WHAT ARE POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS ?

• It include all possible situations in which the waveforms of the supply voltage or load current
deviate from the sinusoidal waveform at rated frequency with amplitude corresponding to the
rated rms value for all three phases of a three-phase system

• Power quality disturbance covers sudden, short duration deviation impulsive and oscillatory
transients, voltage dips (or sags), short interruptions, as well as steady- state deviations, such as
harmonics and flicker

Voltage Power Quality Problems

• Voltage Sag Voltage Swell Voltage Interruption

• Under/ Over Voltage Voltage Flicker Harmonic Distortion

• Voltage Notching Transient Disturbance Outage and frequency variation

• Voltage Sag

A voltage sag is a reduction in the RMS voltage in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 p.u. (retained) for
duration greater than hall a mains cycle and less than 1 minute. Often referred to as a ‘sag’. Caused by
faults, increased load demand and transitional events such as large motor starting.

• Voltage Swell

A voltage swell is an increase in the RMS voltage in the range of 1.1 to 1.8 p.u. for a duration greater
than half a main cycle and less than 1 minute. Caused by system faults, load switching and capacitor
switching.

• Voltage Interruption

A voltage interruption is the complete loss of electric voltage. Interruptions can be short
duration (lasting less than 2 minutes) or long duration. A disconnection of electricity causes an
interruption—usually by the opening of a circuit breaker, line recloser, or fuse
Over Voltage and Under Voltage

• Long-duration voltage variations that are outside the normal limits (that is, too high or too low)
are most often caused by unusual conditions on the power system. For example, out-of-service
lines or transformers sometimes cause under voltage conditions. These types of root-mean-
square (RMS) voltage variations are normally short term, lasting less than one or two days.

• In addition, voltage can be reduced intentionally in response to a shortage of electric supply.

Voltage Flicker

• A waveform may exhibit voltage flicker if its waveform amplitude is modulated at frequencies
less than 25 Hz, which the human eye can detect as a variation in the lamp intensity of a
standard bulb.

• Voltage flicker is caused by an arcing condition on the power system.

• Flicker problems can be corrected with the installation of filters, static VAR systems, or
distribution static compensators

Harmonics Distortion

• Harmonics are periodic sinusoidal distortions of the supply voltage or load current caused by
non-linear loads.

• Harmonics are measured in integer multiples of the fundamental supply frequency.

• In commercial facilities, computers, lighting, and electronic office equipment generate harmonic
distortion. In industrial facilities, adjustable-speed drives and other power electronic loads can
generate significant amounts of harmonics.

• Solutions to problems caused by harmonic distortion include installing active or passive filters at
the load or bus, or taking advantage of transformer connections that enable cancellation of
zero-sequence components.

Voltage Notching

• Voltage notching is caused by the commutation of power electronic rectifiers. It is an effect that
can raise PQ issues in any facility where solid-state rectifiers (for example, variable-speed drives)
are used

• When the drive DC link current is commutated from one rectifier thyristor to the next, an instant
exists during which a line-to-line short circuit occurs at the input terminals to the rectifier.

• With this disturbance, any given phase voltage waveform will typically contain four notches per
cycle as caused by a six-pulse electronic rectifier
Transient Disturbance

• Transient disturbances are undesirable momentary deviation of the supply voltage or load
current and caused by the injection of energy by switching or by lightning.

• Transients are classified in two categories “Impulsive” and “oscillatory”

• Outage

Outage is defined as an interruption that has duration lasting in excess of one minute.

• Frequency Deviation

It is a variation in frequency from the nominal supply frequency above/below a predetermined level,
normally + 0.1%.

