COURSE OUTLINE IN

LAW ON PROPERTY
1st Semester, AY 2017-2018

A. Classroom Rules:
1. Attendance will be checked at the beginning of every meeting.
2. Recitation will be conducted every meeting. Students are expected, therefore, to come to class
prepared and to have read the materials scheduled to be covered during the meeting. When a student
is reciting, the rest of the class is expected to listen to him. Students are encouraged to participate in
the discussion by asking questions.
3. A student who is called to recite is expected to close his book during his recitation.
4. Electronic gadgets are not prohibited during class hours. A student is expected, however, to turn off
his mobile phone or to put it on silent mode as soon as he steps into the classroom. If the student
expects a call during the meeting, he can take the call by discretely leaving the classroom.
Laptops, tablets, and other similar electronic devices, are not, likewise, prohibited but the students
who are called to recite should close these electronic devices for the duration of their recitation. The
same rule applies to mobile phones that serve as data storage.
5. Any student may discretely leave the classroom if and when absolutely necessary. When a student
is not in the classroom when called for recitation, he will be given a grade of 5.0 or its equivalent.

B. Grading System:
Recitation - 15
Quiz - 15
Mid-Term Exam - 30
Final Exam - 40

C. Reference/s:

Civil Code of the Philippines Annotated, Property, Volume II, Justice Edgardo L. Paras
Civil Code of the Philippines, Volume II, Arturo M Tolentino, Ph. B., D.C.L.
Civil Code of the Philippines, Law on Property, Volume II, Dean Ernesto L. Pineda
Civil Law, Volume II, Jose C. Vitug

There is no prescribed textbook.

OUTLINE PROPER

C. Reference/s:

Civil Code of the Philippines Annotated, Property, Volume II, Justice Edgardo L. Paras
Civil Code of the Philippines, Volume II, Arturo M Tolentino, Ph. B., D.C.L.
Civil Code of the Philippines, Law on Property, Volume II, Dean Ernesto L. Pineda
Civil Law, Volume II, Jose C. Vitug

There is no prescribed textbook.

OUTLINE PROPER

PROPERTY, OWNERSHIP AND ITS MODIFICATIONS

I. PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS

a. Definition of Property
b. Concept of things

c. Classification of things/property

II. FORMAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF PROPERTY

1. With Reference to the Rights Holder: basic kinds of property

a) Public - NCC 419-424, Rep. Act 7160, The Local Government Code (LGC), s. 18, 21-22, 89

b) Private - NCC 419, 424-425, Rep. Act 8371, The Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act, s. 3, 5, 7, 8, LGC
17.b.2.ii, 447.a.5.i, 458.a.5.i

• Province of Zamboanga v. City of Zamboanga, 22 SCRA 1334

• Salas v. Jarencio, 46 SCRA 734
• Cebu Oxygen v. Bercilles, 66 SCRA 481
• Chavez v. Public Estates Authority, 384 SCRA 152

c) Res Nullius - 1987 Const., Art. XII

2. With Reference to the Object: things that may be subject of property rights

a) Corporeal

i) Immoveables
- NCC 415, 426

a. Definition
b. List of immovable or real properties

ii) Moveables
- NCC 416-418, 426

a. Kinds of movable/personal property

b. Other kinds of movable/personal property
c. Test to determine whether property is real/personal
d. Classification of property as to consumability

• U.S. v. Tambunting, 41 Phil 364

• Berkenkotter v. Cu Unjieng, 61 Phil 663
• Philippine Refining Co. v. Jarque, 61 Phil 229
• Mindanao Bus Co. v. City Assessor, 6 SCRA 197
• Davao Sawmill v. Castillo, 61 SCRA 709

b) Non-corporeal

i) Intellectual property – NCC 721-724, Rep. Act 8293 (Intellectual Property Code), s. 4.1, 22,
112, 172-173, 177

ii) Rights & choses in action – NCC 417

3. Right - Holders: Who may have/exercise property rights?

a) Natural Persons

Individuals – NCC 37-38; Art. II, s. 5; UDHR 2, 17

Marital partners – FC 88, 90-93, 105-106, 108, 116

Indigenous peoples communities - IPRA 3, 5, 7-8

• Cruz v. Secretary of Environment and Natural Resources, et. al.,347 SCRA 128

b) Juridical Persons

In general – NCC 44-47

i) Partnerships – NCC 1767-1768

ii) Private corporations –Batas Pambansa 68 (The Corporation Code), s. 2, 3, 36, 109. (See annotations of
Campos and Campos, THE CORPORATION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, any edition)

iii) Other private juridical entities – Rep. Act 6938 (The Cooperative Code), s. 6, 9
iv) Public corporations (State) – NCC 420-22, Art. XII, s. 1-2

