SCIENCE *Wegener proposed the idea that all *information collected by - the condition of the balancing of

of the continents had at one time paleontologists the forces (Gravitational & Buoyant
• non-living things own identify like been connected in a single Force)
fingerprints in human supercontinent known as Pangaea • ancient mountain ranges - equilibrium
and he believed that the continents - the same sequence of rocks is found
density in North America, Great Britain and Law of Impenetrability – no objects
• walang element na parehas density gradually began to drift apart around
300M years ago Norway can occupy the same space at the
• directly proportional to mass - Wegener matched up rocks on same time
• something to do sa bigat *they did not believe Wegener’s either side of the Atlantic Ocean
• d = m/v theory because geology wasn’t his : Appalachian Mountains (US) &
profession Caledonian Mountains (Scotland) fit ERAS OF THE PLATE
PLATE TECTONICS MOVEMENT
- rigid segment of the Earth’s together
*Alfred Wegener died in Greenland : Karroo Strata (S. Africa) & ⁃ Permian Period (225 million years
lithosphere that moves separately (Permafrost) ago)
plate – a large slab of solid rock Santa Catarina rocks (Brazil)
: Pangaea
tectonic – to build EVIDENCES OF • past climate evidence ⁃ Triassic Period (200 million years
CONTINENTAL DRIFT ⁃ they found not only animals but ago)
THE 16 MAJOR PLATE • fit of the continents
TECTONICS tropical plants in Antarctica : Laurasia & Gondwana Land
- shorelines of South America and ⁃ Jurassic Period (135 million years
• African • Juan de Fuca Africa • ancient glaciers
• Antarctic • Nazca ago)
*Antonio Snider-Pelligrini – cuts out - glaciers carve the rock as they ⁃ Cretaceous Period (65 million
• Arabian • North American a map of Africa and South America move
• Australian • Pacific years ago)
- glacier deposits and grooved
• Caribbean • Philippine • fossil evidence bedrock were found in South • TYPES OF PLATE
• Cocos • Scotia - similar terrestrial species were America, Africa, India, and Australia BOUNDARIES
• Eurasian • Somali found on many continents now 1) convergent boundaries -
• Indian • Southern America separated by oceans PLATE MOVEMENT converge (put
⁃ found fossils of mesosaurus (fresh • plates of the lithosphere are moved together/fusion/compression)
THEORY OF PLATE water reptile lived during Permian
TECTONICS around by the underlying hot mantle o continent to continent
period) sa Eastern South America convection cells collision
•based on 2 hypotheses: and Southern Africa
⁃ continental drift - forms mountain ranges (Mt.
(di non kakayanin languyin yung convection current/hot mantle Everest, European Alps, Swiss
⁃ seafloor spreading distance convection cells - main culprit of Alps, Appalachians, the Earls)
CONTINENTAL DRIFT ng Africa to S. America coz coastal movements of the plates - gradually moving; slow motion
HYPOTHESIS animal siya and di niya keri yung salt - occurs because of density of a fluid (1/2 billion years ago)
*in 1911, the meteorologist, Alfred water is related to its temperature *reason behind the shape of Mt.
Wegener, noticed that the coastlines - fossil evidence of the Triassic land Everest (tumataas ng 1 cm/year)
reptile, Lystrosaurus Pangaea – all lands (supercontinent)
of the east coast of S. America and - uplift
the west coast of Africa seemed to fit - fossil remains of Cynognathus Panthalassa – water - climate
together like a jigsaw puzzle (Triassic land reptile about 3m long) - weathering
- fossil of the ferns Glossopteris Isostacy – isostatic condition
(found in all Southern continents) o oceanic to oceanic collision
 - one runs over the other which
causes it to sink into the mantle
forming a subduction
- produces hot spots(volcano sa
paligid ng tubig) –Hawaii
- between minor trenches
o continental to oceanic
collision
- oceanic lithosphere subducts
underneath the continental
lithosphere
- oceanic lithosphere heats and
dehydrates as it subsides
- the melt rises forming
volcanoes & major trenches
(Marianas Trench, The Andes in
S. America)
*kung saan may volcano, mayroon
ding trenches
2) divergent boundaries - divert
(going separate ways)
o continental to continental
- rift valleys (Iceland)
o oceanic to oceanic
- spreading ridges
3) transform boundary – where
plates slide past each other
- horizontal fashion of sliding
together (slow sideway movement)
- forms earthquakes
- San Andreas Fault
*the plate motion causes them to
collide, pull apart, or scrape against
each other; each interaction causes a
characteristic set of Earth’s structures
VOLCANISM – mostly focused at
plate margins
- Hawaii Island (Kawai, Oahu, Maui)
& Reunion Island
*STROMBOLI – nicknamed lava of
Mediterranean
*Hawaii has a lot of lava flowing
*new islands were created
SEAFLOOR SPREADING
- result of mantle convection
- as the plates slowly move away
