
mole value obtained by the smallest number, so that 1
we get ratio 𝑆: 𝑂 = 1: 2 ∴ 1𝑔 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 means 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
98
Therefore the empirical formula is 𝑆𝑂2 392×10−3
∴ (392 × 10−3 )𝑔 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
98
Empirical formula weight
=4 × 10−3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
=atomic mass of 𝑆 + 2(atomic mass of 𝑂)
6.023 × 1023 molecules = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 32 + 16 + 16 = 64 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 1
Which is equal to the given molecular weight. ∴ 1 molecule = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
6.023×1023
So, molecular formula = (𝑆𝑂2 )𝑛 = (𝑆𝑂2 )1 = 𝑆𝑂2 1.204×1021
∴ 1.204 × 1021 molecules = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
6.023×1023
Q6. Usually, we would take the percentages given and ⇒ 2 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
divide them with the respective atomic masses and ∴ From 4 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙, 2 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 are
then figure out a whole number ratio that fits to get removed
the empirical formula. Let’s look at an alternative ∴ 2 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 are left
approach to the same numerical.
Q9. Given that 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑀𝑂2 = 213 𝑔
For each element, multiply the molecular weight by % 213
So 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑀𝑂2 = = 71 𝑔
composition: 3
carbon: 400 × 0.84 = 336 This means that since 71 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 is the molar mass of
hydrogen: 400 × 0.16 = 64 𝑀𝑂2 ,
Divide the values obtained by its atomic weight: 71 𝑔 = mass of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝑀 + 2(mass of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂)
carbon: = mass of 1 mole of 𝑀 + 32 𝑔
336 So mass of 1 mole of 𝑀 = 71 − 32 = 39 𝑔 ≡ 39 𝑎𝑚𝑢
= 28
12 if we talk about a single atom of 𝑀.
hydrogen: So the metal is potassium (𝐾) since the mass of the
64 metal is closest to the mass of potassium (39.03).
= 64
1 (As seen in the periodic table)
Molecular formula is obtained by rounding this
𝑋 𝑋
number to the nearest whole number: Q10. 𝑋 𝑔 of 𝐴 = ( ) moles of A = ( ) NA atoms
40 40
So the molecular formula is 𝐶28 𝐻64 = 𝑌 atoms
This can be written as (𝐶7 𝐻16 )4 2𝑋
2𝑋 𝑔 of 𝐵 = ( ) moles of 𝐵 = ( ) 𝑁𝐴 atoms
2𝑋
Since the empirical formula is the simplest ratio of 80 80
= 𝑌 atoms
elements present in a compound, the empirical
formula can be written as 𝐶7 𝐻16 . Q11. Molar mass of 𝐶6 𝐻12 𝑂6
⇒ 6 × 12 + 12 × 1 + 6 × 16 = 180 𝑔
Q7. Mass of 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of
So 180 𝑔 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝐻4 = 2 × (1 × 12 + 4 × 1) 9 1
⇒ 2 × (16) = 32𝑔 So 9 𝑔 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙
180 20
Mass of 1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 1 1
𝑚𝑜𝑙 of glucose has 6 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶 −atoms= 0.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
20 20
𝐶2 𝐻6 = 1.5 × (2 × 12 + 6 × 1) = 45𝑔
Molar mass of 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂 = 46 𝑔
Mass of 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶3 𝐻8
46 𝑔 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂
⇒ 0.5 × (3 × 12 + 8 × 1) = 22𝑔 12
So 12 𝑔 of 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂
Mass of 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 46
𝐶4 𝐻10 = 0.1 × (4 × 12 + 10 × 1) = 5.8𝑔 12
⇒ ( × 2 = 0.52) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶 atoms.
Therefore, sample B) is the heaviest. 46
So 12 𝑔 of 𝐶2 𝐻6 𝑂 contains more number of 𝐶 atoms.

HOMEWORK
𝑔
LEVEL 1 II. Molar mass of H2 O2 = 2(1) + 2(16) = 34
𝑚𝑜𝑙

Q1. I. Mass of strontium given = 219 𝑔 Given mass = 17 𝑔

17 𝑔
Molar mass of strontium = 87.6 𝑔 So number of moles = 𝑔 = 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
34
219 𝑚𝑜𝑙
No of moles of strontium = = 2.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
87.6

C1.2
C1 – Solutions 6

Q2. I. Number of moles = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 No. of atoms of 𝐾 = 1 × 6.022 × 1023

Molar mass of Ca = 40𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∴ No. of atoms of 𝐶𝑙 = 1 × 6.022 × 1023 }
Weight of 𝐶𝑎 in grams = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 40𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 No. of atoms of 𝑂 = 3 × 6.022 × 1023
= 400 𝑔 Q8. Mass of 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑋𝐶𝑙2 = 190 𝑔
II. Number of moles = 0.25 190
So mass of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑋𝐶𝑙2 = = 95 𝑔
2
Molar mass of water = 18 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Also, Mass of 1 mole of 𝑋 + 2(mass of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶𝑙) = 95
Mass of water = 0.25 × 18 = 4.5 𝑔
⇒ mass of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑋 + 71 𝑔 = 95
III. Number of moles = 4
Hence, mass of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑋 = 24 𝑔
Molar mass of 𝐶𝑂2 = 44 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Mass of water = 44 × 4 = 176 𝑔 Q9. Mass of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of atoms of 𝑋
IV. Number of moles = 1 ⇒ Wt. of 1 atom × 𝑁𝐴 = 6.67 × 10−23 × 6 × 1023
Molar mass of 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂4 = 138.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 ≈ 40 𝑔
Mass of 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂4 = 138.5 × 1 = 138.5 𝑔 Hence, the molar mass is 40 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙.
Thus the atomic weight of 𝑋 = 40.
Q3. We are given 3 𝑔 of 𝑁𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 40 𝑘𝑔 40000𝑔
Molar Mass of 𝑁𝑎 = 23 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 No. of moles of 𝑋 = = 𝑔 = 𝑔
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 40 40
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
3𝑔
So number of moles = 𝑔 = 0.13 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 1000 𝑚𝑜𝑙
23
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑤𝑡.𝑖𝑛 𝑔 0.22
Now, number of 𝑁𝑎 atoms in 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑁𝑎 ⇒ 6.022 × 1023 Q10. Total no. of moles of 𝐶𝑂2 = = = 0.005 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝑤𝑡. 44
So, number of 𝑁𝑎 atoms in 0.13 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑁𝑎 1021
Moles removed = = 0.00166 𝑚𝑜𝑙
⇒ 0.13 × 6.022 × 1023 6×1023
⇒ 7.8 × 1022 atoms of 𝑁𝑎 Moles of 𝐶𝑂2 left = 0.005 − 0.00166 = 0.0033 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Q4. First, we find out the molar mass of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 Q11. 8 𝑔 of metal occupies a volume of 1 𝑐𝑐.
Molar mass of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 Since 55 𝑎𝑚𝑢 is the atomic mass, molar mass will be
= atomic mass of 𝑁𝑎 + atomic mass of 𝑂 + atomic 55 𝑔.
55
mass of 𝐻 This 55 𝑔 would occupy a volume of = = 6.875 𝑐𝑐
8
𝑔
= 23 + 16 + 1 = 40 This volume is the volume of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 or 𝑁𝑎 atoms.
𝑚𝑜𝑙
So, one mole of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 atoms are present in 40 𝑔 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 Volume occupied by 1 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
volume of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 6.875
So, number of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 present in 90 𝑔 of ⇒ = = 1.141 × 10−23 cc
𝑁𝐴 6.022×1023
1
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = × 90 = 2.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙
40
Q12. Given, a mole contains 1 × 1024 particles. Mass of
Q5. Mass of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 58.5 𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝑂2 is its molecular weight in 𝑔, i.e, 32 𝑔.
mass of 𝑁𝑎
% by mass of 𝑁𝑎 = I. Mass of 1 atom of oxygen = atomic mass of
molecular mass of the compound
23 𝑂 = 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 16 × 1.66 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
⇒ × 100 = 39.3%
23+35.5 Mass of an oxygen molecule is 32 𝑎𝑚𝑢 . Molar
35.5
Similarly, % mass of 𝐶𝑙 = × 100 = 60.7% mass of a substance means mass of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (which
23+35.5
is a collection of a large number of particles) of
Q6. Given that out of 100 moles of atoms of 𝐻 and 𝐻𝑒 ,
that substance. So the individual molecule still
93 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 atoms are of 𝐻 and 7 are of 𝐻𝑒, that is,
weighs 32 𝑎𝑚𝑢, molar mass would be different.
Number of moles of 𝐻 atoms = 93
II. mass of 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 oxygen molecule = mass of 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
And number of moles of 𝐻𝑒 atoms = 7
oxygen atoms (Since oxygen exists as a diatomic
Mass of 𝐻 = 93 × 1 = 93 g
molecule 𝑂2 )
Mass of 𝐻𝑒 = 7 × 4 = 28 g
93 Now, mass of 1 atom of oxygen molecules
∴ mass percentage of 𝐻 = × 100 = 77% ⇒ atomic mass of 𝑂 = 16 amu
93+28
Similarly mass percentage of 𝐻𝑒 = 23% ⇒ 16 × 1.66 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
Mass of 1 molecule of oxygen = 2 × atomic mass
LEVEL 2 of 𝑂 = 2 × 16 𝑎𝑚𝑢 = 32 × 1.66 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔
122.5 Hence mass of 1 mole of molecule of 𝑂2
Q7. No. of moles of 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 = =1
122.5 ⇒ 32 × 1.66 × 10−27 𝑘𝑔 × 1 × 1024
(mol. wt. of 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 = 122.5) ⇒ 52.31 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔
From the formula 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 , we know that 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of [Since 1 mole now contains 1 × 1024 particles]
𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 contains 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐾 atoms, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶𝐼 atoms
and 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑂 atoms.
C1 – Solutions 7

