CHEMISTRY

Chemical Bonding
•
Contents
Chapter 2 Chemical Bonding
Theory
Introduction 2-1
Chemical Bond 2-1
Kossel-Lewis Approach 2-2
Electrovalent or ionic bond 2-2
Conditions for forming ionic bond 2-3
Representation of formula of compounds 2-4
Properties of ionic compounds 2-4
Factor affecting solubility 2-5
Covalent character in ionic compounds (Fajan’s rule) 2-6
Covalent bond 2-8
Lewis structure and covalent bond 2-9
Formal Charge 2-10
Modern Concept of Covalent Bond (VBT) 2-11
Hybridisation 2-13
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory 2-20
Molecular Orbital Theory (MOT) 2-25
Energy level diagram for molecular orbitals 2-27
Electronic configuration and molecular behaviour 2-27
Bonding in some homonuclear diatomic molecules 2-28
Polarity of bonds 2-31
Application of dipole moment 2-32
Resonance 2-34
Coordinate bond 2-35
Some special bonding situations 2-37
Hydrogen Bond 2-38
Intermolecular forces 2-41
Points to remember 2-42

Exercises
Exercise-I 2-54
Exercise-II 2-72
Exercise-III 2-82
Exercise-IV
Medical Previous Year’s Questions 2-85
JEE-Main Previous Year’s Questions 2-91

Answer Key 2-92

•
 Chemical Bonding

Chemical Bonding 2
INTRODUCTION Attractive forces tend to bring the two atoms close to
each other whereas repulsive forces tend to push them
(I) It is well known fact that except for inert gases ,
apart (Fig.).
no other element exists as independent atoms
under ordinary condition.
(II) Most of the elements exist as molecules which are
cluster of atoms. How do atoms combine to form
molecules and why do atoms form bonds ? Such
doubts will be discussed in this chapter.
(III) A molecule will only be formed if it is more stable
and has a lower energy, than the individual atoms.

CHEMICAL BOND Forces of attraction and repulsion during the formation

(I) A force that acts between two or more atoms to of H2 molecule.
hold them together as a stable molecule. Experimentally it has been found that the magnitude of
(II) It is union of two or more atoms involving new attractive force is more than the new repulsive
redistribution of e– among them. forces. As a result, two atoms approach each other and
potential energy decreases. Ultimately a stage is
(III) This process accompanied by decrease in energy.
reached where the net force of attraction balances the
(IV) Decrease in energy µ Strength of the bond.
force of repulsion and system acquires minimum energy.
(V) Therefore molecules are more stable than atoms.
At this stage two hydrogen atoms are said to be bonded
Cause of chemical combination together to form a stable molecule having the bond
1. Tendency to acquire minimum energy : length of 74 pm.
Since the energy gets released when the bond is formed
Consider two hydrogen atoms A and B approaching
between two hydrogen atoms, the hydrogen
each other having nuclei NA and NB and electrons present
molecule is more stable than that of isolated hydrogen
in them are represented by eA and eB. When the two
atoms. The energy so released is called as bond
atoms are at large distance from each other, there is no
enthalpy, which is corresponding to minimum in the
interaction between them. As these two atoms approach
curve depicted in Fig. Conversely. 435.8 kJ of energy is
each other, new attractive and repulsive forces begin
required to dissociate one mole of H2 molecule.
to operate. H2(g) + 435.8 kJ mol – ® H(g) + H(g)
Attractive forces arise between :
(i) nucleus of one atom and its own electron that is
NA – eA and NB – eB.
(ii) nucleus of one atom and electron of other atom
i.e., NA – eB. NB– eA.

Similarly repulsive forces arise between :

(i) electrons of two atoms like eA – eB ,
(ii) nuclei of two atoms NA – NB.

2-1
Chemical Bonding

The potential energy curve for the formation of H2 Classification of bonds

molecule as a function of internuclear distance of the H
CHEMICAL BONDS
atoms. The minimum in the curve corresponds to the
most stable state of H2 . STRONG BOND WEAK BOND
(Inter atomic) (Inter Molecular)
2. Tendency to acquire noble gas configuration (Energy –~ 200 KJ/mole) (Energy –~ 2 - 40 KJ/mole)
(I) Atom combines to acquire noble gas
configuration. (A)
Ionic
(B)
Covalent
(C)
Co-ordinate
(D)
Metallic
(E)
Hydrogen
(F)
Vander waal's
(II) Outermost electron i.e. ns, np electrons participate bond bond bond bond bond bond
(10 - 40 KJ) (2 - 10 KJ)
in bond formation.
(III) Inert gas elements do not participate, as they have KOSSEL-LEWIS APPROACH :
stable electronic configuration and hence minimum Lewis postulated that atoms achieve the stable octet
energy. (Stable configuration 1s2 or ns2np6) (i.e. 8 electrons in their outer most shells), when they
are linked by chemical bonds. This can happen (i) by
SOLVED EXAMPLE the transfer of electron(s) from one atom to another
and (ii) by the sharing of a pair of electrons between
Example-1 the atoms.
The combination of atoms occur because they want - Lewis symbols : In the formation of a molecule, only
(A) To decrease number of electrons in the outermost the outer shell electrons take part in chemical
orbit combination and they are known as valence electrons.
(B) To attain an inert gas configuration or to attain The inner shell electrons are well protected and are
stability generally not involved in the combination process. G.N.
(C) To increase number of electrons in the outermost Lewis introduced simple notations to represent valence
orbit electrons in an atom. These notations are called Lewis
(D) To attain 18 electrons in the outermost orbit symbols. For example, the Lewis symbols for the
Sol. (B) Combination of atoms occur to attain an inert gas elements of second period are as follow :
configuration

Example-2 SIGNIFICANCE OF LEWIS SYMBOLS :

Which of the following is an example of super octet The number of dots around the symbol represents the
molecule ? number of valence electrons. This number of valence
electrons help to calculate the common or group valence
(A) ClF3 (B) PCl5 of the elements.
(C) IF7 (D) All the three The group valence of the elements is generally either
Sol. (D) Super octet – deviation from octet rule equal to the number of dots in Lewis symbols or
F F 8 minus the number of dots or valence electrons.

ELECTROVALENT OR IONIC BOND

(I) The chemical bond formed between two or more
F B F F S F
atoms as a result of the complete transfer of one or
Not complete more electrons from one atom to another is called Ionic
–
octet (6 e ) or electrovalent bond.
F (II) Electro +ve atom loses electron (group IA to IIIA)
More than octet (III) Electro –ve atom gains electron (group VA to VIIA)
10 e
– (IV) Electrostatic force of attraction between cation and
anion is called ionic bond or electrovalent bond.
Example-3 Electronegativity difference µ nature of ionic bond.
Example IA and VIIA group elements form maximum
When two atoms combine to form a molecule -
(A) Energy is released ionic compound.
(B) Energy is absorbed Na + Cl ® Na+ + Cl–
(C) Energy is neither released nor absorbed 2,8,1 2, 8, 7 2, 8 2, 8, 8
(D) Energy may either released or absorbed 1e– (Ne configuration) (Ar configuration)

Sol. (A) To attain stability energy is released.

(V) More the distance between two elements in periodic
H O H Cl ×
Be ×
Cl table more will be ionic character of bond.
× ×
(VI) Total number of electron lose or gained is called
Obeys octet rule Doesn't Obeys octet rule electrovalency.

2-2
 Chemical Bonding

Example – (ii) Size of Cation : – Lattice energy

Mg O LiCl NaCl KCl
(a) 2, 8, 2 2, 6 electrovalency of Mg = 2
2e – electrovalency of O = 2 Rb Cl CsCl
– Size of cation increasing
(b) Ca Cl – Size of anion is constant
2,8,8,2 2,8,7 electrovalency of Ca = 2
One e – electrovalency of Cl = 1 – Lattice energy decreases
Cl
One e– 2,8,7 (d) Overall lowering of energy :
Energy must be released during bond formation.
Ca + O ® CaO
Energy changes are involved in the following steps –
(c) A + IE = A+ + e– and B + e– = B– + EA
Ca O
2, 8, 8, 2 2,6 electrovalency of Ca = 2 This concludes that for lower value of IE and higher
2 e– electrovalency of O = 2 value of EA there is more ease of formation of the cation
& anion respectively and consequently more chances
(VII) The force of attraction is equal in all direction so of electrovalent bond formation.
ionic bond is non-directional.
Factors affecting lattice energy of an ionic
(VIII) Ionic compound do not have molecular formula.
compound :
It has only empirical formula. eg. NaCl is empirical
formula of sodium chloride. 1
(i) Lattice energy µ
r+ + r-
CONDITIONS FOR FORMING IONIC BOND :
Formation of Ionic bond depends upon these three where (r+ + r – ) = Inter-ionic Distance.
factors – (ii) Lattice energy a Z+, Z–
(a) Ionisation energy : Z+ Þ charge on cation in terms electronic charge.
Amount of energy required to remove an electron from Z– Þ charge on anion in terms electronic charge.
the outermost orbit of an isolated gaseous atom to form (iii) Lattice energy a coordination number (C.N.)
the +ve ion or cation. (energy absorbed) Coordination number of cation is number of anions
Lesser Ionisation energy ® Greater tendency to form surrounding the cation.
cation. Coordination number of anion is number of cations
surrounding the anion.
e.g Na + > Mg +2 > Al +3 üï
ý Cation formation tendency
Cs + > Rb + > K + > Na + > Li + ïþ SOLVED EXAMPLE
(b) Electron affinity
Example-4
Amount of energy released when an electron is added Lattice energy of BeCO3 (I) , MgCO3 (II) and CaCO3
to an isolated gaseous to form –ve ion (anion). Higher (III) are in the order -
electron affinity ® Greater tendency to form anion (A) I > II > III (B) I < II < III
(C) I < III < II (D) II < I < III
e.g. Cl– > F– > Br– > I–
1
F– > O–2 > N–3 Sol. (A) Lattic energy µ
Cation size
(c) Lattice energy - (Energy released) Amount of BeCO3 > Mg CO3 > CaCO3 (L.E) L.E. decrease from top
energy released when one mole of crystal lattice is to bottom.
formed Higher lattice energy ® Greater will be the
stability or strength of ionic compound. Example-5
Factors affecting lattice energy (U) : Which of the following statements is wrong regarding
ionic compounds -
(i) Magnitude of charge ® U µ z+ z– (Ionic charge) (A) These are generally in solid state at room
Lattice energy µ Magnitude of charge temperature
(B) The force of attraction between ions is non
NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3 directional
Na+ Mg +2 Al+3 (C) Ionic compounds are soluble in all solvents
(D) They conduct electricity in molten and solution
state
– Lattice energy increases
Sol. (C) Ionic compound rare soluble only in polar solvents.
– Size of cation decreases.

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Chemical Bonding

Example-6 SOLVED EXAMPLE

In which of the following species the bonds are non-
directional ? Example-7
Calculate the lattice energy of solid KF with the help of
(A) NCl3 (B) RbCl
following data :
(C) BeCl2 (D) BCl3 DH0f (KF) = – 562.6 kJ mol–1
Sol. (B) Ionic compounds are non-directional in nature DHsub (K) = 89.6 kJ mol–1
DHIE (K) = 419.0 kJ mol–1
DHdiss (F2) = 158.2 kJ mol–1
Coordination number factor is important only in case of DHEA (F) = – 332.6 kJ mol–1
sulphates and carbonates of alkaline earth metals.
1
Determination of lattice energy : Sol. K(s) + F (g) ¾¾® KF(s) ; –562.6 kJ mol–1
2 2
Born-Haber Cycle (Indirect Method) :
K(s) ¾¾® K(g) ; 89.6 kJ mol–1
It inter relates the various energy terms involved during
formation of an ionic compound. K(g) ¾¾® K+(g) + e– ; 419.0 kJ mol–1
It is a thermochemical cycle based on the Hess’s law of 1 1
constant heat summation. F (g) ¾¾® F (g) ; 158.2 = 79.1 kJ mol–1
2 2 2
Hess’s Law is the net enthalpy change of a chemical
F(g) + e– ¾¾® F (g) ; – 332.6 kJ mol–1
reaction or of any process always remain same whether
the reaction takes place in one step or many steps as Let DH lattice (KF) be U , then according to Hess’s law of
constant heat summation.
given in following flow chart.
– 562.6 = 89.6 + 419.0 + 79.1 – 332.6 – U
1 So, U = 817.7 kJ mol–1
M (s) + X (g) ¾¾® M+ X– (s), DHf Ans. Lattice energy of KF = 817.7 kJ mol –1
2 2
REPRESENTATION OF FORMULA OF COMPOUNDS :
(a) Write the symbols of the ions side by side in such
a way that positive ion is at the left and negative
ion is at the right as A+B–
(b) Write their electrovalencies in figure at the top of
each symbol as AxBy
x y
(c) Now apply criss cross rule as , i.e formula
A B
AyBx.
2 1
Examples : Calcium chloride = CaCl2
Ca Cl

PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS :

(a) Physical state –
DHf = heat of formation of M+X– Ionic compounds are hard, crystalline and brittle due
DH(sub) = heat of sublimation of M to strong electrostatic force of attraction.
Brittleness ®
IE1 = ionisation energy of M
DH(diss) = heat of dissociation of X2
DHeg = electron gain enthalpy of X
DHL.E. = Lattice energy of M+ X–.
So according to Hess’s law.
DHf = DH(sub) + IE1 + DH(diss) + DHeg + DHL.E. Attraction Repulsion
(Same charged ions comes nearer. So they repell each other)

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 Chemical Bonding

(b) Isomorphism – EXAMPLE : IONIC BOND

(I) Two compounds are said to be isomorphous if
they have similar no. of electrons i.e.similar SOLVED EXAMPLE
configuration of their cation and anion.
(II) They have similar crystal structure. Example-8
Example –
Out of following which has maximum value of lattice
Na+ F– Mg+2O–2
Valency+ 1, –1, + 2, – 2 energy -
electronic configuration (A) NaF (B) NaCl
2, 8, 2, 8 2, 8 2, 8 (C) NaBr (D) NaI
similarly Ca+2 2Cl–1 2K+1
Sol. (A) Due to small size of anion.
2, 8, 8, 2, 8, 8ü 2, 8, 8 ü
S–2 ý ý 2, 8, 8 Example-9
2, 8, 8 þ 2, 8, 8þ
The crystal lattice of electrovalent compound is
(c) Boiling point and melting point –
Ionic compounds have high boiling point and melting composed of -
point due to strong electrostatic force of attraction (A) Atoms
among oppositely charged ions. (B) Molecules
(d) Conductivity – (C) Oppositely charged ions
It depends on ionic mobility. In solid state - No free (D) Both molecules and ions
ions - Bad conductor of electricity.
Sol. (C) It is the fact that electovalent compounds are made
In fused state or aqueous solution Due to free ions -
Good conductor of eletricity. conductivity order : Solid of ions.
state < Fused state < Aqueous solution
(e) Solubility – Example-10
Highly soluble in water (Polar solvents) Ions are formed from neutral atoms by -
Example : NaCl in water (A) Loss of electron
(I) The Na+ ions get associates with -vely charged
‘O’ of water (B) Gain of electrons
(II) And Cl– ions associates with +vely charged ‘H’ of (C) Sharing of electrons
water. (D) Loss and gain of electrons
Sol. (D) Cation and anion are formed by losing and sharing
H2O–

H2O–

of electrons respectively.
+
+

Na+ + Cl–
H2O– +
H2O–

FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY :

(I) Dielectric constant –
Oxygen atom of H2O give its electron to Na+ H atom of H2O gain electron from Cl –
The capacity of solvent to neutralise the charge of ionic
(III) Thus charge on Na + and Cl – decreases and compounds is called dielectric constant. It is
electrostatics force of attraction also decreases represented by “e”
which leads to free ion. (a) Water has maximum dielectric constant (e = 80)
(IV) The energy released due to interaction between (CH3OH e = 35) , (Acetone e = 21)
solvent and solute is called solvation energy.If (C2H5OH e = 27) , (Ether = 4.1)
water is used as solvent it is called hydration (Benzene e = 2.3)
energy. H2O>CH3OH>CH3CH2OH>CH3COCH3>CH3OCH3>C6H6
(V) For an ionic compound to be soluble in water – (b) Ionic compounds are more soluble in the solvents,
Hydration energy > Lattice energy having high dielectric constant.
1 1 (c) H2SO4 and H2O2 have high dieletric constant but
Hydration energy (H) µ + {r+ & r– are radius of these are not a good solvent due to oxidising
r+ r –
cation and anion} nature
(VI) Hydration energy mainly depends on the cation (II) Size of ion :
1 (a) Keeping size of cation constant, the lattice energy
radius because the value – is negligible in decreases with the increase of anionic radius.
r Hence order of solubility of LiX in water is
1
comparison to + . LiF < LiCl < LiBr < LiI
r (b) in LiI covalent nature is more according to Fajan’s
(VII) Down the group both the lattice energy &
rule but HE > LE therefore LiI is more soluble in
hydration energy decreases
water.

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Chemical Bonding

(c) Keeping size of anion constant, the hydration (ii) Size of anion :
energy decreases with the increase of cationic
Larger is the anion, greater is its polarisability and,
radius. hence order of solubility of MSO4 will be –
BeSO4 > MgSO4 > CaSO4 > SrSO4 > BaSO4 therefore, more will be the polarisation. Thus more will
(d) If size of cation and anion is very large, solubility be covalent character in compound.
decreases from top to bottom. e.g., LiF LiCl LiBr Lil
(III) Polarisation of anion :
Polarisation capacity is maximum in pseudo inert gas
configuration. – Size of anion increases
1 – Polarisation increases
solubility µ
polarisation – Covalent character increases
AgF > AgCl > AgBr > AgI
(iii) Charge on cation :
– Polarisation increases. Higher is the oxidation state of cation, more will be the
– Covalent character increases. deformation of anion and thus, more will be covalent
– Solubility decreases. character in compound.
(IV) Ionic reaction –
(a) Ionic compounds shows ionic reaction and Charge on cation a polarisation.
covalent compounds shows-molecular reaction. e.g., NaCl MgCl2 AlCl3
(b) Ionic reactions are faster than molecular reaction Na+ Mg 2+ Al3+
because of free ions.
e.g. When NaCl is added in AgNO3 solution, white ppt
of AgCl is formed at once. – Charge of cation increases
Ag+NO3– + Na+Cl– ¬ ® Na+ NO – + AgCl ¯ – Polarisation increases
3
– Covalent character increases
COVALENT CHARACTER IN IONIC COMPOUNDS (iv) Charge on anion : Higher is the charge on
(FAJAN’S RULE): anion more will be the polarisation of anion and thus
When anion and cation approach each other, the valence more will be covalent character in the compound.
shell of anion is pulled towards cation nucleus and
Charge on anion a polarisation.
thus shape of anion is deformed. This phenomenon of
deformation of anion by a cation is known as e.g., AlF3 Al2O3 AlN
polarisation and the ability of cation to polarize a near F ,
–
O ,2–
N3–
by anion is called as polarizing power of cation.

– Charge on anion increases

Fajan’s pointed out that greater is the polarization of
anion in a molecule, more is covalent character in it.
More distortion of anion, more will be polarisation
then covalent character increases.
Fajan’s gives some rules which govern the covalent
character in the ionic compounds, which are as follows:
(i) Size of cation :
Smaller is the cation more is its polarizing power and
thus more will be the polarisation of anion. Hence more
will be covalent character in compound.
e.g. BeCl2 MgCl2 CaCl2 SrCl2 BaCl2
Size of cation increases Polarisation decreases
Covalent character decreases
– Polarisation increases
– Covalent character increases
(v) Pseudo inert gas configuration of cation :
Cation having pseudo inert gas configuration has more
polarizing power than the cation that has inert gas
configuration. Thus NaCl having inert gas configuration
will be more ionic whereas CuCl having pseudo inert
gas configuration will be more covalent in nature.
Cu+ = [Ne] 3s2 p6 d10
18e– (Pseudo inert gas configuration)
(poor shielding of d-electrons)
Na+ = 1s2 2s2 p6
8e– (Inert gas configuration)
(more shielding of s and p electrons)

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 Chemical Bonding

Application & Exceptions of Fajan’s Rules :

(i) Ag2S is less soluble than Ag2O in H2O because Example-14
Ag2S is more covalent due to bigger S2– ion. In an antibonding molecular orbital, electron
density is minimum -
(ii) Fe(OH)3 is less soluble than Fe(OH)2 in water
(A) Around one atom of the molecule
because Fe3+ is smaller than Fe2+ and thus charge (B) Between the two nuclei of the molecule
is more. (C) At the region away from the nuclei of the
Therefore, Fe(OH)3 is more covalent than Fe(OH)2. molecule
(iii) The colour of some compounds can be explained (D) at no place
Sol. (B) In an antibonding M.O., electron density is
on the basis of polarisation of their bigger negative
minimum between the two nuclei of the molecule.
ions.
For example : Example-15
AgCl is white AgBr, AgI, Ag2CO3 are yellow. Similarly, Which have non-integral bond order -
SnCl2 is white but SnI2 is black. PbCl2 is white but PbI2
(A) O +2 (B) O -2
is yellow.
(C) NO (D) All of these
The bigger anions are more polarised and hence their
Sol. (D) (A) \ O +2 = 2.5 (B) O 2– = 1.5 (C) NO = 2.5
electrons get excited by partial absorption of visible
light.
Example-16
Number of anti-bonding electrons in N2 is -
(A) 4 (B) 10
(C) 12 (D) 14
Figure * *
(iv) Variation of melting point [melting point of Sol. (A) N2 = s1s 2 , s1s 2 , s , s 2s 2 , p 2 2 p x = p 2 2 p y , p 2 2 p z
2s 2
covalent compound < melting point of ionic So no. of antibonding electron = 4
compound] LiCl < CsCl < RbCl < KCl < NaCl (M.Pt.)
Example-17
N2 and O2 are converted to monocations N +2 and O +2
SOLVED EXAMPLE respectively, which is wrong statement-

Example-11 (A) In N +2 , the N¾N bond weakens

AgCl is colourless whereas AgI is yellow, because of : (B) In O +2 , the O¾O bond order increases
(A) Ag+ have 18 electron shell to screen the nuclear
charge. (C) In O +2 , the paramagnetism decreases
(B) Ag+ shows pseudo inert gas configuration. (D) N +2 becomes diamagnetic
(C) distortion of I– is more pronounced than Cl– ion.
Sol. (D)
(D) existence of d – d transition.
Bond order Unpaired Nature
Sol. (C) N2 3 0 Diamagnetic
the bigger anions are more polarised and hence their
electrons get excited by partial absorption of visible N +2 2.5 1 Paramagnetic
light. O2 2 2 Paramagnetic
O +2 2.5 1 Paramagnetic
Example-12
Compound with maximum ionic character is formed from- Example-18
(A) Na and Cl (B) Cs and F
Polarisation may be called as the distortion of the shape
(C) Cs and I (D) Na and F
of an anion by an adjacently placed cation. Which of
Sol. (B) Using fajan’s rule, larger cation and smaller anion
the following statements is/are correct ?
will have max. Ionic character.
(A) Lesser polarization is brought about by a cation of
low radius
Example-13
(B) A large cation is likely to bring about a large degree
Out of the following which one has the highest values
of polarization
of covalent character -
(C) Larger polarisation is brought about by a cation of
(A) ZnCl2 (B) CaCl2
high charge
(C) CuCl (D) None of these
(D) A small anion is likely to undergo a large degree of
Sol. (A) Because Zn +2 has smallest size among the all.
polarisation

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Chemical Bonding

Sol. (C) Separating opposite charges requires energy.

1
Sol. (C) Maximum polarisation µ = Cation Size Therefore stability decreases.

µ Size of anion Example-24

µ change on cation or anion OH
CHO
Incorrect statement about given
Example-19
Out of following which one has least value of melting compound is -
point? (A) has intermolecular H-bonding
(A) LiCl (B) BeCl2 (B) has intra molecular H-bonding
(C) MgCl2 (D) CaCl2 (C) is steam-volatile
Sol. (B) BeCl2 has maximum covalent character due to small (D) none of these
due to small size of Be2+,
Intra molecular
1 O–H H – Bonding
Polarization µ O
Cation Size Sol. (A) C–H
µ covalent character.

Example-20 It is steam-volatile
Out of following which one has maximum ionic
character? Example-25
(A) NaCl (B) KCl Which is steam volatile?
(C) CaCl2 (D) MgCl2 (A) o-nitrophenol (B) Aniline
Sol. (B) Due to larger size of Potassium it has least degree (C) Glycerol (D) p-nitrophenol
of polarization so it has maximum ionic character. Sol. (A) Due to Intra molecular H.bonding o–nitro phenol
is steam-volatile.
Example-21
H-bonding
Which of the following has highest melting point? O– H
(A) NaCl (B) NaI N O
(C) NaBr (D) NaF O
Sol. (D) Due to small size of Fluorine anion. It has least
polarisation power so NaF has maximum ionic
COVALENT BOND
character. i.e, highest melting point.
(I) A covalent bond is formed by the mutual sharing of
electrons between two atoms of electronegative
Example-22
elements to complete their octet. (Except H which
What is not true about resonance ? completes its duplet).
(A) The resonating structures are hypothetical
(B) The unpaired electrons in various resonating H H H–H O O O=O N N NºN
structures are same
H2 molecule O2 molecule N2 molecule
(C) Hybrid structure is most energetic
(D) Hybrid structure is least energetic (II) The shared pair of electrons should have opposite
spins, and are localised between two atoms concerned.
Sol. (C) Hybrid structure is least energetic (more stable).
(III) Shairing of electrons may occurs in three ways –
Example-23 No. Of electron shared Electron pair Bond
between two atoms
Which of the following conditions is not correct for
2 1 Single bond (–)
resonating structures ?
4 2 Double bond (=)
(A) The contributing structures must have the same
6 3 Triple bond (º)
number of unpaired electrons
(B) The contributing structures may have different
energies
(C) The contributing structures should be so written Examples – H–N–H Three single bonds (not triplet bond)
that unlike charges reside on atoms that are far H
apart
(D) The positive charge should be present on the N º N Triple bond. (not three single bond) O = O Double
electropositive element and the negative charge bond (Not two single bond) H–O–H (Two single bonds.)
on the electronegative element

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 Chemical Bonding

LEWIS STRUCTURE AND COVALENT BOND : For anions, each negative charge would result into
The Lewis-Langmuir theory can be understood by addition of one electron. For cations, each positive
considering the formation of the chlorine molecule, Cl2. charge would result in subtraction of one electron from
The Cl atom with electronic configuration, [Ne]10 3s2 the total number of valence electrons.
3p5, is one electron short of the argon configuration. For example, for the CO32– ion, the two negative charges
The formation of the Cl molecule can be understood in Indicate that there are two additional electrons than
terms of the sharing of a pair of electrons between the those provided by the neutral atoms. For NH4+ ion, one
two chlorine atoms, each chlorine atom contributing positive charge indicates the loss of one electron from
one electron to the shared pair. In the process both the group of neutral atoms.
Knowing the chemical symbols of the combining atoms
and having knowledge of the skeletal structure of the
Cl + Cl Cl Cl compound, it is easy to distribute the total number of
electrons as bonding shared pairs between the atoms
8e
–
8e
– In proportion to the total bonds.
or Cl – Cl In general the least electronegative atom occupies the
Covalent bond between two Cl atoms central position in the molecule/ion. For example in the
NF3 and CO32–, nitrogen and carbon are the central atoms
Figure-3 whereas fluorine and oxygen occupy the terminal
chlorine atoms attain the outer shell octet of the nearest positions.
noble gas (i.e., argon). The dots represent electrons. Generally the atom which is/are less in number acts as
Such structures are referred to as Lewis dot structures. central atom.
The Lewis dot structures can be written for other Generally central atom is the atom which can form
molecules also, in which the combining atoms may be maximum number of bonds( which is generally equal to
identical or different. The important conditions being the number of electrons present in the valence shell of
that: the atom).
(i) Each bond Is formed as a result of sharing of an Atom of highest atomic number or largest atom
electron pair between the atoms. generally acts as central atom.
(ii) Each combining atom contributes at least one
electron to the shared pair. Hence fluorine and hydrogen can never act as central
(iii) The combining atoms attain the outer- shell noble atoms.
gas configurations as a result of the sharing of After accounting for the shared pairs of electrons for
electrons. single bonds, the remaining electron pairs are either
Thus in water and carbon tetrachloride molecules, utilized for multiple bonding or remain as the lone pairs.
formation of covalent bonds can be represented as: The basic requirement being that each bonded atom
gets an octet of electrons.
–
8e Lewis representations of a few molecules/ions are given
Cl
in the following Table
Cl C Cl Table-2
H O H – –
8e Cl 8e
–
2e 8e– 2e– 8e
–

H atom attain a duplet of Each of the four Cl atoms

electrons and O , the octet along with the C atom attains
octet of electrons

Lewis Representation of Simple Molecules (the Lewis

Structures)
The Lewis dot structures can be written by adopting
the following steps :
The total number of electrons required for writing the
structures are obtained by adding the valence electrons
of the combining atoms. For example, in the CH4
molecule there are eight valence electrons available for
bonding (4 from carbon and 4 from the four hydrogen
atoms).