from each other, heat from the
mantle’s convection current makes
the crust more plastic and less dense;
the less dense material rises often
forming an elevated area of the
seafloor; eventually, the crust cracks
and hot magma fueled by mantle
convection bubbles up to fill the
fractures of and spills onto the crust
- creating new/giving birth to a new
sea
- proposed by a geologist and Navy
Reserve Rear, Harry Hess, in 1963
- discovered using SONAR (Sound
and Navigation and Ranging)
- Harry Hess said that new seafloor
was being added to the earth’s
lithosphere, which in turn pushed the
continents apart
- ex: Red Sea (New Sea)
*the denser lithospheric crust melts
back into the Earth’s mantle
*every movement there’ll be new
results
*RADAR – Radio Detecting and
Ranging
FACTS
• 10-15cm tinataas ng Mt. Everest
every year
• Subduction Zone - pumapailalim
dahil less dense
• Marianas Trench - deepest trench
• 7 continents: South America, North
America, Africa (largest), Antartica
(98 years), Australia, Asia, Europe
(Eurasia)
• Pangaea- southern hemisphere
(lovation)
• Panthalassa - water part ng earth
• Geysers - steamed
•Rocks- mostly carbon kaya
nagfoform ang diamond
AGE OF OCEANIC CRUST
youngest – found at ridges
older – away from ridges
EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD
- strength varies with location
- strong at poles
- weak at middle portions
*Earth is a big magnet
EARTHQUAKE – occurs on faults
magnitude – energy released
- quantitative
- measured by Richter Scale
intensity – damage
- qualitative
- how strong earthquake feels to
observer
- Mercalli Intensity Scale
seismometer – process
- detects seismic waves
seismogram – visual representation
or record of shaking vs. time
seismograph – records earthquake
movement
engineering seismology – bridge
between seismology and earthquake
engineering
ACTIVE FAULTS IN PH
: Western Philippine Fault
: Eastern Philippine Fault
: Central Philippine Fault
: South of Mindanao Fault
: Marikina or West Valley Fault
System
Pacific Ring of Fire – major
seafloor basin where many active
volcanoes are found
THE EARTH’S INTERIOR
crust – outermost layer of the earth
: oceanic crust – basalt
- ~7km thin
- sinks under cont. crust
- young; floats lower
: continental crust – buoyant; less
dense
- granite/igneous rock
- 10-70km thick
- mostly old; floats higher
*the boundary between crust and
mantle is mostly chemical
mantle – 3480km (radius)
- 2981km (depth from bottom of the
crust)
: lithosphere – 50-100km
- rigid
- upper part of the mantle
- made up of nickel and iron
: asthenosphere – 100-200km
- ductile
-weakest part of the mantle
- bottom part of the mantle
- plastic like fluid
*mantle composition
: ultramafic rock (peridotite)
: below ~100-150km
: has 3 subdivisions (upper,
transition, lower)
*the uppermost mantle is composed
dominantly of olivine; lesser
components include pyroxene,
enstatite and garnet
outer core – most homogeneous part
of the Earth
- an alloy of iron & nickel in liquid
form (NiFe layer)
- magnetic field
inner core – solid because of the
pressure & gravitational pull
- 6.0x103 Celcius
*latent heat is released as the core
freezes; this heat causes the outer
core to connect and so generates a
magnetic field
viscosity – consistency to flow
geodynamo – Earth is in motion
geo – Earth
dyna – dynamics
mo – motion
gravitational force – -9.81m/s2
- acceleration towards the gravity
- varies but has very small difference
DISCONTINUITIES – transition
zones
Conrad Discontinuity – between
SIAL (silicate aluminum) and SIMA
(silicate magnesium)
- upper & lower crust
Mohorovicic – crust & mantle Elastic collision - when objects
collide without being permanently
Repiti – upper & lower mantle deformed and without generating
Guttenberg – lower mantle & outer heat
core - m1v1 + m2v2 = m1v1’ + m2v2’
Lehman – outer & inner core Crumple zone - usually placed at the
front and back of the automobile
•San Andreas in San Francisco - absorb much of the initial impact
California moved 5cm per year. (Mt. before any force is exerted on these
Everest- 1cm) rigid parts of the car
*Iron-rich rocks are magnetized as Impact - The time duration in which
they cool to the current magnetic a change in momentum is occurring
field - unit seconds
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF
MOMENTUM
- in absence of an external force, the
momentum of a system does not
change
Momentum - a vector quantity
- Has magnitude and direction
- The total momentum of a system
remains constant unless acted on by
an outside force
- The motion of inertia
- product of mass and velocity
- ρ = mv
Impulse - changes in momentum s
depend on both the force and the
amount of time over which the force
is applied
- J = Ft
- J = ⍙mv
Inelastic Collision - when colliding
objects stick together and travel off
as one object
- m1v1 + m2v2 = (m1+m2) vf