III. LIMITATIONS ON PROPERTY RIGHTS

1) Eminent Domain - 1987 Const., Art. III, s. 1, 9, NCC 435, LGC 19

• Republic v. Castellvi, 58 SCRA 336

• City Government of Quezon City v. Ericta, 122 SCRA 759
• Republic v. PLDT, 26 SCRA 620

2) Police Power - NCC 436

LGC 20, 447.a.4, 458.a.4, 468.a.2.vi

• Churchill & Tait v. Rafferty, 32 Phil 580

• Taxicab Operators v. Board of Transportation, 119 SCRA 597

3) Necessity – NCC 432

4)Sic utere tuo at alienum non laedas – NCC 431

5) Nuisance

a) Definition– NCC 694

b) Classification – NCC 695
c) Remedies – NCC 696-707

• Iloilo Cold Storage v. Municipal Council, 24 Phil 471

• Farrales v. City Mayor of Baguio, 44 SCRA 239
• Rana v Wong, 727 SCRA 539
• Cruz v. Pandacan hikers, 778 SCRA 385 (2016)
• Aquino v. Municipality of Malay, 737 SCRA 145
• Gancayco v. City of QC, 658 SCRA 853 (2011)
• Telmo v. Bustamante, 592 SCRA 552
• Tayaban v. People, 517 SCRA 488
•

6) Easements

a) Definition –NCC 613

b) Characteristics– NCC 617-618
c) Kinds – NCC 613-616, 619, 634, 636, 688

IV. ACQUISITION AND LOSS OF PROPERTY RIGHTS GENERALLY

- NCC 712

1. Voluntary Modes

Sales – NCC 1458

Donations - 725-726
Occupation – NCC 713
Tradition/Delivery – NCC 712, 1495-1501
Intellectual creation – NCC 712, 721-724; Rep. Act 8293 (Intellectual Property Code) 4.1, 22, 112, 172-173
Abandonment – NCC 713, 1112

2. Involuntary Modes

Accession* – NCC 426, 440

Prescription – NCC 1106 – 1107
Laches
Marriage – NCC 74, FC 88-90
Succession
-Intestate – NCC 960-961
-Testamentary – NCC 774-777, 779
Forced sales
-Execution of judgment – 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure, Rule 39, s. 1, 8, 9(b)&(c), 10, 13
-Escheat – Rules of Court: Special Proceedings, Rule 91

V. OWNERSHIP

A. SOLE OWNERSHIP

1. In General

a. Definition –NCC 427, 712

b. Kinds of ownership
c. Rights of Owners – NCC 428-430, 435, 437-440

1) Rights of action in rem/in personam/quasi in rem

• Sandejas v. Robles, 81 Phil 421

• Ching v. Court of Appeals, 181 SCRA 9
• Hernandez v. Development Bank of the Philippines, 71 SCRA 290
• Domagas v. Jensen, 448 SCRA 663

2) Specific rights to protection & enforcement

a. self-help – NCC 429-430

b. legal action – 428, 433-434, 536
c. quieting of title, NCC 476-481, 1147

• Heirs of Olviga v. Court of Appeals, 227 SCRA 330

• Pingol v. Court of Appeals, 226 SCRA 118
• Titong v. Court of Appeals, 287 SCRA 102
• Sps. Portic v. Cristobal, 496 Phil 456

c. recovery of possession, NCC 434

d. reconveyance
e. replevin
f. damages

• Bishop of Cebu v. Mangaron, 6 Phil 286

• Chacon v. Court of Appeals, 124 SCRA 784
• German Management v. Court of Appeals, 177 SCRA 495
• De la Paz v. Panis, 245 SCRA 242
• Vda. de Aviles v. Court of Appeals, 264 SCRA 473