C1.3 Stoichiometric Calculations

PRE-READING EXERCISE
Q1. 2 Q3. I. 2𝐹𝑒 + 3𝐻2 𝑆04 → 𝐹𝑒2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 + 3𝐻2
Q2. 2, 2 II. 3𝐾𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 → 𝐾3 𝑃𝑂4 + 3𝐻2 𝑂
III. 𝑆𝑛𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 → 𝑆𝑛 + 2𝐻2 𝑂

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 II. Reaction says 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of Boron (𝐵4 ) gives
11
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of Diborane (𝐵2 𝐻6 )
Q1. I. 2𝐹𝑒𝑆2 + 𝑂 → 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 4𝑆𝑂2 ∴ 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of boron will give 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of
2 2
7
II. 𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂 → 2𝐶𝑂2 + 3𝐻2 𝑂 Diborane.
2 2
III. Reaction says 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of Diborane requires
Q2. I. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of X reacts with 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑌. 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of hydrogen (𝐻2 )
So 16 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑋 will react with 32 moles of 𝑌 for ∴ 7 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of diborane will require
completion of a reaction. 6
( × 7) = 21 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of hydrogen (𝐻2 )
II. 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑋 react with 1 mole of 𝑌 to complete a 2

reaction
1 LEVEL 2
i.e., 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝑋 will react with 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝑌
2
so 16 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑋 will react completely with Q4. Decomposition of 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐴𝑢𝐶𝑙3 gives 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of
8 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑌. 𝐶𝑙2 , molar mass of 𝐴𝑢𝐶𝑙3 = 302.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
i.e., 605 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 of 𝐴𝑢𝐶𝑙3 decomposes to give
Q3. I. Reaction says that 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of hydrogen will react
213 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 of 𝐶𝑙2
completely with 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of boron so mass of 𝐶𝑙2 liberated from 64 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 of
So 10 moles of hydrogen will react completely 213
1
with × 10 = 1.66 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of boron 𝐴𝑢𝐶𝑙3 = × 60.5 = 21.3 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
6 605

Q5. 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 → 2𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3

Stoichiometric coefficients 1 1 1 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 formed
Amount to be formed 84 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
Moles required 0.5 0.5 For 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 to be formed
Amount required 0.5𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 106𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 53 𝑔 0.5𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 18𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 9 𝑔

Q6. 2𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 → 2𝐾𝐶𝑙 + 3𝑂2

Given amount 490 𝑔
Stoichiometrically 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 245 𝑔 burnt 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 96 𝑔 gas escapes out
Therefore 490 𝑔 = 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 O2 = 192 𝑔 𝑂2 escapes out
So loss in weight of sample is 192 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
Q5. The reaction taking place is:
𝐼2 + 2𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐼𝐶𝑙 + 𝐼𝐶𝑙3
Mass reacted: 25.4 𝑔 14.2𝑔
25.4 14.2
Number of moles: = 0.1 = 0.2
254 71

From the balanced equation, it can be seen that for every 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼2 and 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑙2 reacting, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 each of 𝐼𝐶𝑙 and 𝐼𝐶𝑙3
is formed.
i.e., 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼2 gives 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼𝐶𝑙 and 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼𝐶𝑙3 , and also 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑙2 gives 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼𝐶𝑙 and 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼𝐶𝑙3
So 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼2 will give 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼𝐶𝑙 and 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼𝐶𝑙3 , 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑙2 gives 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼𝐶𝑙 and 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐼𝐶𝑙3

C1.3
C1 – Solutions 8

LEVEL 3
Q6. The reaction taking place is:
𝐵𝑎𝑂 + 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 2𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥𝑔 (2.4 − 𝑥)𝑔 𝑦𝑔 (6 − 𝑦) 𝑔
Applying 𝑃𝑂𝐴𝐶 for 𝐵𝑎 atoms,
Moles of 𝐵𝑎 in 𝐵𝑎𝑂 = Moles of 𝐵𝑎 in 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 𝑦
= (i)
150 250
Applying 𝑃𝑂𝐴𝐶 for 𝐶𝑎 atoms,
Moles of 𝐶𝑎 in 𝐶𝑎𝑂 = Moles of 𝐶𝑎 in 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
2.4−𝑥 6−𝑦
= (ii)
50 150
Solving (i) and (ii) gives
𝑥 = 0.9 and 𝑦 = 1.5
0.9
So percentage of 𝐵𝑎𝑂 in mixture = × 100 = 37.5%
2.4

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1 so 10 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 of 𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 will produce gaseous product
72
⇒ × 10 = 8 𝑔
Q1. 𝐶2 𝐻4 + 3𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 90
9.375
Q2. 2𝐶4 𝐻10 + 13𝑂2 → 8𝐶𝑂2 + 10𝐻2 𝑂. Q6. Moles of 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂3 )2 formed = [63.5+2(14+48)]
I. According to the reaction, 8 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑂2 is 9.375
produced from 13 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑂2 ⇒ = 0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙
187.5
∴ 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑂2 will be produced from Reaction says that for every 3 moles of 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂3 )2
13
× 10 = 16.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑂2 formed, 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑁𝑂 is formed
8
2
II. Reaction says, for every 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻2 𝑂, ∴ For 0.05 moles of 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂3 )2 , × 0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑂
3
8 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑂2 is formed. is formed
8 2
∴ For 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻2 𝑂, ×3 = 2.4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of ∴ × 0.05 × (14 + 16) = 1 𝑔 𝑁𝑂 is formed
10 3
𝐶𝑂2 will be formed.
Q7. Reaction says that 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of propylene gives 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of
LEVEL 2 𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁
630
Q3. 3𝑁𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂 → 2𝐻𝑁𝑂3 + 𝑁𝑂 ∴ 103 × moles of propylene will give
42
Reaction says that 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 requires 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 630×103
𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐶3 𝐻3 𝑁 = 15 × 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙
42
of 𝑁𝑂2
6.3 3 6.3
= 15 × 103 𝑚𝑜𝑙
∴ [1+14+48]
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 will require × = 15 × 103 [36 + 3 + 14] 𝑔
2 63
= 0.15 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑂2 = 795 × 103 𝑔 = 795 𝑘𝑔
∴ We need 0.15 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 0.15 × (14 + 32)
Q8. Let weight of 𝐶𝑎𝑂 = 𝑥 𝑔
= 6.9 𝑔 of 𝑁𝑂2 The weight of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 will be (1 − 𝑥 ) 𝑔
Q4. Carbon dioxide escapes since it’s a gas. As the 𝐶𝑎 atoms are conserved, we can apply 𝑃𝑂𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑂3 (𝑠) → 𝐴𝑔2 𝑂(𝑠) + 𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) for 𝐶𝑎 atoms:
138 Moles of 𝐶𝑎 in 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + moles of 𝐶𝑎 in
At time 𝑡 = 0 0 0
276
138 138 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = moles of 𝐶𝑎 in product
At time 𝑡 = ∞ 0 1 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 1 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 = 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑎
276 276
138 𝑥 1−𝑥 0.6
∴ × [232] g of 𝐴𝑔2 𝑂 will be left (232 is the molar + = ⟹ 𝑥 = 0.63
276 56 100 40
mass of 𝐴𝑔2 𝑂 ) So, weight of 𝐶𝑎𝑂 in the mixture = 0.63 𝑔
i.e. 116 𝑔 will be the weight of the residue. Similarly, weight of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 in the mixture
Q5. 1 mole of 𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 produces 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of gaseous products ⇒ 0.37 𝑔
(𝐶𝑂 and 𝐶𝑂2 ) So % composition of 𝐶𝑎𝑂 in mixture= 63%
i.e., 90 𝑔 of 𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 produces 72 𝑔 of gaseous Similarly, composition of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 in mixture = 37%
products
C1 – Solutions 9