Effects of PQ Quantities

Voltage dips: machine/process downtime, scrap cost, clean up costs, product quality and repair costs all
contribute to make these types of problems costly to the end-user

Transients :tripping, component failure, hardware reboot required, software ‘glitches‘, poor product
quality

Harmonics: transformer and neutral conductor heating leading to reduced equipment life span; audio
hum, video ‘flutter’, software glitches, power supply failure

Flicker: visual irritation

Current Based Power Quality Problems

• Reactive Power Compensation *Voltage Regulation *Current Harmonics Compensation

• Load Unbalancing (for 3-phase systems)

• Neutral Current Compensation (for 3-phase 4-wire systems)

Sources of Power Quality Problems

• Power electronic devices *IT and office equipments *Arching devices *Load switching

• Large motor starting *Embedded generation *Sensitive equipment

• Storm and environmental related damage

Solution of Power Quality Problems

Flicker Mitigation

• Static Var Compensator *D-Statcom

Harmonic Mitigation

• Passive Filter *Active Filter *Multi-pulse Configuration

Mitigation of Voltage Dips and Short Interruption

• Motor-generator set *Static series compensator *Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR)

• Static transfer switch

Other Possible Solutions

• Proper earthing practices *Online UPS/Hybrid UPS

• Energy storage system *Ferro- resonant transformer *Network equipment and design

Solution of Harmonic Mitigation

Using Power Filters
Power Filters

Passive Filters Active Filters Hybrid Filters

Shunt Shunt Several Combinations

are possible for hybrid
Series Series of active and passive
Hybrid Hybrid
UPQC
25/155
Passive Filters

 Harmonic reduction *Reactive power compensation

Resonance with line impedance *Heavy and bulky

Passive Filters

1. LC passive filter 2.Tuned passive filters

Tuned Shunt Passive Filters

vsa Zsa

isa
Three-Phase
vsb Zsb
Three-Wire
Nonlinear
isb Loads
vsc Zsc

isc PFSha PFShb PFShc

C5 C7 Ch C5 C7 Ch C5 C7 Ch

L5 L7 Lh Rh L5 L7 Lh Rh L5 L7 Lh Rh

29/155

Tuned Series Passive Filters

vsa Zsa Ch
C5 C7 Rh PF
SSa
isa L5 L7 Lh
vsb Zsb
C5 C7 Ch Rh PF Three-Phase
SSb Three-Wire
isb Nonlinear
L5 L7 Lh
Loads
vsc Zsc C5 C7 Ch Rh PF
SSc
isc Lh
L5 L7

30/155
 Tuned Series Passive Filters
for 3-Ph 4-Wire System
vsa Zsa Ch
C3 C5 Rh PF
ssa
isa L3 L5 Lh a
vsb Zsb
C3 C5 Ch Rh PF Three-Phase
n ssb b Four-Wire
isb Nonlinear
L3 L5 Lh
Loads
vsc Zsc C3 C5 Ch Rh PF
ssc c
isc Lh
L3 L5
n

31/155

Tuned Passive Filters

Key filter design considerations include the following

a) Reactive power (kilovar) requirements b) Harmonic limitations c) Normal system

conditions, including ambient harmonics d) Normal harmonic filter conditions

e) Contingency system conditions, including ambient harmonics

f) Contingency harmonic filter conditions

Passive Hybrid Filters

Zs PFss

is
AC vs Nonlinear
PFsh Loads
Mains

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Series (PFss) and Passive-Shunt

(PFsh) Filters

Zs PFss

is
AC vs Nonlinear
PFsh Loads
Mains

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Shunt (PFsh) and Passive-Series (PFss)

Filters 33/155
 Passive Hybrid Filters
Zs PFss1 PFss2

is
AC vs Nonlinear
PFsh Loads
Mains

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Series (PFss1), Passive-Shunt

(PFsh) and Passive-Series (PFss2) Filters
Zs PFss

is
AC vs Nonlinear
PFsh1 PFsh2 Loads
Mains

Hybrid Filter as a Combination of Passive-Shunt (PFsh1), Passive-Series

(PFss) and Passive-Shunt (PFsh2) Filters 34/155

Selection of Power Filters

• Nature of Load (Voltage Fed, Converter Fed or Mixed)

• Type of Supply System (single-phase, three Phase three wire, three phase four wire)

