Data Measurement Analysis and

Experimental Design
Lecture 1 - Introduction
 Introduction

About me
• Mohd. Hardie Hidayat Mohyi (M.Eng.)

• Lecturer, School of Engineering (ME)

• To find me: C-9-17 (Ext: 5263)

• Email: hardie.hidayat@taylors.edu.my
 Introduction

Ground Rule

Score!!!
 Introduction

What is DMAED?

Data

Measurement

Analysis

Experimental
Design
 Introduction

DMAED Missions
This subject introduces:

1. Statistical methodologies necessary to

design experiment

2. Statistically analyse a range of industrial

experiments.
 Introduction

Scheme of Work
Refer to Times
 Introduction

References

• D.C. Montgomery. “Design and Analysis of

Experiments.” John Wiley & Sons, 1991
(recommended & available in Library)

• P.J. Ross, Taguchi. “Techniques for Quality

Engineering.” McGraw Hill, 1996 (available in
Library)

• J. Murdoch & J.A. Barnes. “Statistical Tables.”

Macmillan, 2002
 1 Introduction to DMAED

2 Introduction to Data Selection

Table of
Contents 3 Introduction to Data Analysis

3 Introduction to Data
Experiment
 Introduction to DMAED

Let’s Flashback
 Introduction to DMAED

Later in life
 Introduction to DMAED

Experiment became decision making

process

• Qualitative: Involve
questionnaires,
surveys, affections,
emotions

• Quantitative: Involve
numbers, statistics
and tables
 Introduction to DMAED

Game 1

Decision Making
 1 Introduction to DMAED

2 Introduction to Data Selection

Table of
Contents 3 Introduction to Data Analysis

3 Introduction to Data
Experiment
 Introduction to Data Selection

What is DMAED?
• DMEAD helps to:

• Statistically analyse data

• Methodically decide on design

based on analysed data
 Introduction to Data Selection

What is data?
• Set of values of:

1. Qualitative or quantitative variables

2. Restated data: pieces of data are

individual pieces of information

3. Data can have criteria: Not binary

4. Data can be visualised using graphs or

images (statistic methods)
 Introduction to Data Selection

What is data?
 Introduction to Data Selection

Data visualisation methods

tabular (represented by
rows and columns)
 Introduction to Data Selection

Data visualisation methods

graph (a set of connected
nodes).
 Introduction to Data Selection

Data visualisation methods

tree (a set of nodes with
parent-children relationship),
 1 Introduction to DMAED

2 Introduction to Data Selection

Table of
Contents 3 Introduction to Data Analysis

3 Introduction to Data
Experiment
 Introduction to Data Selection

DMAED: Measure
• Data is like everything in
the universe

• It has a beginning and it

has an ending

• It begins with something

small, accumulating at
its peak and ending as it
dies off

• This happens when we

measure criteria of the
data
 Introduction to Data Selection

Small Data
• One Data

• Heart rate monitor.

• For every heart beat as

it is counted per minute

• Recording every
pressure in and out of
the heart

• It has a beginning and

it has an ending
 Introduction to Data Selection

Big Data
• Many Factors
Data

• Even for
astronomical
data

• Every data has its

beginning and
has its end
 Introduction to Data Selection

DMAED: Distribution Graph

If we convert the data measure, we will obtain a bell curve graph
 Introduction to Data Selection

DMAED: Measurement accuracy

• Even for accuracy data

• We have a concentration in the middle of the

data and dissipation at the outline of the
data
 Introduction to Data Selection

DMAED: Experimental Data

• Data can be small

• Data can be large

• Data can be impossible to measure

 1 Introduction to DMAED

2 Introduction to Data Selection

Table of
Contents 3 Introduction to Data Analysis

3 Introduction to Data
Experiment
 Introduction to Design Experiment

Pillars of Knowledge
• Best-guess approach.

• One factor-at-a-time (OFAT).

• Factorial design. 2n and 2k

• Fractional factorial design, Lk.

 Introduction to Design Experiment

Design Experiment
• Is smoking dangerous?

• How to reduce crime rate?

• Hybrid cars really eco friendly?

 Introduction to Design Experiment

Engineering Design Experiment

• What type of boilers piping in a systems to use?

• What type of applications are these system to be use on?

• What type of working fluid to be use in power plants?

• Should we recover losses from the system? How?

Regeneration? Double Stage? Power/Refrigeration
combination?

• What kind of chemical reaction can provide better yields?

• What type of fuel to use? What about the current price?

• Should we use bio mass? How and where to get it? Price?
 Introduction to Design Experiment

Engineering Design Experiment

• Through experiments or tests.