• Baricuatro v. Court of Appeals, 325 SCRA 137

• BA Finance v. Court of Appeals, 327 SCRA 716
• PEZA v. Fernandez, 358 SCRA 489

2. Acquisition

a) Occupation – NCC 713-720, NCC 438-439 (hidden treasures)

• Carino v. Insular Government, 41 Phil 935

• Gold Creek Mining v. Rodriquez, 66 Phil 259
• Atok Big Wedge Mining v. IAC, 261 SCRA 529
• Cruz v. Sec. of Environment and Natural Resources, 347 SCRA 165
• NPC v. Ibrahim, 526 SCRA 149

b) Tradition – NCC 1495-1501

• San Lorenzo v. Court of Appeals, 449 SCRA 99

• Equatorial Realty v. Mayfair, 370 SCRA 56
• Union Motor v. Court of Appeals, 361 SCRA 506

c) Accession – NCC 426

IMMOVEABLE PROPERTY

1) discreta – NCC 440-444

• Equatorial v. Mayfair, 370 SCRA 56

2) industrial – NCC 440, 445-456

• Liwanag v. Yu-songuian, 5 SCRA 147

• JM Tuason v. Vda. de Lumanlan, 23 SCRA 231
• Gaboya v. Cui, 38 SCRA 85
• Floresca v. Evangelista, 96 SCRA 130
• Manotok Realty v. Tecson, 164 SCRA 587
• MWSS v. Court of Appeals, 143 SCRA 623
• Pleasantville v. Court of Appeals, 253 SCRA 10
• Alviola v. Court of Appeals, 289 SCRA 537
• Heirs of R. Dunan v. Uy, 344 SCRA 537

3) natural – NCC 456-465

• Zapata v. Director of Lands, 5 SCRA 335

• Cortez v. Court of Appeals, 10 Phil 567
• Hilario v. City of Manila, 19 SCRA 931
• Grande v. Court of Appeals, 5 SCRA 524
• Ignacio v. Director of Lands, 121 SCRA 13
• Republic v. Meneses, 132 SCRA 514
• Binalay v. Manalo, 195 SCRA 347
• Baes v. Court of Appeals, 224 SCRA 562
• Vda. de Nazareno v. Court of Appeals, 257 SCRA 589

MOVEABLE PROPERTY

1. Conjunction/adjunction – NCC 466-471, 475

2. Commixtion/confusion – NCC 472-473, 475
3. Specification – NCC 474-475

EXCEPTIONS: FC 119-120

d) Prescription
1) Acquisitive– NCC 554, 719, 1106-1138, 1505

• Cutanda v. Cutanda, 335 SCRA 418

• Serespi v. Court of Appeals, 331 SCRA 293
• Heirs of Bienvenido v. Gabriel, 669 sCRA 284
• Abalos v. Heirs of Torio, 662 SCRA 450
• Tan v. Ramirez, 626 SCRA 327
• Republic v Mangotara, 624 SCRA 360
• Villanueva v. Branoco, 640 SCRA 308

2) Extinctive – NCC 1139-1155

• Cimafranca v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 147 SCRA 611

• Bureau of Forestry v. Court of Appeals, 153 SCRA 351
• Bailon-Casilao v. Court of Appeals, 160 SCRA 738
• Villagonzalo v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 167 SCRA 535
• Bergado v. Court of Appeals, 172 SCRA 497
• Casipit v. Court of Appeals, 204 SCRA 684
• Kiamco v. Court of Appeals, 211 SCRA 156
• Alonso v. Cebu Country, GR No. 130876, 12/5/2003
• Andres v. Sta. Lucia, 768 SCRA 56 (2015)
• Sanchez v. CA, 404 SCRA 541

e) Donation
1) Definition – NCC 725-726
Object – NCC 750-752, 755-756
Effects – NCC 750-759

• Osorio v. Osorio, 41 Phil 531

• Central Philippine University v. Court of Appeals, 246 SCRA 511
• De Luna v. Abrigo, 181 SCRA 150
• Vda. de Tupas v. Regional Trial Court, 144 SCRA 622
• De Roma v. Court of Appeals, 152 SCRA 205
• Abello v. CIR, 452 SCRA 162
•

2) Classification

Onerous – NCC 726, 733, 758

Simple – NCC 725-726, 733
Modal – NCC 726
Conditional – NCC 727, 730-731
-MORTIS CAUSA – NCC 728
-PROPTER NUPTIAS – Family Code 82-86
-INTER VIVOS – NCC 729, 732