2-9
Chemical Bonding

FORMAL CHARGE : 1. The incomplete octet of the central atom

Lewis dot structures, in general, do not represent the
actual shapes of the molecules. In case of polyatomic
ions, the net charge is possessed by the ion as a whole
and not by a particular atom. It is, however, feasible to
assign a formal charge on each atom. The formal charge
of an atom in a polyatomic molecule or ion may be
defined as the difference between the number of valence
electrons of that atom in an isolated or free state and
the number of electrons assigned to that atom in the
Lewis structure. It is expressed as :
In some compounds, the number of electrons
surrounding the central atom is less than eight. This is
especially the case with elements having less than four
valence electrons. Examples are LiCl, BeH2 and BCl3.
Some other such compounds are AlCl3 and BF3.
2. Odd-electron molecules
In molecules with an odd number of electrons like nitric
oxide, NO and nitrogen dioxide NO2, the octet rule is
not satisfied for all the atoms

3. The expanded octet

Elements in and beyond the third period of the periodic
table have, apart from 3s and 3p orbitals, 3d orbitals
Let us consider the ozone molecule (O3 ). The Lewis also available for bonding. In a number of compounds
structure of O3, may be drawn as : of these elements there are more than eight valence
electrons around the central atom. This is termed as
the expanded octet. Obviously the octet rule does not
apply in such cases.
The atoms have been numbered as 1. 2 and 3. The
formal charge on: Some of the examples of such compounds are: PF5, SF6,
1 H2SO4 and a number of coordination compounds.
The central O atom marked 1 = 6 –2 – (6) = + 1
2
1
The terminal O atom marked 2 = 6 – 4 – (4) = 0
2
1
The terminal O atom marked 3 = 6 – 6 – (2) = – 1
2
Hence, we represent O3 along with the formal charges
as follows:

It should be kept in mind that formal charges do not

indicate real charge separation within the molecule.
Indicating the charges on the atoms in the Lewis
structure only helps in keeping track of the valence
electrons in the molecule. Formal charges help in the
selection of the lowest energy structure from a number m Interestingly, sulphur also forms many compounds in
of possible Lewis structures for a given species. which the octet rule is obeyed. In sulphur dichloride,
Generally the lowest energy structure is the one with the S atom has an octet of electrons around it.
the smallest formal charges on the atoms.
Note : The formal charge is a factor based on a pure
covalent view of bonding in which electron pairs are 4. Other drawbacks of the octet theory
shared equally by neighbouring atoms. (i) It is clear that octet rule is based upon the chemical
inertness of noble gases. However, some noble
Limitations of the Octet Rule
gases (for example xenon and krypton) also
The octet rule, though useful, is not universal. It is
quite useful for understanding the structures of most combine with oxygen and fluorine to form a
of the organic compounds and it applies mainly to the number of compounds like XeF2 , KrF2 , XeOF2
second period elements of the periodic table. There are etc.,
three types of exceptions to the octet rule.

2-10
 Chemical Bonding

(ii) This theory does not account for the shape of Orbital Overlap Concept
molecules. In the formation of hydrogen molecule, there is a
(iii) It does not explain the relative stability of the minimum energy state when two hydrogen atoms are
molecules being totally silent about the energy of so near that their atomic orbitals undergo partial
a molecule. interpenetration. This partial merging of atomic orbitals
is called overlapping of atomic orbitals which results in
SOLVED EXAMPLE the pairing of electrons. The extent of overlap decides
the strength of a covalent bond. In general, greater the
Example-26 overlap the stronger is the bond formed between two
The maximum covalency for p-block elements is equal atoms. Therefore, according to orbital overlap concept,
to - the formation of a covalent bond between two atoms
(A) The number of unpaired p-electrons results by pairing of electrons present, in the valence
(B) The number of paired d-electrons
shell having opposite spins.
(C) The number of unpaired s-and p-electrons
Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals
(D) The actual number of s-and p-electrons in the
outermost shell When two atoms come close to each other there is
Sol. (D) Maximum covalency = s-&.p electrons in the overlapping of atomic orbitals. This overlap may be
outermost shell positive, negative or zero depending upon the
properties of overlapping of atomic orbitals. The various
Example-27 arrangements of s and p orbitals resulting in positive,
NH3 and BF3 combine readily because of the formation negative and zero overlap are depicted in the following
of -
figure.
(A) a covalent bond (B) a hydrogen bond
The criterion of overlap, as the main factor for the
(C) a co-ordinate bond (D) an ionic bond
Sol. (C) BF3 is electron deficient (6e–) compound so it formation of covalent bonds applies uniformly to the
accept 2e– to attain stable configuration. homonuclear/heteronuclear diatomic molecules and
H N : ¾® BF (co-ordinate bond)
3 3
polyatomic molecules. In the case of polyatomic
molecules like CH4 , NH3 and H2O, the VB theory has to
MODERN CONCEPT OF COVALENT BOND (VBT) : account for their characteristic shapes as well. We know
As we know that Lewis approach helps in writing the that the shapes of CH4 , NH3 , and H2O molecules are
structure of molecules but it fails to explain the tetrahedral, pyramidal and bent respectively.
formation of chemical bond. It also does not give any Positive overlap Negative overlap
reason for the difference in bond dissociation enthalpies
and bond lengths in molecules like H2 (435.8 kJ mol –, 74
pm) and F2 (150.6 kJ mol– , 42 pm); although in both the
cases a single covalent bond is formed by the sharing
of an electron pair between the respective atoms. It
also gives no idea about the shapes of polyatomic
molecules. Similarly the VSEPR theory gives the
geometry of simple molecules but theoretically, it does
not explain them and also it has limited applications. To
overcome these limitations the two Important theories
based on quantum mechan ical prin ciples are
introduced. These are valence bond (VB) theory and
molecular orbital (MO) theory.
Valence bond theory was introduced by Heitler and
London (1927) and developed further by Pauling and
others. A discussion of the valence bond theory is
based on the knowledge of atomic orbitals, electronic
configurations of elements, the overlap criteria of atomic
orbitals, the hybridization of atomic orbitals and the
principles of variation and superposition.

2-11
Chemical Bonding

Zero overlap Strength of Sigma and pi Bonds :

Basically the strength of a bond depends upon the
extent of overlapping- In case of sigma bond, the
overlapping of orbitals takes place to a larger extent.
Hence, it is stronger as compared to the pi bond where
the extent of overlapping occurs to a smaller extent.
Further, it is important to note that pi bond between
two atoms is formed in addition to a sigma bond. It is
Figure-9. Positive , negative and zero overlaps of s and
always present in the molecules containing multiple
p atomic orbitals
bond (double or triple bonds)
Types of Overlapping and Nature of Covalent
Bonds SOLVED EXAMPLE
The covalent bond may be classified into two types
depending upon the types of overlapping : Example-28
(i) sigma(s) bond, and (ii) pi (p) bond
Which can not be explained by VBT?
(i) Sigma (s) bond : This type of covalent bond is
(A) Overlapping
formed by the end to end (hand-on) overlap of bonding
(B) Bond formation
orbitals along the internuclear axis. This is called as
(C) Paramagnetic nature of oxygen
head on overlap or axial overlap. This can be formed by
(D) Shapes of molecules
any one of the following types of combinations of
Sol. (C) Paramagnetic nature of oxygen can be explainad
atomic orbitals.
by M.O.T
l s-s overlapping : In this case, there is overlap of two
half filled s-orbitals along the internuclear axis as shown
Example-29
below :
p bond can be formed between-
(A) C–C (B) O–O
(C) N – N (D) All of these
Sol. (D) A bond formed only by non hybrid orbitals.
l s-p overlapping: This type of overlap occurs between
half filled s-orbitals of one atom and half filled p-orbitals Example-30
of another atom.
How many s and p bonds are there in the molecule
of tetracyanoethylene?
NºC CºN
l p-p overlapping : This type of overlap takes place C=C
between half filled p-orbitals of the two approaching NºC CºN
atoms. (A) Nine s and nine p (B) Five s and nine p
(C) Nine s and seven p (D) Five s and eight p
(i) pi(p) bond : In the formation of p bond the atomic Sol. (A) p p
orbitals overlap in such a way that their axes remain N ºC CºN
p p p
parallel to each other and perpendicular to the p C=C
NºC p
internuclear axis. The orbitals formed due to sidewise p CºN
p
overlapping consists of two saucer type charged
clouds above and below the plane of the participating = 9s, 9p
atoms.
Example-31
The relative overlap of orbitals decreases in the order-
(A) sp > sp2 > sp3 >> p (B) sp3 > sp2 > sp >> p
(C) p > sp3 > sp2 > sp (D) p > sp > sp2 > sp3
Sol. (B) p–p > s–p > s
so p-character increases, relative overlapping of
orbitals increases.
Figure-11

2-12
 Chemical Bonding

HYBRIDISATION : Determination of hybridisation of an atom in

The valence bond theory (overlapping concept) a molecule or ion:
explains satisfactorily the formation of various
molecules but it fails to account the geometry and Steric number rule (given by Gillespie) :
shapes of various molecules. It does not give the Steric No. of an atom = number of atom bonded with
explanation why BeCl 2 is linear, BF3 is planar, CH4 is that atom + number of lone pair(s) left on that atom.
tetrahedral, NH3 is pyramidal and water is V– shaped
molecule. Note
In order to explain these cases, the valence bond theory This rule is not applicable to molecules/ions which
has been supplemented by the concept of
have odd e– (ClO2, NO, NO2 ), free radicals and
hybridization. This is a hypothetical concept and was
compounds like B2H6 which involve 3 centre 2e–
introduced by Pauling & Slater.
According to them the atomic orbitals combine to form bond (banana bond). or example :
new set of equivalent orbitals known as hybrid orbitals.
O=C=O S.No. = 2 + 0 = 2
Unlike pure orbitals, the hybrid orbitals are used in
bond formation. The phenomenon is known as
hybridisation which can be defined as the process of S.No. = 2 + 1 = 3
intermixing of the orbitals of slightly different energies
in the formation of new set of orbitals of equivalent S.No. = 3 + 0 = 3
energies and shape. For example when one 2s and three
2p-orbitals of carbon hybridise, there is the formation
of four new sp3 hybrid orbitals. S.No. = 3 + 1 = 4

Salient features of hybridisation :

The main features of hybridisation are as under :
Table-3
1. The number of hybrid orbitals is equal to the number of
the atomic orbitals that get hybridised. Steric Types of Geometry
2. The hybridised orbitals are equivalent in energy and number Hybridisation
shape.
2 sp Linear
3. The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming stable
bonds than the pure atomic orbitals. 3 sp 2 Trigonal planar
4. These hybrid orbitals are directed in space in some 4 sp 3
Tetrahedral
preferred direction to have minimum repulsion between
5 sp 3 d Trigonal bipyramidal
electron pairs and thus a stable arrangement is obtained.
Therefore, the type of hybridisation indicates the 6 sp 3d 2 Octahedral
geometry of the molecules. 7 sp3d3 Pentagonal bipyramidal
Important conditions for hybridisation :
(i) The orbitals present in the valence shell of the
sp hybridisation : This type of hybridisation involves
atom are hybridised.
(ii) The orbitals undergoing hybridisation should the mixing of one s and one p orbital resulting in the
have almost equal energy. formation of two equivalent sp hybrid orbitals. Each sp
(iii) Promotion of electron is not essential condition hybrid orbitals has 50% s-character and 50%
prior to hybridisation. p-character. Such a molecule in which the surrounding
(iv) It is the orbital that undergo hybridization and atom is sp-hybridised and linked directly to two other
not the electrons. For example, for orbitals of central atoms possesses linear geometry. This type of
hybridisation is also known as diagonal hybridisation.
nitrogen atom (2s 2 2p1x 2p1y 2p1z ) belonging to
valency shell when hybridize to form four hybrid The two sp hybrid orbitals point in the opposite
orbitals , one of which has two electrons (as before) direction along the Z-axis with projecting bigger
and other three have one electron each. It is not positive lobes and very small negative lobes,
necessary that only half filled orbitals participate which provides more effective overlapping resulting in
in hybridisation. In some cases, even filled orbitals the formation of stronger bonds.
of valence shell take part in hybridisation.

2-13
Chemical Bonding

To predict hybridisation following formula may be used: CO2 Molecule (O = C = O ) :

In CO2 molecule, C has two sp hybrid orbitals & two
1
No. of hybrid orbital = [Total number of valence e– unhybridised p orbitals.
2
in the central atom + total number of monovalent atoms
– charge on cation + charge on anion] p bond

1
eg. NH +4 [5 + 4 – 1] = 4 sp3hybridisation.
2

1
SF4 [ 6 + 4 ] = 5 sp3d hybridisation.
2
p bond
1 Molecular orbital picture of CO2
SO 24 – [ 6 + 2 ] = 4 sp3 hybridisation.
2
(‘O’ is divalent so add only charge on anion) · Thus, CO2 molecule is a linear in shape & having 180°
bond angle.
1
NO 3– [5 + 1] = 3 sp2 hybridisation. · The bond length between C–O bond is reduced due to
2
the presence of p bond.
If such type of e– pairs are – CHºCH [H–CA º CB–H]
two – sp hybridisation In C2H2 molecule, each C atom contains two sp hybrid
three– sp 2 hybridisation orbitals & two unhybridised p orbitals (ground state)
four – sp 3 hybridisation 2s 2p
five – sp 3 d hybridisation C(excited state)
six – sp 3d 2 hybridisation
seven sp 3d 3 hybridisation C atom accepts four electrons

Types of Hybridisation :
sp hybridisation : from H & C,
sp hybridisation
(I) In this hybridisation one s– & one P–orbital of an
In C2H2 sp hybrid orbital of each C overlaps to give
atom are mixed to give two new hybrid orbitals
which are equivalent in shape & energy known as sigma bond between C – C.
sp hybrid orbitals. · The remaining one sp hybrid orbital of each C atom
overlaps with s orbital of H, forming sigma bond
(II) These two sp hybrid orbitals are arrange in
between C – H.
straight line & at bond angle 180°.
· The two unhybridised p orbitals of each C atom (py
(III) s-character 50%
and px) overlap laterally to form two pi(p) bonds.
2s 2p · Therefore in H–XCA º CB–H
Be (ground state) sigma bond between CA – CB is formed with sp – sp
overlapping
sigma bond between CA – H is formed by sp – s
2s 2p overlapping
Be (excited state) sigma bond between CB – H is formed by sp – s
overlapping
Be atom accepts two electrons from F in BeF2, pi bond between CA – CB is formed : py – py, px – px
overlapping
2s 2p · Each C atom forms two sigma bonds but in C2H2, total
sigma bonds are 3
sp sp · Each C atom forms two p bonds. Total p bonds in C2H2
sp hybridisation sp hybridisation are two
· Total number of bonds in acetylene are :
3s + 2p bond = 5 bonds

2-14
 Chemical Bonding

Table-4
EXAMPLES OF sp HYBRIDISATION
Example s bond I.p.e. Hybridisation Bond angle Shape

BeH2 2 - sp 180° Linear

BeF2 2 - sp 180° Linear

BeCl2 2 - sp 180° Linear

BeBr2 2 - sp 180° Linear

BeI2 2 - sp 180° Linear

CO2 2 - sp 180° Linear

CO 1 1 sp 180° Linear
NO +2 2 - sp 180° Linear

C2H2 2 - sp 180° Linear

HCN 2 - sp 180° Linear

ZnCl2 2 - sp 180° Linear

HgCl2 2 - sp 180° Linear

CdCl2 2 - sp 180° Linear

N2 O 2 - sp 180° Linear

N3 – 2 - sp 180° Linear

sp2 Hybridisation : · The distance between two layer in graphite is 3.35 Å.

(I) In this hybridisation one & two p orbitals are mixed
to give three new sp2 hybrid orbitals which all are
in the same shape & equivalent energies.

3.35Å
(II) These three sp2 hybrid orbitals are at angle of
3.35Å

120° & giving trigonal planar shape.

2s 2p
B (ground state)
1.42Å

5s 5p
B (excited state)
Sn (ground state)

Sn (excited state)
2
sp hybrid orbitals
B atom accepts 3 electrons From 3 F atom in BF3 (III)
s-character 33.3% sp2
Graphite :
· The hybridisation on each carbon atom of graphite is Sn after hybridisation shares 2e– with 2 atom.
sp 2 SnX2 (X = F, Cl, Br, I)
· Three sp2 hybrid orbital are present on each carbon · SnX2 having two s bonds & one LP electron therefore
atom at 120° & they overlap to sp2 hybrid orbitals hybridisation is sp2
of adjacent C atoms forming layers of hexagons. · The bond angle in SnX2 will be less than 120° (due to
· On each carbon atom, one unhybridised p orbital is presence of one LPe.)
also present, which is perpendicular to the plane of
· The shape of SnX2 molecule is bent.
sp2 hybrid orbitals.

2-15
Chemical Bonding

Table-5
EXAMPLES OF SP2 HYBRIDISATION

Example s bond I.p.e. Hybridisation Bond angle Shape

BH3 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar

BF3 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
BCl3 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
CH3 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
CH2= CH2 3, 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
Graphite 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
HNO3 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
NO3– 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
HNO2 2 - sp 2 < 120° Angular (V)
SO2 2 - sp 2 < 120° Angular (V)
SO3 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
HCO3– 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
CO3–2 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
SnCl2 2 1 sp 2 < 120° Angular (V)
SnBr2 2 1 sp 2 < 120° Angular (V)
SnI2 2 1 sp 2 < 120° Trigonal planar
AlCl3 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
GaCl3 3 - sp 2 120° Trigonal planar
PbCl2 2 1 sp 2 < 120° Angular (V)

sp3 Hybridisation : (a) Four sigma bonds with zero lone pair of electron
(I) In this hybridisation one s orbital & three p orbitals The following examples represent this condition.
of an atom of a molecule or ion, are mixed to give four
new hybrid orbitals called as sp3 hybrid orbitals. CH4, CF4, CCl4, CBr4, Cl4, NH4+, BF4–, AlF4–, BeF4–2,
(II) The angle between these four hybrid orbitals will In above compounds,
–
bond angle is 109°28’ &
be 109°28’ tetrahedron shape.
2s 2p (b) Three sigma bonds & one lone pair of electron :
C (ground state) (I) This condition is shown by following compounds
& ions NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, BiH3, NF3, PF3, NCl3,
C (excited state)
PCl3, CH3, H3O+, ClO3–
(II) sp3 hybridisation, pyramidal shape & bond angle
will be less than 109º.5 due to the presence of the
sp3 hybridisation lone pair electron on nirtogen which repels bond
C atom share four electrons with 4 hydrogen atoms pair electron more therefore bond angle is reduced
(III) The shape obtained from these hybrid orbitals from 109°28’ to 107°.
would be tetrahedron.
Three following examples represent this condition.

2-16
 Chemical Bonding

(II) In all above examples, the central atom showing

N sp3 hybridisation,
H H angular shape and O
bond angle will be H
H either less then
Molecular pyramidal orbital 109°28’ or more than H
of NH3
109°28’. Molecular angular orbital of H2O
The repulsion between lp – b.p > bp – bp. In H2O the hybridisation on O atom is sp3, but due to
(c) Two sigma bonds & two lone pair of electrons: presence of two lone pair electrons they repell each
(I) This condition is shown by following compounds other and then repell their adjacent bond pair electron.
and ions. These repulsion will be in following order.
H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te, OCl2, OBr2, OF2, OI2 etc. l.p. – l.p. > l.p. – b.p. > b.p. – b.p.
l.p. = lone pair electron b.p. = bond pair electron
Table-6
EXAMPLES OF SP3 HYBRIDISATION
Example s bond I.p.e. Hybridisation Shape

CH4 4 - sp3 Tetrahedron

3
CCl4 4 - sp Tetrahedron
3
CBr4 4 - sp Tetrahedron
PCl4 + 4 - sp3 Tetrahedron
NH4+ 4 - sp3 Tetrahedron
–
BF 4 4 - sp3 Tetrahedron
AlF4– 4 - sp3 Tetrahedron
–2 3
BeF4 4 - sp Tetrahedron
MgF4–2 4 - sp3 Tetrahedron

Table-7

Example s bond I.p.e. Hybridisation Shape

Ni(CO)4 4 - sp3 Tetrahedron

NF3 3 - sp3 Pyramidal
NCl3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
N(CH3) 3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
PF3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
PCl3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
AsCl3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
SbCl3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
BiCl3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
NH3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
: –CH3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
H3O+ 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
SO32– 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
ClO3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
XeO3 3 1 sp3 Pyramidal
H2O 2 2 sp3 Angular (V)
H2S 2 2 sp3 Angular (V)
NH2– 2 2 sp3 Angular (V)
OF2 2 2 sp3 Angular (V)
Cl2O 2 2 sp3 Angular (V)
SCl2 2 2 sp3 Angular (V)
Diamond 4 - sp3 Tetrahedron
SiO2 4 - sp3 Tetrahedron
SiC 4 - sp3 Tetrahedron

2-17
Chemical Bonding

sp3d Hybridisation : Examples SF4

(I) In this hybridisation one s orbital and one d orbital
are mixed to give five new hybrid orbitals which 3s 3p 3d
are equivalent in shape and energy called as sp 3d
hybrid orbitals.
(II) Out of these five orbitals, three hybrid orbitals are S ground state
at 120° angle and two hybrid orbitals are
3s 3p 3d
perpendicular to the plane of three hybrid orbitals
that is trigonal planar, the shape of molecule
becomes is trigonal bipyrmaidal.
For example, PF5 showing sp3d hybridisation S excited state
3s 3p 3d
F
F
P (ground state)
3s 3p 3d S

P* (excited state) F
F
3s 3p 3d
Structure of SF4

sp 3 hybridisation
P atom share electron with five electron of F
(III) In this hybridisation dz2 orbital is hybridised with
s and p orbitals.
In this way five sp3d hybrid orbitals form five sigma
bond with five F atoms and give a molecule of
PF5, shape of this molecule is trigonal bipyramidal.
In above hybridisation there are four conditionsn above
hybridisation there are four conditions
(a) Five sigma bonds and zero lone pair electron :
The following examples represent this conditions.
3s 3p 3d
five-sp3d hybrid orbitals
S atom share electron with four electron of F
(c) Three sigma bonds & two lone pair of electrons :
The following examples represent this condition.
ClF3, BrF3, IF3, BrCl3, ICl3 etc.
The shape of all above compounds is ‘T’ shape.

Cl F

Cl F
Cl P
Cl

Cl F
Structure of ClF3

(d) Two sigma bonds & three lone pair of electrons :

Cl
Structure of PCl5
PF5, PCl5, PBr5, PI5, AsF5, AsCl5, SbCl5, SbF5 etc.
The shape of all above molecules is trigonal
bipyramidal.
(b) Four sigma bonds and one lone pair of electron :
The following examples represent this condition.
SF4, SeF4, TeF4, PoF4, PF4–, SbF4–, SCl4, SeCl4, TeCl4 etc.
The shape of all above examples will be irregular
tetrahedron.
The following examples represent this condition.
ICl2–, IBr2–, ClF2–, IF2–, BrF2–, XeF2–, I3–, Br3–
The geometry of above examples will be linear
sp3d2 Hybridisation :
(I) In this hybridisation, one s-orbitals, three
p-orbitals & two d-orbitals are mixed to give six
new hybrid orbitals known as sp3d2 hybrid orbitals.
(II) The shape of molecule obtained from above six
hybrid orbitals will be symmetrical octahedral.
(III) The angle between all hybrid orbitals will be 90°
or 180º.
Example : SF6, AlF6–2, PF6–, ICl5, XeF4, XeOF4, ICl4–,

2-18
 Chemical Bonding

(IV) Two ‘d’ orbital participates in the hybridisation (III) These seven sp3d3 orbitals are configurated in
pentagonal bipyramidal shape.
are d x 2 – y 2 and d z 2 .
(IV) Five bond angles are of 72° & ten bond angles of
SF6 : 90°.
3s 3p 3d (V) The following examples showing sp 3 d 3
hybridisation –IF7 & XeF6.
F
S (ground state) F
3s 3p 3d
F F
I
S (excited state)
3s 3p 3d
F F
F
Structure of IF7
sp3d 2 hybridisation Shape of covalent molecules :
S (after hybridisation) • It was given by Sidgwick & Powel.
sp3d3 Hybridisation : • According to this concept the shape of covalent
(I) In this hybridisation, one s-orbitals & three d- compound depends on total pairs of electron (bonded
orbitals are mixed to give seven new hybrid or non bonded) present on the central atom. Which is
orbitals known as sp3d3 hybrid orbitals.
given as below –
(II) In this hybridisation d-orbitals used are dxy, dz2 &
dx2– y2 orbitals.

Table-8

S.No. Total pair of e– Shape Hybridisation

1. Two Linear sp
2. Three Coplaner trigonal (Triangular) sp2
3. Four Tetrahedral sp3
4. five Trigonal bipyramidal sp3d
5. Six Octahedral (Square bipyramidal) sp3d 2
6. Seven Pentagonal bipyramidal sp3d 3

EXAMPLE: HYBRIDIZATION
s s Cl
Sol. (C) Cl B no lone pair, sp2
SOLVED EXAMPLE s Cl

Example-32 hybridization, triangular planar

The hybridization of carbon atoms in C – C single bond
of H – C º C – CH = CH2 is - Example-34
(A) sp3-sp3 (B) sp2-sp Which does not have sp hybridized central atom?
(C) sp -sp
2 2
(D) sp3-sp (A) XeF2 (B) C2H2
Sol. (B) (C) CO2 (D) BeH2
Sol. (A) Xe F2 = sp3d
Example-33
Which one of the following is the correct set with F
respect to molecule, hybridization and shape ? :
(A) BeCl2, sp2, linear Xe
:
(B) BeCl2, sp2, triangular planar
(C) BCl3, sp2, triangular planar :
(D) BCl3, sp3, tetrahedral F
(Linear shape)

2-19
Chemical Bonding

Example-35 Example-40
The shape of sulphate ion is -
Which of the following is not true for a hybridisation
(A) hexagonal
process? (B) square planar
(A) Electrons take part and not the orbitals (C) trigonal bipyramidal
(D) tetrahedral
(B) Participating orbitals have almost equal energy
(C) Hybridised orbitals have identical shape O
(D) Hybridised orbitals have identical energies – –
O – S – O – sp3 – so structure is
Sol. (D)
Sol.[A] Electrons do not take part in hybridization. O
tetrahedral.
Example-36
The bond between carbon atom (1) and carbon atom Example-41
(2) in compound, Among NO3¯, CO32–, ClO3¯, SO32– and BO3¯ the
non-planar species are -
C – CH = CH involves the hybrid as-
Nº (1) (2) 2 (A) CO32–, SO32–, BO3¯
(A) sp and sp2 (B) sp2 and sp3 (B) ClO3¯, SO32–
(C) NO3¯, CO32–, BO3¯
(C) sp and sp3 (D) sp and sp
(D) NO3¯, SO32–, BO3¯
Sol. (A) N º C – CH = CH2 Sol. (B) AsO3–, ClO3–, SO32–, are sp3 hybridised so structure
are tetrahedral
sp – sp2

VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION

Example-37
(VSEPR) THEORY:
Choose the molecules in which hybridisation occurs
Lewis concept is unable to explain the shapes of
in the ground state -
molecules. This theory provides a simple procedure to
(a) BCl3 (b) NH3
(c) PCl3 (d) BeF2 predict the shapes of covalent molecules. Sidgwick and
The correct answer is - Powell in 1940, proposed a simple theory based on the
(A) a,b,d (B) a,b,c repulsive interactions of the electron pairs in the
(C) b,c (D) c,d valence shell of the atoms. It was further developed
Sol. (C) NH3 and PCl3 have same hybridization. and redefined by Nyholm and Gillespie (1957).
The main postulates of VSEPR theory are as follows:
Example-38 (i) The shape of a molecule depends upon the
What is not true for SiH4 molecule - number of valence shell electron pairs [bonded or
(A) Tetrahedral hybridisation nonbonded) around the central atom.
(B) 109º angle
(ii) Pairs of electrons in the valence shell repel one
(C) 4s bond
another since their electron clouds are negatively
(D) 4-lone pair of electrons
Sol. (D) SiH4 – sp3 charged.
It has not lone pair of e–. (iii) These pairs of electrons tend to occupy such
positions in space that minimise repulsion and
Example-39 thus maximise distance between them.
Which of the following is not applicable? (iv) The valence shell is taken as a sphere with the
(A) CO2 Irregular geometry electron pairs localising on the spherical surface
(B) BF3 Regular geometry at maximum distance from one another.
(C) NH3 Irregular geometry (v) A multiple bond is treated as if it is a single electron
(D) SO2 Irregular geometry pair and the two or three electron pairs of a multiple
bond are treated as a single super pair.
Linear geometry (vi) Where two or more resonance structures can
Sol. (A) CO2 represent a molecule, the VSEPR model is
sp-hybridization applicable to any such structure.