Q9. The balanced equation is : Q11. Suppose the relative moles of each reactant and
2𝐻2 𝑆(𝑔) + 3𝑂2 (𝑔) → 2𝑆𝑂2 (𝑔) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(𝑠) product are as follows (just for convenience)
As can be seen, 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑂2 give 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of ice. 𝑅𝑒2 𝑂7 + 𝐶𝑂 → 𝑅𝑒2 (𝐶𝑂)10 + 𝐶𝑂2
But amount of ice to be formed = 18 𝑔 𝑎 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑏 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑙
18g
Or number of moles of ice to be formed⇒ = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Applying 𝑃𝑂𝐴𝐶 for 𝑅𝑒 atoms,
18g/mol
3 Moles of 𝑅𝑒 in 𝑅𝑒2 𝑂7 = moles of 𝑅𝑒 in 𝑅𝑒2 (𝐶𝑂)10
So, number of moles of 𝑂2 needed =
2
2 × 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑅𝑒2 𝑂7 = 2 × moles of 𝑅𝑒2 (𝐶𝑂)10
Now, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑂2 contains
2𝑎 = 2𝑐
𝑁𝐴 = 6.02 × 1023 molecules
3 Or 𝑎 = 𝑐. (i)
So that 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑂2 would contain Applying 𝑃𝑂𝐴𝐶 for 𝐶 atoms,
2
3
𝑁𝐴 = 9.03 × 1023 molecules of 𝑂2 Moles of 𝐶 atoms in 𝐶𝑂 =moles of 𝐶 in
2
𝑅𝑒2 (𝐶𝑂)10 +moles of 𝐶 𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑂2
LEVEL 3 Or 𝑏 = 10𝑐 + 𝑑. (ii)
Applying 𝑃𝑂𝐴𝐶 for 𝑂 atoms
Q10. 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝐻2 𝐶2 𝑂4 → 𝐶𝑎𝐶2 𝑂4 + 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 moles of 𝑂 in 𝑅𝑒2 𝑂7 + 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑂 in 𝐶𝑂
Key concept: Limestone contains calcium carbonate, = moles of 𝑂 in 𝑅𝑒2 (𝐶𝑂)10 + 2 moles of 𝑂 in 𝐶𝑂2
but is not entirely made of it. It also has some or 7𝑎 + 𝑏 = 10𝑐 + 2𝑑. (iii)
impurities. From the eqns. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get,
According to this reaction, every mole of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 yields 17𝑎 = 𝑏
a mole of calcium oxalate. i.e. 17 ×moles of 𝑅𝑒2 𝑂7 = 1 × moles of 𝐶𝑂
100 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 yields 128 𝑔 calcium oxalate. 3 𝑤𝑡.of 𝐶𝑂 in 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑤𝑡. of 𝑅𝑒2 𝑂7 = 476
17 × = . [ ]
Hence, if 512 𝑔 of calcium oxalate is formed, it would 476 28 𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝑤𝑡. of CO = 28
100 wt. of 𝐶𝑂 = 3 𝑔.
come from 512 × 𝑔 = 400 𝑔 of 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3.
128
Thus, the 410 𝑔 of limestone had only 400 𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 .
Hence the percentage by mass
400
⇒ × 100 = 97%
410

C1.4 Limiting and Excess Reagents in a Reaction

PRE-READING EXERCISE
Q1. B Q3. I. 3
1
Q2. False II.
3
III. 4, 6

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 present (4: 2: 4 or 2: 1: 2) . So the reaction
mixture is non- stoichiometric.
Q1. I. Non Stoichiometric
The ratio of coefficients given in the reaction (1: 3) Q2. Ratio of reactants in a balanced equation = 3: 2
is NOT equal to the ratio of reactants present(1: 2). I. 𝐴 𝐵2
So the reaction mixture is non-stoichiometric.
For complete reaction 3 2
II. Stoichiometric
Given moles 6 3
The ratio of coefficients given in the reaction
(1: 4) is equal to the ratio of reactants present 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐵2 required 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴 for complete
(1: 1) . So the reaction mixture is stoichiometric. reaction
III. Non Stoichiometric So 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐵2 would require 4.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴 for
The ratio of coefficients given in the reaction complete reaction
(2: 3: 2) is not equal to the ratio of reactants But given number of moles of 𝐴 = 6
So 𝐴 is the excess reagent and 𝐵 is the limiting
reagent.

C1.4
C1 – Solutions 10

II. 𝐴 𝐵2 III. 𝐴 𝐵2
For complete For complete
3 2 3 2
reaction reaction
Given moles 10 20 Given moles 9 3

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐵2 required 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴 for complete 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐵2 required 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴 for complete
reaction reaction
So 20 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐵2 would require 30 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴 for So 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐵2 would require 4.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴 for
complete reaction complete reaction
But given number of moles of 𝐴 = 10 But given number of moles of 𝐴 = 9
So 𝐵 is the excess reagent and 𝐴 is limiting So 𝐴 is the excess reagent and 𝐵 is limiting
reagent. reagent.

Q3. For a reaction mixture to not get completely used up, the reaction mixture must be present in a non-stoichiometric ratio.
I. 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂
For a complete
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
reaction
Given amount 30 𝑔 73 𝑔
30 𝑔 73 𝑔
Given moles = 0.75 =2
40 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 36.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

0.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 react

According to 0.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (limiting
2 − 0.75 = 1.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
given quantities reagent)
left (Excess reagent)

0.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 would react with only 0.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙. So 𝐻𝐶𝑙 would be left in the mixture after reacting.

II. 𝐶𝑢 2𝐻𝑁𝑂3 → 𝐶𝑢(𝑁𝑂3 )2 + 𝐻2

For a complete reaction 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given amount 63.5 𝑔 126 𝑔
63.5 𝑔 126 𝑔
Given moles = 1 =2
63.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 63 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1 mole of 𝐶𝑢 would react with exactly 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 . So none of the reactants would be left in the mixture after reacting.