• Parks v. Province of Tarlac, 49 Phil 142

• Zapanta v. Posadas, 52 Phil 557
• Javier v. Cabangos, 53 Phil 678
• Balaqui v. Dongso, 53 Phil 673
• Concepcion v. Concepcion, 91 Phil 823
• Carino v. Abaya, 70 Phil 182
• Bonsato v. Court of Appeals, 95 Phil 481
• De Luna v. Abrigo, 181 SCRA 150
• Roman Catholic v. Court of Appeals, 198 SCRA 300
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• Central Philippine University v. Court of Appeals, 246 SCRA 511

• Bascara v. Javier, 759 SCRA 2015
• Secretary v. Heirs of Dulay, 480 SCRA 452
• Bautista v. Sabiniano, 92 Phil 244
• Republic v. Silim 356 SCRA 1

3) Formalities

a) Donor's qualifications – NCC 735-737, 739

b) Donee's qualifications – NCC 738, 739-744, 753, 1027, Family Code 87

c) How made – NCC 748-749

d) How accepted – NCC 734, 745-749

• Lagazo v. Court of Appeals, 287 SCRA 18

• Genato v. De Lorenzo, 23 SCRA 618
• SSS v. Davao, 17 SCRA 863
• Moreño- Lentfer v. Wolf, 441 SCRA 584
• Arangote v. Maglunob, 579 SCRA 620
• Shopper’s Paradise v. Roque, 419 SCRA 93
• Vita v. Montanano, 194 SCRA 180
• Araneta v. Perez, 17 SCRA 643

4) Revocation – NCC 760-773

• Austria-Magat v. Ca, 375 SCRA 556

• Gestopa v. Ca, 342 SCRA 105
• Roman Catholic v. Manila, 198 SCRA 300
• Imperial v. CA, 316 SCRA 393

3. Special Limitations on Ownership of Immoveables

a) Easements

1) Definition
2) Characteristics – NCC 617-618
3) Classification – NCC 613-616, 619, 634, 688
4) Rights and obligations – NCC 624-633
5) Creation
By title – NCC 622, 624
By will of the owners – NCC 619, 688-693
By law – NCC 619, 634-636
By prescription – NCC 620-622
6) Termination/abatement – NCC 631(2)

• Cid v. Javier, 108 Phil 239

• Pilar Development v. Dumadag 693 SCRA 96 (2013)
• Francisco v. Paez, 54 Phil 239
• Benedicto v. Court of Appeals, 134 Phil 122
• Iloilo Cold Storage v. Municipal Council, 24 Phil 471
• Monteverde v. Generoso, 52 Phil 123
• Hidalgo v. Balandan, 91 Phil 489
• Sitchon v. Aquino, 98 Phil 458
• Velasco v. Manila Electric Co., 40 SCRA 342
• Salimbangon v. Tan, 610 SCRA 426 (2010)
• Farrales v. City Mayor of Baguio, 44 SCRA 239
• Timoner v. People, 125 SCRA 830
• Estate of Gregorio Francisco v. Court of Appeals, 199 SCRA 595

• Tamin v. Court of Appeals, 208 SCRA 863

• Goldcrest Realty v. Cypress, 584 SCRA 435 (2009)
• Woodridge School v. ARB Construction, 516 SCRA 176 (2007)

7) Legal Easements

a) In favor of adjacent properties

RIGHT OF WAY – NCC 649-657

• Archbishop of Manila v. Roxas, 22 Phil 450

• Cuaycong v. Benedicto, 37 Phil 781
• Valderrama v. North Negros, 48 Phil 492
• North Negros v. Hidalgo, 63 Phil 664
• Bernardo v. Court of Appeals, 97 Phil 131
• Francisco v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 177 SCRA 527
• Costabella v. Court of Appeals, 193 SCRA 333
• Encarnacion v. Court of Appeals, 195 SCRA 74
• Solid Manila Corp. v. Bio Hong, 195 SCRA 748
• Quimen v. Court of Appeals, 257 SCRA 163
• Unisource Development Corp v. Chung, 593 SCRA 230 (2009)
• Dichoso Jr. v. Marcos, 647 SCRA 459 (2011)
• Ramos v. Gatchalian, 238 Phil 689 (1987)
• Quintanilla v. Abangan, 544 SCRA 494 (2009)
• Spouses Dela Cruz v. Ramsical, GR No.137882, 2/4/2005