2-20

The repulsive interaction of electron pairs decreases
in the order :
lone pair (lp) - lone pair (lp) > lone pair (lp) - bond pair
(bp) > bond pair (bp) -bond pair (bp).
Nyholm and Gillespie (1957) refined the VSEPR model
by explaining the important difference between the lone
pairs and bonding pairs of electrons. While the lone
pairs are localised on the central atom, each bonded
pair is shared between two atoms. As a result, the lone
pair electrons in a molecule occupy more space as
compared to the bonding pairs of electrons. This
results in greater repulsion between lone pairs of
Table-9
Chemical Bonding
electrons as compared to the lone pair - bond pair and
bond pair - bond pair repulsions. These repulsion
effects result in deviations from idealised shapes and
alterations in bond angles in molecules.
For the prediction of geometrical shapes of molecules
with the help of VSEPR theory it is convenient to divide
molecules into two categories as (i) molecules in which
the central atom has no lone pair and (ii) molecules in
which the central atom / ion has one or more lone pairs.
Shape (molecular geometry) of Some Simple
Molecules / ions with central atom / ion having no
Lone Pairs of Electrons (E).
2-21
Chemical Bonding

Shape (molecular geometry) of Some Simple Molecules/Ions with central atom / ions having One or More Lone Pairs of
Electrons (E).
Table-10

2-22
 Chemical Bonding

Shapes of Molecules containing Bond Pair and Lone Pair

Table-11

m The VSEPR Theory is able to predict geometry of a large number of molecules, especially the compounds of p-block
elements accurately. It is also quite successful in determining the geometry quite-accurately even when the energy
difference between possible structures is very small.

2-23
Chemical Bonding

Cl
SOLVED EXAMPLE ..
Example-42 I Cl
Use the VSEPR model to predict the geometry of the
following : ..
(a) XeF2 (b) ClO3– Cl
Sol. Species Structure

Example-46
(a) XeF2 The pair of species with similar shape is
(A) PCl3, NH3 (B) CF4, SF4
(C) PbCl2, CO2 (D) PF5, IF5
lone pairs occupy the equatorial positions to have Sol. (A) Both have pyramidal structure.
minimum repulsion. Thus it is linear.
Example-47
The bond angles of NH3, NH +4 and NH -2 are in the
(b) ClO3–
order -
(A) NH -2 > NH 3 > NH 4+
To minimize the repulsion between lone pair and double
bond, species acquires trigonal pyramidal. (B) NH +4 > NH 3 > NH -2
(C) NH 3 > NH -2 > NH +4
Example-43
Geometry of the molecule is distorted according to (D) NH 3 > NH 4+ > NH 2-
VSEPR theory for -
Sol. (B) NH3, NH +4 and NH –2 have sp3 hybridization
(I) H2O (II) NH3
(III) N3H (IV) XeF2 and. lone pairs 1, 0 and 2 respectively so bond angle
(A) I, III, IV (B) II, III, IV NH Å –
4 > NH3 > NH 2
(C) I, II, III, IV (D) I, II
Sol. (C) All molecules have distorted geometry Example-48
Discuss the bond angle in carbonyl halides COF2 ,
Example-44
COCl2 , COBr2 , COI2
Match the items under list (1) with items under list (2)
select the correct answers from the sets (A), (B),
(C) and (D) -
List (1) molecule List (2) shape Sol.
(a) PCl5 (i) V-shaped
(b) F2O (ii) Triangular planar
(c) BCl3 (iii) Trigonal bipyramidal O
(d) NH3 (iv) Trigonal pyramidal || R
(v) Tetrahedral C
(A) a - i, b - v, c - iv, d - iii Br Br
(B) a -ii, b -iii, c - i , d - ii
(C) a - iv , b - iii, c - ii, d - v Bond angle q Þ COF2 < COCl2 < COBr2 < COI2
(D) a - iii, b - i, c - ii, d - iv Double bonds require more room than single bonds.
Sol. (D) PCl5 = sp3d, no l. P. Trigonal Pyramidal
Hence C = O group compresses the molecule and bond
F2O = sp3d, 2 l. P., V-shape
BCl3 = sp2, no l. P., Triangular planar angle decrease maximum in COF2 as bond pairs of
NH3 = sp3, l. P. , Triangular Pyramidal electrons are more closer to the fluorine atoms because
of high electronegativity of fluorine. As size of halogen
Example-45 atoms increases and their electronegativity decreases
T-type of shape is exhibited by the molecule
repulsion between bond pairs increases and therefore
(A) ICl3 (B) CHCl3
(C) CCl4 (D) PCl5 q increases.
Sol. (A) ICl3 = sp3d hybridization 2 lp, T – Shape

2-24

Example-49
Compare bond angle of OF2 , Cl2O and Br2O.
Sol. OF2 Cl2O Br 2O
Bond pairs of electrons are more closer to the fluorine
atoms (because of high electronegativity of fluorine).
So the lp - lp repulsion is more than bp - bp. Thus the
F—O—F bond angle decreases to 102º from 109.5º. In
Cl2O, the bond pair are more closer to the oxygen atom
because of the high electronegativity of oxygen. So
the bp - bp repulsion is more than lp - lp. Thus the
bond angle Cl—O—Cl increases to »111º due to bp -
bp repulsion and repulsion between larger Cl atoms.
Note : The steric crowding of the larger halogen atoms
also contributes in the increasing bond angles.
MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY (MOT) :
The molecular orbital theory was developed by F. Hund
and R.S. Mulliken in 1932. The salient features are:
(i) Just as electrons of any atom are present in various
atomic orbitals, electrons of the molecule are present in
various molecular orbitals.
(ii) Molecular orbitals are formed by the combination of
atomic orbitals of comparable energies and proper
symmetry.
(iii) An electron in an atomic orbital is influenced by one
nucleus, while in a molecular orbital it is influenced by
two or more nuclei depending upon the number of the
atoms in the molecule. Thus an atomic orbital is
monocentric while a molecular orbital is polycentric.
(iv) The number of molecular orbitals formed is equal to the
number of combining atomic orbitals. When two atomic
orbitals combine, two molecular orbitals called bonding
molecular orbital and anti-bonding molecular orbital
are formed.
(v) The bonding molecular orbital has lower energy and
hence greater stability than the corresponding
antibonding molecular orbital.
(vi) Just as the electron probability distribution around a
nucleus in an atom is given by an atomic orbital , the
electron probability distribution around a group of
nuclei in a molecule is given by molecular orbital.
(vii) The molecular orbitals like the atomic orbitals are filled
in accordance with the Aufbau principle obeying the
Pauli Exclusion principle and the Hund’s Rule of
Maximum Multiplicity. But the filling order of these
molecular orbitals is always experimentally decided,
there is no rule like (n + l) rule in case of atomic orbitals.
Chemical Bonding
Formation of Molecular Orbitals : Linear
Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)
Let us begin by discussing the case of molecular
hydrogen. An approximate description of the molecular
or bitals in H2 can be obtained by considering them as
Linear Combinations of Atomic Orbitals (LCAOs). Let
us label the nuclei A and B. The lowest energy orbital
associated with each nucleus is the 1s orbital, and each
of these atomic orbitals may be represented by wave
function yA or yB. Now each molecular orbital may also
be represented by a wave function which is a suitable
linear combination of atomic orbitals; since A and B are
identical atoms their atomic orbitals obviously
contribute equally to molecular orbitals. In this case
we can write down two molecular orbitals derived by
combining the 1s atomic orbitals, these being
represented by :
ym = [yA + yB] ; y * = [yA – yB]
m
The molecular wave functions ym and y*m are bonding
and antibonding molecular orbitals; orbitals of this type,
in which the line joining the two nuclei is a symmetry
axis for the electron distribution, are known as s orbitals
if bonding and s* orbitals if antibonding, so we may
alternatively denote them s1s and s 1*s orbitals. When
the two 1s wave functions are added, they reinforce
one another everywhere, and especially in the region
between the two nuclei; the build-up of electron density
there diminishes the internuclear repulsion and a strong
bond results. When one of the two 1s wave functions
is subtracted from the other, they exactly cancel in a
plane midway between the nuclei, and the molecular
wave function changes sign at this nodal plane. This
lack of electron density raises the internuclear repulsion,
the total energy becomes higher, the two nuclei are not
bonded together, and the orbital is described as
antibonding.
Pictorial representations of this LCAO method are
given in Figs. 1, 2 and 3 In the first of these, the relative
energies of 1s molecular orbitals and their constituent
atomic orbitals are shown; note that the antibonding
orbital is correctly shown as somewhat more
destabilised relative to the atomic orbitals than the
bonding orbital is stabilised (N is not strictly equal to
N*, but is rather smaller, as we mentioned earlier).
In the hydrogen molecule in its ground state, both
electrons occupy the s1s orbital ; in the hydrogen
molecule ion, H+2 formed by the action of an electric
discharge on hydrogen at low pressures, only a single
electron is in this orbital and the total bonding energy
being 269 kJ mol–1 compared with 458 kJ mol–1 for H2.
2-25
Chemical Bonding

The formation of molecular orbitals for H2. (a) yA and

yB for individuals (b) yA + yB = ym (c) Probability
function for the bonding orbital, (ym)2. (d) yA – yB =
y*m. (e) Probability function for the antibonding orbital,
(ym)2.

Figure-17 The relative energy levels of molecular

orbitals and their constituent atomic orbitals for H2.

Another representation of the formation of molecular

orbitals for H2. Since the s and s* orbitals are
respectively centrosymmetric and non-
centrosymmetric, these orbitals may also be denoted
by the symbols sg and s*u.

Molecular orbital wave functions are designated as yg

and yu. g and u refer to the symmetry of the orbital
about its centre. If the wave function is
centrosymmetric, i.e. has the same sign at the same
distance in opposite directions from the centre of
symmetry. The orbital is said to gerade (German, even);
if it changes sign on inversion about the centre it is
said to ungerade (German, uneven).
Alternative method for determining the symmetry of
the molecular orbital is to rotate the orbital about the
line joining the two nuclei and then about a line
perpendicular to this. If the sign of the lobes remain the
same, the orbital is gerade, and if the sign changes, the
orbital is ungerade.
Thus s and p* molecular orbitals are gerade and s*
and p molecular orbitals are ungerade.

CONDITION FOR THE COMBINATION OF

ATOMIC ORBITALS :
The linear combination of atomic orbitals to form
molecular orbitals takes place only if the following
conditions are satisfied :

2-26
 Chemical Bonding

1. The combining atomic orbitals must have the same or
nearly the same energy. This means that 1s orbital can
combine with another 1s orbital but not with 2s orbital
because the energy of 2s orbital is appreciably higher
than that of 1s orbital. It, therefore, means that only a
limited number of combinations of atomic orbitals are
possible.
2. The combining atomic orbitals must have the same
symmetry about the molecular axis. By convention z-
axis is taken as the molecular axis. It is important to
note that atomic orbitals having same or nearly the
same energy will not combine if they do not have the
same symmetry. For example, 2pz orbital of one atom
can combine with 2pz orbital of the other atom but not
with the 2px or 2py orbitals because of their different
symmetries.
3. The combining atomic orbitals must overlap to the
maximum extent. Greater the extent of overlap, the
greater will be the electron-density between the nuclei
of a molecular orbital.
TYPES OF MOLECULAR ORBITALS :
Molecular orbitals of diatomic molecules are designated
as s(sigma), p(pie), d(delta) etc.
In this nomenclature, the sigma (s) molecular orbitals
are symmetrical around the bond-axis while pi (p)
molecular orbitals are not symmetrical. For example,
the linear combination of 1s orbitals centered on two
nuclei produces two molecular orbitals which are
symmetrical around the bond-axis. Such molecular
orbital’s are of the s type and are designated as s1s
and s*1s [Fig.(a)]. If internuclear axis is taken to be in
the z-direction, it can be seen that a linear combination
of 2pz - orbitals of two atoms also produces two sigma
molecular orbitals designated as s2pz and s* 2pz.
[Fig. (b)] Molecular orbitals obtained from 2px and 2px
orbitals are not symmetrical around the bond axis
Difference between p molecular orbitals and the s
orbitals.
(1) For p overlap the lobes of the atomic orbitals are
perpendicular to the line joining the nuclei, whilst for s
overlap the lobes point along the line joining the two
nuclei.
(2) For p molecular orbitals, y is zero along the internuclear
line and consequently the electron density y2 is also
zero. This is in contrast to s orbitals.
(3) The symmetry of p molecular orbitals is different
from that shown by s orbitals. If the bonding p MO is
rotated about the inter nuclear line a change in the sign
of lobe occurs. The p bonding orbitals are therefore
ungerade, where as all s bonding MO’s are gerade.
Conversely the antibonding p MO’s are gerade while
all s antibonding MO’s are ungerade.
ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM FOR MOLECULAR ORBITALS
The energy levels of molecular orbitals have been
determined experimentally from spectroscopic data for
homonuclear diatomic molecules of second row
elements of the periodic table. The increasing order of
energies of various molecular orbitals for O2 and F2 is
given below :
s1s < s*1s < s2s < s*2s < s2pz < (p2px = p2py) < (p*2px
= p*2pz) < s*2pz.
The increasing order of energies of various molecular
orbitals for Be2, B2, C2, N2 etc., is :
s 1s < s* 1s < s2s < s*2s < (p2px = p2py) < s2pz < (p*2px
= p*2py) < s*2pz
The important characteristic feature of this order is that
the energy of s2pz molecular orbital is higher than
that of p2px and p2py molecular orbitals.
Molecular
orbitals
Antibonding sigma
molecular orbital

because of the presence of positive lobes plane. Such Atomic Atomic – + – + – – + – +

orbital orbital
2pz 2pz s*1s
molecular orbitals, are labelled as p and p* [Fig. (c)]. A s*2pz
Energy

Bonding sigma
p bonding MO has large electron density above and 2pz 2Pz
molecular orbital

below the inter nuclear axis. The p* antibonding MO – + + + – – + –

® ®

s2pz 2pz 2pz s2pz

has a node between the nuclei. (b)

d-type of molecular orbitals are obtained by

involvement of d-orbitals into bonding.

2-27
Chemical Bonding
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION AND MOLECULAR
BEHAVIOUR
The distribution of electrons among various molecular
orbitals is called the electronic configuration of the
molecule. From the electronic configuration of the
molecule, it is possible to get important information
about the molecule as discussed below.
(i) The molecule is stable if Nb is greater than Na, and
(ii) The molecule is unstable if Nb is less than Na
In (i) more bonding orbitals are occupied and so the
bonding influence is stronger and a stable molecule
results. In (ii) the antibonding influence is stronger and
therefore the molecule is unstable.
Nb is number of electrons in bonding molecular orbitals
and Na is number of electrons in antibonding molecular
orbitals.
BOND ORDER
Bond order (B.O.) is defined as one half the difference
between the number of electrons present in the bonding
and the antibonding orbitals i.e., Bond order (b.o.) = ½
(Nb – Na)
A positive bond order (i.e., Nb > Na) means a stable
molecule while a negative (i.e., N b < Na) or zero
(i.e., Nb = Na) bond order means an unstable molecule.
NATURE OF THE BOND
Integral bond order values of 1, 2 or 3 correspond to
single, double or triple bonds respectively.
BOND LENGTH
The bond order between two atoms in a molecule may
be taken as an approximate measure of the bond length.
The bond length decreases as bond order increases.
MAGNETIC NATURE
If all the molecular orbitals in a molecule are doubly
occupied, the substance is diamagnetic (repelled by
magnetic field) e.g., N2 molecule. However if one or
more molecular orbitals are singly occupied it is
paramagnetic (attracted by magnetic field), e.g., O2
molecule.
BONDING IN SOME HOMONUCLEAR DIATOMIC
MOLECULES
1. Hydrogen molecule (H2) : H2 : (s1s)2
Nb - Na 2 - 0
Bond order = = =1
2 2
This means that the two hydrogen atoms are bonded
together by a single covalent bond. The bond
dissociation energy of hydrogen molecule has been
found to be 438 kJ mol–1 and bond length equal to 74
pm. Since no unpaired electron is present in hydrogen
molecule, therefore, it is diamagnetic.
2. Helium molecule (He2) : He2 : (s1s)2 (s*1s)2
Bond order of He2 is ½(2 – 2) = 0
The molecular orbital description of He2 predicts two
electrons in a bonding orbital and two electrons in an
antibonding orbital, with a bond order of zero - in other
words, n o bond. This is what is observed
experimentally. The noble gas He has not significant
tendency to form diatomic molecules and, like the other
noble gases, exists in the form of free atoms. He2 has a
very low binding energy, approximately 0.01J/mol ; for
comparison, H2 has a bond energy of 436 kJ/mol.
3. Lithium molecule (Li2) : (s1s)2 (s*1s)2 (s2s)2
Its bond order, therefore, is 1/2(4 – 2) = 1. It means that
Li2 molecule is stable and since it has no unpaired
electrons it should be diamagnetic. Indeed diamagnetic
Li2, the molecules are known to exist in the vapour
phase. The MO model predicts a single Li -Li bond in
Li2, in agreement with gas phase observations of the
molecule.
4. Beryllium (Be2) : (s1s)2 (s*1s)2 (s2s)2 (s*2s)2
Be2 has the same number of antibonding and bonding
electrons and consequently a bond order of zero.
Hence, like He2, Be2 is not a stable chemical species.
5. Boron (B2) : (s1s)2 (s*1s)2 (s2s)2 (s*2s)2 (p2p1x =
p2p1y) (spz)0
Here is an example in which the Molecular orbital model
has distinct advantage over the Lewis dot picture, B2 is
found only in the gas phase; solid boron is found in
several very hard forms with complex bonding, primarily
involving B12 icosahedral. B2 is paramagnetic. This
behaviour can be explained if its two highest energy
electrons occupy separate p-orbitals. The Lewis dot
model cannot account for the paramagnetic behaviour
of this molecule.
2-28

B2 is also a good example of the energy level shift
caused by the mixing of s and p orbitals. In the absence
of mixing, the sg (2p) orbital is expected to be lower in
energy than the pu(2p) orbitals and the resulting
molecule would be diamagnetic. However, mixing of
the sg(2s) orbital with the sg(2p) orbital lowers the
energy of the sg(2s) orbital and increases the energy of
the sg(2p) orbital to a higher level than the p orbitals,
giving the order of energies shown above. As a result,
the last two electrons are unpaired in the degenerate
(having the same energy) p orbitals, and the molecule
is paramagnetic. Overall, the bond order is 1, even
though the two p electrons are in different orbitals.
The bond order of B2 is 1/2(6 – 4) = 1.
6. Carbon molecule (C2) : (s1s)2 (s*1s)2 (s2s)2 (s*2s)2
(p2p2x = p2p2y) or KK (s2s)2 (s*2s)2 (p2p2x = p2p2y )
The simple MO picture of C2 predicts a doubly bonded
molecule with all electrons paired, but with both highest
occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) having p
symmetry. It is unusual because it has two p bonds and
no s bond. The bond dissociation energies of B2, C2
and N2 increase steadily, indicating single, double, and
triple bonds with increasing atomic number. Although
C2 is not a commonly encountered chemical species
(carbon is more stable as diamond, graphite, and the
fullerenes), the acetylide ion, C22-, is well known,
particularly in compounds with alkali metals, alkaline
earths, and lanthanides. According to the molecular
orbital model, C22– should have a bond order of 3
(configuration pu2pu2sg2). This is supported by the
similar C – C distances in acetylene and calcium carbide
(acetylide) :
Table-12
The bond order of C2 is 1/2 (8 – 4) = 2 and C2 should be
diamagnetic. Diamagnetic C2 molecules have indeed
been detected in vapour phase. It is important to note
that double bond in C 2 consists of both pi bonds
because of the presence of four electrons in two pi
molecular orbitals. In most of the other molecules a
double bond is made up of a sigma bond and a pi bond.
Chemical Bonding
7. Nitrogen molecule (N2) : (s1s)2 (s*1s)2 (s2s)2
(s*2s)2 (p2p2x = p2p2y ) (s2pz)2
N2 has a triple bond according to both the Lewis and
the molecular orbital models. This is in agreement with
its very short N–N distance (109.8 pm) and extremely
high bond dissociation energy (942kJ/mol.). Atomic
orbitals decrease in energy with increasing nuclear
charge Z ; as the effective nuclear charge increases, all
orbitals are pulled to lower energies. The shielding effect
and electron-electron interactions cause an increase in
the difference between the 2s and 2p orbital energies
as Z increases, from 5.7 eV for boron to 8.8 eV for carbon
and 12.4 eV for nitrogen. As a result, the sg(2s) and
sg(2p) levels of N2 interact (mix) less than the B2 and C2
levels, and the sg (2p) and pu(2p) are very close in energy.
The bond order of N2 is 1/2(10 – 4) = 3. It contains one
sigma and two p bonds.
8. Anionic nitrogen species (N2– ) : Though 15
electrons but derived from N2, hence electronic
configuration will be according to N2
Electronic configuration : (s1s)2 (s*1s)2 (s2s)2 (s*2s)2
(p2p2x = p2p2y ) (s2pz)2 , (p*2px)1
The bond order of N2– is 1/2(10 – 5) = 2.5. It is
paramagnetic species.
9. N2+ : Bond order = 2.5, out of N2+ and N2¯, N2¯ is less
stable though both have equal bond order but N2– has
greater number of antibonding electrons.
10. Oxygen molecule (O2) : O2 : (s1s)2 (s*1s)2 (s2s)2
(s*2s)2 (s2pz)2 (p2p2x = p2p2y ) (p*2px1 = p*2p1y)
O2 is paramagnetic. This property, as for B2, cannot be
explained by the traditional Lewis dot structure
, but is evident from the molecular orbital
picture, which assigns two electrons to the degenerate
pg* orbitals. The paramagnetism can be demonstrated
by pouring liquid O2 between the poles of a strong
magnet ; some of the O2 will be held between the pole
faces until it evaporates. The bond order of O2 is
1
[Nb - Na ] = 1 [10 - 6] = 2 .
2 2
So in oxygen molecule, atoms are held by a double
bond. Moreover, it may be noted that it contains two
unpaired electrons in p*2px and p*2py molecular
orbitals, therefore, O 2 molecule should be
paramagnetic, a prediction that corresponds to
experimental observation. Several ionic forms of
diatomic oxygen are known, including O2+, and O22–.
The internuclear O – O distance can be conveniently
correlated with the bond order predicted by the
molecular orbital model, as shown in the following
table.
2-29
Chemical Bonding

Example-51
Correct order of bond energy is:
(A) N2 > N2+ >N2– >N22– (B) N2+ >N2– >N22– >N2
(C) N2 >N2¯ = N2+ >N22– (D) N2– >N2 = N2+ >N22–
Sol. (A) Bond enregy is directly proportional to the bond
order.
The extent of mixing is not sufficient in O2 to push the Bond order of N2 = 3 , N2+ , N2– = 2.5
sg(2p) orbital to higher energy than the pg(2p) orbitals. N22– = 2
The order of molecular orbitals shown is consistent
But N2– has more electrons in antibonding MO’s and
with the photoelectron spectrum.
thus N2+ is more stable than N2–. So correct order of
11. Fluorine molecule (F2) : (s1s)2 (s*1s)2 (s2s)2 (s*2s)2
(s2pz)2 (p2px2 = p2p2y ) (p*2p2x = p*2py2 ) bond energy will be N2 > N2+ >N2– >N22–
The molecular orbital picture of F2 shows a diamagnetic
molecule having a single fluorine-fluorine bond, in Example-52
agreement with experimental data on this very reactive Which of the following species have a bond order of
molecule. 3?
The net bond order in N2, O2, and F2 is the same whether
(A) CO (B) CN–
mixing or not mixing is taken into account, but the order
of the filled orbitals is different. The switching of the (C) NO+ (D) O2+
order of the sg(2p) and pu(2p) orbitals can occur because Sol. (A,B,C) Species CO, CN–, NO+ are isoelectronic with 14
these orbitals are so close in energy ; minor changes in 10 - 4
either orbital can switch their order. The energy electrons to N2 which has bond order of 3 (i.e.
2
difference between the 2s and 2p orbitals of the atoms = 3), so their bond order will be equal to three.
increases with increasing nuclear charge, from 5.7 eV
in boron to 27.7 eV in fluorine. Because the difference
becomes greater, the s-p interaction decreases and the
Example-53
"normal" order of molecular orbitals returns in O2 and
F2. The higher sg orbital is seen again in CO. Which of the following are diamagnetic ?
12. Neon molecule (Ne2) : (s1s)2 (s*1s)2 (s2s)2 (s*2s)2 (A) C2 (B) O22–
(s2pz)2 (p2px2 = p2py2 ) (p*2px2 = p*2p2y) (s*2pz)2 (C) Li2 (D) N2+
All the molecular orbitals are filled, there are equal Sol. (A,B,C) Species C2, O22–, Li2 have all the electrons paired
numbers of bonding and antibonding electrons and but N2+ has one unpaired electron in bonding molecular
the bond order is therefore zero. The Ne2 molecule is a orbital so it is paramagnetic.
transient species, if it exists at all.

Example-54
Note
The bond order of N2¯ anion is -
HOMO : Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital.,
LUMO: Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 2.5 (D) 3
Sol. (C) Out of 15 e¯ in N2¯, 10 are in bonding MO’s and
5e¯ are in the anti bonding MO’s Hence bond order =
SOLVED EXAMPLE
1
(10 - 5) = 2.5
Example-50 2
Though O2 molecule is paramagnetic yet it is a
Example-55
colourless gas. Why ?
Which of the following has maximum bond strength?
Sol. It is because the energy gap between HOMO and
(A) O2 (B) O2+
LUMO levels in O2 molecule is so large that radiations
(C) O2¯ (D) O22–
of visible light cannot excited an e– from HOMO to
Sol. (B) Bond order of O2+ is 2.5 which is maximum among
LUMO. In fact O2 gas shows absorption in UV zone.
all the species hence its bond strength will also be the
So it is colourless.
maximum.

