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Chapter SIX
STRATEGY FORMULATION OF (WRITE HERE THE NAME OF COMPANY)
(WRITE HERE NATURE OF BUSINESS AND PRODUCT OR SERVICES BEING OFFERED BY THE COMPANY;
short sentence)
By this time, the student or strategist should realize that strategy formulation consist of 3
stages.
Strengths Weaknesses
S1. (Copy paste the exact sentence from IFE) W1. (Copy paste the exact sentence from IFE)
INTERNAL S2. W2.
FACTORS S3. W3.
S4. W4.
S5. W5.
(# of strengths must be the same inside IFE) (# of weaknesses must be the same inside IFE)
Table 6._ : Frequency of Identified Alternative Strategies from the SWOT Matrix
(This is based on appearance of alternative strategies in all quadrant of SWOT)
Frequency in
Alternative Strategies
SWOT Matrix
1. Forward Integration
2. Backward Integration
3. Horizontal Integration ALL FONTS INSIDE THIS TABLE:
4. Market Penetration FONT TYPE: ARIAL
FONT SIZE: 10
5. Market Development SPACING: 1.0
BOARDER, SHADING, HEIGHT AND WIDTH OF
THIS TABLE SHOULD BE SMALL AND CANNOT
6. Product Development BE ADJUSTED
8. Unrelated Diversification
9. Retrenchment
10. Divestiture
11. Liquidation
Relevance of SWOT
After discussion and construction of SWOT Matrix, relevance will proceed. In this
relevance analysis, the student must identify the top 3 (or 4) Alternative Strategies with
highest frequencies in the table above. The alternative strategies are tallied at the end
of this chapter. The student may mention examples of specific strategies from those top
3 alternative strategies. All the generated strategies can serve as starting point for deep
discussion. The student or strategist must relate or check the alignment of the result of
SWOT Matrix to the current situation of the company. Also, the student can also
comment if the company is already doing or not yet doing this strategies or dwelling in
this strategies already. [– 3 sentences min]
(Definition and principles of Strategic Position and Action Evaluation must be explained
here. How SPACE is being constructed should be also mentioned here. For review of
creating SPACE Matrix check pages 208 to 212 of textbook.) [– 3 quality sentences]
Next, the strama student must compute the average score for FP, CP, IP and SP based
on the variables (opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses) and their numerical
value rates.
Total
Total
(Same Rate w/ that in
(Copy and Paste here KEY Opportunity and Threat Factors that falls under the last table in Chap 4)
the External Dimension of Stability Position) (all rate here must be
negative)
Total
Computation in SPACE
FS
6
Conservative 4 Aggressive
3
1
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
CA IS
-1
-2
-3
Defensive -4 Competitive
-5
-6
ES
(student can also use this graphic SPACE graph, just enlarge this, the graphic below)
(Note: Draw a directional vector to show the positioning of the company. Logo of the company must be
placed also near to that vector. The SPACE figure drawing object above can be expanded which can be
used, in case of error occur in editing the figure)
Relevance of SPACE
After discussion and construction of SPACE Matrix, relevance will proceed. In the
analysis, the student must write and explain which quadrant does the company fall.
Then, all the feasible alternative strategies being recommended by the directional vector
in a quadrant must be mentioned here (check page 208 for the feasible strategies in
each quadrant or powerpoint lecture slide). The alternative strategies are tallied at the
end of this chapter. The student or strategist must relate or check the alignment of the
result of SPACE Matrix to the current situation of the company. Also, the student can
also comment if the company is already doing or already in that position. Proof,
indicators, evidence must be mentioned here especially in oral defense to prove that the
company must really be in aggressive, competitive, defensive or conservative
positioning. [– 3 quality sentences]
(Definition and principles of BCG must be explained here. How BCG is being
constructed should be also mentioned here. For review of creating BCG Matrix check
pages 212 to 216 of textbook.) [– 3 quality sentences]
Low
High Medium
1.0 0.50 0.0
High +20
Growth Rate (Percentage)
Note: Locate in the BCG Matrix if the company is in quadrant of stars, question marks,
cash cows or dogs. Logo of the company must be placed also.
Must also show and explain here the information and relevant computation on relative
market share and industry growth rate.