• An experiment is a test or a series of tests
• Why do we want to determine y = f(x)?
• Process characterisation & optimisation
• Evaluation of material properties
• Product design & development
• Component & system tolerance determination
• f(x) can be:
• Mechanical model: directly derived from well-understood
principles
• Empirical model: experimentally determined.
 Introduction to Design Experiment

y = f(x) plot
• The simplest form of data acquisition
is called 2 factors and 1 level
 Introduction to Design Experiment

What “more factors and levels” and

Interaction looks like?
 Introduction to Design Experiment

What “more factors and levels” and

Interaction looks like?
 Introduction to Design Experiment

Type of Experiment - FYI

1. Factor Screening or characterisation:
• New system to find new things/improve process/improve products

• Need experience since know little of the NEW performance

• OFAT and Best Guess are time wasters
2. Optimisation:
• Selected system or characterised then its time to optimise
• FINDING settings/levels of important factors.
• By tweaking target systems with few runs = maximum/optimum yields
• Screening leads to Optimisation
3. Confirmation:
• Verifying theories of past experience or hypothesis
• Ie: Old materials to New materials – using same settings – get new results
• Small scale experiments – FULL scale production
 Introduction to Design Experiment

Why we learn DMAED/DOE?

• Reduce time to design/develop

new products & processes

• Improve performance of
existing processes

• Improve reliability and

performance of products

• Improve reliability in progress

and final reports of products

• Achieve product & process

robustness

• Evaluation of materials, design

alternatives, setting component
& system tolerances, etc.
 Introduction to Design Experiment

One last thing

Is it compulsory to use DoE?

 Introduction to Design Experiment

One last thing

NOPE
 Introduction to Design Experiment

One last thing

Is it compulsory to use DoE?

NOPE

ONLY when your research involve

design experiment where design
decision is/are needed
 1 Introduction to DMAED

2 Introduction to Data Selection

Table of
Contents 3 Introduction to Data Analysis

3 Introduction to Data
Experiment
That’s all folks
Data Measurement Analysis and
Experimental Design
Tutorial 1 - Introduction
 Tutorial 1

The Basic Principle of DOE

Random Replicate Block

 Tutorial 1

The Basic Principle: Randomisation

1. Choose factors and level first

2.Running the trials in an experiment in random order
3.Notion of balancing out effects of “lurking” variables
4.E.g:
• Hardness experiment (Quenching A: medium oil & B: saltwater)
• Specimen tend to have different thickness (A & B)
• Randomly assigning the specimens to the quenching media
alleviates bias problem
• Randomly choose chemical substance for reactive experiments
• Randomly choose chemical fuel for combustion purposes
 Tutorial 1

The Basic Principle: Replication

1. Randomisation in replication
2.Sample size (improving precision of effect estimation,
estimation of error or background noise)
3.Averaging out the effects of unknown factors interfering
4.Replication versus repeat measurements?
• 1 sample – 3 runs
• 3 samples on one frame – 1 run …. NOT REPLICATION BUT
REPEAT
5.E.g.
• Hardness experiment (Quenching medium oil & saltwater)
for 5 ‘runs’
 Tutorial 1

The Basic Principle: Blocking

1. Increase precision

2. Dealing with nuisance factors

3. E.g

• Batch to batch variability in fuel/chemical

compositions

• Batch varies from time of productions

• Batch varies from suppliers

 Tutorial 1

Guidelines of DOE - FYI

1. Recognize the problem / objective of experiment.
– Team effort with different expert background
2. Choose response variables.
– What variables REALLY provide useful information about experiment
3. Choose factors, levels & ranges.
– Potential factors (Design factors, Held constant factors, Allow to vary
factors) or Nuisance factors-to avoid (uncontrollable, controllable, noise
factors)
– User Cause-and-Effect Diagram to organise information generated in pre-
experimental planning.
 Tutorial 1

Guidelines of DOE - FYI

4. Choose experimental design.
– Determine by blocking and replication of sample size
5. Perform experiments.
– Monitor the experiments closely, any errors arise, validation.
– Common mistake: fail to set 1, 2, 3
6. Statistical analysis of data.
– Statistic methods ANOVA, factorials
7. Conclusions and recommendation.
– Reports
 Tutorial 1

DMAED: New Product Design

Baking a pie
 Tutorial 1

DMAED: New Product Design

Baking a pie
Can you tell me what are the factors and levels?

Controllable Factors
Oven temperature, cooking
duration etc

Inputs Output
Flour, water, fillings etc. y = f (x) A pie

Uncontrollable Factors
Uneven temperature of the oven

(How much and how many)