2-30
 Chemical Bonding

Further dipole moment is a vector quantity and is

Example-56 depicted by a small arrow with tail on the positive centre
Which of the molecule out of B2 and C2 has a higher and head pointing towards the negative centre. For
energy of dissociation into atoms? compare the example the dipole moment of HF may be represented
magnetic properties of these molecules. as
Sol. We draw energy level diagrams showing the formation
of B2 and C2 molecules
AO’s MO’s The shift in electron density is represented by crossed
AO’s arrow ( ) above the Lewis structure to indicate
AO’s MO’s the direction of the shift.
In case of polyatomic molecules the dipole moment not
AO’s
only depend upon the individual dipole moments of
B B2 B
bonds known as bond dipoles but also on the spatial
C C2 C arrangement of various bonds in the molecule. In such
s*2pz s*2p z case, the dipole moment of a molecule is the vector
sum of the dipole moments of various bonds. i.e. a
p*2px= p*2py p*2p x= p*2py
molecule will have a dipole moment if the summation of
2p 2p 2p 2p
s2p z s2pz all of the individual moment vector is non-zero.
p2px= p2py p2p x= p2py

POLARITY OF BONDS : R= P 2 + Q 2 + 2PQ cos q , where R is

In reality no bond or a compound is either completely
covalent or ionic. Even in case of covalent bond resultant dipole moment.
For example of H2O molecule, which has a bent
between two hydrogen atoms, there is some ionic
structure, the two O—H bonds are oriented at an angle
character.
of 104.5º. Net dipole moment of 6.17 × 10–30 Cm
When a covalent bond is formed between two similar (1D = 3.33564 × 10–30 Cm) is the resultant of the dipole
atoms, for example in H2, O2, Cl2, N2 or F2 the shared pair moments of two O—H bonds.
of electrons is equally attracted by the atoms. As a
result electron pair is situated exactly between the two
identical nuclei. The bond so formed is called nonpolar
covalent bond. Contrary to this in case of a Net Dipole moment, m = 1.85 D = 1.85 × 3.33564 × 10–30
heteronuclear molecule like HF, the shared electron pair Cm = 6.17 × 10–30 Cm.
between the two atoms gets displaced more towards
m Following c om po un ds ha ve z ero dip ole
fluorine since the electronegativity of fluorine is far
moment :
greater than that of hydrogen. The resultant covalent
BF3 ,CO2 , SO3 , CF4 , PF5 (g) , SF6 , XeF2 , CS2 , CCl4 ,
bond is a polar covalent bond. PCl5 (g) , XeF4
As a result of polarisation, the molecule possesses the Some important orders
dipole moment which can be defined as the product of HF > HCl > HBr > HI
magnitude of the partial charge (d+ or d–) developed on 1.92 D 1.08 0.78 0.38
any of the covalently bonded atoms and the distance CH3Cl > CH2Cl2 > CHCl3 > CCl4
between two atoms. 1.86 1.6 1.0 0
Dipole moment (µ) = Magnitude of charge (q) × m Usually for disubstituted Benzene order is o > m > p
But it all depends on the substituents
distance of separation (d)
Dipole moment is usually expressed in Debye units
(D). The conversion factors are
m 1 D = 3.33564 × 10–30 Cm, where C is coulomb and m is
meter.
m 1 Debye = 1 × 10–18 e.s.u. cm.

2-31
Chemical Bonding

Note APPLICATION OF DIPOLE MOMENT :

For geometrical isomers usually the dipole moment (I) To determine polarity and geometry of molecule -
of cis is more than trans but again there can be If m = 0 compound is non polar and symmetrical
exceptions. eg. CO2, BF3, CCl4, CH4. BeF2 etc.
If m ¹ 0 compound will be polar and unsymmetrical.
For example : H2O, SO2, NH3, Cl2O, CH3Cl, CHCl3 etc.
(II) To calculate % ionic character :-

Experimental value of m
% Ionic character = ´100
Theoritical value of m
cis - form (low dipole moment)
(III) To distinguish cis form or trans form:-
(a) Dipole moment of cis isomers is normally higher
than trans isomers.
trans - form (high dipole moment)
Cl—C—H Cl—C—H
m The presence of a centre of symmetry, requires that the
Cl—C—H Cl—C—Cl
dipole moment be zero, since any charge on one side of
the molecule is canceled by an equal charge on the eg. – µ¹0 µ¹0
other side of the molecule. cis-form Trans-form
Thus [CoF6]3– , trans – N2F2 and the staggered conformer Polar (µ ¹ 0) Non Polar (µ ¹ 0)
of ferrocene do not have dipole moments.
(b) If two groups have opposite inductive effect then
trans-isomer will have greater dipole moment :-

H Cl H Cl

C C
C C
eg.
CH3 H H CH3
Some important points about dipole moment :
(IV) To locate position of substituents in aromatic
m A polyatomic molecule having polar covalent bonds
1
but zero dipole moment indicates the symmetrical compounds. m µ Bond angle
structure of the molecule. e.g. B - F bonds are polar in
BF3 but BF3 has m = 0 due to its symmetrical geometry. (a) If same substituents are preset in the symmetrical
position m of benzene ring compounds will be zero
m If molecule have m = 0, then it should be linear or having Cl
symmetrical geometry. Cl Cl
Cl
e.g. linear – CO2, CS2, BeCl2 (g) ; symmetrical geometry
– BF3 , CH4 , PCl5 , SF6 , IF7 , XeF4. Cl
Cl
µ=0 µ¹ 0
Angle 180º Angle 120º Angle 60º
m If molecule has m ¹ 0 then it should be angular or having p-dichloro benzene m-dichloro benzene o-dichloro benzene
unsymmetrical geometry.
SnCl2 , PbCl2 , SO2 , angular molecular geometry. (b) As angle between subtituents decreases value of
NH3, H2O, NF3, SF4, H2S, unsymmetrical molecular m increases
geometry. Some important orders of diple moments-
µExperiment al HF > H2O > NH3 > NF3 H2O > H2S
m % Ionic character = ´ 100
µTheoretical CH3Cl > CH3F > CH3Br > CH3I
BF3 < NF3 < NH3
m(Observed)
= m ´ 100 HF > H2O > SO2 > NH3 PH3 < PCl3
(100% Ionic compound)
NO > NO2 > NO
2
–
2
+
H2O < H2O2

2-32
 Chemical Bonding

SOLVED EXAMPLE Example-61

The dipole moments of the given molecules are such
Example-57 that -
The resultant dipole moment of water is 1.85 D ignoring (A) BF3 > NF3 > NH3 (B) NF3 > BF3 > NH3
the effects of lone pair. Calculate, the dipole moment of (C) NH3 > NF3 > BF3 (D) NH3 > BF3 > NF3
each OH bond (given that bond angle in H2O = 104°,
cos 104° = – 0.25). Sol. (C)
F
Sol. R2 = P2 + Q2 + 2PQ cos q
N F N F B
æ 1ö
(1.85)2 = x2 + x2 + 2x2 ç - ÷ H H
è 4ø
F F F
x 2
3x 2 H
(1.85)2 = 2x2 – Þ \ x = 1.51 D m1 > 0
2 2
BF3 is
Example-58 symmetrical
For HCl molecule observed dipole moment is 1.03 D molecule
and bond length is 1.275 Å. Calculate % ionic character. m BF3 = 0
Sol. Dipole moment = 4.8 × 10–18 × 1.275 × 10–8 = 4.8 × 1.275
1.03 ´ 100 m NH 3 > m NF3 > m BF3
% ionic character = » 17%
1.275 ´ 4.8
Example-62
Example-59
Why NH3 is having more dipole moment than NF3?
Which has maximum dipole moment ?
Sol. In molecule Nitrogen is more electronegative than
Cl
Cl Hydrogen. So the net dipole moment is towards.
Cl Nitrogen atom but in NF3 molecule. Fluorine is more
Cl Cl
(A) (B) electronegative than nitrogen so the net dipole moment
is towards fluorine atoms. In NH3 the bond pair moments
Cl and lone pair moments are in the same direction while
in NF3 the lone pair moment and bond pair moments are
Cl
Cl Cl in opposite direction.

(C) (D)
Cl
Cl

Cl
Cl Cl
Sol. (B) Among these
Example-63
has maximum dipole moment The geometry of SO3 and its dipole moment are :
(A) pyramidal and non-zero.
Example-60 (B) trigonal planar and non-zero.
Of the following molecules, the one, which has (C) trigonal planar and zero.
permanent dipole moment, is - (D) T-shaped and zero.
(A) SiF4 (B) BF3 Ans. (C)
(C) PF3 (D) PF5
Sol.
F
The steric number of sulphur = 3; so hybridisation is
sp2. There is no lone pair on sulphur atom, therefore,
Sol. (C) P according to VSEPR theory, the repulsions between
F F the bond pairs of electrons will be similar. Hence the
molecule will be symmetrical (trigonal planar) with zero
It has permanent dipole moment. dipole moment.

2-33
Chemical Bonding

DIPOLE MOMENT In both structures we have O – O single bond and

O = O double bond. The normal O – O and O = O bond
Example-64 length s are 148 pm and 121 pm respectively.
Which of the following bond is most polar? Experimentally determined oxygen-oxygen bond
(A) O – H (B) P – H lengths in the O2 molecule are same (128 pm). Thus the
(C) C – F (D) S – Cl oxygen-oxygen bonds in the O 2 molecule are
Sol. (C) Due to maximum electronegativity difference. intermediate between a double and a single bond.
Obviously, this cannot be represented by either of the
two Lewis structures shown above.
Example-65
Bond length of HCl is 1.275 Å (Charge = 4.8 × 10–10 The concept of resonance was introduced to deal with
e.s.u.) if m = 1.02 D, then HCl is - the type of difficulty experienced in the depiction of
(A) 100% ionic (B) 83% covalent accurate structures of molecules like O3 . According to
(C) 50% covalent (D) 40% ionic the concept of resonance, whenever a single Lewis
Sol. (B) structure cannot describe a molecule accurately, a
number of structures with similar energy, positions of
observed m nuclei, bonding and non-bonding pairs of electrons
% ionic character = theoritical m × 100
are taken as the canonical structures of the hybrid
structure which describes the molecule accurately.
1.02
= × 100 = 17% ionic = 83% covalent Thus for O3 the two structures shown above constitute
1.275 ´ 4.8 the canonical structures or resonance structures and
their hybrid i.e., the III structure represents the structure
of O3, more accurately. This is also called resonance
Example-66 hybrid. Resonance is represented by a double headed
The dipole moment of the ammonia molecule is 1.48D. arrow.
The length of the dipole is -
(A) 3.08 × 10–11 m (B) 5 × 102 m Definition : Resonance may be defined as the
(C) 308 m (D) None phenomenon in which two or more structures involving
Sol. (A) M = 1.48 × 3.33 × 10–30 cm in identical position of atom, can be written for a
= 4.93 × 10–30 cm. particular compound
q = 1.6 × 10–19C
Resonance Hybrid : It is the actual structure of all
µ 4.93 ´10 –30 different possible structures that can be written for the
l= = = 3.08 × 10–11 m = 0.0308 nm molecule without violating the rules of covalence
q 1.6 ´ 10 –19
maxima for the atoms.
The NH3 molecule can not have the shape of an
equilateral triangle because in this case its dipole
moment would be zero. It is actually constructed in the º
form of a triangular pyramid with the nitrogen atom at Resonance hybrid
its vertex and the hydrogen atoms at the corners of its Example :
base.
RESONANCE :
It is often observed that a single Lewis structure is (i)
inadequate for the representation of a molecule in
conformity with its experimentally determined
parameters. For example, the ozone, O2 molecule can be
equally represented by the structures I and II shown
(ii) º
below :

(iii) º

Structures I and II represent the two canonical forms

while the structure III is the resonance hybrid) (iv) º

2-34
 Chemical Bonding

m Bond order = COORDINATE COVALENT BOND

Total No. of bonds formed between two atoms in all structures
Total No. of resonating structures SOLVED EXAMPLE
e.g.,
Example-67
The compound which contains both covalent and co-
ordinate bond is -
(A) CO (B) NaCl
(C) H2SO4 (D) None
2 + 1+ 1
Bond order = = 1.33 Sol. (A)
3
m Resonance energy = Actual bond energy – Energy of
Example-68
most stable resonating structure.
m Stability of molecule a resonance energy. The compound which contains both covalent and co-
m More is the number of covalent bonds in molecule more ordinate bond is -
will be its resonance energy. (A) C2H5NC (B) C2H5CN
m Resonance energy a number of resonating structures. (C) HCN (D) None
Sol. (A) Though all compounds have covalent bond but
COORDINATE BOND there is coordination bond also between N and C in
(I) It is a covalent bond in which the shared e– pair
C2H5 NC
come from one atom is called coordinate bond.
(II) Necessary conditions for the formation of co-
ordinate bond are- BONDS PARAMETERS
(a) Octet of donor atom should be complete and should (I) Bond Length (Bond distance)
have atleast one lone pair of electron. (II) Bond Angle
(b) Acceptor atom should have a defficiency of at least (III) Bond Energy
one pair of electron.
××
eg. X ¾® Y ×× or X ¾® Y (I) Bond Length (Bond distance): The average distance
××
between the nucleus of two atoms is known as bond
(III) Atom which provide electron pair for shairing is
called donor. lenght, normally it is represented in Å. eg. A ¾¾¾ B
(IV) Other atom which accepts electron pair is called
acceptor. That is why it is called donor-acceptor or
· It depends on electronegativities of constituent atoms
Case I: Electronegativity difference is zero then-
dative bond Bond length = rA + rB Or dA –B = rA + rB
NH3 + BF3 BF3 NH3 where rA is covalent radius of A
BF3 is electron defficient compound. rB is covalent radius of B
XA is electronegativity of A
Example: XB is electronegativity of B
H If rA = rB then Bond length = 2r A or 2rB
+
NH4+ H3 – N + H ¾® H – N – H
Case II: Electronegativity difference is not equal to
H zero then-
H Bond length is given by shomaker & Stevenson formula
H
+
H3 O O H+ O H+ is
H H Bond length = rA + rB – 0.09 (XA – XB)
Difference in electronegativities = XA – XB

O O O O
O O Factors affecting Bond Length :-
(a) Electronegativity :
N2O N N O 1
Compounds in which Ionic, covalent and co-ordinate Bond lengh µ ( While B.E. µDEN)
DEN
bonds are present, are as follows-
H–F < H–Cl < H–Br < H–I
NH4Cl, KNC, KNO3, etc

2-35
Chemical Bonding

(b) Bond order or number of bonds : Case II:

1 When hybridisation is same, bonded atoms are same
Bond length µ Number of bond or bond order lone pair is same but central atom is different.
Bond energy µ Number of bond Then bond angle µ electrongativity of central atom

•• •• ••
e.g. C–C, C = C, CºC Example:- N H3 P H3 AsH 3
Bond length 1.54 Å 1.34 Å 1.20 Å ¬¾
increa sing
¾¾¾ Bond angle 107° 93° 91°
Bond energy 80 140 180–200K.Cal. increasing
¾¾ ¾¾®
– Eletronegativity decreasing
C—O C= O ¬
C=O – Bond angle will decrease
1.43 Å 120 Å 1.13Å
Case III:
C N C N –CºN When hybridisation is same, lone pair are same, Central
1.47 Å 1.28 Å 1.15 Å atom is same, bonded atoms are different.
(c) Resonance : (due to resonance bond length is sp 3 OF2 103 – 105° Electronegativity
affected) sp 3 Cl2O 109 – 111° of bonded atom is
eg.1. Benzene sp 3 Br2O 116 – 118° decreasing
C—C bond length 1.54Å but bond length in between 1
C—C bond length 1.34 Å single & double bond is = 1.39 Å Here bond angle µ electrongativity of bonded atom µ
eg. 2.Bond length of C—O in CO2 is 1.15 Å size of side atom
Resonance occurs in CO2 as follows- (III) Bond Energy (BE) : Bond energy may be difined
O = C = O ¬¾® O– — C º O+ ¬¾® O+ º C — O– as-
Bond length = 1.15 Å (Between double & triple bond) (a) Bond formation energy: Energy released when any
1 bond is formed is known as bond formation energy
(d) Hybridisation : µ
s - character or bond energy.
(b) Bond dissociation energy: Energy required to
Example : - Compound Hybridisation Bond length dissociate any bond is known as bond dissociation
Ethane sp 3—sp3 1.54 Å
3 2
energy. Calculation of released energy is more
S-character increases

C C sp —sp 1.51 Å
diffcult than the dissociation energy therefore
3
C C C sp —sp 1.47 Å
dissociation energy of bond is calculated and is
C C C C sp 2—sp2 1.46 Å
C C C C sp 2 —sp 1.42 Å assumed as bond energy or bond formation energy.
C C C C sp –– sp 1.37 Å Case I:In diatomic molecule :
Bond energy = bond dissociation energy
(II) Bond Angle : The angle between any two adjacent eg :- N2 > O2 > H2 > F2
bond is known as bond angle. It is represented in degree
(°), min (‘) and second (‘’)
Case II: For polyatomic molecule :-
Factors affecting the bond angle-
(a) Number of bonds : Bond angle µ Number of bonds H
(Bond order)
eg : - H C H
109° 120° 180°
H
C C C C C C Bond energy = per C¾H bond is 99.5 K. Cal/mole
(b) Hybridisation : Theoritical values of bond dissociation energy (D) of
Case I:When hybridisation is same, bonded atoms are individual C¾H bonds CH4 are given below-
same, central atom and lone pair are different. D (CH3¾H) = 102 K Cal/mole
1 D (CH2¾H) = 105 K Cal/mole
Then bond angle µ No. of lone pair
D (CH¾H) = 108 K Cal/mole
•• D (C¾H) = 83 K Cal/mole
•• H 2O
Example :- CH4 N H3 •• Hence bond energy E per C¾H bond in methane =
Hybridisation sp 3 sp 3 sp 3 398
Bond angle 109º28’ > 107º > 104.5º = 99.5 K Cal/mole.
4

2-36
 Chemical Bonding

* Bond dissociation energy (D) is related to the state of SOME SPECIAL BONDING SITUATIONS
hybirdisation. (a) Electron deficient bonding:
Factors affecting the bond energy : - There are many compounds in which some electron
deficient bonds are present apart from normal covalent
(a) D Electronegativity (b) Bond order
bonds or coordinate bonds which are 2c-2e bonds(
(c) Atomic size (d) Bond polarity
two centre two electron bonds). These electron
(e) Resonance (f) Hybridisation deficient bonds have less number of electrons than the
(g) Lone pair of electron expected such as three centre-two electron bonds (3c-
2e) present in diborane B2H6, Al2(CH3)6, BeH2(s) and
(a) D Electronegativity : Bond energy µDEN bridging metal carbonyls.
eg. HF > HCl > HBr > HI
(b) Bond order : Bond energy µ Bond order
eg. C¾C < C=C < CºC
BeH2(s)
79 K. Cal, 143.3 K. Cal., 199.0 K. Cal.
H H H
1
(c) Atomic size : Bond energy µ Atomic size H3C C CH3
Al Al
eg. CºC < CºN < NºN H3C C CH3
Exception :- In case of halogen group, order of bond H H
H
energy is-
Cl ¾ Cl > Br ¾ Br > F ¾ F > I ¾ I
Al2(CH3)6
Because of higher electron density and small size of F But Al2Cl6 have covalent bond only and there is no
atoms, repulsion between of two F atom, weakens the electron deficient bonding as depicted in the given
structure.
bond.
Cl Cl Cl
Other ex. S – S > O – O C – C > Si – Si > Ge – Ge Al Al
(d) Bond Polarity : Bond energy µ polarity Cl Cl Cl

eg. H¾F > H¾Cl > H¾Br > H¾I

(b) Back Bonding :
(e) Hybridisation :- Bond energy µ s-character in Back bonding generally takes place when out of two
hybrid orbitals. bonded atoms one of the atom has vacant orbitals
(generally this atom is from second or third period) and
eg. sp¾sp > sp2¾sp2 > sp3¾sp3 the other bonded atom is having some non-bonded
electron pair(generally this atom is from the second
s–character- 50% 33.3% 25%
period). Back bonding increases the bond strength and
(f) Lone pair of electrons : decreases the bond length. For example, in BF3 the boron
atom completes its octet by accepting two 2p-electrons
1 of fluorine into 2p empty orbital.
Bond energy µ lone pair of electrons

×× ×× ×× ×× ×× ××
C C > N N > O O > ×F F××
×× ×× ××× ××

Size of F and O atoms is small so their bond energy

should be high (small atomic radius) but it is actually
less due to lone pair of electrons present on F and O
atoms, which repells each other in F¾F and ¾O¾O¾
type of bonds.

2-37
Chemical Bonding
m Decrease in B – F bond length is due to delocalised
pp–pp bonding between filled p-orbital of F atom and
vacant p-orbital of B atom.
The extent of back bonding is much larger if the orbitals
involved in the back bonding are of same size, for
example the extent of back bonding in boron trihalides
is as follows :
BF3 > BCl3 > BBr3 > BI3
There is pp-pp back bonding in boron trihalide. The
extent of back bonding decreases from BF3 to BI3
because of increasing size of p-orbitals participating in
back bonding that is from 2p(in F) to 4p(in Br).
m The extent of back bonding decreases if the atom
having vacant orbitals is also having some non-bonded
electron pairs on it. So among the atoms of third period
the extent of back bonding follows the order
Si > P > S > Cl
The extent of pp-pp overlapping
1 and their ionic mobility : Be2+ , Mg 2+, Ca2+, Sr2+.
µ
Lewis acid character
(c) BOND LENGTHS AND pp – dp BONDING :
The bonds between S and O, Se and O, are much
shorter than might be expected for a single bond. In
some cases, they may be formulated as localized double
bonds. A s bond is formed in the usual way, In addition
a p bond is formed by the sideways overlap of a ‘p’
orbital on the oxygen with a ‘d’ orbital on the sulphur
giving a pp – dp interaction. This pp – dp bonding is
similar to that found in the oxides and oxo-acids of
phosphorus, and is in contrast to the more common pp
– pp type of double bond found in ethene.
To obtain effective pp – dp overlap the size of the ‘d’
orbital must be similar to size of the ‘p’ orbital. Thus
sulphur forms stronger p bonds than the larger elements
in the group. On crossing a period in the periodic table,
the nuclear charge is increased and more ‘s’ and ‘p’
electrons are added. Since these s and p electrons shield
the nuclear charge incompletely, the size of the atom
and the size of the 3d orbitals in this series of elements
leads to progressively stronger pp – dp bonds. Thus in
the silicates there is hardly any pp–dp bonding. Thus
SiO44– units polymerize into an enormous variety of
structures linked by Si—O—Si s bonds. In the
phosphates, p bonding is stronger, but a large number
of polymeric phosphates exist. In the oxo-acids of
sulphur, p bonding is even stronger and has become a
dominant factor. Thus only a small amount of
polymerization occurs, and only a few polymeric
compounds are known with S—O—S linkages. For
chlorine, pp – dp bonding is so strong that no
polymerization of oxo-anions occurs.
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example-69
Silyl isocyanate (SiH3NCO) is linear but methyl
isocyanate (CH3NCO) is bent. explain ?
Sol. H H
:
H Si N C O H C N C O
H H
vacant No vacant
d-orbitals orbitals
Lone pair on nitrogen is delocalised between N and Si
through pp–dp back bonding. So silyl isocyanate is
linear.
Example-70
Arrange in order of increasing hydrated radii in water
Sol. (i) Hydrated size µ 1/degree of hydration (i.e. with
increase in size, number of water molecules around
central metal ions decrease). So order of increasing
hydrated radii is Sr2+ < Ca2+ < Mg2+ < Be2+.
(ii) Heavily hydrated ions move slowly so the order of
increasing ionic mobility is
Be2+ < Mg2+ < Ca2+ < Sr2+.
Example-71
Why transition element have high heat of atomization.
Sol. Transition metals use inner -d-electrons along with the
outer s-electrons for bonding as (n–1) d and ns have
nearly same energy. So in them number of metallic bonds
per atom is quite large (more than two always). Hence
element have high heat of atomization.
HYDROGEN BOND :
Nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine are the h igh ly
electronegative elements. When they are tied to a
hydrogen atom to form covalent bond , the electrons
of the covalent bond are shifted towards the more
electronegative atom. This partially positively charged
hydrogen atom forms a bond with the other more
electronegative atom. This bond is called as hydrogen
bond and is weaker than covalent bond. For example,
in HF molecule, the hydrogen bond exists between
hydrogen atom of one molecule and fluorine atom of
another molecule as given below :
– – – Hd+ – Fd – – – – Hd+ – Fd– – – – Hd+ – Fd –
Here, hydrogen bond acts as a bridge between atoms
which holds one atom by covalent bond and the other
by hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bond is represented by
a dotted line (– – –) while a solid line represents the
covalent bond. Thus, hydrogen bond can be defined
as the attractive force which binds hydrogen atom of
one molecule with the electronegative atom (F, O or N)
of another molecule.
2-38

m Hydrogen bonding is said to be formed when slightly
acidic hydrogen attached to a strongly electronegative
atom such as F, N and O is held with weak electrostatic
Example-72
forces by the lon e pair of electr ons of the
electronegative atom i.e. the strongly positive H and
the strongly electronegative lone pairs tend to line up
and hold the molecules together. Other atoms with high
electronegativity, such as Cl ; can also form hydrogen
Sol.
bonds in strongly polar molecules such as chloroform,
CHCl3.
Conditions required for H-bond :
(i) Molecule should have more electronegative atom
(F, O, N) linked to H-atom.
(ii) Size of electronegative atom should be smaller.
(iii) A lone pair should be present on more
electronegative atom.
Strength of H-bond :
The strength of H-bond is usually very low (5 - 10 kJ/
mol) but in some cases this value may be as high as
50 kJ/mol. The strongest H-bonds are formed by F
atoms. Deuterium is more electropositive than H,
therefore it also form stronger bonds. The strength of
the H-bond can be compared by the relative bond
energies and the geometry of the various compounds
as given below.
F– + HF ¾¾® [FHF]– ; DH = – 161 ± 8 kJ mol–1
(CH3)2 CO + HF ¾¾® (CH3)2 CO ...... HF ;
DH = – 46 kJ mol–1
H2O + HOH ¾¾® H2O ...... HOH (ice) ;
DH = – 25 kJ mol–1
HCN + HCN ¾¾® HCN ...... HCN ;
DH = – 12 kJ mol–1
The magnitude of H-bonding depends on the physical
state of the compounds. H-bonding is maximum in the
solid state and minimum in the gaseous state. Thus
hydrogen bonds have strong influence on the structure
and properties of the compounds.
m Order of H-bond strength
> O H - - - - - - :O >
N H - - - - - - :N > N H - - - - - - :O
Chemical Bonding
SOLVED EXAMPLE
The order of strength of H-bonds is -
(A) ClH – Cl > NH – N > OH – O > FH – F
(B) ClH – Cl < NH – N < OH – O < FH – F
(C) ClH – Cl < NH – N > OH – O > FH – F
(D) ClH – Cl < NH – N < OH – O > FH – F
(B) H – bond. strength a E.N. (difference between
hydrogen & other element.)
TYPES OF H-BONDS :
(A) Intramolecular H-Bonding :
This type of H-bonding occurs when polar H and
electronegative atom are present in the same molecule
i.e., it is formed when hydrogen atom is present in
between the two highly electronegative (F, O, N) atoms
within the same molecule.
(a)
It has lower boiling point (i.e. more volatile) than its
para-derivative (where association of molecules takes
place using intermolecular H-bonding) because it exists
as discrete molecules.
(b)
It has lower boiling point (i.e. more volatile) than its
para-derivative (where association of molecules takes
place using intermolecular H-bonding) because it exists
as discrete molecules.
(c)
Nickel dimethyl glyoximate (a chelate)
Extra stability of the complex is because of intramolecular
hydrogen bonding in addition to the chelating effect.
(d) Chloral hydrate
Chloral hydrate is stable only on account of
intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
2-39
Chemical Bonding

(e) Persulphate ion (HSO5–)

Some hydrogen bonding also occurs in the gas, which

K1 of peroxomono sulphuric acid (i.e., caros acid) is
greater than K2. After the loss of one hydrogen, the
persulphate ion gets stabilised due to intramolecular
hydrogen bonding and thus the removal of second
hydrogen becomes difficult.
(f) º
Aceto acetic ester (enolic form)
The intramolecular hydrogen bonding attributes the
stability of enolic form of aceto acetic ester.
Necessary conditions for the formation of
intramolecular hydrogen-bonding :
(a) the ring formed as a result of hydrogen bonding
should be planar.
(b) a 5- or 6- membered ring should be formed.
(c) interacting atoms should be placed in such a way
that there is minimum strain during the ring closure.
consists of a mixture of cyclic (HF)6 polymers, dimeric
(HF)2, and monomeric HF.
Very strong hydrogen bonding occurs in the alkali metal
hydrogen fluorides of formula M[HF2]; in KHF2, for
example, an X-ray diffraction study together with a
neutrons diffraction study shows that there is a liner
symmetrical anion having an over all, F–H–F distance
of 2.26 Å, which may be compared with the H–F bond
length of 0.92Å in hydrogen fluoride monomer.
(c) There is also similar H-bonding in alcohol
(R—OH) ammonia (NH3) and phenol (C6H5OH)
molecules.
(d) Carboxylic acid dimerises in gaseous state due to
H-bonding
(e) Alcohol is said to be highly soluble in water due
to crossed intermolecular H-bonding (between
H2O and R—OH molecules).