Relevance of BCG
After discussion and construction of BCG Matrix, analysis will proceed. The student or
strategist must explain what quadrant does the company fall. In this analysis, the
student must identify the feasible Alternative Strategies or Alternative Strategies being
recommended in the corresponding Quadrant. (check page 215 for the feasible
strategies in each quadrant or powerpoint lecture slide) The alternative strategies are
tallied at the end of this chapter. The student or strategist must relate or check the
alignment of the result of BCG Matrix to the current situation of the company. Also, the
student can also comment if the company is already doing or already in that quadrant.
Proof, indicators, evidence must be mentioned here especially in oral defense to prove
that the company is in question marks, stars, cash cows or dogs. [– 3 quality sentences
min]
High III
I II
EFE Total Weighted Score
3.0
Delete this instruction
Medium
IV V VI
Plot the score of IFE in the top most
horizontal axis and EFE score in the left most
vertical axis. Then extend the lines, until
2.0 intersection is visible
Low
VII VIII IX
1.0
Note: Locate in the I.E. Matrix if the company is in region of grow and build, hold and
maintain or harvest or divest. Logo of the company must be placed also in that region.
Must also show and explain here again the score in EFE and IFE
Information about IFE
-(min of 2 sentence explanations regarding total score of IFE and its interpretation)
Relevance of I.E.
After discussion and construction of IE Matrix, ANALYSIS will proceed. The analysis
must explain which cell or zone does the company fall, based on EFE and IFE score.
The student or strategist must relate or check the alignment of the result of IE Matrix to
the current situation of the company. Also, the student can also comment if the
company is already doing the harvesting or divesting, holding and maintaining or
growing and building. In the ANALYSIS, the student must also identify the feasible
Alternative Strategies or Alternative Strategies being recommended in the region in the
cell. (check page 217 for the feasible strategies in each quadrant or powerpoint lecture
slide) The alternative strategies are tallied at the end of this chapter. [– 3 quality
sentences min]
Quadrant II Quadrant I
Note: Locate in the GS Matrix if the company is in quadrant I, II, III or IV. Logo of the
company must be placed also inside the GS Matrix.
Must also show and explain here about market growth and competitive position
pertaining to GS Matrix.
Relevance of GS
After discussion and construction of GS Matrix, Analysis will proceed. The analysis must
explain which quadrant does the company fall, based on competitive position and
market growth. The student or strategist must relate or check the alignment of the result
of GS Matrix to the current situation of the company. Also, the student can also
comment if the company is already doing or already in that quadrant.) In the analysis,
the student must identify the feasible Alternative Strategies or Alternative Strategies
being recommended in the quadrant where the company is located. (check page 220 for
the feasible strategies in each quadrant or powerpoint lecture slide). Proof, indicators,
evidence must be mentioned here especially in oral defense to prove that the company
is in quadrant I, II, III or IV in the GS Matrix. The alternative strategies are tallied at the
end of this chapter. [– 3 quality sentences]
6. Product Development (use x symbol) (use x symbol) (use x symbol) (use x symbol) (use x symbol) (use # symbol)
Of course, x
use Number x
symbol for x
total (use x symbol) (use # symbol)
7. Related Diversification (use x symbol) (use symbol) (use symbol) (use symbol)
column.
11. Liquidation (use x symbol) (use x symbol) (use x symbol) (use x symbol) (use x symbol) (use # symbol)
Example of Tallying. Based on the tallying, the highest are Backward Integration,
Horizontal Integration and Unrelated Diversification.
(Delete this example of tallying)
EFE
(delete this text book reminder)
Delete this. Reminder
Do not duplicating the scores per factor in order to
emphasize the relative attractiveness of each strategy
. So, no double 1’s, 2’s, 3’s and 4’s in a raw
Threats If the factor has no effect, then put dash to all in the
T1. raw. Read pp 223 to 224 of textbook
Use Same 8 Threat Factors from EFE (delete this text box)
(delete this text book)
Strengths
Same weight with IFE (delete this text book)
S1.
Use same 8 Strength Factors from IFE
(delete this text book)
Weaknesses
W1.
Use same 8 Weakness Factors from
IFE
(delete this text book)
Note: It is advisable that the strama student must double check the rates and other
computations inside the QSPM in order to validate the resulting prioritization of strategies.