• Compensation required in current (harmonics, reactive power, balancing, neutral current ) or

voltage (harmonic flicker, unbalance, regulation, sag, swell, spikes, notches)

• Pattern of loads (fixed, variable, fluctuating)

Passive Hybrid Filters

35/155

Active Filter

• Active Filters *Cancel out harmonics *Block resonance *Reactive power management
*Costly *Good for retrofit applications
 Active Filters
vsa Zsa

isa
Three-Phase
vsb Zsb
Three-Wire
Nonlinear
isb Loads
vsc Zsc

isc Cr
Cr
Cr
Lr Lr Lr AFSh

Cd

43/155

Active Filters Basic Principle

44/155
 Shunt and Series Active
Filters is iL
Non-Linear
~ Load
AC M ains
ic

AF

vd

Current Fed Type AF is

vAF
iL Voltage Fed Type AF
Non-Linear
~ Loads
AC M ains

AF

vd

Series Type AF
45/155

Topologies of Active Filters

is
iL

ic icc
AF

Non-Linear
~ L
Load
AC
M ains
AF

Two Wire Series AF with Current Two Wire Shunt AF with Current
Source Converter Source Converter

46/155
Topologies of Active Filters

Capacitor Midpoint Four Wire Shunt AF

47/155

Topologies of Active Filters

Four Pole, Four Wire Shunt AF

48/155
Topologies of Active Filters

Three Bridge, Four Wire Shunt AF

49/155

Control of
Active filter

50/155
 Basic Structure: Series Active Filter

52/155

Hybrid Filters

Hybrid Filters

Single-Phase Three-Phase Three-Wire Three-Phase Four-Wire

Passive-Passive Active-Active Passive-Passive Active-Active Passive-Active Active-Active

Passive-Active Passive-Active Passive-Active

FIG. 1 - Classification of Hybrid Filters for Power Quality Improvements.

56/155

Hybrid Filters

 Cancel out harmonics

 Block resonance

 Reactive power management

 Less costly

Good for retrofit applications

 Hybrid Filters
Hybrid of Active and Passive Filters
Zs PFss AFss
Hybrid Filter as a
Combination of Series
is Connected Passive-
AC vs Nonlinear
Series (PFss) and Active-
Mains Loads
Series (AFss) Filters

PFss
Zs Hybrid Filter as a
Combination of parallel
Connected Passive-Series
is (PFss) and Active-Series
AC vs AFss Nonlinear
Mains Loads (AFss) Filters

58/155

Hybrid Filters
Hybrid of Active and Passive Filters
Zs
Hybrid Filter as a
Combination of Active-Shunt
is
AC vs Nonlinear (AFsh) and Passive-Shunt
Mains AFsh PFsh Loads (PFsh) Filters

Zs

is Hybrid Filter as a Combination

PFsh of Series Connected Passive-
vs Nonlinear Shunt (PFsh) and Active-Shunt
AC
Loads (AFsh) Filters
Mains
AFsh

60/155
 Parallel Hybrid Power Filter
(PHF)

62/155

Custom Power Devices

(Static Compensators)

Distribution Static Distribution Unified Power

Compensator Voltage Restorer Quality Compensator
(DSTATCOM) (DVR) (UPQC)

73/155

Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM)

Functions

 Reactive Power Compensation

 Voltage Regulation

 Unbalance Compensation (for 3-phase systems)

 Neutral Current Compensation (for 3-phase 4-wire systems)

DSTATCOM 1-Phase 2-Wire

Zs

is

T1 T3
Nonlinear
AC vs Loads
Cd
Mains Lr T4
AFSh Cr T2

75/155

DSTATCOM 3-Phase 3-Wire

vsa Zsa

isa
Three-Phase
vsb Zsb
Three-Wire
Nonlinear
isb Loads
vsc Zsc

isc Cr
Cr
Cr
Lr Lr Lr AFSh

Cd

76/155
 DSTATCOM 3-Phase 4-Wire
Mid-Point Capacitor Topology
isa ila ila
3-Phase isb ilb ilb Linear/
isc Non-Linear
4-Wire AC ilc ilc
Mains Loads
iln iln
iln