LEVEL 2
Q4. 2𝐴𝑙 + 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 → 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 + 2𝐹𝑒
2 𝐴𝑙 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 → 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 2𝐹𝑒
For a complete reaction 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given amount 108 𝑔 160 𝑔
108 𝑔 160 𝑔
Given moles =4 =1
27 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 160 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
According to given quantities 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑙 reacts 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 reacts
with 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒 (limiting reagent)
4 − 2 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐴𝑙 left

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴𝑙 reacts with 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 , i.e., 54 𝑔 of 𝐴𝑙 completely reacts with 160 𝑔 of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 .
So 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴𝑙 would react with 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 , but the quantity of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 present is just 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙. So 𝑭𝒆𝟐 𝑶𝟑 is the limiting
reagent. Excess reagent will be 𝑨𝒍.
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 will react with = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴𝑙
So excess moles of 𝐴𝑙 left in the mixture = 4 − 2 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Amount of 𝐴𝑙 left in the mixture = 2 × 27 𝑔 = 54 𝑔
Number of moles of 𝐹𝑒 formed from 1 mole of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒
C1 – Solutions 11

Q5. First reaction is 𝑁2 + 3𝐻2 → 2𝑁𝐻3

Clearly, hydrogen is left over. We will first compute the amount of 𝐻2 left over and then find out how much oxygen is needed
to oxidize the leftover hydrogen.
𝑁2 3𝐻2 → 2𝑁𝐻3
For a complete reaction 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
0 2 7
According to given values 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 will react 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 reacts
(limiting with 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2
reagent) 7 − 6 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 left
So 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 = 2 𝑔 will remain unreacted.
1
The second reaction is 𝐻2 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂
2
1
According to this reaction, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 reacts completely with 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑂2
2
i.e., 2 𝑔 of 𝐻2 would react completely when 16 𝑔 of 𝑂2 are present.
Thus, the amount of oxygen needed is 16𝑔.
140℃,𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
Q6. 2𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) → 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐶2 𝐻5 (𝑙) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑚𝑜𝑙
92 𝑔 74 𝑔 18 𝑔
Theoretical yield:
92 𝑔 of 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 gives = 74 𝑔 ether with 100% yield
74
46 𝑔 of 𝐶2 𝐻5 𝑂𝐻 gives = × 46 = 37 𝑔 ether with 100% yield
92
But actual yield is 30 𝑔
30
% yield = × 100 = 81%
37
27.6
Q7. Moles of salicylic acid = 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
138
10.8
Moles of Methanol = = 0.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
32
∴ Theoretically 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of salicyclic acid should combine with 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of methanol to form 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of methyl salicylate.
i.e. we should get 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of methyl salicyclate
𝑔
Or, amount of methyl salicylate obtained = 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 152 ⇒ 30.4 𝑔 of methyl salicylate
𝑚𝑜𝑙

LEVEL 3
Q8. Here, we will first determine the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize the amount of methane given, then find out how much
𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 is needed to generate that amount and then finally use the purity data to determine the amount of impure 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3
needed for the same.
Molar mass of 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 = 122.5 𝑔
𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
For complete reaction 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Given amount 48 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 ?
48 𝑔
Given moles = 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙
16 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

Clearly, 48 𝑔 methane corresponds to 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 which needed 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of oxygen according to the balanced reaction.
Now let us compute how much potassium chlorate is needed to generate the same amount of oxygen.
2𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 → 2𝐾𝐶𝑙 + 3𝑂2
2𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 → 2𝐾𝐶𝑙 + 3𝑂2
For complete reaction 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Required moles 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 required for preparation of 6 moles 𝑂2 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Required amount 490 𝑔(since 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 are required, so amount required
𝑔
= 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 122.5 = 490𝑔)
𝑚𝑜𝑙

C1.4
C1 – Solutions 12

A pure sample of any compound would be made up of only that compound entirely. However, an impure sample of a
compound would also contain some impurities. So the amount of compound contained in the sample would be reduced.
Hence, we can say that
100 % pure sample of 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 contains = 100% 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3
80 % pure sample of KClO3 would contain = 80% 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3
Mass of 𝐾𝐶𝑙𝑂3 80 100
= ⇒ mass of sample = 490 ×
Mass of sample 100 80
⇒ mass of sample = 612.5 𝑔

HOMEWORK
LEVEL 1

Reaction Moles of 𝐴 Moles of 𝐵2 Limiting reagent Moles of Product formed

Q1. 4𝐴 + 2𝐵2 → 3𝐶 2 3 𝐴 1.5
Q2. 𝐴 + 𝐵2 → 𝐶 4 2 𝐵2 2
Q3. 𝐴 + 4𝐵2 → 𝐶 5 4 𝐵2 1
Q4. 2𝐴 + 𝐵2 → 2𝐴𝐵 10 20 𝐴 10

Q5. I. Non-stoichiometric So 𝐵2 is the limiting reagent

Molar mass of 𝐾𝑂𝐻 = 56 𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐵2 forms 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of products as per the
1 reaction.
So 84 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 of 𝐾𝑂𝐻 = × 84 = 1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
56
II. Number of moles of 𝐴 in 50 𝑔 of
Molar mass of 𝐹2 = 38 𝑔
50
So 38 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 of 𝐹2 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴= = 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
10
The coefficients given in the reaction are in a ratio Number of moles of 𝐵2 in 100 𝑔 of
(1: 1) which is NOT equal to the ratio of reactants 100
𝐵2 = = 8.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙
present. (1.5: 1) So the reaction mixture is non- 12
stoichiometric. 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴 would require 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐵2 for
complete reaction, but 8.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐵2 is available.
II. Non-stoichiometric
So 𝐵2 is the excess reagent and 𝐴 is the limiting
Molar mass of 𝑁𝑂2 = 46 𝑔
1
reagent
So 138 𝑔 of 𝑁𝑂2 = × 138 = 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 So 5 moles of 𝐴 would form 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of products
46
Molar mass of 𝐻2 𝑂 = 18 𝑔 III. Number of moles of 𝐴 in 100 𝑔 of
1 100
So 9 𝑔 of 𝐻2 𝑂 = ×9 = 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴= = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙
18 10
The coefficients given in the reaction are not Number of moles of 𝐵2 in 120 𝑔 of 𝐵2
equal to the ratio of reactants present. So the 120
⇒ = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙
12
reaction mixture is non-stoichiometric.
Both the reactants are present in stoichiometric
LEVEL 2 ratios. So both of them would react completely to
give 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of products.
Q6. For a complete reaction, we need 1: 1 ratio of moles of
𝐴 and 𝐵2 as per the balanced reaction coefficients 𝑁2 + 3𝐻2 →2𝑁𝐻3
Q7.
of 𝐴 and 𝐵2. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑁2 and 𝐻2 react in 1: 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ratio. Reactant present in
I. Atomic mass of 𝐴 = 10 𝑎𝑚𝑢 smaller quantity (in terms of 𝑚𝑜𝑙) stoichiometrically
So number of moles of 𝐴 in 20 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 of 𝐴 is the limiting reactant and the other present in larger
20
⇒ = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 quantity is in excess and is left over.
10
Similarly, number of moles of 𝐵2 in 12 𝑔 of 𝐵2 Number of moles of 𝑁2 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙
12 Number of moles 𝐻2 taken = 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
⇒ = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
12 Number of moles of 𝐻2 is present in smaller quantity
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐴 would require 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐵2 for
and is thus the limiting reactant. It thus also decides
complete reaction, but only 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐵2 is
the amount of product(s) that are formed.
available.
C1 – Solutions 13

I. 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 gives 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 But number of moles of 𝐻2 present = 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙

2 So additional 𝐻2 required = 6 − 5 = 1 𝑚𝑜l
5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 gives = × 5
3
=2𝑔
⇒ 3.33 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 = 56.67 𝑔
II. 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 reacts completely with 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 1.7
Q8. Moles of 𝑁𝐻3 = [14+3] = 0.1
1
5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 react with = × 5 = 1.67 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 16
3 Moles of 𝑂2 = [16×2] = 0.5
Thus, number of moles of 𝑁2 left over 16
⇒ 2 − 1.67 = 0.33 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Moles of 𝐶𝐻4 = [12+4] = 1
Amount of 𝑁2 leftover Stoichiometric Ratio of 𝑁𝐻3 : 𝑂2 : 𝐶𝐻4 = 2: 3: 2
𝑔
⇒ 0.33 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 28 = 9.24 𝑔 Ratio of available 𝑁𝐻3 : 𝑂2 : 𝐶𝐻4 = 0.1: 0.5: 1 or 1: 5: 10
𝑚𝑜𝑙
III. Number of moles of 𝐻2 required by ∴ We can see that 𝑁𝐻3 is the limiting reagent
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 for a complete reaction = 6 mol ∴ We will obtain 0.1 × (1 + 12 + 14) = 2.7 𝑔 of 𝐻𝐶𝑁

Q9. 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝐻𝐶𝑙 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂

150 219
Given number of moles = 3.75 =6 0 0
40 36.5

amount left 0 6 − 3.75 = 2.25 3.75 3.75

According to the reaction, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 will react with 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 to give 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙.
So 3.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 would react with 3.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 to give 3.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙.
3.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of NaCl will be formed.