(B) Intermolecular H-Bonding :

Exists between the negative and positive ends of
different molecules of the same or different substances
i.e., it is formed between two different molecules of the
same or different compounds. However isomeric ether is less soluble in water due to
(a) In water molecules less polar nature of ether.
Due to polar nature of H2O there is association of water
molecules giving a liquid state of abnormally high
boiling point.
– – – –
(f) HCO3– ions exist as dimer in KHCO3
O H O
m When ice is formed from liquid water, some air gap is O=C C=O
formed (in tetrahedral packing of water molecules). O¯ H O
The tetrahedral structure around each oxygen atom with
two regular bonds to hydrogen and two hydrogen In Na HCO , the HCO ions are linked in to an infinite
+
3
–
3
–

bonds to other molecules requires a very open structure chain through intermolecular H-bonding.
with large spaces between ice molecules. Due to this
volume of ice is greater than liquid water and thus ice is SOLVED EXAMPLE
lighter than water. We can say that density decreases
when ice is formed. Reversely when ice melts, density Example-73
increases but only upto 4oC, after this intermolecular Every H2O molecule is surrounded by maximum how many
H-bonding between water molecules breaks hence, H2O molecule -
volume increases and hence density decreases. Thus, (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6
water has maximum density at 4oC. Sol. (C) Each H2O molecule surrounded by four H2O
(b) The hydrogen bonds in HF link the F atom of one molecules
molecule with the H-atom of another molecule,
thus forming a zig-zag chain (HF)n in both the solid
and also in the liquid.

2-40
 Chemical Bonding

H H H H Example-78
O O Which one of the following does not have
H H intermolecular H-bonding -
O (A) H2O (B) o-Nitrophenol
H H (C) HF (D) All of these
H H Sol. Nitrophenol has intramolecular H bonding as shown
O O
below
O=N O
Example-74 H
O
C2H2 is not soluble in H2O but it is highly soluble in
Hence (2)
acetone.

Sol. Example-79
Arrange in incresing order of their boiling point-
In hybridisation as %S character in creases,
HF, HCl, HBr, HI
electronegativity increases hence C2H2 forms H–bonds
with O–atom of acetone and get dissolved. But H2O Which order is correct –
molecules are so much associated that it is not possible (A)HCl < HBr < HI < HF (B)HCl > HBr > HI > HF
for C2H2 molecules to break that association, hence (C)HCl < HBr > HI < HF (D) None
C2H2 is not soluble in H2O.
Sol. (A) HCl < HBr < HI < HF
Example-75 due to strong hydrogen bonding in HF
Why SnCl2.2H2O readily loses one molecule of water at
80ºC ? INTERMOLECULAR FORCES :
Sol. One water molecule is coordinated to lone pair of Intermolecular attractions hold two or more molecules
electrons on SnCl2 and the other is hydrogen bonded together. These are weakest chemical forces and can
to coordinated water molecules .
be of following types.
(a) Ion-dipole attraction :
Example-76 (b) Dipole-dipole attraction :
Why crystalline sodium peroxide is highly hygroscopic (c) Ion-induced dipole attraction :
in nature.
(d) Dipole-induced dipole attraction :
Sol. Na2O2 forms stable hydrates on account of H-bonding.
(e) Instantaneous dipole- induced dipole attraction :
- - - O22- - - - (H2O)8 - - - O22- - - - (H2O)8 - - -
(Dispersion force or London forces)
strength of weak forces a > b > c > d > e
Example-77
Explain that tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide is a forces (c), (d) and (e) are collectively known as Vander
stronger base than that of trimethyl ammonium Waal’s forces.
hydroxide. (a) Ion-dipole attraction :
+ Exists between an ion and a polar molecule. Its strength
CH 3 é CH3 ù
| + -
ê | ú – depends on (i) size of ion (ii) charge on the ion
CH 3 - N ® H××× O - H êCH3 - N ® CH3 ú O H (iii) dipole moment of the polar molecule. It is thought
Sol. ê | ú
|
ê CH3 ú to be directional. Ion -dipole forces are important in
CH3 ë û
solutions of ionic compounds in polar solvents where
solvated species such as Na(OH2)x+ and F(H2O)y– (for
In the trimethyl compound the O–H group is hydrogen
bonded to Me3NH group and this makes it more difficult solution of NaF in H2O) are found. Hence this force is
for the OH group to ionize and hence it is a weak base. responsible for hydration.
In the tetramethyl compound, hydrogen bonding can d+
not occur, so the OH– group ionizes easily and thus it is + d–
H
a much stronger base. Na O d+
H

2-41
Chemical Bonding

(b) Dipole-Dipole attraction :

This is electrostatic attraction between the oppositively
SOLVED EXAMPLE
charged ends of permanent dipoles. Exists between
Example-80
polar molecules and due to this force gas can be
Give the order of boiling point of following Cl2 , HCl
liquefied. Sol. Cl2 – Cl2 < HCl – HCl (boiling point)
d d d
dispersion force dipole-dipole attraction
+ – +

H Cl H Cl–
As dipole-dipole attraction is stronger than dispersion
force.

Example-81
Head to tail arrangement of dipoles
In terms of polar character, which of the following order
is correct ?
(A) NH3 < H2O < HF < H2S
(B) H2S < NH3 < H2O < HF
(C) H2O < NH3 < H2S < HF
(D) HF < H2O < NH3 < H2S
Antiparallel arrangement of dipoles Sol. (B) Polar character µ DE. N
(c) Ion-induced dipole attraction :
Exists between ion and non-polar molecules (e.g., an Example-82
atom of a noble gas such as Xenon). Arrange the inert gases, according to their increasing
(d) Dipole-induced dipole attraction : order of boiling points
Sol. He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe (boiling point)
Exists between polar and non-polar molecules.
Because strength of van der Waal’s force increases
d+ d–
H Cl (polar) down the group with increase in molecular mass / atomic
ddd
+
ddd
– mass.
Cl Cl (non-polar)
(e) Instantaneous dipole- induced dipole attraction POINTS TO REMEMBER
Exists among the non-polar molecules like H2, O2, Cl2 (a) Bond energy of a diatomic molecule is enthalpy
etc. in solid or liquid states. Even in atoms in molecules change to dissociate one mole of the diatomic
which have no permanent dipole, instantaneous dipoles gaseous molecule to form the respective gaseous
will arise as a result of momentary imbalances in electron atoms.
distribution. (b) Strong metallic bonding is favoured by smaller size
London forces are extremely short range in action and of kernel.
the weakest of all attractive forces. The London forces (c) Band theory is related with metallic nature
increase rapidly with molecular weight, or more properly, (d) The resonance structure do not have independent
with the molecular volume and the number of polarizable existence.
electrons. (e) The hydration of ionic compounds involve
evolution of heat, weakening of attractive forces
and dissociation into ions
(f) Many ionic crystals dissolve in water because water
decreases the interionic attraction in the crystal
lattice due to solvation.
(g) Hydrogen bond stabilizes the secondary structure
of proteins.
(h) Isoelectronic molecular species have similar
molecular orbitals and similar structure according
to isoelectric principle
(i) The amount of energy required to break one mole
of the bond and separate the bonded atoms in the
gaseous state is known as bond dissociation
Figure-24 energy
dddd
–
dddd
+
dddd
–
dddd
+ (j) The average angle between the bonded orbitals is
e.g., Cl Cl Cl Cl known as bond angle q.
Note (k) Bond length may be defined as the average distance
between the centres of nuclei of two bonded atoms.
Fluoro carbon have usually low boiling points
because tightly held electrons in the fluorine atoms (l) Polymorphism (Allotropy) is a term used when one
have a small polarizability. and the same substance can crystallise in more than
one forms.

2-42
 Chemical Bonding

(m) In SO2 there is pp - pp bonding as well as pp - dp (p) In the gas phase, SO3 is a planar triangular molecule
bonding due to overlap of filled pp orbitals of with sulphur atom in sp2 hybridization state
oxygen with the vacant 3d orbitals of sulphur. O

(n) H2SO3 exists in two forms which are always in S

equilibrium with one another 120º
O O
..
S
In order to account for the equivalency of all the
..
:O
..
O:
S – O bonds and short S – O distance of 143 pm,
:O: (Symmetrical sulphurous acid) SO3 may be considered as a resonance hybrid
H H involving pp-pp
H S–O bonding along with additional pp-pp
(q) In the solid phase, SO3 polymerizes to puckered
S rings or the more stable layer structure as shown.
.. ..
:O O O O O
.O. (Unsymmetrical sulphurous acid)
:O:
S S S S
H O O O O O
O O O O O
S S
(o) The anion of H2SO3 i.e. SO32– has a pyramidal
O O O O
structure with S atom in sp3 hybridization and all O O

the S – O bonds are of equal bond length (134 pm) Ring Structure Layer Structure

Compound Structure Electron dot/Cross formula

–
×
1. Sodium Sulphide (Na2S) (Na +) S – – Na + S Na +
×

2. Calcium Hydride (CaH 2) Ca++(H–) H –× Ca++ H×–

3. Hydrogen Peroxide (H 2O 2) H–O–O–H H× O O ×H

H H
×
4. Phosphene (PH 3) H–P–H H ×P × H
××

5. Carbon monooxide(CO) C O ×C ×
× O

6. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) O C O O ×× C ×× O

7. Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN) H C N H ×° C ××× N

–
8. Potassium Isocyanide (KNC) K+ –N C K+ ×° N ×××× C

–
9. Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Na + –O H Na+ × O× H

10. Nitrous oxide (N 2O) O ×××

N N ×
×N×
×× N ×
× O

×× ××
11. Nitric oxide (NO or N 2O2) O N N O O ×× N ×× N ×× O

O O
12. Dinitrogen trioxide (N 2O3) ×× ××
O N N O O ×× N ×× N ×× O

O O O O
×× ××
13. Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N 2O4) O N N O O ×× N ×× N ×× O

O O O O
14. Nitrogen Pentoxide (N 2O 5) ×× ××
O N O N O O ×× N × O × N ×× O

××
15. Nitrous acid (HNO 2) H O N O H ° O × N ×× O

O O
××
16. Nitric acid (HNO3) H O N O H ° O × N ×× O

2-43
Chemical Bonding

Compound Structure Electron dot/Cross formula

–
O O
17. Nitrate Ion (NO 3–) O N O–
××
O ×× N × O °

H + H +
× °° –
18. Ammonium Chloride (NH 4Cl) H N H Cl– H× N H ×°Cl×°
× °°
H H

––
O O
××
19. Carbonate Ion (CO 3– – ) –
O C O– °O
× C × O°

××
20. Sulphur di-oxide (SO2) O S O O ×× S ×× O

O O
××
21. Sulphur Trioxide (SO 3) O S O O ×× S ×× O

––
O O
××
22. Sulphite Ion (SO 3– – ) –
O S O– °O × S × O°
××

––
O O
××
23. Sulphate Ion (SO4– – ) –
O S O– °O × S × O°
××
O O

––
××
S ×S ×
× ×
××
24. Thiosulphate Ion (S2O3– – ) –
O S O–
°O × S × O°
××
O
O

2-44
 Chemical Bonding

Compound Structure Electron dot/Cross formula

H H
°
O O
×
25. Phosphoric Acid (H 3PO4)
H O P O H H O× P × O H
××

O O

H H
°×
26. Phosphorous acid (H 3PO3) H O P O H H O× P × O H
××
O O

–3
°
O– O
×
27. Phosphate Ion (PO 4– – –) –
O P O– °O × P × ° O
××
O O

–
–
O O
××
+
28. Potassium Permagnate (KMnO 4) K O Mn O ° O × Mn ×
×O
××
O O

Compound Structure

29. Carbon disulphide (CS 2 ) S C S

30. Nitronium Ion (NO2+) O

+
N O

31. Nitrite Ion (NO2–) O N O–

+
+ H O H
32. Hydronium Ion (H 3O )
H

Cl
33. Sulphuryl chloride (SO2Cl2) O S O
Cl

2-45
Chemical Bonding

Compound Structure

–
O
34. Potassium chlorate (KClO 3)
K+ O Cl O

–
O
35. Potassium perchlorate (KClO 4) K+ O Cl O
O

–2
O O
36. Potassium dichromate (K 2Cr2O7) (K+) O Cr O Cr O
O O

–3
–3
N C –– +++
–
–
C N
37. Ferricyanide Ion [Fe(CN) 6] N C Fe C N
N C– –
C N

–4
N C– –
C N
38. Ferocyanide Ion [Fe(CN) 6]–4 N C– Fe++ –
C N
N C– –
C N

Cl Cl Cl
39. Aluminium chloride (Al 2Cl6) Al Al
Cl Cl Cl

O O
40. Pyrophosphoric acid (H 4P 2O7) H O P O P O H
O O
H H
O

41. Meatphosphoric acid (HPO3) H O P O

42. Peroxodisulphuric acid (H 2S2O 8) O O

H O S O O S O H
(marshal Acid) O O

2-46
 Chemical Bonding

Compound Formula Structure

O
43. Sulphurous acid H2SO3 H O S O H

44. Persulphuric acid H2SO5 H O S O O H

Peroxo monosulphuric acid O

(caro’s acid)

S
45. Thiosulphuric acid H2S2O 3 H O S O H

46. Chlorous acid HClO2 ××

H O Cl O
××

×× O
47. Chloric acid HClO3 H O Cl
O

O
48. Perchloric acid HClO4 H O Cl O
O

O O
49. Perchloric anhydride Cl2O7 O Cl O Cl O
O O

O
50. Hypophosphorous acid H O P O
H3PO2
O

O
51. Chromic Pentoxide O O
Cr
CrO 5 O O

O
52. Chromyl Chloride CrO 2Cl2 Cl Cr Cl
O

2-47
Chemical Bonding

Compound Formula Structure

53. Carbon suboxide C 3O2 O C C C O

O Cl
54. Bleaching Powder CaOCl2 Ca
Cl

–2
C +2
C
55. Calcium carbide CaC2 Ca or Ca
C C

O3 O
56. Ozone O O

P
57. Ground state of phosphorous P4 P P
P

S S S
58. Ground state of sulphur S8 S S S
S S

59. Nitrosyl chloride (Tilden reagent) NOCl Cl N O

S
60. Sodium thiosulphate Na2S2O3 2Na+ –O S O–
O

SOLVED EXAMPLE

Example- 83
Classify the following bonds as ionic, polar covalent
or covalent and give your reasons :
(a) SiSi bond in Cl3SiSiCl3 (b) SiCl bond in Cl3SiSiCl3
(c) CaF bond in CaF2 (d) NH bond in NH3
Sol. (a) Covalent, due to identical electronegativity.
(b) Covalent, due to less electronegativity difference.
(c) Ionic, due to more electronegativity difference.
(d) Covalent, due to nearly similar electronegativity.
Example-84
(a) Which one has highest and lowest melting point
and why?
NaCl KCl RbCl CsCl
(b) Why melting points of cesium halide (CsX)
decrease in the order given below ?
CsF > CsCl > CsBr > CsI.
Sol. (a) NaCl will have highest lattice energy on account
of the smaller Na+ while CsCl has lowest lattice
energy on account of the larger Cs+. Hence NaCl
has highest melting point and CsCl has lowest
melting point .
(b) As size of anions increases their polarisability
increases thus their covalent character increases
and melting point decreases.

2-48
 Chemical Bonding

Example- 85 Example- 89
Which of the compounds MgCO3 and ZnCO3 is Which is incorrect statement ?
thermally more stable ? Explain. (A) In CF2 = C = CF2 molecule all the four fluorine
Sol. Mg+2 has less polarising power due to inert gas atoms are not in the same plane.
configuration while Zn+2 has higher polarising power (B) Ka2 of fumaric acid is more than Ka2 of maleic acid
due to pseudo inert gas configuration. A cation i.e. due to intra molecular hydrogen bonding in maleic
Zn2+ with a greater, polarising power exercise a strong acid.
pull on the electron cloud of the neighbouring O-atom
(C) The O – O bond length in O2[AsF4] is longer than
of the CO32– ion and as such the metal carbonate
KO2.
(ZnCO3) gets readily decomposed into CO2 and the
oxide of the metal, ZnO. Thus ZnCO3 is less stable than (D) The bond angle order in halogen – S – halogen is
MgCO3. OSF2 < OSCl2 < OSBr2
Ans. (C)
Example- 86
Why is anhydrous HCl predominantly covalent in the
gaseous state but is ionic in aqueous solution? Sol. (A)
Sol. It exists as HCl (bond formed by equal sharing of
electrons) but in aqueous solution ionises as H+ (or
As both carbon atoms are in different planes, all the
H3O+) and Cl– due to polarity of HCl.
four fluorine atoms are not in the same plane.
Example- 87 (B) maleic acid fumaric acid
Which type of hybridisation is found in H3O ? +

Sol. According to steric no. rule

O
Steric number = Number of bond pair(s) + number of O
lone pair(s) at central atom H C C H
–
C O O
–
C
So, steric number = 3 + 1 = 4. H
C C O H
O
H H C
C
Thus the hybridisation of oxygen in H3O+ is sp3. O
O
Example- 88
Which of the following will be strongest Lewis base ? Due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding the maleate
(A) CH3 CN ion gets stabilized and thus removal of second
(B) CH3 NH2 hydrogen becomes quite difficult.
(C) N2
(C) O2[AsF4] = O2+ B.O = 2.5
(D) None of these
KO2 = O2– B.O = 1.5
Sol. (B) In CH3 NH2, hybridisation of N is sp3 while in CH3
CN hybridisation of N is sp. N2 is also sp hybridised.
1
We know that in hybridisation, as s-character increases Bond length µ ; so O2+ has smaller bond
bond order
the electronegativity of atom also increases. Due to
this tendency the release of lone pair of electrons length than O2–
becomes some what difficult. In methyl amine the (D) Greater the size of the halogen atoms greater will
nitrogen is in sp3 hybridisation and therefore the be the steric repulsions and thus larger will be the
donation of the lone pair of electron will be quite easier; bond angles.
so it is strongest Lewis base.

2-49
Chemical Bonding

Example-90 Example-95
Why BeF2 has zero dipole moment whereas H2O has The dipole moment of KCl is 3.336 × 10–29 Coulomb
some dipole moment ? meter. The interionic distance in KCl is 2.6Å. Find the
Sol. BeF2 has linear molecule and H2O has bent molecule. % ionic character in KCl.
m=0
Sol. The theoretical dipole moment in KCl = e × d = 1.602 ×
10–19 × 2.6 × 10–10 = 4.1652 × 10–29 C meter

m¹0 experimental diple moment

% ionic character = × 100
theoretical dipole moment

= (3.336 × 10–29/4.1652 × 10–29) × 100

Example-91
Why crystals of hydrated calcium sulphate are soft Example-96
and easily cleaved where as anhydrous calcium sulphate
The gaseous potassium chloride molecule has a
are very hard and very difficult to cleave ?
measured dipole moment of 10.0 D, which indicates
Sol. With in the Ca2+ / SO42– layer the ions are held together that it is a very polar molecule. The separation between
by strong electrovalent bonds but these separated the nuclei in this molecule is 2.67 × 10–8 cm. Calculate
Ca2+/ SO42– layers are linked by relative weak H–bond. the percentage ionic character in KCl molecule.
The weak H-bonds link SO42– ion in the intermediate
region. Sol. Dipole moment of compound would have been
completely ionic
Example-92
Super oxides are coloured and paramagnetic. why ?
= (4.8 × 10–10 esu) (2.67 × 10–8 cm) = 12.8 D
Sol. Super oxides contain one unpaired electron in anti
bonding molecular orbital and are coloured due to 10.0
so % ionic character = × 100% = 78.125 % ~ 78%
transition of HOMO orbital electron within visible 12.8
region.
Example-97
Example-93
There will be three different fluorine-fluorine distances
Of the species O +2 , O2- , O2 and O 22- which would in molecule CF2 (C)2 CF2. Assuming ideal bond angles
have the maximum bond strength ? for a particular hybridisation (assume no distortion due
Sol. O2+ has higher bond order i.e. 2.5 than O2(2) and O2– to double bonds) find out the two smaller fluorine-
(1.5) and bond strength is directly proportional to bond fluorine distances and fill the result (in pm) in the
order. increasing order in your answer sheet. Round off your
answer to the nearest whole number.
Example-94
(Given that C–F bond length = 134 pm, C = C bond
A diatomic molecule has a dipole moment of 1.2 D. If its
bond distance is equal to 1.0Å then the fraction of an length = 134 pm 3 = 1.73)
electronic charge on each atom is :
(A) 25% (B) 37%
(C) 52% (D) 42%
Sol.
Ans. (A)
Sol. Assuming complete charge transfer then dipole moment
= (4.8 × 10–10 esu) (10–8 cm) = 4.8 D
d1 = 2 × 134 × sin 60° pm = 231.8 pm = 232 pm
1.2
so % ionic character = × 100 % = 25% d2 = 134 × 3 + 2 × 134 cos 60° pm = 536 pm
4.8

2-50
 Chemical Bonding

Example-98 Example-100
For an ionic compound AX3 (s) formed between a metal (SiH3)3N is a weaker base than (CH3)3N.
A and a non-metal X (outermost shell configuration of Sol. Lone pair of electrons on nitrogen in (SiH3)3N are used
in pp-dp back bonding while in (CH3)3N such a pp-dp
X = ns 2 np 5). Find the enthalpy of formation
bonding is not possible due to absence of vacant d-
(magnitude) of AX3(s) in k cal mol–1 with the help of orbitals in carbon. therefore (CH3)3N is more basic than
the following data. (Non-metal X is found to exist in (SiH3)3N .
nature as a diatomic gas)
Example-101
DHSublimation A(s) = 100 Kcal/mol
The dipole moment of NH3 is more than that of NF3
DHIE1 A(g) = 60 Kcal/mol Sol. The dipole moment of NH3 acts in the directions H ® N
and thus moment due to unshared pair of electron will
DHIE2 A (g) = 150 Kcal/mol naturally increase the moment of the NH3 molecule
while in the case of NF3,the dipole moment acts in the
DHIE3 A(g) = 280 Kcal/mol direction N ® F and thus unshared electron pair will
partially neutralize the dipole moment, causin ga lower
DHdiss X2(g) = 80 Kcal/mol moment of NF3 relative of NH3
DHe.g X(g) = – 110 Kcal/mol
2 Total 2 Total
.. ..
N I I N I
DHLattice energy A X3(s) = – 470 Kcal/mol I
H I H F I F
H F

Sol.
Example-102
o-Hydroxy benzaldehyde is a liquid at room
temperature while p-hydroxy benzaldehye is a high
melting solid
Sol. o-Hydroxy benzaldehyde show intramolecular H-
bonding or chelation, which are weaker
th an intermolecular H-bonding in p-hydroxy
benzaldehyde.

3 O–H
DHf = DHsub + DHI.E1 + DHI.E2 + DHI.E3 + DHdiss + C=O O–H O CHO
2
H OHC H
3 DHe.g + DHL.E

3 Example-103
= 100 + 60 + 150 + 280 + × 80 – 3 × 110 – 470 = 100 +
2 The central carbon-carbon bond in 1,3-butadiene is
60 + 150 + 280 + 120 – 330 – 470 shorter than of n-butane
Sol. Buta-1, 3-diene, i.e. CH2=CH–CH=CH2 has sp2–sp2 (C–
= – 90 Kcal/mol
C) bond, more is s-character in hybridisation lesser is
bond length.
Example-99
CO forms weak bonds to Lewis acid such as BF3. In Example-104
contrast CO forms strong bonds to transition metals. Using VSEPR theory, draw the shape of PCl 5 and BrF5.
Why explain ?
.Lone
. pair
Sol. CO ¬¾¾
s BF3 Cl Cl F F

Transition metal CO Br
Cl P
Sol.
This is called synergic interaction and because of it the
F F
bond between CO and transition metal is stronger. Cl Cl
F

2-51
Chemical Bonding

Example-105 Example-109
Indicate the type of hybridization of each carbon atom The electronegativity of O,F,N, Cl and H are 3.5, 4.0, 3.0
in the following compounds and 2.1 respectively. The strongest bond will be:
(A) CH3CN (B) CH3CH = CH2 (A) F – O (B) O – Cl
(C) H3C–CºC–CH3 (D) HCºC–CH=CH2 (C) N – H (D) O – H
Sol. (A) sp3 and sp (B) sp3, sp2, sp2 Sol. (D)
(C) sp , sp, sp, sp
3 3
(D) sp, sp, sp2, sp2 Bond strength µ difference in electronegativity of atoms

Example-106 Example-110
Among the following compounds/species write the The ratio of s to p bonds in mesitylene is
increasing O–O bond length order in O2, O2[AsF4], K[O2] (A) 3 (B) 7
Sol. O2 (C) 5 (D) 6
O2 [AsF4] or O2+[AsF4]¯ H
K[O2] or K+ O2– H–C–H
The bond length decreases with increasing bond order
H H
Species O2 O2+ O2– Sol. (D)
Bond order 2.0 2.5 1.5 C C
H H
Bond length O2+ < O2 < O2– H H
Total number of s-bonds = 18
Example-107 Total number of p-bonds = 3
Two elements X and Y have following electronic
Example-111
configuration-
In which solvent NaCl has maximum solubility?
X = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 ; 3s2, 3p6 ; 4s2 (A) H2O (B) C2H5OH
Y = 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 ; 3s2, 3p5 (C) CH3COCH3 (D) C2H5OC2H5
The expected compound formed by combination of X Sol. (A)
NaCl is an ionic compound solubility of an ionic
and Y will be expressed as-
compound depends on the value of dielectric constant
(A) XY2 (B) X5Y2 of the solvent. Higher the value of dielectric constant
(C) X2Y5 (D) XY5 of the solvent more is the solubility of the ionic
Sol. (A)Valency of element X is 2(2 electrons in the outermost compound.
shell) while that of element Y is 1(1 electron required in Solvent H2O C2H5OH CH3COCH3 C2H5OC2H5
Dielectric
the outermost shell to complete octet) So the formula constant– 80 27 21 4.1
of the compound between X and Y is XY2-
1 Example-112
2
X Y Which has maximum covalent character ?
X Y2 (A) NaCl (B) SiCl4
(C) AlCl3 (D) MgCl2
Example-108 Sol. (B) Polarisation in the molecule increases with increase
An atom of element A has three electrons in its outer of charge.
shell and B has six electrons in its outermost shell. The
Example-113
formula of the compound formed between these will
The dipole moment of HBr is 2.6 × 10–30 cm and the
be- interatomic spacing is 1.41 Å. The
(A) A6B6 (B) A2B3 percentage of ionic character in HBr is-
(C) A3B2 (D) A2B (A) 10.5 (B) 11.5
Sol. (B) In this case the valence electron in the atom A is (C) 12.5 (D) 13.5
three and hence its valency is generally 3. In B atom Sol. (B) % ionic character =
the number of valence electron is six. Hence its valency Observed dipole moment
is usually 2. Hence the formula of the molecule formed Theoretical dipole moment × 100
Theoretical dipole moment of a 100% ionic character
from A and B could be A2B3. An example of two such
= e × d = (1.6 ×10–19C) × (1.41 × 10–10m) = 2.256 × 10–29 cm
elements are Al and O and the formula of Aluminium
2.6 ´1030
oxide is Al2O3. % ionic character = × 100 Þ 11.5
2.25 ´10-29

2-52
 Chemical Bonding

Sol. (B) AgI has maximum covalent character [Q I¯ is a

Example-114 large anion], while AgF has minimum covalent character,
Which of the following hydrocarbons has the lowest
Therefore, it has more solubility
dipole moment?
CH 3 C2H5 Example-120
(A) C=C (B) CH3C º CH3
H CH3 Where native bond is not involved :
(C) CH3CH2C º C (C) CH2=CH–CºCH (A) Protonation of ether
Sol. (B) Symmetrical with linear structure will have zero
(B) dissolution of HCl in water
dipole moment
(C) Dimerisation of benzoic acid
Example-115 (D) Formation of Be2Cl4
CO2 is isostructural with Sol. (C) Dimerisation of benzoic acid involves
(A) HgCl2 (B) SnCl2 intermolecular H-bonding.
(C) C2H2 (D) NO2 O H O
Sol. (A,C) The structure of CO2 is linear O=C=O, similarly C6H 5–C C–C6H5
the structures of HgCl2 (Cl–Hg–Cl) and C2H2 (HCºC– O H O
H) are linear. SnCl 2 and NO2 have angular structures.
Example-121
Example-116 The atomic number of Sn is 50. The shape of gaseous
Identify the correct sequence of increasing number of SnCl2 molecule is :
p-bonds in the structures of the following molecules :
(I) H2S2O6 (II) H2SO3 (III) H2S2O5
(A) I, II, III (B) II, III, I (A) Cl–Sn–Cl (B) Sn
(C) II, I, III (D) I, III, II Cl Cl
OO
Cl
Sol. (B) H2S2O6 HO–S–S–OH 4p-bonds
Sn Sn
OO (C) (D)
O Cl Cl Cl
H2SO3 HO–S 1p-bonds 5s 5p
Sol. (D) Sn[Z = 50], [Kr] ­¯ ­
OH ­
OO 5p
H2S2O5 HO–S–S–OH 3p-bonds sp2 – hybridisation :
­¯ ­¯ ­¯
O
Example-122
Example-117
In which case hydrogen bond will not be observed?
Enol form of acetone contains the following:
(A) 9s–bond, 1 p-bond and two lone pair of electrons (A) H 3O -2 (B) H2O
(B) 8s–bond, 2 p-bond and two lone pair of electrons
(C) H 5 O +2 (D) H3O+
(C) 10s–bond, 1 p-bond and one lone pair of electrons
(D) 9s–bond, 2 p-bond and one lone pair of electrons Sol. (D)
Sol. (A) Enol form of acetone is Q
O–H××××O–H H H
CH2=C–CH3 (A) (B)
[9 s and 1 p bond and 2lp] H O–H××××O–H
:OH
..