ica
icc icb S1 S3 S5
Lf,Rf Cdc +
-

icn Vdc +
-
S4 S6 S2
DSTATCOM

78/155

Four Pole Topology of DSTATCOM

isa ila ila
3-Phase isb ilb ilb Linear/
isc Non-Linear
4-Wire AC ilc ilc
Mains Loads
iln iln
iln

ica
icc icb S1 S3 S5 S7
Lf,Rf +
Cdc Vdc
icn -
S4 S6 S2 S8
DSTATCOM

79/155
 Three Single-Phase VSC Topology
of DSTATCOM
isa ila ila
3-Phase isb ilb ilb Linear/
isc Non-Linear
4-Wire AC ilc ilc
Mains Loads
iln iln
iln

ica
icc icb

icn

N1:N2 N1:N2 N1:N2

ica icb icc

DSTATCOM
a b c
Cdc

80/155

Distribution Voltage Restorer (DVR)

Functions

 Reactive Power Compensation

 Voltage Regulation

 Compensation for Voltage sag and Swell

 Unbalance Voltage Compensation (for 3-phase systems)

Unified Power Quality Compensator (UPQC)

Functions

 Reactive Power Compensation

 Voltage Regulation

 Compensation for Voltage sag and swell

 Unbalance Compensation for current and voltage (for 3-phase systems)

 Neutral Current Compensation (for 3-phase 4-wire systems)

 DVR 1-Phase 2-Wire

Zs
AFSS
Transformers
is

Lr T1
T3 Nonlinear
AC vs
Loads
Mains Cd
T2
T4

83/155

DVR 3-Phase 3-Wire

vsa Zsa

isa Tr
Three-Phase
vsb Zsb
Three-Wire
Nonlinear
isb Tr Loads
vsc Zsc

isc Tr

AFSS
Cr
Lr Cr Cr
Lr Lr

Cd

84/155
 DVR 3-Phase 4-Wire
vsa Zsa
a
isa Tr
Three-Phase
vsb Zsb
Cr Four-Wire
b Nonlinear
isb Tr Loads
vsc Zsc
n Cr c
isc Tr

Cr

Lr Cd1 AFSS
Lr Lr

Cd2

89/155

UPQC 1-Phase 2-Wire

Zs

Transformers
is

Lr T1 T1 T3
T3
AC vs Nonlinear
Mains Loads
T2 Cd T4
T4
T2

91/155
 UPQC 3-Phase 3-Wire
vsa Zsa

i sa Tr
Three- Phase
vsb Zsb
Three- Wire
Nonlinear
i sb Tr Loads
vsc Zsc

i sc Tr Cr
Cr
Cr
Cr Lr Lr Lr
Lr Cr Cr
Lr Lr

Cd

92/155

Right Shunt and Left Shunt UPQC

• Convert the feeder (source) current (is) to balanced sinusoids
through the shunt compensator.
• Convert the load voltage (vl) to balanced sinusoids through
the series compensator and also regulate it to a desired value.

Right Shunt UPQC

93/155
 Three-phase four-wire UPQC with zig-zag
transformer
vsa
Za vta vCa vLa
Isa
3-Phase
vsb 4-wire
Zb Tr Linear/
Isb
Non-linear
vsc critical
Zc loads
Isc

Lr Cr

UPQC
Cdc

94/155

Functions of IPQC

• Reduced harmonic currents

• High power factor

• Low EMI and RFI at input AC mains

• Well regulated and good quality DC output

• Rating from fraction of Watt to MW power in large number of applications

Applications of IPQC

• DC power supplies

• Telecommunication power supply

• Improved power factor ballast

• Power supplies for equipments like computers, medical equipment, printers, scanners etc