(After filling up and computing the Sum of Total Attractiveness Score for each of
the alternative strategy, the student or strategist must explain the new ranking and
prioritization of the strategies to be implemented)
Relevance of QSPM
After discussion and construction of QSPM, ANALYSIS will proceed. In the ANALYSIS,
the student or strategies must report which of the 3 alternative strategies is the most
attractive, the ranking and the magnitude of differences. The full blown details of the
implementation of the strategies will be in chapter 7. (Note: Sometimes the OM student
may need to further check if the Strategy Ranked #1 is really the best strategy. Result of
QSPM is a mathematical approach, intuition and experience maybe applied. It is
advisable that the strama student must consult his/her friend or connection to the
company) [– 3 quality sentences]
Step 1 Make a list of the firm’s key external opportunities/threats and internal strengths/weaknesses in the left column of the QSPM. This
information should be taken directly from the EFE Matrix and IFE Matrix.
Step 2 Assign weights to each key external and internal factor. These weights are identical to those in the EFE Matrix and the IFE Matrix. The
weights are presented in a straight column just to the right of the external and internal critical success factors.
Step 3 Examine the Stage 2 (matching) matrices, and identify alternative strategies that
the organization should consider implementing. Record these strategies in the top row of the QSPM. Group the strategies into mutually
exclusive sets if possible.
Step 4 Determine the Attractiveness Scores (AS) defined as numerical values that indicate the relative attractiveness of each strategy
considering a single external or internal factor. Attractiveness Scores (AS) are determined by examining each key external or internal factor, one
at a time, and asking the question “Does this factor affect the choice of strategies being made?” If the answer to this question is yes, then the
strategies should be compared relative to that key factor. Specifically, Attractiveness Scores should be assigned to each strategy to indicate the
relative attractiveness of one strategy over others, considering the particular factor.
By attractive, we mean the extent that one strategy, compared to others, enables the firm to either capitalize on the strength, improve on the
weakness, exploit the opportunity, or avoid the threat. Work row by row in developing a QSPM. If the answer to the previous question is no,
indicating that the respective key factor has no effect upon the specific choice being made, then do not assign Attractiveness Scores to the
strategies in that set. Use a dash to indicate that the key factor does not affect the choice being made.
Note: If you assign an AS score to one strategy, then assign AS score(s) to the other. In other words, if one strategy receives a dash, then all
others must receive a dash in a given row.
Step 5 Compute the Total Attractiveness Scores. Total Attractiveness Scores (TAS) are defined as the product of multiplying the weights (Step
2) by the Attractiveness Scores (Step 4) in each row. The Total Attractiveness Scores indicate the relative attractiveness of each alternative
strategy, considering only the impact of the adjacent external or internal critical success factor. The higher the Total Attractiveness Score, the
more attractive the strategic alternative (considering only the adjacent critical success factor).
Step 6 Compute the Sum Total Attractiveness Score. Add Total Attractiveness Scores in each strategy column of the QSPM. The Sum Total
Attractiveness Scores (STAS) reveal which strategy is most attractive in each set of alternatives. Higher scores indicate more attractive strategies,
considering all the relevant external and internal factors that could affect the strategic decisions. The magnitude of the difference between the Sum
Total Attractiveness Scores in a given set of strategic alternatives indicates the relative desirability of one strategy over another.
Note the use of dashes to indicate which factors do not affect the strategy choice being considered. If a particular factor affects one strategy but
not the other, it affects the choice being made, so attractiveness scores should be recorded for both strategies. Never rate one strategy and not
the other.
Note that there are no double 1’s, 2’s, 3’s, or 4’s in a row. Never duplicate scores in a row. Never work column by column; always prepare a
QSPM working row by row. If you have more than one strategy in the QSPM, then let the AS scores range from 1 to “the number of strategies
being evaluated.” This will enable you to have a different AS score for each strategy. These are all important guidelines to follow in developing a
QSPM. Avoid giving each strategy the same AS score. Again work row by row, not column by column. These are important guidelines to follow in
constructing a QSPM.
(Note: Sometimes the OM student may need to further check if the Strategy Ranked #1 here in QSPM is really the best strategy.
Result of QSPM is a mathematical approach, intuition and experience maybe applied.)