Q10. Number of moles of 𝑁𝐻3 taken 123

15.6 𝑔 of 𝐶6 𝐻6 gives = × 15.6 𝑔
78
680𝑔
⇒ = 40 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁𝑂2 = 24.6 𝑔
17 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
Actual yield = 18 𝑔
Number of mol of 𝐶𝑂2 taken 18
1100𝑔 % yield= × 100 = 73%
24.6
⇒ = 25 𝑚𝑜𝑙
44 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙−1
LEVEL 3
I. It can be seen that
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 reacts with = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 Q12. The reactions involved are:
25 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 reacts with = 50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 2𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑟 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻𝐵𝑟
But we have only 40 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝐻3 . 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙
Thus, 𝑁𝐻3 is present in limiting quantity and 𝐶𝑂2 Let the mixture contain 𝑥 moles of 𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑟 and 𝑦 moles
is present in excess. of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
II. Quantity of the product is always determined 𝑥
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 so formed by 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑟 =
2
from the limiting reactant. 𝑦
and by 𝑦 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 =
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 gives = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝐻2 )2 𝐶𝑂 2
𝑥+𝑦
40 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻3 gives =
40
= 20 𝑚𝑜𝑙 (𝑁𝐻2 )2 𝐶𝑂 Total moles of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 =
2
2
𝑔 Mass of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 𝑦 × 58.5 𝑔
Mass of urea formed = 20 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 60
𝑚𝑜𝑙 Mass of 𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑟 = 𝑥 × 103 𝑔
= 1200 𝑔 𝑥+𝑦
III. 𝐶𝑂2 required by 40 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑁𝐻3 = 20 𝑚𝑜𝑙 mass of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 = ( ) × 142
2
Thus, 𝐶𝑂2 left = 25 − 20 = 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) × 71𝑔
⇒ 5 × 44𝑔 = 220 𝑔 Or 103𝑥 + 58.5𝑦
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = (𝑥 + 𝑦) × 71
Q9. 𝐶6 𝐻6 + 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 → 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Or 32𝑥 = 12.5𝑦
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑥
78 𝑔 123 𝑔 Or = 0.39
𝑦
15.6 𝑔 ? 0.39×103
∴ ratio of masses (𝐵𝑟: 𝐶𝑙) = 𝑁𝑎𝐵𝑟: 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙) =
58.5
Theoretical yield: 78 𝑔 of 𝐶6 𝐻6 gives
= 0.68 ≈ 2: 3
⇒ 123 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁𝑂2

C1.4
C1 – Solutions 14

C1.5 Concentration

PRE-READING EXERCISE
Q1. Solute Q2. 2 Q3. 0.5 𝑚 Q4. True Q5. 2𝑀

IN CLASS EXERCISE
LEVEL 1 of solution above and the given density of the
solution.
Q1. I. 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = [2 × 1 + 1 × 32 + 4 × 16]𝑔 Mass
Volume of Solution =
= 98 𝑔 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 Density
1250 𝑔
∴ 196 𝑔 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = 2𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 is present = = 1250 𝑚𝐿
1 𝑔/𝑚𝐿
in 5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒 solution
Now, molarity of solution
no.of moles of solute
Molarity of solution = no.of moles of solute 6.25
volume of the solution in 𝐿 = = = 5𝑀
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 total volume of the solution in 𝐿 1.250𝐿
⇒ = 0.4𝑀
5𝐿 II. We are given the volume of the solution = 2 𝐿
II. 6 𝑘𝑔 of solvent (water) contains 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 solute And mass of solvent = 30 𝑔
(𝐻𝐶𝑙) 30
no.of moles of solute So number of moles of urea = = 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
60
Molality of solution = 𝑔
mass of solvent in 𝑘𝑔 Now, density of solution = 1.265
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑐
⇒ = 0.66 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝑘𝑔 or 0.66 𝑚 And volume of solution = 2𝐿 = 2000 𝑚𝐿
6 𝑘𝑔
III. 4 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 solution contains 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 2000 𝑐𝑐 ( 1 𝑐𝑐 = 1 𝑚𝐿)
mass
Weight of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 40 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 80 𝑔 Using density =
volume
𝑤 (weight of solute) 80𝑔
Strength in = ⇒ = 20𝑔/𝐿 ⇒ mass of solution = density × volume
𝑣 volume of solution 4𝐿
𝑔
= 1.265 × 2000𝑐𝑐 = 2530𝑔
Q2. Number of moles of 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 is 𝑛𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 = 7 𝑐𝑐

Number of moles of 𝐻2 𝑂 is 𝑛𝐻2𝑂 = 13 Mass of solvent

⇒ Mass of solution − mass of solute
∴ Mole fraction of water is given as
no.of moles of 𝐻2 𝑂 13 = 2530 − 30 = 2500 𝑔 = 2.5 𝑘𝑔
𝑥𝐻2𝑂 = = = 0.65. number of moles of solute 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Total no.of moles in the solution 13+7 Molality = = = 0.2 𝑚
mass of solvent in kg 2.5 𝑘𝑔
no.of moles of solute
Q3. Molarity of solution =
Volume of Solution in 𝐿 Q5. Note that the two mixtures are the same and hence
number of moles
⇒ 1𝑀 = non-reacting. Hence, we can use the expression
0.1𝐿
𝑀1 𝑉1 +𝑀2 𝑉2
Number of moles of sugar = 0.1 × 1 = 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 =
𝑉1 +𝑉2
Molar mass of sugar = 342 𝑔 Nonetheless, to understand this from scratch.
Mass of sugar required = 0.1 × 342 = 34.2 𝑔 50
50ml of 1𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 solution will contain ( × 1)
1000

LEVEL 2 Moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻.

100
number of moles of solute
100𝑚𝑙 𝑔 3𝑀 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 solution will contain ( × 3)
1000
Q4. I. Molality = = 6.25 𝑚
mass of solvent in 𝑘𝑔 Moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 0.3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻.
⇒ 6.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 are dissolved in 1 𝑘𝑔 of ∴ The total number of moles of NaOH after mixing the
water. two solutions will be (0.05 + 0.3)𝑚𝑜𝑙
No. of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 in 1 𝑘𝑔 of solvent = 6.25 ⇒ 0.35 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻.
Mass of solute 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 6.25 × 40 = 250 𝑔 The total volume of the solution will be
(as molar mass of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = 40 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙) (50 + 100)𝑚𝑙 = 150𝑚𝑙.
⇒ Total mass of solution ∴ 150 𝑚𝑙 of the new solution contains 0.35 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of
= Mass of solute + mass of solvent 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
= 250 𝑔 + 1000 𝑔 = 1250 𝑔 Molarity of solution =
no.of moles of solute
To compute the molarity, we need the volume of volume of the solution in L
0.35 𝑚𝑜𝑙
solution, which can be computed from the mass = = 2.33 𝑀
0.15𝐿
∴ Molarity of the new solution is 2.33 𝑀.
C1 – Solutions 15

Q6. 𝐻𝐶𝑙 + 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 + 𝐻2 𝑂

Given 0.050 𝐿, 0.2 𝑀 0.025 𝐿, 0.1 𝑀
Moles required for complete reaction 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Given no of moles 0.01 𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.0025 𝑚𝑜𝑙

(computed from molarity × volume)
No. of moles = molarity × volume of solution(𝐿)
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 needs 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 to react completely
0.0025 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 would hence need 0.0025 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 to react completely
So excess 𝐻𝐶𝑙 left = 0.01 − 0.0025 = 0.0075 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
no.of moles of solute 0.0075
Molarity of solution = ⇒ = 0.1𝑀
volume of the solution in L 0.050+0.025

Q7. 6 M solution implies 6 moles of HCN are present in We have the weight percentage (𝑤/𝑤) of the acid to
1000 mL of solution. be 30% i.e. there is 30 𝑔 acid in 100 𝑔 solution. We
Let the density be 𝐷 𝑔/𝑚𝐿. also have the density which is the total mass divided
Thus, 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑁 are present in 1000 𝐷 𝑔 of by the total volume of the solution. What we need to
solution. find is moles of acid per litre of solution.
or 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐻𝐶𝑁 are present in (1000𝐷 – 27 × 6 ) 𝑔 There is a direct link between the three, so the basis
of solvent (27 × 6 𝑔 is weight of 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻𝐶𝑁) we take is 100 g of solution.
6 × 1000 If we have 100 𝑔 of solution, we have 30 𝑔 of acid,
Thus the molality = (Converting mass of
1000𝐷−162 30
solvent to kilograms) which is 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 (molar mass of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 is
36.5
But molality is equal to 5.3 36.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙) … (𝑖)
6 × 1000 Now if we can find out the volume of this solution we
Hence, = 5.3
1000 𝐷−162
can easily calculate the molarity.
Solving 𝐷 = 1.29 𝑔/𝑐𝑐
We know that 1.095 𝑔 of the solution occupies 1 𝑚𝐿
100
LEVEL 3 so 100 𝑔 would occupy: 𝑚𝐿 … (𝑖𝑖)
1.095
Hence, using (𝑖) and (𝑖𝑖) the molarity would be:
Q8. Let us first figure out what is given to us and then 30
𝑚𝑜𝑙 1000 𝑚𝐿
36.5
manipulate it to get the required answer, which is the 100 × =9𝑀
𝑚𝐿 1𝐿
1.095
molarity of the acid.