PARTY WALL – NCC 658-666

• Lao v. Heirs of Alburo, 33 Phil 48

• Cortes v. Yu-Tibo, 2 Phil 24 (1903)

LIGHT & VIEW – NCC 667-673

• Cortes v. Yu-Tibo, 2 Phil 24

• Fable v. Lichauco, 11 Phil 14
• Saenz v. Figueras Hermanos, 13 Phil 666
• Amor v. Florentino, 74 Phil 403
• Gargantos v. Yanon, 108 Phil 888

INTERMEDIATE DISTANCES – NCC 677-681

LATERAL & SUBJACENT SUPPORT – NCC 684-687

b) Pertaining to waters

Natural drainage – NCC 637, Pres. Decree 1067 (Water Code) 50

Riparian banks – NCC 638, Water Code 51
Drainage of buildings – NCC 674-676
Dam – NCC 639, 647, Water Code 38-39
Drawing water – NCC 640-641, Rep. Act 7942 (Mining Code), s. 73
Aqueduct – NCC 642-646, Water Code 13, 25, 46-49, 67
Sluice gate – NCC 647

• Liwag v. Happy Glen Loop, 675 SCRA 744 (2012)

• Tanedo v. Bernad, 165 SCRA 86
• Ongsiako v. Ongsiako, GR No. L-7510, 3/30/1957
• Ayala de Roxas v. City of Manila, 9 Phil 215
• Lunod v. Meneses, 11 Phil 128
• Salazar v. Gutierrez, 33 SCRA 242
• Relova v. Lavarez, 9 Phil 149

c) Easement against nuisance – NCC 682-683

d) Special easements – Mining Code 75

b) Waters

1) Ownership – NCC 502-503, Water Code 5-6

2) Use of public waters – NCC 504-506, Water Code 31-52
3) Waters in private property – NCC 507-511, Water Code 5-6, 13-14, 25, 32, 41
4) Subterranean waters – NCC 512-514, Water Code 8-9, 13, 17, 32, 39, 64
5) General provisions – NCC 515-518, Water Code (all remaining provisions)

B. CO -OWNERSHIP

1. In General

a. Definition – NCC 484-486, 493, 1620

b. Requisites
c. Kinds

• Pardell v. Bartolome, 23 Phil 450

• Basa v. Aguilar, 117 SCRA 128
• Del Ocampo v. Abesia, 160 SCRA 379
• Bailon-Casilao v. Court of Appeals, 160 SCRA 738
• Oliveras v. Lopez, 168 SCRA 431
• Tagarao v. Garcia, 61 Phil 5
• Rivera v. People's Bank, 73 SCRA 546
• Gatchalian v. Collector of Customs, 67 Phil 666

d. Special Rights of Co-Owners – NCC 487-492, 494, 1088, 1620, 1623

• Melencio v. Dy Tiao Lay, 55 Phil 100

• Lavadia v. Cosme, 72 Phil 196
• Tuason v. Tuason, 88 Phil 428
• Mariano v. Court of Appeals, 222 SCRA 736
• Arcelona v. Court of Appeals, 280 SCRA 20
• Adlawan v. Adlawan, 479 SCRA 275

e. Special rule on marital properties – NCC 90

2. Acquisition

a. Marriage – Family Code 88, 91-93, 96, 116-117, 120

b. Cohabitation – Family Code 147-148
c. Joint purchase – NCC 1452
d. Succession – NCC 1078
e. Donation – NCC 573, 753
f. Chance – NCC 472
g. Hidden treasure – NCC 438
h. Easement of party wall – NCC 658
i. Contract –

In general - NCC 494

Universal partnership - NCC 1778-1780
Associations – NCC 1775

j. Occupation – NCC 713-720

k. Condominium – Rep. Act 4726 (Condominium Law)

• Punzalan v. Boon Liat, 44 Phil 658

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• Twin Towers Condominium Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 398 SCRA 203

3. Termination

a) Partition – NCC 494-496

b) Effect of partition – NCC 499-501, 543, 1092-1093, 1691
c) Right against individual co-owners – NCC 497
d) Disagreement between co-owners – NCC 498