Example-118 H 3O -2 species H bonding in H2O

The decreasing order of solubility of silver halide is
+ +
(A) AgI > AgBr > AgCl > AgF H H H
(C) H O××××H–O H (D) H O®H
(B) AgF > AgCl > AgBr > AgI
(C) AgCl > AgF > AgBr > AgI
H 5 O +2 (H-bonding) H3O+(no H-bonding)
(D) AgBr > AgF > AgI > AgCl

2-53
Chemical Bonding

EXERCISES-I

Introduction, Valency ·· ··

Q.1 The octet rule is not obeyed in - N N N

Q.11 ·· ··

(1) CO2 (2) BCl3 (I) (II) (III)

(3) PCl5 (4) Both (2) and (3) Calculate the formal charge of each I, II and III nitrogen
atom respectively
Q.2 Weakest bond is (1) +1, –1, 0 (2) –1, –1, +1
(1) ionic bond (2) covalent bond (3) –1, +1, –1 (4) 0, –1, –1
(3) coordinate bond (4) hydrogen bond
Q.12 According to Lewis structure the number of lone pair
& bond pair of electrons in SO42– ion.
Q.3 The valency of sulphur in sulphuric acid is
(1) 12, 6 (2) 12, 4
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 10, 8 (4) 8, 8
(3) 6 (4) 8
Q.13 Which of the following substances has giant covalent
Q.4 The number of electrons involved in the bond formation structure
of N 2 molecule (1) Iodine crystal (2) Solid CO 2
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) Silica (4) White phosphorus
(3) 6 (4) 10
Q.14 With which of the given pairs CO2 resembles
Q.5 The electronic configuration of four elements are given (1) HgCl2, C2H2 (2) HgCl2, SnCl4
in brackets (3) C2H2, NO2 (4) N2O and NO2

( ) (
L 1s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p1 ; M 1s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 5 ) Q.15 Which condition favours the bond formation:
Q (1 s , 2 s ) ( )
2 2 (1) Maximum attraction and maximum potential energy
2 p 6 , 3 s1 ; R 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 2
(2) Minimum attraction and minimum potential energy
The element that would most readily form a diatomic (3) Minimum potential energy and maximum attraction
molecule is (4) None of the above
(1) Q (2) M
(3) R (4) L Q.16 Electrovalent compounds or ionic compounds do not
show stereoisomerism. The reason is:
Q.6 Which follows octet rule - (1) Presence of ions
(1) FeCl2 (2) AgCl (2) Strong electro static force of attraction
(3) CaCl2 (4) CuCl (3) Brittleness
(4) Non-directional nature of ionic bond
Q.7 The compound completing its octet by transfer of
Q.17 Which of the following is not a characteristic of a
electrons is
covalent compound:
(1) MgO (2) H2S
(1) It has low melting point and boiling point
(3) PH3 (4) CCl4
(2) It is formed between two atoms having very small
electronegativity difference
Q.8 In covalency (3) They have no definite geometry
(1) Electrons are transferred (4) They are generally insoluble in water
(2) Electrons are equally shared
(3) The electron of one atom are shared between two Q.18 The electron pair which forms a bond between two
atoms similar non-metallic atoms will be
(4) None of the above (1) Dissimilar shared between the two
(2) By complete transfer from one atom to other
Q.9 Which compound is highest covalent (3) In a similar spin condition
(1) LiCl (2) LiF (4) Equally shared in between the two
(3) LiBr (4) LiI
Q.19 For the formation of covalent bond, the difference in
the value of electronegativities should be
Q.10 The nature of bonding in graphite is (1) Equal to or less than 1.7 (2) More than 1.7
(1) Covalent (2) Ionic (3) 1.7 or more (4) None of these
(3) Metallic (4) Coordinate

2-54
 Chemical Bonding

Q.20 Which type of bond is formed between similar atoms Q.30 Which species has the maximum number of lone pair of
(1) Ionic (2) Covalent electrons on the central atom?
(3) Coordinate (4) Metallic (1) [ClO3]- (2) XeF4
(3) SF4 (4) [I3]-
Q.21 In Co-ordinate bond, the acceptor atoms must
essentially contain in its valency shell an orbital: Q.31 A simple example of a coordinate covalent bond is
(1) With paired electron exhibited by
(2) With single electron (1) C 2 H 2 (2) H 2 SO 4
(3) With no electron
(4) With three electron (3) NH 3 (4) HCl

Q.22 The octet rule is not obeyed in : Q.32 The bond that exists between NH 3 and BF3 is called
(1) CO2 (2) CH4
(1) Electrovalent (2) Covalent
(3) PCl5 (4) SiF4
(3) Coordinate (4) Hydrogen
Q.23 The maximum covalency is equal to
Q.33 Which of the following does not have a coordinate
(1) the number of unpaired p-electrons
bond
(2) the number of paired d-electrons
(3) the number of unpaired s and p-electrons (1) SO 2 (2) HNO 3
(4) total number of unpaired electron in ground state or (3) H 2 SO 3 (4) HNO 2
in excited state
Q.34 Coordinate covalent compounds are formed by
Q.24 Four elements A (with one valence electron), B (with
(1) Transfer of electrons
three valence electrons), C (with five valence electrons)
(2) Sharing of electrons
and D (with seven valence electrons) are lying in the
(3) Donation of electrons
second period in periodic table which of the following
(4) None of these process
is/are diatomic at room temperature :
(1) Only C2 (2) Only A2
(3) C2 and D2 (4) Only B2 Q.35 In the coordinate valency
(1) Electrons are equally shared by the atoms
Q.25 Beryllium and aluminium exhibit many properties which (2) Electrons of one atom are shared with two atoms
are similar. But, the two elements differ in : (3) Hydrogen bond is formed
(1) Forming covalent halides (4) None of the above
(2) Forming polymeric hydrides
(3) Exhibiting maximum covalency in compound Q.36 Which of the following contains a coordinate covalent
(4) Exhibiting amphoteric nature in their oxides bond
(1) N 2 O 5 (2) BaCl 2
Q.26 Covalent compounds are generally ...... in water
(3) HCl (4) H 2 O
(1) Soluble (2) Insoluble
(3) Dissociated (4) Hydrolysed
Q.37 A coordinate bond is formed when an atom in a molecule
Q.27 Which one is the electron deficient compound has
(1) Electric charge on it
(1) ICl (2) NH 3
(2) All its valency electrons shared
(3) BCl 3 (4) PCl 3 (3) A single unshared electron
(4) One or more unshared electron pair
Q.28 Which among the following elements has the tendency
to form covalent compounds Q.38 Which has a coordinate bond
(1) Ba (2) Be
(1) SO 32 - (2) CH 4
(3) Mg (4) Ca
(3) CO 2 (4) NH 3
Q.29 Silicon has 4 electrons in the outermost orbit. In forming
the bonds Q.39 The compound containing co-ordinate bond is
(1) It gains electrons (2) It loses electrons (1) O 3 (2) SO 3
(3) It shares electrons (4) None of these
(3) H 2 SO 4 (4) All of these

2-55
Chemical Bonding

Q.40 The number of dative bonds in sulphuric acid molecules Q.48 Which type of overlapping results the formation of a
is p bond
(1) 0 (2) 1 (1) Axial overlapping of s - s orbitals
(3) 2 (4) 4 (2) Lateral overlapping of p - p orbitals
(3) Axial overlapping of p - p orbitals
Q.41 Which of the following compounds has coordinate (4) Axial overlapping of s - p orbitals
(dative) bond
(1) CH 3 NC (2) CH 3 OH Q.49 The pair of compounds which can form a co-ordinate
bond is:
(3) CH 3 Cl (4) NH 3
(1) (C2H5)3 B and (CH3)3N (2) HCl and HBr
(3) BF3 and NH3 (4) (1) and (3) both
Q.42 The structure of orthophosphoric acid is
Q.50 A sigma bond is formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals
O
H of atoms A and B. If the bond is formed along the x-axis,
­ |
(1) H - O - P - O - H (2) O ¬ P| - O - H which of the following overlaps is acceptable ?
| (1) s orbital of A and pz orbital of B
O O
| |
(2) px orbital of A and py orbital of B
H H (3) pz orbital of A and px orbital of B
(4) px orbital of A and s orbital of B
O
H
| ­ Q.51 The strength of bonds by 2s – 2s, 2p – 2p and 2p – 2s
(3) O ¬ P - O - H (4) H - O - P = O overlapping has the order:
|
H
(1) s – s > p – p > s – p
(2) s – s > p – s > p – p
(3) p – p > s – p > s – s
Q.43 What is the nature of the bond between B and O in (4) p – p > s – s > p – s
(C 2 H 5 ) 2 OBH 3
(1) Covalent (2) Co-ordinate covalent Q.52 A s-bond is formed by two p x orbitals each containing
(3) Ionic bond (4) Banana shaped bond
one unpaired electron when they approach each other
along :
Q.44 Sulphuric acid provides a example of
(1) x - axis (2) y - axis
(1) Co-ordinate bonds (3) z - axis (4) any direction
(2) Non-covalent compound
(3) Covalent and co-ordinate bond Q.53 The number and type of bonds between two carbon
(4) Non-covalent ion atoms in calcium carbide are
(1) One sigma, one pi (2) One sigma, two pi
VBT (overlapping and Hybridization) (3) Two sigma, one pi (4) Two singma, two pi
Q.45 Correct statement regarding this reaction
BF3 + NH3 ¾® [F3B ¬ NH3] Q.54 In a double bond connecting two atoms, there is a
(1) Hybridisation of N is changed sharing of
(2) Hybridisation of B is changed (1) 2 electrons (2) 1 electron
(3) NH3 act as a lewis base (3) 4 electrons (4) All electrons
(4) (2) & (3) both
Q.55 Strongest bond is
Q.46 Triple bond in ethyne is formed from (1) C - C
(1) Three sigma bonds (2) C = C
(2) Three pi bonds (3) C º C
(3) One sigma and two pi bonds (4) All are equally strong p
(4) Two sigma and one pi bond
Q.56 bond is formed
Q.47 The bond in the formation of fluorine molecule will be (1) By overlapping of atomic orbitals on the axis of
(1) Due to s - s overlapping nuclei
(2) Due to s - p overlapping (2) By mutual sharing of pi electron
(3) Due to p - p overlapping (3) By sidewise overlapping of half filled p-orbitals
(4) Due to hybridization (4) By overlapping of s-orbitals with p-orbitals

2-56
 Chemical Bonding

Q.57 The double bond between the two carbon atoms in Q.66 Strongest bond formed, when atomic orbitals
ethylene consists of (1) Maximum overlap
(1) Two sigma bonds at right angles to each other (2) Minimum overlap
(2) One sigma bond and one pi bond (3) Overlapping not done
(3) Two pi bonds at right angles to each other (4) None of them
(4) Two pi bonds at an angle of 60 o to each other
Q.67 The p - p orbital overlapping is present in the
following molecule
Q.58 In the series ethane, ethylene and acetylene, the C - H (1) Hydrogen (2) Hydrogen bromide
bond energy is (3) Hydrogen chloride (4) Chlorine
(1) The same in all the three compounds
(2) Greatest in ethane Q.68 Which molecule is not linear
(3) Greatest in ethylene (1) BeF2 (2) BeH 2
(4) Greatest in acetylene
(3) CO 2 (4) H 2 O
Q.59 Which is not characteristic of p-bond:
Q.69 The bond angle in water molecule is nearly or Directed
(1) p-bond is formed when a sigma bond already formed
bonds in water forms an angle of
(2) p-bond are formed from hybrid orbitals
(3) p- bond may be formed by the overlapping of (1) 120 o (2) 180 o
p-orbitals (3) 109 o 28 ' (4) 104 o 30 '
(4) p- bond results from lateral overlap of atomic orbital
Q.70 Cyanogen, (CN ) 2 , has a ____ shape/structure :
Q.60 Number of s and p bonds present in
(1) Linear (2) Zig-zag
CH3 — CH == CH — C ºº CH are: (3) V-shape (4) Cyclic
(1) 10s, 3p (2) 10s, 2p
(3) 9s, 2p (4) 8s, 3p Q.71 The d-orbitals involved in sp3d hybridisation in trigonal
bipyramidal geometry :
Q.61 The correct order of bond length is (1) dx 2 - y 2 (2) d z2
(1) C – C < C = C < C º C
(2) Cº C < C = C < C – C (3) d xy (4) d xz
(3) C = C < C º C < C – C
(4) C = C < C – C < C º C Q.72 A sp3 hybrid orbital contains:
3 1
Q.62 In a sigma bond (1) s–character (2) p–character
(1) Sidewise as well as end to end overlap of orbitals 4 4
take place 3 1
(2) Sidewise overlap of orbitals takes place (3) p–character (4) s – character
4 2
(3) End to end overlap of orbitals takes place
(4) None of the above Q.73 Which of the set of species have same hybridisation
state but different shapes:
Q.63 The number of sigma and pi bonds in 1-butene-3-yne
(1) NO 2+ , NO 2 , NO 2- (2) CIO4- , SF4 , XeF4
are
(1) 5 sigma and 5 pi (2) 7 sigma and 3 pi (3) NH 4+ , H3 O + , OF2 (4) SO-42 , PO-43 , ClO-4
(3) 8 sigma and 2 pi (4) 6 sigma and 4 pi
Q.74 Among the following compounds the one that is planar
Q.64 The most acidic compound among the following is and has the central atom with sp2 hybridisation is:
(1) CH 3 CH 2 OH (2) C 6 H 5 OH (1) NH4+ (2) SiF4
(3) BF3 (4) ClO4–
(3) CH 3 COOH (4) CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH
Q.75 In an octahedral structure, the pair of d orbitals involved
Q.65 Which of the following is not correct in d2sp3 hybridization is :
(1) A sigma bond is weaker than p bond
(2) A sigma bond is stronger than p bond (1) dxy, dyz (2) d x 2 - y 2 , d z 2
(3) A double bond is stronger than a single bond
(4) A double bond is shorter than a single bond (3) d xz , d x 2 - y 2 (4) d z 2 , d xz

2-57
Chemical Bonding

Q.76 In a change from PCl3 ®PCl5, The hybrid state of P Q.86 Molecular shapes of SF4, CF4 and XeF4 are:
change from: (1) the same, with 2, 0 and 1 lone pair of electrons
(1) sp2 to sp3 (2) sp3 to sp2 respectively
3 3
(3) sp to sp d (4) sp3 to dsp2 (2) the same, with 1, 1 and 1 lone pair of electrons
respectively
(3) different with 0, 1 and 2 lone pair of electrons
Q.77 The central atom in a molecule is in sp 2 hybrid state.
respectively
The shape of molecule will be (4) different with 1, 0 and 2 lone pair of electrons
(1) Pyramidal (2) Tetrahedral respectively
(3) Octahedral (4) Trigonal planar
Q.87 Compound formed by sp 3 d hybridization will have
Q.78 Which molecule is linear
structure
(1) NO 2 (2) ClO 2 (1) Planar (2) Pyramidal
(3) CO 2 (4) H 2 S (3) Angular (4) Trigonal bipyramidal

Q.79 Which of the following molecules has trigonal planer Q.88 Which of the following formula does not correctly
represent the bonding capacity of the atom involved
geometry
(1) IF3 (2) PCl 3 é H ù
ê | ú
(3) NH 3 (4) BF3 êH - P - H ú F F
(1) ê | ú (2)
O
êë H úû
Q.80 A sp 3 hybridized orbital contains
O O
1 1
(1) s - character (2) s - character (3) O ¬ N (4) H - C = C
4 2 O-H O-H
2 3
(3) s - character (4) s - character
3 4 Q.89 Which of the following statement is not correct
(1) Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals prior
Q.81 Structure of ammonia is to their combining into molecular orbitals
(1) Trigonal (2) Tetrahedral (2) sp 2 hybrid orbitals are formed from two p atomic
(3) Pyramidal (4) Trigonal pyramidal orbitals and one s atomic orbital
(3) d 2 sp 3 hybrid orbitals are directed towards the
Q.82 The bond angle in ethylene is
corners of a regular octahedron
o
(1) 180 o (2) 120 (4) dsp 3 hybrid orbitals are all at 90 o to one another
o o
(3) 109 (4) 90
Q.90 The mode of hybridisation of carbon in CO 2 is
Q.83 Which of the following statement is not correct - (1) sp (2) sp2
(1) CH3+ shows sp2-hybridisation whereas CH3– shows (3) sp3
(4) None of these
sp3-hybridisation
(2) NH4+ has a regular tetrahedral geometry Q.91 Which of the following molecules has a square
(3) sp2-hybridised orbitals have equal s and p character pyramidal structure :
(4) Hybridisation orbitals always form s-bonds (1) XeO2F2 (2) XeOF2
(3) XeO3F2 (4) XeOF4
Q.84 Amongst NH3, BeCl2, CO2 and H2O, the non-linear
molecules are : Q.92 Which of the following hybridizations involves dxy
(1) BeCl2 and H2O (2) BeCl2 and CO2 orbitals :
(3) NH3 and H2O (4) NH3 and CO2 (1) sp3d (2) sp3d2
(3) dsp2 (4) sp3d3
Q.85 The cationic part of solid Cl 2O 6 is having the
___________shape. Q.93 The ratio between s bond and p bond in tetracyano
(1) linear (2) angular ethylene :
(3) Tetrahedron (4) undefined (1) 2 : 1 (2) 1 : 1
(3) 1 : 2 (4) None of these

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.94 Choose the molecules in which same hybridisation VSEPR Theory, Bond Angle, Bond Length, Bond Energy
occurs in the ground state: Q.101 Which of the following is true ?
(i) BCl3 (ii) NH3 1
(iii) PCl3 (iv) BeF2 (1) Bond order µ µ bond energy
bond length
The correct answer is:
(1) i, ii, iv (2) i, ii, iii 1
(2) Bond order µ bond length µ
(3) ii, iii (4) iii, iv bond energy
1 1
Q.95 In which of the following the central atom does not use (3) Bond order µ µ
bond length bond energy
sp 3 hybrid orbitals in its bonding
(4) Bond order µ bond length µ bond energy
(1) BeF3– (2) OH3+
(3) NH2– (4) NF3
Q.102 Which one in the following is not the resonance
Q.96 XeF 2 involves hybridisation structure of CO 2
(1) sp3 (2) sp3d (1) O = C = O (2) - O - C º O +
(3) sp3d2 (4) None of these (3) + O º C - O - (4) O º C = O

Q.97 Which of the following hybridisation results in non- Q.103 Which of the following molecule contains one pair of
planar orbitals non-bonding electrons
(1) sp3 (2) dsp2 (1) CH 4 (2) NH 3
(3) sp2
(4) sp
(3) H 2 O (4) HF
Q.98 Which of the following statement is wrong:
(1) Hybridisation is the mixing of atomic orbitals prior Q.104 Resonance is due to
to their combining into molecular orbitals (1) Delocalization of sigma electrons
(2) sp2 hybrid orbital are formed from two p atomic (2) Delocalization of pi electrons
orbitals and one s atomic orbital (3) Migration of H atoms
(3) dsp2 hybrid orbitals are all at 90° to one another (4) Migration of protons
(4) sp3 d2 hybrid orbitals are directed towards the
corners of a regular tetrahedron Q.105 Resonating structures have different
(1) Atomic arrangements
Q.99 Fluorine does not form any polyhalide as other (2) Electronic arrangements
halogens because: (3) Functional groups
(4) Alkyl groups
(1) It has maximum ionic character
(2) It has low F-F bond energy (38.5 kcl mol–1 )
Q.106 In the cyanide ion, the formal negative charge is on
(3) Of the absence of d-orbitals in the valence shell of
(1) C
fluorine
(2) N
(4) It brings about maximum coordination number in
(3) Both C and N
other elements
(4) Resonate between C and N
Q.100 Write the maximum number of atoms having same Q.107 The bond angle in H2O molecule is less than that of
hybridisation in 2, 5-di-N-chloridothioimino-3, NH3 molecule because:
4-diazonothiophene as shown below : (1) The hybridisation of O in H2O and N in NH3 is
N N different
(2) The atomic radii of N and O are different
C C
(3) There is one lone pair of electrons on O and two
C=C lone pairs of electrons on N
(4) There are two lone pairs of electrons on O and one
C C lone pairs of electrons on N
N S N
Q.108 The bond angles of NH3, NH +4 and NH 2- are in the
S S
order:
Cl Cl (1) NH2– > NH3 > NH4+ (2) NH4+ > NH3 > NH2–
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) NH3 > NH2– > NH4+ (4) NH3 > NH4+ > NH2–
(3) 6 (4) 8

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Chemical Bonding

Q.109 The order of increasing adjacent bond angle in the Q.119 Which has the least bond angle
molecules BeCl2, BCl3, CCl4 and SF6 is: (1) NH 3 (2) BeF 2
(1) SF6 < CCl4 < BCl3 < BeCl2
(3) H 2 O (4) CH 4
(2) BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4 < SF6
(3) SF6 < CCl4 < BeCl2 < BCl3
(4) BCl3 < BeCl2 < SF6 < CCl4 Q.120 In compound X , all the bond angles are exactly
109 o 28 ' , X is
Q.110 Which does not show resonance (1) Chloromethane (2) Iodoform
(1) Benzene (2) Aniline (3) Carbon tetrachloride (4) Chloroform
(3) Ethyl amine (4) Toluene
Q.121 The decreasing value of bond angles from NH3 (106)°
Q.111 The enolic form of acetone contains to SbH3 (101)° down group-15 of the periodic table is
(1) 9 sigma bonds, 1 pi bond and 2 lone pairs due to:
(2) 8 sigma bonds, 2 pi bonds and 2 lone pairs (1) decreasing lp – bp repulsion
(3) 10 sigma bonds, 1 pi bond and 1 lone pair (2) increasing electronegativity
(4) 9 sigma bonds, 2 pi bonds and 1 lone pair (3) increasing bp – bp repulsion
(4) increasing p–orbital character in sp3
Q.112 Point out incorrect statement about resonance
(1) Resonance structures should have equal energy
Q.122 The shape of SO 42 - ion is
(2) In resonance structures, the constituent atoms
should be in the same position (1) Square planar (2) Tetrahedral
(3) In resonance structures, there should not be the (3) Trigonal bipyramidal (4) Hexagonal
same number of electron pairs
(4) Resonance structures should differ only in the Q.123 Which of the following molecules has one lone pair of
location of electrons around the constituent atoms electrons on the central atom
(1) H 2 O (2) NH 3
Q.113 The number of possible resonance structures for (3) CH 4 (4) PCl 5
CO 32 - is
(1) 2 (2) 3 Q.124 Of the following compounds, the one having a linear
(3) 6 (4) 9 structure is
(1) NH 2 (2) CH 4
Q.114 The order of increasing bond length in F2, N2, Cl2 and (3) C 2 H 2 (4) H 2 O
O2 is:
(1) N2 < O2 < Cl2 < F2 (2) N2 < O2 < F2 < Cl2
(3) O2 < N2 < Cl2 < F2 (4) N2 < Cl2 < O2 < F2 Q.125 XeF 6 is
(1) Octahedral (2) Distorted octahedral
Q.115 In which of the following molecules/ions are all the (3) Planar (4) Tetrahedral
bonds not equal?
Q.126 Which has maximum bond angle
(1) XeF4 (2) BF4-
(1) CHF3
(3)SF4 (4) SiF4
(2) CHCl 3
(3) CHBr 3
Q.116 The structure of [Cu (H 2 O )4 ]++ ion is
(4) All have maximum bond angle
(1) Square planar (2) Tetrahedral
(3) Distorted rectangle (4) Octahedral
Q.127 Of the following species the one having a square planar
structure is
Q.117 The bond angle in PH 3 would be expected to be close
(1) NH 4+ (2) BF4-
to
(1) 90º (2) 105º (3) XeF 4 (4) SCl 4
(3) 109º (4) 120º
Q.128 In which of the following is the angle between the two
Q.118 In which molecule are all atoms coplanar covalent bonds greatest
(1) CH 4 (2) BF3 (1) CO 2 (2) CH 4
(3) PF3 (4) NH 3 (3) NH 3 (4) H 2 O

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.129 As the s-character of hybridized orbital decreases, the Q.140 Which of the following compounds possesses the
bond angle dipole moment
(1) Decreases (2) Increases (1) Water (2) Boron trifluoride
(3) Does not change (4) Becomes zero (3) Benzene (4) Carbon tetrachloride

Q.130 XeF 2 molecule is Q.141 Which bond angle q would result in the maximum dipole
(1) Linear (2) Triangular planar moment for the triatomic molecule YXY
(3) Pyramidal (4) Square planar (1) q = 90 o (2) q = 120 o
(3) q = 150 o (4) q = 180 o
Q.131 Of the following sets which one does NOT contain
isoelectronic species
Q.142 Which of the following would have a permanent dipole
(1) PO 43 - , SO 42 - , ClO 4- (2) CN - , N 2 , C 22 - moment
(3) SO 32 - , CO 32 - , NO 3- (4) BO 33 - , CO 32 - , NO 3- (1) BF3 (2) SiF4
(3) SF4 (4) XeF4
Dipole Moment
Q.132 Which set of molecules is polar: Q.143 Carbon tetrachloride has no net dipole moment because
(1) XeF4, IF7, SO3 (2) PCl5, C6H6, SF6 of
(3) SnCl2, SO2, NO2– (4) CO2, CS2, C2H6 (1) Its planar structure
(2) Its regular tetrahedral structure
Q.133 Which molecules has zero dipole moment (3) Similar sizes of carbon and chlorine atoms
(4) Similar electron affinities of carbon and chlorine
(1) H 2 O (2) CO 2
(3) HF (4) HBr Q.144 The correct order of decreasing polarity is:
(1) HF > SO2 > H2O > NH3
Q.134 In the following which one have zero dipole moment (2) HF > H2O> SO2 > NH3
(1) BF3 (2) CCl 4 (3) HF > NH3 > SO2 > H2O
(4) H2O > NH3 > SO2 > HF
(3) BeCl 2 (4) All of these
Q.145 The correct oreder of dipole moment is:
Q.135 Which molecule has the largest dipole moment (1) CH4 < NF3 < NH3 < H2O
(1) HCl (2) HI (2) NF3 < CH4 < NH3 < H2O
(3) HBr (4) HF (3) NH3 < NF3 < CH4 < H2O
(4) H2O < NH3 < NF3 < CH4
Q.136 The unequal sharing of bonded pair of electrons
between two atoms in a molecule causes Q.146 Which one of the following molecules has highest
(1) Dipole dipole moment:
(2) Radical formation (1) H2S (2) CO2
(3) Covalent bond (3) CCl4 (4) BF3
(4) Decomposition of molecule
Q.147 Which of the following has more dipole moment :
Q.137 Which of the following will show least dipole character Cl
(1) Water (2) Ethanol
(3) Ethane (4) Ether (1)