HOMEWORK
294𝑔
LEVEL 1 Moles of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = 98𝑔 = 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑚𝑜𝑙
no.of moles of solute 2𝑚𝑜𝑙 no.of moles of solute
Q1. Molality of solution = ⇒ = 0.66 𝑚 Molality of solution =
mass of solvent in 𝑘𝑔 3𝑘𝑔 mass of solvent in 𝑘𝑔
3𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Q2. 4𝐿 of solution contains 8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of solute (𝐾𝑂𝐻) = =1𝑚
3𝑘𝑔
no.of moles of solute
Molarity of solution= ∴ Molality = 1 𝑚
volume of the solution in L
8
= = 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙/𝐿 = 2𝑀 Q5. It is given that we have a 0.5 𝑀 solution of 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2. To
4
∴ Molarity = 2 𝑀 find out what volume of this solution contains 20.8 𝑔
of 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 , need to find how many moles of 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 are
no.of moles of solute
Q3. Molarity of solution = present in 20.8 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 of 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 .
volume of the solution in 𝐿
Number of moles will be 𝑔
Molar mass of 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = 208
⇒ molarity × volume of the solution (𝐿) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
No. of moles of 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 in 20.8 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 of
⇒ 2 𝑀 × 0.05 𝐿 = 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 20.8
∴ Number of moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 present in the container 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 = = 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
208
⇒ 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 no of moles of solute
Molarity =
volume of solution in 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
Q4. 3𝑘𝑔 of solvent (water) contains 298 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 no.of 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 0.1
⇒ volume = = = 0.2 𝐿
molarity 0.5
(solute)

C1.5
C1 – Solutions 16

LEVEL 2 ⇒ 40 𝑔 of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(solute).}
no.of moles of solute
Molality of solution =
Q6. It is given that we have a 15 𝑀 solution of 𝐻𝐶𝑙. To find mass of solvent in 𝑘𝑔
2
out how many moles and what mass of the solute is ⇒ =4𝑚
0.500
contained in 500 𝑚𝐿 of this solution, we first find how ∴ Molality of the solution is 4 𝑚.
many moles of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 are present in 500 𝑚𝐿
15 M solution of 𝐻𝐶𝑙. Q8. 200 𝑚𝑙 of 0.5 𝑀 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 will contain
no of moles of solute 0.5
Molarity = ( × 200) = 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
volume of solution in litres 1000
mol of solute (𝐻𝐶𝑙)
15.0 = ∴ We need 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 from 2𝑀 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 solution.
0.50 𝐿
moles of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 7.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 is contained in 1000 𝑚𝑙 of 2 𝑀 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
Mass of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = moles of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 × molar mass of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 solution
no.of moles of solute
= 7.5 × 36.5 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = 273.75 𝑔 𝐻𝐶𝑙 ∴ Molarity of solution =
volume of the solution in 𝐿

Q7. I. Density of water = 1𝑔/𝑐𝑐 = 1𝑔/𝑚𝑙 Volume of the solution (𝐿) = no. of moles/Molarity
∴ 200 𝑚𝑙 of water = 200 𝑔 of water. ⇒ 0.1/2 = 0.05 𝐿
∴ 200 𝑔 of solvent (water) contains 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of ∴ We need 50 𝑚𝑙 of 2M 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 solution.
solute (𝐻𝐶𝑙). Q9. 250 𝑚𝑙 of 5𝑀 𝐻𝐶𝑙 solution will contain
{Since, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝐶𝑙 = [1 × 1 + 35.5 × 1] 𝑔 5
( ) × 250 = 1.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙.
⇒ 36.5 𝑔 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙} 1000
no.of moles of solute On addition of water, the moles of 𝐻𝐶𝑙 will not change.
Molality of solution =
mass of solvent in 𝑘𝑔
2
Hence, now 4𝐿 of solution has 1.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙
⇒ = 10 𝑚 1.25
0.200
∴ 1𝐿 of solution will have = 0.31 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻𝐶𝑙
∴ Molality = 10𝑚 4
no.of moles of solute
II. Density of water = 1𝑔/𝑐𝑐 = 1𝑔/𝑚𝑙 Molarity of solution =
volume of the solution in 𝐿
∴ 500 𝑚𝑙 of water = 500 𝑔 of water 0.31
⇒ = 0.31 𝑀𝑚
∴ 500 𝑔 of solvent (water) contain 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 1

solute (𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻) ∴ Molarity of resulting solution = 0.31𝑀

{Since, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 = [23 + 16 + 1] 𝑔

LEVEL 3
Q10. 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻𝐶𝑙
Given 50 𝑚𝐿, 20 𝑀 100 𝑚𝐿, 15 𝑀
For a complete reaction 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 required 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 required 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 formed
Given number of moles (molarity × 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
volume of the solution in L)
According to given quantities 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 reacts 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 reacts,
completely 1.5 − 1 = 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 left
amount of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 left unreacted= 0.5 × 98 𝑔 = 49 𝑔
Q11. Note: 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 = 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒
𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3
Given 1 𝑚𝐿, 1 𝑀
For a complete reaction 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
no. of moles
Given number of moles =molarity × volume
=1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙
2 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 formed (from
Moles given and formed 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 given
1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 )
From 1 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 of 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 given, 2 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 can be formed
𝑔
Therefore, amount of 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 that can be formed= 2 × 10−3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 × 85 = 170 𝑚𝑔
𝑚𝑜𝑙
C1 – Solutions 17