VI. POSSESSION

A. In General – NCC 523-561

1. Definition – NCC 523, 525, 530

Who exercises – NCC 524, 532, 535, 538; animus possidendi

Status – NCC 526-529

2. Character & Effects

1) right to be respected in possession – NCC 539

2) right to accessories – NCC 542, 544, 547, 551, 560 cf. 438-439
3) continuity of possesion – NCC 554, 561; corpus possessionis
4) right to reimbursement – NCC 546, 548-550, 553
5) possession in common - NCC 543
6) basis of title – NCC 541, 59
7) effect on true owner – NCC 558

B. Acquisition

1. Occupation – NCC 531

2. Succession – NCC 533-534
3. Exceptions – NCC 536-537

C. Termination – NCC 555-557

• Ramos v. Director, 39 Phil 175

• Vano v. Government, 41 Phil 161
• Lasam v. Director, 65 Phil 367
• People v. Estoista, 93 Phil 647
• Caparros v. Court of Appeals, 170 SCRA 758
• Tan Queto v. Court of Appeals, 148 SCRA 54
• Director v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 209 SCRA 214

D. Lease of Urban Lands *

1. Definition – NCC 1642-1645

2. Who qualified/disqualified – NCC 1646, 1490-1491
3. Obligations of parties
a) Lessor – NCC 1654-1656, 1661, 1664, 1678
b) Lessee – NCC 1657-1658, 1662-1663, 1665-1668
4. Payment – NCC 1679
5. Termination – NCC 1659-1660, 1669
6. Renewal – NCC 1670, 1672
7. Unlawful detainer – NCC 1671, 1673-1675, 1677
8. Transfer of lease – NCC 1649, 1676
9. Sub-lease – NCC 1650-1652
10. Warranties – NCC 1547-1548, 1561, 1653, 1666

* L e a s e o f r u r a l l a n d s a r e b e t t e r d i s c u s s e d a s p a r t o f a g r i c u l t u r a l o r agrarian laws (elective); lease of work

covered by labor laws (Labor I/II)

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VII. USUFRUCT

A. In General

1. Definition – NCC 562

• Alunan v. Veloso, 52 Phil 545

• Belonio v. Novella, 105 Phil 756

2. Rights of Owner

a) alienate – NCC 581

b) improvement – NCC 595
c) taxes – NCC 597

B. The Usufructuary

1. Obligations of Usufructuary

a) in general – NCC 583-585

b) administration
-Exercise diligence – NCC 573, 589
-Vicarious liability – NCC 590
-Replace/repair – NCC 591-593
-Notify owner of certain acts – NCC 601

c) give security – NCC 583-588, 599

d) expenses
-Pay charges and taxes – NCC 596-597
-Pay debts – NCC 598, 600
-Collect credits – NCC 599
-Shoulder legal expenses – NCC 602

e) Return – NCC 612

• Mercado v. Rizal, 67 Phil 608

• Vda. de Albar v. Carandang, 106 Phil 855
• Board of Assessment Appeals v Samar Mining, 37 SCRA 734

2. Rights of Usufructuary

a) in general – NCC 565

b) administration – NCC 582
Alienate, lease – NCC 568, 572, 581
Enjoy and use – NCC 563, 572-578
Make improvements – NCC 579-580
Suit – NCC 578, 602

• Pascual v. Angeles, 4 Phil 604

• Pichay v. Querol, 11 Phil 386
• Reyes v. Grey, 21 Phil 73
• Tufexis v. Municipal Council of Guinobatan, 32 Phil 629
• Municipality of Paoay v. Manaois, 86 Phil 629
• Fabie v. David, 75 Phil 536
• Orozco v. Araneta, 90 Phil 399
• Bachrach v. Seifer, 97 Phil 483
• Bautista v. Marcos, 113 Phil 421
• Gaboya v. Cui, 38 SCRA 85
• Hemedes v. Court of Appeals, 316 SCRA 347

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C. Acquisition – NCC 563-565

D. Termination – NCC 603-612

• Lopez v. Constantino, 74 Phil 160

• Baluran v. Navarro, 79 SCRA 309
• Palad v. Navarro, 46 SCRA 354
• NHA v. CA, 456 SCRA 17 (2005)

***NOTHING FOLLOWS***

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