Q.138 BeF2 has zero dipole moment whereas H2O has dipole Cl
moment because:
(1) Water is linear (2)
(2) H2O is bent Cl
(3) F is more electronegative than O
Cl
(4) Hydrogen bonding is present in H2O

Q.139 Which of the following molecules will show dipole (3) Cl

Cl
moment
Cl
(1) Methane (2) Carbon tetrachloride
(3) Chloroform (4) Carbon dioxide (4) All has same dipole moment

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Chemical Bonding

Q.148 The molecule which has the largest dipole moment Oxy Acid
amongst the following Q.155 The possible structure(s) of monothiocarbonate ion is:
(1) CH 4 (2) CHCl 3 2–
C C
(3) CCl 4 (4) CHI 3

(1) S (2) S
Q.149 Positive dipole moment is present in
O O O O
(1) CCl 4 (2) C 6 H 6
(3) BF3 (4) HF
S S
Q.150 The polarity of a covalent bond between two atoms
depends upon (3) C (4) C
(1) Atomic size (2) Electronegativity O O O O
(3) Ionic size (4) None of the above

Q.151 Which has maximum dipole moment? Q.156 Which of the following oxocids of sulphur contains a
sulphur-sulphur single bond :
(1) H2S2O6 (2) H2S2O7
(3) H2S2O8 (4) H2S2O3
(1) (2)
Q.157 When SO2 gas is passed into an acidified K2Cr2O7
solution, the oxidation no. of chromium change from :
(1) + 3 to + 6 (2) + 6 to + 3
(3) + 12 to + 3 (4) + 6 to – 3

Q.158 Cyclic trimer structure of SO3 contains :-

(3) (4)
(1) 6 S=O bonds and three S–O–S bonds
(2) 3 S=O bonds and six S–O–S bonds
(3) 6 S=O bonds and six S–O–S bonds
Cl (4) None of these

Q.152 The dipole moment of is 1.5 D. The dipole Q.159 Which of the following oxy acid of P is expected to act
as a reducing agent ?
(1) H3PO4 (2) H3PO3
(3) HPO3 (4) H4P2O7

moment of is : Q.160 Least acidic and most acidic oxides of nitrogen are
(1) N2O, N2O5 (2) N2O, N2O4
(3) N2O, NO (4) N2O, N2O3

(1) 0 D (2) 1.5 D Q.161 P2O5 is used extensively as a :

(3) 2.86 D (4) 2.25 D (1) Dehydrating agent (2) Catalytic agent
(3) Reducing agent (4) Preservative
Q.153 H 2 O Pick out the molecule which has zero dipole
moment Q.162 The number of molecules of water needed to convert
(1) NH 3 (2) H 2 O one molecules of P2O5 into orthophosphoric acid is :
(1) 2 (2) 3
(3) BCl 3 (4) SO 2
(3) 4 (4) 5

Q.154 Zero dipole moment is present in

Q.163 In P4O6 the number of oxygen atoms bonded to each P
(1) NH 3 atom is :
(2) cis 1, 2-dichloroethene (1) 1.5 (2) 2
(3) trans 1, 2-dichloroethene (3) 3 (4) 4
(4) None of these

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.164 The correct order of decreasing acid strength of oxy Q.173 In the following which has highest boiling point
acids of group 15 elements is : (1) HI (2) HF
(1) HNO3 > H3SbO4 > H3AsO4 > H3PO4 (3) HBr (4) HCl
(2) H3PO4 > H3AsO4 > H3SbO4 > HNO3
(3) HNO3 > H3PO4 > H3AsO4 > H3SbO4
Q.174 Which contains hydrogen bond
(4) HNO3 > H3AsO4 > H3PO4 > H3SbO4
(1) HF (2) HCl
Q.165 The hybridization states of the chlorine atom in the (3) HBr (4) HI
ions ClO -4 , ClO 3- and ClO 2- are respectively :
Q.175 Contrary to other hydrogen halides, hydrogen fluoride
(1) sp3, dsp2 and sp2 (2) dsp2, sp3 and sp2 is a liquid because
(3) sp3 in all the species (4) sp3, sp2 and sp
(1) Size of F atom is small
Q.166 Which one of the following oxy acid of fluorine exists? (2) HF is a weak acid
(1) HOF (2) HFO3 (3) HF molecule are hydrogen bonded
(3) HFO4 (4) HFO2 (4) Fluorine is highly reactive

Q.167 Which of the following statements is correct ? Q.176 Intramolecular H-bond:

(1) All form HOXO3 type oxy acid (1) Decreases Volatility
(2) Only chlorine and bromine form oxyacids (2) Increases melting point
(3) All halogens form oxyacids (3) Increases viscosity
(4) Only iodine forms oxyacid (4) Increases volatility

Q.168 The final product obtained when boric acid is heated Q.177 The hydrogen bond is strongest in:
to red heat is –
(1) O – H - - - S (2) S – H - - - O
(1) Metaboric acid (2) Tetraboric acid
(3) F – H - - - F (4) O – H - - - O
(3) Boron oxide (4) Pyroboric acid

Q.169 On the addition of mineral acid to an aqueous solution Q.178 Which of the following has strongest intra molecular
of borax, the compound formed is – hydrogen bonding:
(1) Orthoboric acid (2) Boron hydride OH
OH
(3) Metaboric acid (4) Pyroboric acid
COOH
Hydrogen Bonding (1) (2)
Q.170 The H bond in solid HF can be best represented as: COOH
(1) H - F ....H - F .... H - F
H H H H OH OCH3
(2)
F F F
F F (3) (4)
(3) H H H H
F COOH COOH
H H
(4) F F F F Q.179 In the following which species does not contain sp 3
hybridization
H
(1) NH 3 (2) CH 4
Q.171 In the following which bond will be responsible for (3) H 2 O (4) CO 2
maximun value of hydrogen bond
(1) O - H (2) N - H Q.180 As a result of sp hybridization, we get
(3) S - H (4) F - H (1) Two mutual perpendicular orbitals
(2) Two orbitals at 180 o
Q.172 In which of the following hydrogen bond is present
(3) Four orbitals in tetrahedral directions
(1) H 2 (2) Ice
(4) Three orbitals in the same plane
(3) Sulphur (4) Hydrocarbon

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Chemical Bonding

Q.181 The boiling point of p-nitrophenol is higher than that Q.188 o-Nitrophenol is more volatile than p-nitrophenol. It
of o-nitrophenol because: is due to :
(1) NO2 group at p-position behaves in a different way (1) Intramolecular hydrogen bonding in o-nitrophenol
from that at o-position and intermolecular h ydrogen bonding in
(2) intramolecular hydrogen bonding exists in p-nitrophenol
(2) Intermolecular hydrogen bonding in o-nitrophenol
p-nitrophenol
and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in
(3) there is intermolecular hydrogen bonding in
p-nitrophenol
p-nitrophenol (3) More stronger intermolecular hydrogen bonding
(4) p-nitrophenol has a higher molecular weight than in o-nitrophenol as compared to p-nitrophenol
o-nitrophenol (4) More stronger intramolecular hydrogen bonding
in o-nitrophenol as compared to p-nitrophenol
Q.182 Out of the two compounds shown below, the vapour
pressure of (2) at a particular temperature is expected Q.189 Which of the following hydrogen bonds is the strongest
to be:
(1) F – H .... F (2) O – H ..... O
OH OH (3) O – H .... F (4) O – H .... N
and
Q.190 Which of the following compound can form hydrogen
NO2 NO2 bonds
(1) (2) (1) CH 4 (2) NaCl
(3) CHCl 3 (4) H 2 O
(1) Higher than that of (1)
(2) Lower than that of (1)
Q.191 Of the following hydrides which has the lowest boiling
(3) Same as that of (1)
point
(4) Can be higher or lower depending upon the size of
(1) NH 3 (2) PH 3
the vessel
(3) SbH 3 (4) AsH 3
Q.183 KF combines with HF to form KHF2. The compound
contains the species: Q.192 The pairs of bases in DNA are held together by
(1) K+, F– and H+ (2) K+, F– and HF (1) Hydrogen bonds (2) Ionic bonds
+
(3) K and [HF2] – (4) [KHF]+ and F2 (3) Phosphate groups (4) Deoxyribose groups

Q.193 Water has high heat of vaporisation due to

Q.184 The pairs of bases in DNA are held together by : (1) Covalent bonding (2) H - bonding
(1) Hydrogen bonds (2) Ionic bonds (3) Ionic bonding (4) None of the above
(3) Phosphate groups (4) Deoxyribose groups
Q.194 In which of the following compounds does hydrogen
bonding occur
Q.185 The reason for exceptionally high boiling point of water
(1) SiH 4 (2) LiH
is
(1) Its high specific heat (3) HI (4) NH 3
(2) Its high dielectric constant
(3) Low ionization of water molecules Weak Forces
(4) Hydrogen bonding in the molecules of water Q.195 The nature of intermolecular forces among benzene
(C6H6) molecules is:
(1) Dipole-dipole attraction
Q.186 Which concept best explains that o-nitrophenol is more
(2) London dispersion force
volatile than p-nitrophenol
(3) Ion-dipole attraction
(1) Resonance (2) Hyperconjugation
(4) Hydrogen bonding
(3) Hydrogen bonding (4) Steric hindrence
Q.196 In which molecule the Vander Waals force (dispersion
Q.187 Which contains strongest H - bond force) is likely to be the most important in determining
(1) O - H ..... S (2) S - H ..... O the m.pt. and b.pt. :
(3) F - H ..... F (4) F - H ..... O (1) Br2 (2) CO
(3) H2S (4) HCl

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.197 In a crystal cations and anions are held together by Q.207 Which of the following has the highest melting point
(1) Electrons (2) Electrostatic forces (1) Pb (2) Diamond
(3) Nuclear forces (4) Covalent bonds (3) Fe (4) Na

Q.198 In the following metals which one has lowest probable Q.208 In the formation of a molecule by an atom
interatomic forces
(1) Attractive forces operate
(1) Copper (2) Silver
(2) Repulsive forces operate
(3) Zinc (4) Mercury
(3) Both attractive and repulsive forces operate
(4) None of these
Q.199 In solid argon, the atoms are held together by
(1) Ionic bonds (2) Hydrogen bonds
Q.209 Which has weakest bond
(3) Vander Waals forces (4) Hydrophobic forces
(1) Diamond (2) Neon (Solid)
Q.200 Covalent-molecules are usually held in a crystal (3) KCl (4) Ice
structure by
(1) Dipole-dipole attraction Q.210 Which of th e following exhibits the weakest
(2) Electrostatic attraction intermolecular forces
(3) Hydrogen bond (1) He (2) HCl
(4) Van-der waal's attraction (3) NH 3 (4) H 2 O

Q.201 In solid argon the atoms are held together

Q.211 Glycerol has strong intermolecular bonding therefore
(1) by ionic bonds
it is
(2) by hydrogen bonds
(1) Sweet (2) Reactive
(3) By vander-waals forces
(3) Explosive (4) Viscous
(4) By hydrophobic bonds

Q.212 Among the following the weakest one is

Q.202 Which one is the highest melting halide
(1) Metallic bond (2) Ionic bond
(1) NaCl (2) NaBr
(3) Van der Waal’s force (4) Covalent bond
(3) NaF (4) NaI

Q.213 Lattice energy of alkali metal chlorides follows the order

Q.203 The enhanced force of cohesion in metals is due to
(1) The covalent linkages between atoms
(2) The electrovalent linkages between atoms
(3) The lack of exchange of valency electrons
(4) The exchange energy of mobile electrons
(1) LiCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl
(2) CsCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl > LiCl
(3) LiCl > CsCl > NaCl > KCl > RbCl
(4) NaCl > LiCl > KCl > RbCl > CsCl

Q.204 Which one of the following substances consists of Back Bonding, Bridge bonding and odd electron
small discrete molecules molecules
(1) NaCl (2) Graphite Q.214 In BF3 :
(3) Copper (4) Dry ice (1) B-F bond has some double bond character and this
bond is delocalised
Q.205 Which of the following does not apply to metallic bond (2) All the B–F bonds are single covalent in nature
(1) Overlapping valency orbitals (3) Bond energy and bond-length of B–F bond indicate
(2) Mobile valency electrons its single bond character
(3) Delocalized electrons (4) All of the above bonds are ionic
(4) Highly directed bonds
Q.215 Which of the following is false statements :-
Q.206 In melting lattice, structure of solid (1) Boranes are easily hydrolysed
(1) Remains unchanged (2) LiAlH4 reduces BCl3 to borane
(2) Changes (3) BH3 is a Lewis acid
(3) Becomes compact
(4) All the B–H distances in diborane (B2H6) are equal
(4) None of the above

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Chemical Bonding

Q.216 Which of the following statements is incorrect in the Q.223 In BF3, the B–F bond length is 1.30 Å, when BF3 is
context of the B–F bond in BF3 :- allowed to be treated with Me3N, it forms an adduct,
(1) All the three B–F bond lengths are equal and each Me3N ® BF3, The bond length of B–F in the adduct is:
of them is shorter than the sum of the covalent
(1) Greater than 1.30Å (2) Smaller than 1.30 Å
radii of boron and fluorine.
(2) The bond energy of the B–F bond is very high, (3) Equal to 1.30 Å (4) None of these
higher than for any other single bond
(3) The unusual shortness and strength of the B–F Q.224 When an inorganic compound (X) having 3c–2e as
bond may be explained by a pp-pp interaction well as 2c–2e bonds reacts with ammonia gas at a certain
between boron and fluorine atoms. termperature, gives a compound (Y), isostructural with
(4) The unusual shortness and strength of the bonds
benzene. Compound (X) with ammonia at a high
may be explained by a pp-dp interaction between
temperature produces a substance (Z) :
the atoms of boron and fluorine.
(1) (X) is B2H6
Q.217 Which of the following statements is incorrect in (2) (Z) is known as inorganic graphite
relation to the structure of diborane (3) (Y) is B3N3H6
(1) All the terminal B-H bond length are equal (4) All of these
(2) The terminal B–H bond is a 2-centre 3-electron bond
(3) The terminal B–H bond is a 2-centre 2-electron bond
Q.225 In the following reaction –
H
(4) The bridge B B is a 3-centre 2-electron bond B(OH)3 + H2O ¾® [B(OH)4]– + H+
(1) B(OH)3 is a Lewis acid
Q.218 Inorganic graphite is :- (2) B(OH)3 is a Lewis base
(1) B3N3H6 (2) B2H6
(3) B(OH)3 is amphoteric
(3) BN (4) BF3
(4) None is correct
Q.219 Reactivity of borazole is greater than that of benzene
because :- Q.226 Identify the statement that is not correct as far as
(1) Borazole is non-polar compound structure of diborane is concerned –
(2) Borazole is polar compound (1) There are two bridging hydrogen atoms in diborane
(3) Borazole is electron deficient compound (2) Each boron atom forms four bonds in diborane
(4) Of localized electrons in it
(3) The hydrogen atoms are not in the same plane in
Q.220 By which of the following reactions is borazine diborane
prepared? (4) All B–H bonds in diborane are similar
(1) B2H6 + NH3 (excess) ¾¾¾¾¾
low temperature
®
Q.227 In diborane –
(2) B2H6 + NH3 (excess) ¾¾¾¾¾
high temperature
® (1) 2 bridged hydrogen and four terminal hydrogen are
(ratio 2NH : 1B H ) present
(3) B2H6 + NH3 ¾¾¾¾¾¾¾ 3 2 6
high temperature
®
(2) 3 bridged and three terminal hydrogen are present
(4) None of the above
(3) 4 bridged hydrogen atoms are not in the same plane
Q.221 Diborane is a Lewis acid forming addition compound in dibroane
B2H6.2NH3 with NH3, a Lewis base. This (4) 1 bridged hydrogen and 1 terminal hydrogen are
(1) Is ionic and exists as [BH2(NH3)2]+ and [BH4]– ions present
(2) On heating, is converted into borazine, B3N3H6
(3) Both are correct Q.228 An oxide of chlorine which is an odd electron molecule
(4) None is correct is :
(1) ClO2 (2) Cl2O6
Q.222 B2H6 reacts with (CH3)3N to produce : (3) Cl2O7 (4) Cl2O
–
(1) BH 3+ N (CH3)3
Q.229 Which of the following does not act as lewis acid ?
(2) B2 H 6+ N (CH3)2CH3.BH3
–

+ – (1) BF3 (2) SnCl4

(3) (CH3)3N B H3
+ (3) CCl4 (4) SF4
(4) BH3N (CH3)2CH3BH3

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.230 Boron compounds behave as Lewis acids because of Q.239 Which forms a crystal of NaCl
their – (1) NaCl molecules (2) Na + and Cl - ions
(1) Acidic nature
(3) Na and Cl atoms (4) None of the above
(2) Covalent nature
(3) Electron defficient character
(4) Ionising property Q.240 When sodium and chlorine reacts then
(a) Energy is released and ionic bond is formed
Molecules do not exist, Silicates (2) Energy is released and a covalent bond is formed
Q.231 The total number of valence electrons in the PO43– ion (c) Energy is absorbed and ionic bond is formed
is - (4) Energy is absorbed and covalent bond is formed
(1) 26 (2) 28
(3) 24 (4) 32 Q.241 Which one is least ionic in the following compounds
(1) AgCl (2) KCl
Q.232 An element X forms compounds of formula XCl3, X2O5
and Mg3X2 but does not form XCl5 then X is : (3) BaCl 2 (4) CaCl 2
(1) Aluminium (2) Phosphorus
(3) Nitrogen (4) Boron Q.242 The electronic configuration of four elements L, P, Q
and R are given in brackets
Q.233 The formation of which of the following ions is not
possible -
( ) (
L 1 s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 4 ; Q 1s 2 , 2 s 2 2 p 6 , 3 s 2 3 p 5 )
(1) [SiF6]2– (2) [AlF6]3– P (1 s , 2 s
2 2
2 p , 3 s ); R (1 s , 2 s
6 1 2 2
2p , 3s )
6 2

(3) [BF4]– (4) [BF6]3–

The formulae of ionic compounds that can be formed
between these elements are
Hydrolysis
Q.234 On hydrolysis, diborane produces : (1) L2 P, RL , PQ and R2 Q
(1) H3BO2 + H2O2 (2) H3BO3 + H2 (2) LP , RL , PQ and RQ
(3) B2O3 + O2 (4) H3BO3 + H2O2
(3) P2 L, RL , PQ and RQ 2
Q.235 The hydrolysis of borax produces – (4) LP , R2 L, P2 Q and RQ
(1) An acidic medium
(2) A basic medium
Q.243 Electrovalent compound’s
(3) A neutral medium
(1) Melting points are low
(4) An acidic or an neutral medium
(2) Boiling points are low
Q.236 The product formed in the reaction, (3) Conduct current in fused state
BCl3 + H2O ¾® Product is – (4) Insoluble in polar solvent
(1) H3BO3 + HCl (2) B2O3 + HOCl
(3) B2H6 + HCl (4) No reaction Q.244 A electrovalent compound is made up of
(1) Electrically charged molecules
Q.237 AlCl3 on hydrolysis gives – (2) Neutral molecules
(1) Al2O3.H2O (2) Al(OH)3 (3) Neutral atoms
(3) Al2O3 (4) AlCl3.6H2O (4) Electrically charged atoms or group of atoms

Ionic Bond Q.245 Electrovalent bond formation depends on

Q.238 Element A has 3 electrons in the outermost orbit and (1) Ionization energy (2) Electron affinity
element B has 6 eletrons in the outermost orbit. The (3) Lattice energy (4) All the three above
formula of the compound formed by A and B has
following property : Q.246 In the following which substance will have highest
(1) High melting points and non-directional bonds
boiling point
(2) High melting points and low boiling points
(1) He (2) CsF
(3) Directional bonds and low boiling points
(4) High solubilities in polar and non-polar solvent (3) NH 3 (4) CHCl 3

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Chemical Bonding

Q.247 An atom of sodium loses one electron and chlorine Q.255 From the following which group of elements easily forms
atom accepts one electron. This result the formation of cation
sodium chloride molecule. This type of molecule will (1) F, Cl, Br (2) Li, Na , K
be
(3) O, S , Se (4) N , P, As
(1) Coordinate (2) Covalent
(3) Electrovalent (4) Matallic bond
Q.256 Which type of compounds show high melting and
boiling points
Q.248 Formula of a metallic oxide is MO. The formula of its
(1) Electrovalent compounds
phosphate will be
(2) Covalent compounds
(1) M 2 (PO 4 )2 (2) M (PO 4 ) (3) Coordinate compounds
(3) M 2 PO 4 (4) M 3 (PO 4 )2 (4) All the three types of compounds have equal melting
and boiling points

Q.249 An ionic bond A+ B - is most likely to be formed when: Q.257 Lattice energy of an ionic compound depends upon
(1) the ionization energy of A is high and the electron (1) Charge on the ion only
gain enthalpy of B is low (2) Size of the ion only
(2) the ionization energy of A is low and the electron (3) Packing of ions only
gain enthalpy of B is high (4) Charge on the ion and size of the ion
(3) the ionization energy of A and the electron gain
enthalpy of B both are high Q.258 In the given bonds which one is most ionic
(4) the ionization energy of A and the electron gain (1) Cs - Cl (2) Al - Cl
enthalpy of B both are low (3) C - Cl (4) H - Cl

Q.250 The compound which has the highest Lattice energy is Q.259 Element x is strongly electropositive and y is strongly
(1) LiF (2) LiCl electronegative. Both element are univalent, the
(3) NaCl (4) MgO compounds formed from their combination will be
(1) x + y - (2) x - y +
Q.251 Compound of a metal ‘M’ is M2O3. The formula of its
(3) x - y (4) x ® y
nitride will be:
(1) M3N (2) MN
(3) M3N2 (4) M2N3 Q.260 BF3 and NF3 both molecules are covalent, but BF3 is

non-polar and NF3 is polar. Its reason is

Q.252 Ionic reactions occur in :
(1) In uncombined state boron is metal and nitrogen is
(1) Aqueous solution and organic solvents of high
gas
polarity
(2) B - F bond has no dipole moment whereas N - F
(2) Non-polar or solvents of low polarity
bond has dipole moment
(3) Gaseous state
(3) The size of boron atom is smaller than nitrogen
(4) Solid state
(4) BF3 is planar whereas NF3 is pyramidal
Q.253 Electrovalent compounds or ionic compounds do not
show stereoisomerism. The reason is: Q.261 Which one is polar molecule among the following
(1) Presence of ions (1) CO 2 (2) CCl 4
(2) Strong electro static force of attraction (3) H 2 O (4) CH 4
(3) Brittleness
(4) Non-directional nature of ionic bond
Q.262 If the electron pair forming a bond between two atoms
A and B is not in the centre, then the bond is
Q.254 Correct order of covalent character of alkaline earth
(1) Single bond (2) Polar bond
metal chloride in: (3) Non-polar bond (4) p bond
(1) BeCl2 < MgCl2 < CaCl2 < SrCl2
(2) BeCl2 < CaCl2 < SrCl2 < MgCl2 Q.263 Which of the compound is least soluble in water:
(3) BeCl2 > MgCl2 > CaCl2 > SrCl2 (1) AgF (2) AgCl
(4) SrCl2 > BeCl2 > CaCl2 > MgCl2 (3) AgBr (4) Agl

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.264 Among LiCl, BeCl2, BCl3 and CCl4, the covalent bond Q.272 The bonds between P atoms and Cl atoms in PCl 5
character follows the order: are likely to be
(1) LiCl < BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4 (1) Ionic with no covalent character
(2) LiCl > BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4 (2) Covalent with some ionic character
(3) LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4 (3) Covalent with no ionic character
(4) LiCl > BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4 (4) Ionic with some metallic character

Q.265 Polarization of ions is governed by - Q.273 Two electrons of one atom A and two electrons of
(1) Hybridization (2) VSEPR theory another atom B are utilized to form a compound AB.
(3) Fajan's rules (4) Pauling rule This is an example of
(1) Polar covalent bond
Q.266 The magnitude of the lattice energy of a solid increases (2) Non-polar covalent bond
if: (3) Polar bond
(1) The ions are of large size (4) Dative bond
(2) The ions are of small size
(3) The ions are of equal size Q.274 In which of the following molecule is the covalent bond
(4) Charges on the ions are small most polar
(1) HI (2) HBr
Q.267 Among LiCl, BeCl2, BCl3 and CCl4, the covalent bond (3) HCl (4) H2
character varies as -
Q.275 The lattice energies of KF, KCl, KBr and KI follow the
(1) LiCl < BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4
order:
(2) LiCl > BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4
(1) KF > KCl > KBr > KI (2) KI > KBr > KCl > KF
(3) LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl4
(3) KF > KCl > KI > KBr (4) KI > KBr > KF > KCl
(4) LiCl > BeCl2 > BCl3 > CCl4
Q.276 The order of increasing lattice energy of the following
Q.268 The boiling point of ICl is nearly 40°C higher than that compound is:
of Br2 although the two subtances have the same (1) NaCl < CaO < NaBr < BaO
relative molecular mass. This is bacause: (2) NaBr < NaCl < BaO < CaO
(1) ICl is ionic compound (3) NaCl < NaBr < BaO < CaO
(2) I-Cl bond is stronger than Br-Br bond (4) NaBr < NaCl < CaO < BaO
(3) ICl is polar covalent molecular while Br2 is non polar
(4) Ionization energy IP of Iodine is less than that of Br Q.277 The lattice energies of the oxides of Mg, Ca Sr and Ba
follow the order:
Q.269 Which of the following liquids is not deflected by a (1) BaO > SrO > CaO > MgO
non-uniform electrostatic field (2) CaO > BaO > SrO > MgO
(1) Water (2) Chloroform (3) MgO > CaO > SrO > BaO
(3) Nitrobenzene (4) Hexane (4) MgO > SrO > CaO > BaO

Q.270 Which of the following is non-polar Q.278 Which of the follwing statements is true?
(1) HF is less polar than HBr
(1) H 2 S (2) NaCl
(2) Water does not contain any ions
(3) Cl 2 (4) H 2 SO 4 (3) Chemical bond formation takes place when forces
of attraction overcome the forces of repulsion
Q.271 Polarization is the distortion of the shape of an anion (4) In covalent cond, transfer of electrons takes place
by an adjacently placed cation. Which of the following
statements is correct Q.279 Amongst ClF3 , BF3 and NH 3 molecules the one with
(1) Maximum polarization is brought about by a cation non-planar geometry is
of high charge (1) ClF3 (2) NH 3
(2) Minimum polarization is brought about by a cation
of low radius (3) BF3 (4) None of these
(3) A large cation is likely to bring about a large degree
of polarization Q.280 Which of the following possesses highest melting point
(4) A small anion is likely to undergo a large degree of (1) Chlorobenzene (2) o-dichlorobenzene
polarization (3) m-dichlorobenzene (4) p-dichlorobenzene

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Chemical Bonding

Q.281 The polar molecule among the following is Q.289 In which of the following set, the value of bond order
(1) CCl 4 (2) CO 2 will be 2.5:
(1) O2+, NO, NO+2, N2+
(3) CH 2 Cl 2 (4) CH 2 = CH 2 (2) CN, NO+2, CN–, F2
(3) O2+, NO2+, O22+, CN–
Q.282 Which of the following have both polar and non-polar (4) O22–, O2–, O2+, O2
bonds
(1) C 2 H 6 (2) NH 4 Cl Q.290 How many unpaired electrons are present in N 2+ :
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) HCl (4) AlCl 3
(3) 3 (4) 4

Q.283 Which of the following has a high polarising power Q.291 The number of unpaired electrons in paramagnetic
(1) Mg 2+
(2) Al 3+ tetrachloromagnate (II) anion is:
(1) 5 (2) 2
(3) Na + (4) Ca 2 +
(3) 3 (4) 6

Q.284 Maximum covalent character is associated with the Q.292 When two atomic orbitals combine they form
compound (1) One molecular orbital
(1) NaI (2) MgI 2 (2) Two molecular orbital
(3) Three molecular orbital
(3) AlCl 3 (4) AlI 3 (4) Four molecular orbital

MOT Q.293 Which of the following species is the least stable

Q.285 Which of the following is the correct order of bond- (1) O2 (2) O2-2
orders of the given species are such that -
(1) O2– > O2+ > O22– > O2 (3) O 2+1 (4) O 2-1
(2) O2+ > O2 > O2– > O22–
(3) O2+ > O22– > O2– > O2 Q.294 The bond order is maximum in
(4) O22– > O2 > O2+ > O2– (1) O2 (2) O 2-1

(3) O 2+1 (4) O2-2

Q.286 The number of antibonding electron pairs in O22-
molecular ion on the basis of molecular orbital theory Q.295 Which of the following compounds of boron does not
is (at no. O = 8): exist in the free form
(1) 2 (2) 3 (1) BCl 3 (2) BF3
(3) 4 (4) 5
(3) BBr 3 (4) BH 3

Q.287 Bond order is a concept in the molecular orbital theory.