• Electrical welding
 Supply Based Classification

Improved Power Quality Converters

Single Phase Three phase

Unidirectional Unidirectional

Bi-directional Bi-directional

102/155

Classification of Single Phase

IPQC
Improved Power Quality
Converters

Single-Phase

Unidirectional Bidirectional

Boost Buck Buck-Boost Multilevel

Boost Buck Buck-Boost Multilevel

103/155

Topology Based Classification

Improved Power Quality

Converters

Unidirectional Bidirectional

Diode Bridge + Diode Bridge + Diode Bridge + Diode Bridge with Diode Bridge Diode Bridge
Step Down Chopper Step Up Chopper Step Up/Down Isolated Derived Multipulse Multilevel
Chopper Converters
(Flyback, Forward,
Pushpull, Half Bridge,
Bridge, SEPIC, Cuk)

Pushpull Half Bridge VSI CSI Matrix Converters

Bridge Multilevel Multipulse Bridge Multilevel Multipulse

105/155
Single Phase Boost Converter

Ls idc
is
vs Cd Load
vdc

Single-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter.

106/155

Single-Phase Unidirectional
Boost Converter.

Ls idc
is
vs Cd Load
vdc

107/155
 Single Phase Boost Converter
Control

108/155

Single Phase Boost IPQC

idc
is Ls
vs Cd Load
vdc

Symmetrical Two Device Single-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter

110/155
 Single Phase Boost IPQC
idc
is Ls
vs Cd Load
vdc

Asymmetrical Two Device Single-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter

Ls1
idc
is Ls2
vs Cd Load
vdc

Interleaved Two Cell Single-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter

111/155

Single Phase Boost IPQC

Ls1 idc
is Ls2
vs Cdc Load
vdc

Single-Phase Unidirectional Boost Converter with High Frequency Active EMI Filter.

idc
is Ls C1
vs Cd Load
vdc
C2

Single-Phase Half Bridge Bidirectional Boost Converter.

112/155
 Single Phase Boost IPQC
idc
is Ls
vs Cd Load
vdc

Single-Phase VSI Full Bridge Bidirectional Boost Converter

idc
is Cs1 Ls
vs Cd Load
Cs2 vdc

Single-Phase Bridge Bidirectional Boost Converter with DC Ripple Compensation

using AC Mid Point Capacitors and Third Leg. 113/155

Single Phase Boost IPQC

idc
is Ls
vs Load
Cd
Lr vdc

Single-Phase Bridge Bidirectional Boost Converter with

DC Ripple Compensation using an Inductor and Third Leg.

114/155
 Single Phase Buck IPQC
Ld idc
is Ls
vs Cs Cd Load
vdc

Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter with Input AC Filter.

Ls Ld idc
is
vs Cs Cd Load
vdc

Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck Converter with Input DC Filter.

115/155

Single Phase Buck IPQC

Ld idc

is Ls
vs Cs Cd Load
vdc

Single-Phase Bidirectional Buck Converter.

Ld idc

is Ls
Cs1
vs Cd Load
Cs2 vdc

Single-Phase Bidirectional Buck Converter with a Neutral Leg .

117/155
 Single Phase Buck-Boost
IPQC
Ls1 idc
is Ls
vs Cs Cd Load
vdc

Single-Phase Cascaded Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter.

idc
is Ls1
vs Cs Ls2 Cd Load
vdc

Single Device Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter

118/155

Single Phase Buck-Boost

IPQC
Ls idc
Cs
is
vs Ls1 Cd Load
vdc

SEPIC-Derived Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter.

Ls idc
is
vs Cs Cd Load
vdc

High
Frequency
T ransform er

Flyback Based Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter

119/155
 Single Phase Buck-Boost
IPQC
L1 L2
C1 C2 vdc
is
vs Cd Load

High idc
Frequency
T ransformer

Isolated Cuk Derived Single-Phase Unidirectional Buck-Boost Converter.

Ld idc

is Ls vdc
vs Cs Cd L o ad

Single Phase Bidirectionnel Buck-Boost Converter

120/155

Single Phase Multi-level IPQC

idc
Cd1

is Ls
vs Load
vdc

Cd2

Single-Phase Bidirectional Diode Clamped Three Level Converter.

124/155