Test Practice Problems

Q1. B B) 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑙3
The stoichiometric coefficients in a reaction Molecular mass = 12 + 1 + (35.3 × 3) ⇒ 119.5 𝑔
represents the no. of moles of atoms/molecules that 35.5×3 𝑔
% 𝐶𝑙 = × 100 = 89.12 %
119.5 𝑔
combine together to give the products.
C) 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝐶𝑙
Q2. D Molecular mass
The given equation is balanced and hence number of ⇒ (12 × 6) + (1 × 5) + (35.5) = 112.5 𝑔
moles of reactants and products are equal to their 35.5
% 𝐶𝑙 = × 100 = 31.5 %
112.5 𝑔
stoichiometric coefficients
D) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑙
Q3. A Molecular mass = 12 + 3 + 35.5 ⇒ 50.5 𝑔
2𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑂3 → 4 𝐴𝑔 + 2𝐶𝑂2 ↑ +𝑂2 ↑ % 𝐶𝑙 =
35.5
× 100 = 70.3 %
50.5
Molar mass of 𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑂3 = 275 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
∴ 𝐶𝐻𝐶𝑙3 is the answer
∴ 2 moles of 𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑂3 yields 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑔 as residue
i.e., 550 𝑔 𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑂3 yields (4 × 107)𝑔 𝐴𝑔 Q6. D
⇒ 2.5 𝑔 𝐴𝑔2 𝐶𝑂3 yields residue Let us assume that we have 100 𝑔 of 𝑀𝑆2
4×108 Then amount of 𝑆 present = 40 𝑔
Weighing = × 2.5 ⇒ 1.96 𝑔
550
⇒ Amount of 𝑀 present = (100 − 40)𝑔 = 60 𝑔
Q4. D 40
No. of moles of 𝑆 present = = 1.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙
The reaction is: 32
1.25
3 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 2𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 → 𝐵𝑎3 (𝑃𝑂4 )2 + 6𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 Now, 1.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆 will combine with ( ) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀
2
As can be seen, 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 react completely with = 0.625 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⇒ 0.625 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀 weigh 60 g
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 to give 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎3 (𝑃𝑂4 )2 ⇒ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀 will weigh (
60
× 1) = 96 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.625
The amounts of 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 and 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 given are non-
stoichiometric. Q7. A
So one of the reactants will be limiting and other will Mass of 𝑀𝑔 = 0.300𝑔
be the excess reagent. Let us choose 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 as Mass of 𝑀𝑔 and 𝑁 compound = 0.416 𝑔
reference to find out the limiting reagent ∴ Mass of 𝑁 combined = 0.416 − 0.300 = 0.116 𝑔
Then, 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 react completely with 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 Mass Moles Mole Ratio
⇒ 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 will react completely with 𝑀𝑔 0.300 𝑔 0.0125 1.5
2
( × 0.5) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 0.33 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 𝑁 0.116 𝑔 0.0083 1.00
3
But we are given only 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 Mole ratio is to be converted to a whole number
∴ 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 is the limiting reagent and hence the 1.5: 1 = 3: 2
amount of 𝐵𝑎3 (𝑃𝑂4 )2 formed will depend on amount ∴ The compound is 𝑀𝑔3 𝑁2
of 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 present.
Q8. C
Now, 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 give 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎3 (𝑃𝑂4 )2
𝑥 mol (𝑁𝐻4 )3 𝑃𝑂4 = 12𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻 atoms = 3.18 𝑚𝑜𝑙
So 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎3 𝑃𝑂4 will give 3.18 𝑚𝑜𝑙
1 ⇒𝑥= = 0.265 𝑚𝑜𝑙
( × 0.2) 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎3 (𝑃𝑂4 )2 ⇒ 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎3 (𝑃𝑂4 )2 12
2
Thus, 𝑂 atoms = 4𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 4 × 0.265 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 1.06 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Q5. B
Q9. A
A) 𝐶6 𝐻6 𝐶𝑙6
Let mol % of 26𝑀𝑔 be 𝑥
Molecular mass (21−𝑥)25+𝑥(26)+79(24)
= (12 × 6) + (1 × 6) + (35.5 × 6) = 291 𝑔 ∴ = 24.31
100

% 𝐶𝑙 =
(35.5×6)𝑔
× 100 = 73.1 % 𝑥 = 10%
291𝑔

Q10. C
2𝐹𝑒(𝑁𝑂3 )3 + 3𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 → 𝐹𝑒2 (𝐶𝑂3 )3 + 6𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3
Mole 2.5 3.6 ? ?
Mole/stoichiometric coefficient 2 3 1 6
2.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒(𝑁𝑂3 )3 requires 3.75 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 . Hence, the limiting reagent is 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 so moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑁𝑂3 should be formed =
3.6 × 2 = 7.2
6.3
% yield = × 100 = 87.5%
7.2

T.P.P.
C1 – Solutions 18

Q11. A
According to the reaction, 3 moles of 𝑃4 are produced from 4 moles of 𝐶𝑎5 (𝑃𝑂4 )3 𝐹, 18 moles of 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 and 30 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶.
For deciding the limiting reagent, let us choose 𝐶𝑎5 (𝑃𝑂4 )3 𝐹 as the reference.
According to the stoichiometric reaction, 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑎5 (𝑃𝑂4 )3 𝐹 will require 18 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 and 30 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶 for a
complete reaction to happen and form 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑃4
𝐶𝑎5 (𝑃𝑂4 )3 𝐹 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑃4 → 𝑃4
Stoichiometrically 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 18 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 30 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Given 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 20 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
However, the given quantity of both 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 and 𝐶 is less than what required for a complete reaction. Hence the limiting reagent
is one of them.
Let us choose 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 now.
4
10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 would require × 10 = 2.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑎5 (𝑃𝑂4 )3 𝐹
18
30
And × 10 = 16.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶
18
Hence, 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 is the limiting reagent.
Now, 18 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 gives 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑃4
3
So 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 would give × 10 = 1.66 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑃4
18

Q12. C Millimoles of acid that reacts with the present 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻

1 50×0.1
3𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 (𝑠) → 2𝐹𝑒3 𝑂4 (𝑠) + 𝑂2 = (ii)
2 2
480 𝑔 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 provides 16 𝑔 𝑂2 . From 2 𝑔 sample, the (i) − (ii) moles would be the final moles of acid
residue obtained was 1.96 𝑔. present in the solution, which would now have a
480 volume of (50 + 𝑥) 𝑚𝐿. This solution, we are given has
For loss of 0.04 𝑔 𝑂2 → 0.04 × = 1.2 𝑔
16
0.8 a final molarity of 0.05 𝑀.
𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 % by mass of 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 = × 100 = 40%.
2.0 Which would have (50 + 𝑥) × 0.05 𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of acid
Q13. D Hence,
0.1
The balanced equation is: 𝑥 × 0.1 − 50 ×
2
𝐶𝑆2 + 3𝐶𝑙2 → 𝐶𝐶𝑙4 + 𝑆2 𝐶𝑙2 = (50 + 𝑥) × 0.05
And hence the sum of the coefficients of the products ⇒ 𝑥 = 100 𝑚𝐿
is 1 + 1 = 2
Q16. B
Q14. D Molecular mass of 𝐶6 𝐻5 𝑁𝑂2
We know that molarity is total number of moles of = (12 × 6) + (1 × 5) + (1 × 14) + (2 × 16)
solute divided by the total volume of solution. So let us = 123 𝑎𝑚𝑢
calculate these quantities and then apply this formula. Molecular mass of 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
Total moles of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 = 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = atomic mass of 𝑁𝑎 + atomic mass of 𝐶𝑙
Total volume = 100 + 400 = 500 𝑚𝐿 = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5 𝑎𝑚𝑢
0.1
∴𝑀= × 1000 = 0.2 𝑀 Molecular mass of 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4
500
⇒ 3(atomic mass of 𝐻) + atomic mass of 𝑃
Q15. C +4(atomic mass of 𝑂)
What is happening here is that all the 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 present ⇒ 3 + 31 + 64 = 98 𝑎𝑚𝑢
needs to react with acid, and the left over acid Molecular mass of 𝑁2 𝑂5
produces the required molarity. So, the total acid ⇒ 2(atomic mass of 𝑁) + 5(atomic mass of 𝑂)
added can be calculated using the idea that the total ⇒ 28 + 80 = 108 𝑎𝑚𝑢
number of moles would be the the product of the From the molecular masses, the lightest molecule is
volume of the acid added and the molarity of the acid 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 with molecular mass of 58.5 𝑎𝑚𝑢.
that is added (number of moles =volume×molarity)
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 → 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 Q17. D
1 mole of any substance contains 6.022 ×
Note that two moles of 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 react with one mole of
1023 entities of that substance.
acid So, all the given substances will contain 6.022 × 1023
Let volume be 𝑥 𝑚𝐿, molecules, i.e., all will have the same number of
Millimoles of acid added = 𝑥 × 0.1 (i) entities.
C1 – Solutions 19

