SnapShot: Exercise Metabolism

SnapShot: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Brendan Egan,1 John A. Hawley,2 and Juleen R. Zierath3
1
School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
AUTHOR
2
Mary XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Centre for Exercise and Nutrition,
AFFILIATION
AustralianXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
3
Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology,
Section of Integrative Physiology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden

Sources of energy provision in skeletal muscle Inter-organ communication

ATP hydrolysis ATP + H 2O ADP + P i + H + + energy
Secreted factors: IL-6, IL-15, myostatin,
ATP resynthesis Muscle BAIBA, lactate, exosomes, and others
Anaerobic pathways:
Phosphocreatine degradation ADP + PCr + H + ATP + Cr
Adenylate kinase reaction 2ADP ATP + AMP Adipocytes Bone
Anaerobic glycolysis Glycogen + 3 ADP 2 lactate + 2 H + + 3 ATP

Aerobic pathways:
Carbohydrate oxidation Glucose + 6 O 2 + 38 ADP + 38 P i 6CO 2 + 6H 2O + 38 ATP
Lipid oxidation Palmitate + 23 O 2 + 130 ADP + 130 P i 16 CO 2 + 146 H 2O + 130 ATP Liver Brain

Contraction-induced modulators of gene expression in skeletal muscle

Stimulus Sensor Downstream effector
P iO 2 PHDs HIF-1α
NAD +:NADH SIRTs PGC-1α, FOXO1, p53
AMP:ATP AMPK HDAC, PGC-1α, CREB, SIRT1, HIF-1α
Mechanical stress MAPKs PGC-1α, CREB, ATF2
[Ca 2+ ] i CaMKs HDAC, CREB, SRF
Mechanosensation FAK mTOR, p70 S6K
Sarcolemmal disruption PA Akt, mTOR, FOXO1

Exosomes CAPILLARY
Glucose FFA

GLUT4 CD36
Autocrine/paracrine
signaling
ATP-PCr
ATP Glucose Glycogen IMTG
FFA
ADP HK PHOS GS FABP Lipolysis
FFA
PA FAK p38, ERK1/2, JNK CaMKII AMPK SIRTs PHDs LDH G-6-P G-1-P
LAC Glycolysis FA-CoA

Akt NAD + NADH

P ATP CPT1
HDAC HDAC RIP140 PYR
ADP
mTOR FOXOs
MurF PGC-1α PGC-1α
TORC1 TORC2 ATP PDH
MAFbx MEF2 CREB GEF ERRα FOXO1 PPARs
V H+
Atrogenes Glucose metabolism Lipid metabolism
IV H + Electron Ac-CoA β-oxidation
transport
MRFs PGC-1α HIF-1β PRC III H + chain
PGC-1β
p70 S6K
4E-BP1 ATP
MyoD MyoG ERRα HIF-1α PGC-1α
II NADH, FADH 2,
Protein MEF2 VEGF ERRα
PPARs NRF-1/2 ATP, CO 2
translation H+ TCA
initiation
Myogenesis Angiogenesis
I cycle
Transcriptional regulators NAD +, FAD,
and mitochondrial genes ADP+P i
mtDNA
miR-1, -133a, -133b, -181a, miR-9, -23a, -23b, -31 NUCLEUS
Tfam
Autophagy MITOCHONDRION

SARCOPLASM

Adaptive Changes in mRNA expression and protein content Hypertrophy

responses:

Change mRNA
from
baseline Protein content, enzyme function Mitochondrial biogenesis
Improved exercise performance
and whole-body metabolism

Acute exercise Hours Days Weeks Months Chronic exercise training

Expanding and differentiating skeletal EXPAND DIFFERENTIATE

muscle progenitor cells (myoblasts) are
common practices during the study of
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myogenesis, disease modeling, ??DATE??,
and
co-culture systems. MyoCult™ media are
specifically formulated to expand,
maintain, and differentiate primary human
myoblasts. These specialized media are
designed to provide researchers with
standardized workflows and culture
systems to minimize cell culture variability Differentiation Kit (Catalog #05965).
and increase experimental reproducibility.
The MyoCult™ Expansion Kit (Catalog The MyoCult™ Differentiation Kit
#05960) is formulated for the expansion and (Catalog #05965) is formulated to
200? ©200?
maintenance Elsevier
of human Inc.
myoblasts. DOI XXXXXXXXX
The MyoCult™ differentiate human myoblasts into See online version for ???
expansion medium provided in this kit myotubes. This kit also includes a cell
suppresses the expression of key myogenic attachment substrate to support optimal
differentiation genes while maintaining the adherence to culture vessels and maintain
expression of myogenic progenitor markers. myotube morphology for downstream To learn more about MyoCult™ products available
Myoblasts expanded in MyoCult™ expansion assays. Myotubes generated from the for myogenic research, visit www.myocult.com.
medium are fully compatible with the MyoCult™ MyoCult™ Differentiation Kit can serve as a
robust two-dimensional in vitro myofiber
model for myogenic studies.

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