Q18. C 100
14 × 12 × ≈ 360 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
47
We can form a simple equation to solve this using the
This approximation is valid looking at the four options
idea of mass conservation. If we take a 100 atoms, the
given.
total mass will be 100 times the mass of one atom
which is 20440. So, 𝑥 being the number of atoms of Q23. C
𝑇𝑙 − 203 and 𝑦 being the atoms of 𝑇𝑙 − 205 The given compounds has 40 % water
𝑔
𝑥 + 𝑦 = 100 (i) (this is our basis) ( molecular mass 18 ) so 100 𝑔 of the compound
𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑥 × 203 + 𝑦 × 205 = 20440 (ii) (mass balance) has 40 𝑔 water. The molar mass is 189 𝑔 so you may
On solving we get 𝑥 = 30, 𝑦 = 70 be tempted to say that 40 % of this is water. Read the
Another very cool way of solving this is to analyze both question carefully, it says that M weighs 189 𝑔, so that
the options. If we consider 50% abundance of both accounts for 60 % of the weight, and the rest is water.
isotopes, then the average mass would come out to be So to get the actual weight of water, we need to do the
40
204 𝑎𝑚𝑢. Since the given average mass is > 204, that following calculation: 189 × = 126 𝑔. Using this we
60
means that > 50% of 𝑇𝑙 -205 isotope is present. The can calculate the number of moles of water that this
only option that satisfies this condition is option C 126
has which turns out to be 7 = ( )
18
Q19. A
18 𝑔 of 𝐻2 𝑂 contains 𝑁𝐴 molecules of 𝐻2 𝑂 Q24. D
Or 3𝑁𝐴 atoms (2𝐻 + 1𝑂) 2𝐶𝑎 + 𝑂2 → 2 𝐶𝑎𝑂
3𝑁𝐴 1𝑔 𝑥𝑔 (say)
⇒ 1.8 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 will contain atoms=0.3 𝑁𝐴
10 Applying 𝑃𝑂𝐴𝐶 for 𝐶𝑎 atoms,
Similarly, 17 𝑔 𝑁𝐻3 will contain 𝑁𝐴 molecules of
Moles of 𝐶𝑎 atoms in the reactant = moles of 𝐶𝑎
𝑁𝐻3 = 4 × 𝑁𝐴 atoms
4𝑁𝐴
atoms in 𝐶𝑎𝑂 (Since all the Calcium converts to 𝐶𝑎𝑂)
⇒ 1.7 𝑔. 𝑁𝐻3 will contain atoms = 0.4 𝑁𝐴 1
10 Hence, = 1 × 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐶𝑎𝑂
40
16 𝑔. 𝐶𝐻4 will contain 𝑁𝐴 molecules of 1
So moles of 𝐶𝑎𝑂 =
𝐶𝐻4 = 5𝑁𝐴 atoms ⇒ 1.6 𝑔. 𝐶𝐻4 will contains 40
5𝑁𝐴 𝑁𝐴 Applying 𝑃𝑂𝐴𝐶 for oxygen atoms,
= atoms
10 2 Moles of 𝑂 atoms in 𝑂2 = moles of 𝑂 atoms in 𝐶𝑎𝑂
∴ order of increasing number of atoms is: 2 × moles of 𝑂2 = 1 ×moles of 𝐶𝑎𝑂
𝐻2 𝑂 < 𝑁𝐻3 < 𝐶𝐻4 1 1
So moles of 𝑂2 = =
2×40 80
Q20. D So mass of 𝑂2 =moles of 𝑂2 × molar mass of 𝑂2
Let us assume that we have 100 𝑔 compound. Molar 1
= × 32 = 0.4 𝑔
mass of 𝑁𝑎 = 12 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆 = 32 𝑔⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙 , 𝑂 = 16 𝑔⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙 80

Mass (𝑔) Moles Ratio Q25. B

4𝐹𝑒 + 3𝑂2 → 2𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
50
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂3 = 50 = 0.40 1 According to the reaction, to form 2 moles of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3
46+32+48
50 we require 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑂2 .
𝐻2 𝑂 = 50 = 2.78 7 3
2+16 ∴To form 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 , we will require × 5
2
Thus, 𝑥 = 7 ⇒ 7.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝑂2
Q21. C Q26. B
18 𝑔 of glucose = 0.10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 glucose The balanced equations for the reactions are
(∵ molar mass of glucose = 180 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙) 𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 (i)
Moles withdrawn = 0.08 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2𝐶 + 𝑂2 → 2𝐶𝑂 (ii)
∴ Moles left = 0.10 − 0.08 If 𝑥/12 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of carbon reacts according to (i) then
𝑔 6−𝑥
⇒ 0.02 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 18 = 0.36 𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑙 would react according to (ii). From the
𝑚𝑜𝑙 12
(6−𝑥) 6−𝑥
Q22. D stoichiometry, we also see that and 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
12 24
If a compound has 47% by mass of carbon, then in each of 𝑂 react in (i) and (ii) respectively.
100 𝑔, 47 𝑔 would be carbon. We know that total moles of oxygen are
12
.
32
We also know that one molecule has 14 atoms i.e. 6−𝑥 6−𝑥 12
14 × 12 𝑔 of 𝐶 . Hence the molecular weight of the Hence, + = ,𝑥 =3
12 24 32
7
compound would be Hence the mass % of 𝐶𝑂 is × 100 ≈ 39%
18

T.P.P.
C1 – Solutions 20

Q27. B
49 𝑔
Q32. C
𝑛𝐻2𝑆𝑂4 = = 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝐻2 𝑆 + 𝑆𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 3𝑆
98 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Let us write down the balanced reaction: 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆 reacts completely with 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑂2
2𝑋 + 3𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝑋2 (𝑆𝑂4 )3 + 3𝐻2 1
⇒ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆 will react completely with ( × 1)
2
Clearly, the moles of the acid are the same as the moles
⇒ 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑂2
of hydrogen liberated. Hence mass of hydrogen ⇒
𝑔 Now, 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆𝑂2 gives 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆
0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 2 =1𝑔 3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⇒ 0.5 mol 𝑆𝑂2 will give ( × 0.5) ⇒ 1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆
1
Q28. A
Q33. C
Easiest way to go about would be to balance 𝑍 first (𝑏, 𝑐 100
values) as 𝑋 and 𝑌 appear independently on the 100 𝑚𝐿 0.15 𝑀 will contain × 0.15 𝑚𝑜𝑙 =
1000
products side. Once we have 𝑍 atoms, we can balance 𝑌 0.015 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 .
since it appears along with 𝑋 in the reactants side (𝑎, 𝑒 ∴ We need 0.015 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 from 1.5 𝑀 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
values). Lastly, we can balance 𝑋 to get the 𝑑 value. solution.
1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 is present in 1000 𝑚𝑙 of solution
Q29. B 1000
∴ 0.015 𝑚𝑜𝑙 will be present in ( × 0.015) 𝑚𝐿 =
𝐴 + 2𝐵 → 𝐶 1.5
10 𝑚𝐿
For complete 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
∴ We need 10 𝑚𝑙 of 1.5 𝑀 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 solution.
reaction:
Given: 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 8 𝑚𝑜l Q34. D
If we heat a solution, its volume changes. So we need
Formed: ?
to narrow it down to an option which does not depend
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴 reacts completely with 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵 on volume of solution in anyway. Clearly, molarity,
⇒ 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴 reacts completely with (5 × 2) = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵 weight/volume % all depend on volume hence would
But we are given only 8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵 change with change in temperature. Mole fraction
∴ 𝐵 is the limiting reagent however, only depends on number of particles and
Now, 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵 given 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 since no reaction occurs, will be independent of
1
⇒ 8 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵 will give ( × 8) = 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 temperature.
2

Q30. D Q35. A
Remember, molarity is total number of moles divided
𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 2 𝐻2 𝑂 by total volume of solution
2×0.48+1×0.52
For complete = 1.48 𝑀
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 0.48+0.52
reaction:
Q36. C
Given amount: 16 𝑔 32 𝑔
If we consider a solution that has 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of the
16 32
solute, it would have 1 𝑘𝑔 of water since the molality
Given moles: 16 32
is 10 . This would have 1000/18 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of water
= 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 = 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
(simple conversion of 𝑘𝑔 to 𝑔). Hence, mole fraction
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝐻4 requires 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 for complete reaction would be
However we only have 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 moles of solute 10 180 1
= 1000 = ≈
total moles in solution +10 1180 6
⇒ 𝑂2 is limiting reagent 18

Now, 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 give 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 The answer closest to this is option is C. Key idea being
1 that approximation is okay since the options have
⇒ 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 will give = 0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
2 numbers that are far apart from each other.
𝑔
= (0.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 × 44 ) = 22 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2
𝑚𝑜𝑙 Q37. D
Q31. C Cannot be solved without the density of the
8
A) 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 requires ( × 5) = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 solution!
4
6
B) 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 requires ( × 5) = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑁𝑂3
3
10
C) 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 requires ( × 5) = 16.6 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑁𝑂3
3
4
D) 5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 requires ( × 5) = 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻𝑁𝑂3
2