Q.296 Molecular orbital theory was developed mainly by
It depends on the number of electrons in the bonding
(1) Pauling (2) Pauling and Slater
and antibonding orbitals. Which of the following
(3) Mulliken (4) Thomson
statements is true about it ? The bond order
(1) Can have a negative quantity Q.297 The bond order of a molecule is given by
(2) Has always an integral value (1) The difference between the number of electrons in
(3) Can assume any positive or integral or fractional bonding and antibonding orbitals
value including zero (2) Total number of electrons in bonding and
(4) Is a non zero quantity antibonding orbitals
(3) Twice the difference between the number of
Q.288 The bond order of NO molecule is electrons in bonding and antibonding electrons
(1) 1 (2) 2 (4) Half the difference between the number of electrons
(3) 2.5 (4) 3 in bonding and antibonding electrons

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.298 Oxygen molecule is paramagnetic because Q.305 Which one of the following pairs of molecules will have
(1) Bonding electrons are more than antibonding permanent dipole moments for both members:
electrons (1) NO2 and CO2
(2) Contains unpaired electrons (2) NO2 and O3
(3) Bonding electrons are less than antibonding (3) SiF4 and CO2
electrons (4) SiF4 and NO2
(4) Bonding electrons are equal to antibonding
electrons Q.306 Which of the following molecule is paramagnetic
(1) Chlorine (2) Nitrogen
Q.299 Which one is paramagnetic from the following (3) Oxygen (4) Hydrogen
(1) O 2- (2) NO
Q.307 Which molecule has the highest bond order
(3) Both (a) and (b) (4) CN -
(1) N 2 (2) Li 2
(3) He 2 (4) O 2
Q.300 The bond order in N 2+ ion is
(1) 1 (2) 2
Q.308 The molecular electronic configuration of H 2- ion is
(3) 2.5 (4) 3
(1) (s 1s )2 (
(2) (s 1s )2 s x 1s )
2

Q.301 Out of the following which has smallest bond length

(1) O 2 (2) O 2+ (
(3) (s 1s )2 s x 1s )
1
(4) (s 1s )3

(3) O 2- (4) O 22 -
Q.309 The bond order in NO is 2.5 while that in NO+ is 3.
Which of the following statements is true for these two
Q.302 Pick out the incorrect statement? species?
(1) N2 has greater dissociation energy than N2+ (1) Bond length in NO+ is equal to that in NO
(2) O2 has lower dissociation energy than O2+ (2) Bond length in NO is greater than in NO+
(3) Bond length in N2+ is less than N2 (3) Bond length in NO+ is greater than in NO
(4) Bond length in NO+ is less than in NO. (4) Bond length is unpredictable

Q.303 Which of the following has been arranged in order of Q.310 Which of the following molecules\ions does not
decreasing bond length : contain unpaired electrons?
(1) P–O > Cl–O > S–O
(2) P–O > S–O > Cl–O (1) N2+ (2) O2
(3) S–O > Cl–O> P–O
(3) O 22 - (4) B 2
(4) Cl–O > S–O > P–O

Q.304 Which of the following represents correctly the order Q.311 In which of the following ionizion processes, the bond
of filling of the molecular orbitals of B2, C2, N2 order has increased and the magnetic behaviour has
changed (1) NO ® NO+
* * *
(1) p2 p x = p2 p y < s 2p z < p2 p y = p2 p z < s 2 pz (2) O2 ® O2+ (3) N2 ® N2+
(4) C2 ® C2 +

(2) s 2 pz < p 2p x = p2 p y < p*2 p x = < p*2 p y < s*2 pz

Q.312 Which one of the following pairs of species have the
* * *
(3) s 2 pz = p2 p x = p2 p y < p2 px = < p2 p y < s 2 pz same bond order :
(1) CN– and NO+ (2) CN– and CN+
* * *
(4) p2 p x < p2 p y < s 2 pz > p2 p y < p2p z = s 2 pz (3) O2– and CN– (4) NO+ and CN+

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Chemical Bonding

EXERCISES-II

Q.1 The maximum covalency for representative elements is Q.9 Which of the following Lewis diagram is incorrect ?
equal to (excluding 1st and 2nd period) :
Cl
(1) the number of unpaired p-electrons ·· ·· –
(2) the number of paired d-electrons (1) Na + O- C l ·· (2) Cl C Cl
·· · ·
(3) the number of unpaired s and p-electrons Cl
(4) the actual number of s and p-electrons in the
+
outermost shell. é H ù H H
ê | ú | |
Q.2 The types of bond present in N2O5 are : (3) ê H - N - H ú [ S]2- (4) H - N - N - H
ê | ú ·· ··
(1) only covalent êë H úû
2
(2) only ionic
(3) ionic and covalent
Q.10 Which of the following contains electrovalent and
(4) covalent & coordinate
covalent bonds ?
(1) CH4 (2) H2O2
Q.3 Which of the following models best describes the (3) NH4Cl (4) HCN
bonding within a layer of the graphite structure ?
(1) metallic bonding Q.11 Iron is harder than sodium because :
(2) ionic bonding (1) iron atoms are smaller.
(3) non-metallic covalent bonding (2) iron atoms are more closely packed.
(3) metallic bonds are stronger in sodium.
(4) vander Waals force
(4) metallic bonds are stronger in iron.

Q.4 Example of super octet molecule is : Q.12 Which of the following is observed in metallic bonds ?
(1) SF6 (2) PCl5 (1) Mobile valence electrons
(3) IF7 (4) All of these (2) Localised electrons
(3) Highly directed bond
Q.5 The octet rule is not obeyed in : (4) None of these

(1) CO 2 (2) BCl3

Q.13 Which of the following species are hypervalent ?
(3) PCl5 (4) (B) and (C) both 1. ClO4–, 2. BF3
3. SO4 2–
4. CO32–
(1) 1, 2, 3 (2) 1, 3
Q.6 To which of the following species octet rule is not (3) 3, 4 (4) 1, 2
applicable ?
Q.14 Which molecule is T shaped
(1) BrF5 (2) SF6
(1) BeF2 (2) BCl3
(3) IF7 (4) All of these (3) NH3 (4) ClF3

Q.15 The geometry & the type of hybrid orbitals present

Q.7 NH3 and BF3 combine readily because of the formation about the central atom in BF3 is :
of : (1) linear, sp (2) trigonal planar, sp2
(1) a covalent bond (2) a hydrogen bond (3) tetrahedra sp3
(4) pyramidal, sp3
(3) a coordinate bond (4) an ionic bond
Q.16 The hybridization of atomic orbitals of nitrogen in
NO 2+ , NO 3– and NH+4 are
Q.8 Which of the following species does not contain N – N
covalent bond ? (1) sp2, sp3 and sp2 respectively
(2) sp, sp2 and sp3 respectively
(1) N2O3 (2) N2O22–
(3) sp2, sp and sp3 respectively
(3) N2O5 (4) N2O4
(4) sp2, sp3 and sp respectively

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.17 The correct order of hybridization of the central atom Q.25 The hybridisation and geometry of BrF3 molecules are:
in the following species NH3, PtCl4–2, PCl5 and BCl3 is (1) sp3d and T shaped (2) sp2d2 and tetragonal
(1) dsp2, sp3d, sp2 and sp3 (2) sp3, dsp2, sp3d, sp2 (3) sp3d and bent (4) none of these
(3) dsp , sp , sp , sp d
2 2 3 3
(4) dsp2, sp3, sp2, sp3d
Q.26 Hybridization of carbon in C3O2 is :
Q.18 In ICl4 , the shape is square planer. The number of (1) sp (2) sp2
bond pair-lone pair repulsion at 90° are : (3) sp3 (4) sp3d
(1) 6 (2) 8
(3) 12 (4) 4 Q.27 Cyanogen , (CN)2, has a___shape/structure :
(1) Linear (2) Zig-Zag
Q.19 Arrange the following in order of decreasing N-O bond
(3) Square (4) Cyclic
length : NO +2 , NO -2 , NO -3
Q.28 Which of the following has been arranged in increasing
(1) NO -3 > NO2+ > NO2- order of size of the hybrid orbitals ?
-
(2) NO -3 > NO2 > NO2+ (1) sp < sp 2 < sp 3 (2) sp 3 < sp 2 < sp

(3) sp 2 < sp 3 < sp (4) sp 2 < sp < sp 3

(3) NO2+ > NO -3 > NO2-

(4) NO2- > NO -3 > NO2+ Q.29 Identify the correct match.
(i) XeF2 (a) Central atom has sp3
Q.20 In which of the following molecules / ions all the bonds hybridisation and bent
are not of equal length. geometry.
(1) SiF4 (2) SF4 (ii) N3– (b) Central atom has sp3d2
(3) XeF4 (4) BH4– hybridisation and
octahedral.
Q.21 Which of the following has a geometry different from (iii) PCl5 (s) anion (c) Central atom has sp
the other three species (having the same geometry)? hybridisation and linear
(1) BF4- (2) SO24 - geometry.
(iv) I2Cl6 (l) cation (d) Central atom has sp3d
(3) XeF4 (4) PH+4 hybridisation and linear
geometry.
Q.22 Among the following species, identify the isostructural (1) (i – a), (ii – b), (iii – c), (iv – d)
pairs : NF3, NO -3 ,BF3,H3O+,HN3 (2) (i – d), (ii – b), (iii – d), (iv – c)
(3) (i – b), (ii – c), (iii – a), (iv – d)
(1) [NF3, NO -3 ] and [BF3,H3O+] (4) (i – d), (ii – c), (iii – b), (iv – a)

(2) [NF3,HN3] and [ NO -3 ,BF3] Q.30 Which of the following is true statement ?

(1) All the carbon in H2C = C - C º C - C = CH2 are in

(3) [NF3,H3O+] and [ NO -3 ,BF3] | |
H H
(4) [NF3 ,H3O+] and [HN3,BF3]
sp2 hybridisation.
Q.23 C – C bond in C2H6 undergoes heterolytic fission, the (2) In C2H2(CN)2 there are six ‘s’ bonds.
hybridisation of two resulting carbon atoms is /are (3) In diamond ‘C’ is in sp2 hybridisation.
(1) sp2 both (2) sp3 both
(4) In C3O2 all the carbons are in sp hybridisation.
(3) sp , sp
2 3
(4) sp, sp2

Q.24 Pick out among the following species isoelectronic with Q.31 The shape of methyl radical ( C H3) is :
CO2. (1) linear (2) pyarmidal
(1) N3– (2) (CNO)– (3) planar (4) spherical
(3) (NCN) 2– (4) All of these

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Chemical Bonding

Q.32 The structure of XeF2 involves hybrdization of the Q.38 In which of the following molecules number of lone
type: paris and bond pairs on central atom are not equal ?
(1) sp3 (2) dsp2 (1) H2O (2) I3–
(3) sp3d (4) sp3d2 (3) O2F2 (4) SCl2

Q.33 Among the following pairs, in which the two species Q.39 Which of the following species given below have shape
are not isostructural is : similar to XeOF4 ?
(1) SiF4 and SF4 (2) IO3– and XeO3 (1) XeO3 (2) IOF4+
(3) BH4– and NH4+ (4) PF6– and SF6 (3) PCl5 (4) XeF5Å

Q.34 Which among the following molecules have sp3d Q.40 In the XeF4 molecule, the Xe atom is in the
hybridisation with one lone pair of electrons on the (1) Sp2-hybridized state
central atom ? (2) Sp3-hybridised state
(i) SF4 (ii) [PCl4]+ (3) Sp2d-hybridized state
(iii) XeO2F2 (iv) ClOF3 (4) Sp3d2- hybridized state
(1) (i), (ii) and (iii) only (2) (i), (iii) and (iv) only
(3) (i) and (iii) only (4) (iii) and (iv) only. Q.41 Which of the following statement are not correct
(1) Hybridization is the mixing of atomic orbitals
Q.35 Hybridisation of Iodine atoms in ICl3 (in its stable form, (2) sp2 – hybrid orbitals are formed from two p - atomic
found in solid state) and I2Cl4Br2 are : orbitals and one s – atomic orbitals
(1) sp3 & sp3d2 (2) sp3d2 & sp3d3 (3) dsp2 – hybrid orbitals are at 90° to one another
(3) both sp3d (4) both sp3d2 (4) d2sp3 - hybrid orbitals are directed towards the
corners of a regular octahedron
Q.36 The structure of ICl2+ would be :
Q.42 The shapes of PCl +4 , PCl -4 and AsCl5 are respectively
(1) square planer, tetrahedral and see-saw
(2) tetrahedral, see-saw and trigonal bipyramidal
(1) (2) (3) tetrahedral, square planer and pentagonal
bipyramidal
(4) trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and square
pyramidal

Q.43 If a molecule MX3 has zero dipole moment, the sigma

bonding orbitals used by M (atm no. < 21) are
(3) (4) None of these (1) pure p (2) sp hybrid
(3) sp2 hybrid (4) sp3 hybrid

Q.44 The correct order of increasing s-character (in

percentage) in the hybrid orbitals of following
Q.37 Which is the right structure of XeF4 ? molecules/ions is :
F (I) CO23– (II) XeF4
:

F F F
F
Xe
(1) (2)
Xe
(III) l3- (IV) NCl3
F
:

F (V) BeCl2
:

F
(1) II<III<IV<I<V (2) II<IV<III<V<I
(3) III<II<I<V<IV (4) II<IV<III<I<V
F
:

: F
F F Xe
Q.45 Carbon atoms in C2(CN)4 are :
(3)
Xe
(4) (1) sp-hybridized
F F
F (2) sp2-hybridized
F (3) sp- and sp2 hybridized
:

(4) sp, sp2 and sp3-hybridized

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.46 In which of the following options, all bonds lengths Q.54 The correct order of increasing X – O – X bond angle is
are not equal (X = H, F or Cl) :
(1) BF3 (2) NF3 (1) H2O > Cl2O > F2O (2) Cl2O > H2O > F2O
(3) XeF4 (4) ClF3
(3) F2O > Cl2O > H2O (4) F2O > H2O > Cl2O
Q.47 How many bonded electrons pairs are present in IF7
molecule Q.55 Which of the following statements is/are correct about
(1) 6 (2) 7 P4O10 molecule ?
(3) 5 (4) 8 (a) Each ‘P’ atom can be considered to be sp3 hybridised
(b) There are six POP bonds in the molecule
Q.48 In the cyanide ion the negative charge is on (c) There are two types of P— O bond lengths
(1) C Ù
(2) N (d) PO P angle is 180°.
(3) Both C and N (1) (a), (d) (2) (b), (c), (d)
(4) Resonate between C and N (3) (c), (d) (4) (a), (b), (c)

Q.49 The shapes of IF5 and IF7 are respectively

Q.56 Consider the following molecules ;
(1) Square pyramidal and pentagonal bipyramidal
(2) octahedral and pyramidal H2O H2S H2Se H2 Te
(3) trigonal bipyramidal and square antiprismatic I II III IV
(4) distorted square planer and distorted octahedral Arrange these molecules in increasing order of bond
angles.
Q.50 In which of the following pairs hybridisation of the (1) I < II < III < IV (2) IV < III < II < I
central atom is different ? (C) I < II < IV < III (4) II < IV < III < I
(1) ClF3 , ClF3O (2) ClF3O, ClF3O2
+
(3) [ClF2O] , [ClF4O] – (4) [ClF4O]–, [XeOF4]
Q.57 Which has the smallest bond angle (X – S – X) in the
Q.51 (C – Cl) bond in CH2=CH–Cl(vinyl chloride) is stabilized given molecules?
in the same ways as in (1) OSF2 (2) OSCl2
(1) benzyl chloride (2) ethyl chloride (3) OSBr2 (4) OSI2 .
(3) chlorobenzene (4) allyl chloride
Q.58 Consider the following iodides :
Q.52 In compounds type E Cl3, where E = B, P, As or Bi, the
PI3 AsI3 SbI3
angles Cl - E - Cl for different E are in the order
102° 100.2° 99°
(1) B > P = As = Bi (2) B > P > As > Bi
(3) B < P = As = Bi (4) B < P < As < Bi The bond angle is maximum in Pl3, which is :
(1) due to small size of phosphorus
Q.53 The most likely representation of resonance structure (2) due to more bp–bp repulsion in PI3
of p-nitrophenoxide is : (3) due to less electronegativity of P
–O O –O + O (4) None of these
N+ N

Q.59 In the context of carbon, which of the following is

(1) (2) arranged in the correct order of electronegativity
(1) sp > sp2 > sp3 (2) sp 3 > sp2 > sp
O– O (3) sp2 > sp > sp3 (4) sp3 > sp > sp2

O O –O
+ O
N+ N Q.60 The bond angle in PH3 is :
(1) Much lesser than NH3
(2) Equal to that in NH3
(3) (4)
(3) Much greater than in NH3
O– O– (4) Slightly more than in NH3

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Chemical Bonding

Q.61 H – B – H bond angle in BH4– is Q.70 Which of the following has been arranged in order of
(1) 180º (2) 120º decreasing dipole moment ?
(3) 109º (4) 90º (1) CH3Cl > CH3F > CH3Br > CH3I
(2) CH3F > CH3Cl > CH3Br > CH3I
Q.62 The bond angle and hybridization in ether (CH3OCH3)
(3) CH3Cl > CH3Br > CH3I > CH3F
is :
(4) CH3F > CH3Cl > CH3I > CH3Br
(1) 106º51’, sp3 (2) 104º31’, sp3
(3) 110º, sp3
(4) None of these
Q.71 Which of the following has the least dipole moment
(1) NF3 (2) CO2
Q.63 In the series ethane, ethylene and acetylene, the C – H
(3) SO2 (4) NH3
bond energy is
(1) The same in all the three compounds
(2) Greatest in ethane Cl
(3) Greatest in ethylene
(4) Greatest in acetylene Q.72 The dipole moment of is 1.5 D. The dipole

Q.64 The geometry of H2S and its dipole moment are :

(1) angular & non zero (2) angular & zero
Cl
(3) linear & non zero (4) linear & zero
Cl
moment of is:
Q.65 The critical temperature of water is higher than that of
Cl Cl
O2 because the H2O molecules has :
(1) fewer electrons than O2 (1) 0 D (2) 1.5 D
(2) two covalents bonds
(3) 2.86 D (4) 2.25 D
(3) V - shape
(4) dipole moment
Q.73 Which of the following sets of characteristics leads to
the increase in solubility of ionic substances ?
Q.66 Which of the following molecule does not have open
(1) High dipole moment, Strong attraction by an ion
book structure.
and high solvation energy
(1) O2F2 (2) H2O2
(2) Low dipole moment, weak attraction by an ion and
(3) S2Cl2 (4) H2C2
high solvation energy
(3) High dipole moment, Strong attraction by an ion
Q.67 Which has maximum dipole moment ?
and low solvation energy
(4) High dipole moment, weak attraction by an ion and
(1) (2) large solvation energy

Q.74 Which of the following compounds possesses zero

(3) (4)
dipole moment?
(1) Benzene (C6H6) (2) Carbon tetrachloride
Q.68 Which of the following statemets is true? (3) Boron trifluoride (4) All of these
(1) The dipole moment of NF3 is zero
(2) The dipole moment of NF3 is less than NH3 Q.75 Oxidation state of ‘S’ in peroxodisulphuric acid and
(3) The dipole moment of NF3 is more than NH3 sodium tetrathionate
(4) The dipole moment of NH3 is zero (1) +6, +5, 0 (2) +6, +6, +6
(3) +6, +4, +2 (4) +6, +2, +0
Q.69 Of the following molecules, the one, which has
permanent dipole moment, is : Q.76 There is no S-S bond in
(1) SiF4 (2) BF3 (1) S2O42- (2) S2O52-
(3) PF3 (4) PF5 (3) S2O32- (4) S2O72-

2-76
 Chemical Bonding

Q.77 The pairs of bases in DNA are held together by Q.85 The order of strength of hydrogen bonds is :
(1) Hydrogen bonds (2) Ionic bonds (1) ClH...Cl > NH...N > OH...O > FH...F
(3) Phosphate groups (4) Deoxyribose group (2) ClH...Cl < NH...N < OH...O < FH...F
(3) ClH...Cl < NH...N > OH...O > FH...F
Q.78 Amongst H2O, H2S, H2Se and H2 Te, the one with the (4) ClH...Cl < NH...N < OH...O > FH...F
highest boiling point is
Q.86 Which of the following exhibits/s H-bonding ?
(1) H2O because of hydrogen bonding
(2) H2 Te because of higher molecular weight
(1) CH4 (2) H2Se
(3) H2S because of hydrogen bonding (3) N2H4 (4) H2S
(4) H2 Se because of lower molecular weight
Q.87 How many s-and p-bonds are there in salicyclic acid ?
Q.79 Which of the following molecules are expected to (1) 10s, 4p (2) 16s, 4p
exhibit intermolecular H-bonding (3) 18 s, 2p (4) 16s, 2p
I. Acetic acid II. o-nitrophenol
III. m-nitrophenol IV. o-boric acid Q.88 The volatility of HF is low because of :
(1) I, II, III (2) I, II, IV (1) its low polarizability
(3) I, III, IV (4) II, III, IV (2) the weak dispersion interaction between the
molecules
Q.80 Ethanol has a higher boiling point than dimethyl ether (3) its small molecular mass
though they have the same molecular weight. This is (4) its strong hydrogen bonding
due to :
Q.89 Two ice cubes are pressed over each other and unite to
(1) resonance (2) coordinate bonding
form one cube. Which force is responsible for holding
(3) hydrogen bonding (4) ionic bonding
them together :
(1) Vander Waal’s forces
Q.81 Arrange the following in order of decreasing boiling (2) Covalent attraction
point : (3) Hydrogen bond formation
(I) n-Butane (II) n-Butanol (4) Dipole-dipole attraction
(III) n-Butyl chloride (IV) Isobutane
(1) IV > III > II > I (2) IV > II > III > I Q.90 Pure phosphoric acid is very viscous, because :
(3) I > II > III > IV (4) II > III > I > IV (1) It is a strong acid
(2) It is tribasic acid
Q.82 Which of the following compounds would have (3) It is hygroscopic
significant intermolecular hydrogen bonding ? (4) It has PO43- groups which are bonded by many
hydrogen bonds
HF, CH3OH, N2O4, CH4
(1) HF, N2O4 (2) HF, CH4, CH3OH
Q.91 Consider the following sets of H-bonds
(3) HF, CH3OH (4) CH3OH, CH4

P: – O – H - - - - -
Q.83 For H2O2, H2S, H2O and HF, the correct order of
decreasing extent of hydrogen bonding is :
(1) H2O > HF > H2O2 > H2S
Q: –O–H -----
(2) H2O > HF > H2S > H2O2
(3) HF > H2O > H2O2 > H2S
R: – H-----
(4) H2O2 > H2O > HF > H2S

Q.84 Which one of the following does not have

S: H- - - --
intermolecular H–bonding ?
The correct order of H-bond strengths is :
(1) H2O (2) o-nitro phenol
(1) Q > P > S > R (2) R > Q > S > P
(3) HF (4) CH3COOH
(3) R > S > P > Q (4) P > Q > R > S

2-77
Chemical Bonding

Q.92 Intermolecular hydrogen bonding increases the Q.100 In which of the dimerisation process, the achievement
enthalpy of vaporization of a liquid due to the : of the octet is not the driving force.
(1) decrease in the attraction between molecules. (1) 2AlCl3 ¾® Al2Cl6
(2) increase in the attraction between molecules. (2) BeCl2 ¾® BeCl2(solid)
(3) decrease in the molar mass of unassociated liquid (3) 2lCl3 ¾® I2Cl6
molecules. (4) 2NO2 ¾® N2O4
(4) increase in the effective molar mass of hydrogen -
bonded molecules.
Q.101 The molecule is not having 3c-2e bond.
(1) BeH2 (dimer) (2) BeH2(solid)
Q.93 Which of the following exhibits H-bonding ?
(3) C2H6 (4) B2H6
(1) CH4 (2) H2Se
(3) N2H4 (4) H2S
Q.102 The structure of diborane (B2H6) contains
Q.94 Intramolecular hydrogen bonding is found in (1) Four (2C–2e–) bonds and two (2C–3e–)bonds
(1) Salicyladehyde (2) Water (2) Four (2C–2e–) bonds and two (3C–2e–)bonds
(3) Acetaldehyde (4) Phenol (3) Four (2C–2e–) bonds and four (3C–2e–)bonds
(4) None
Q.95 Among the following, van der Waals forces are
maximum in : Q.103 For BF3 molecule which of the following is true ?
(1) HBr (2) LiBr (1) B-atom is sp2 hybridised.
(3) LiCl (4) AgBr (2) There is a Pp – Pp back bonding in this molecule.
(3) Observed B–F bond length is found to be less than
Q.96 Which of the following bonds/forces is weakest ? the expected bond length.
(1) Covalent bond (2) Ionic bond (4) All of these
(3) Hydrogen bond (4) London force

Q.104 PCl5 exists but NCl5 does not because

Q.97 Which of the following factor is responsible for van
(1) Nitrogen has no vacant d-orbital
der Waals forces ?
(2) NCl5 is unstable
(1) Instantaneous dipole-induced dipole interaction.
(3) Nitrogen atom is much smaller than p
(2) Dipole-induced dipole interaction and ion-induced
(4) Nitrogen is highly inert
dipole interaction.
(3) Dipole-dipole interaction and ion-induced dipole
interaction. Q.105 Which of the following has a giant covalent structure ?
(4) All of these. (1) Sodium chloride (2) Silica
(3) Aluminium chloride (4) Lead oxide
Q.98 Which of the following is false ?
(1) Van der Waals forces are responsible for the Q.106 Select correct statement about hydrolysis of BCl3 and
formation of molecular crystals. NCl3
(2) Branching lowers the boiling points of isomeric organic (1) NCl3 is hydroysed and gives HOCl but BCl3 is not
compounds due to reduction in the van der Waals hydrolysed.
force of attraction. (2) Both NCl3 and BCl3 on hydrolysis gives HCl
(3) In graphite, van der Waals forces act between the (3) NCl3 on hydrolysis gives HOCl but BCl3 gives HCl.
carbon layers. (4) Both NCl3 and BCl3 on hydrolysis gives HOCl.
(4) Boiling point of NH3 is greater than SbH3.

Q.107 The state of hybridisation for the transition state of

Q.99 In which molecule is the London dispersion force likely
hydrolysis mechanism of BCl3 and SF4 are respectively
to be most important in determining boiling point?
(1) sp2, sp3d (2) sp3, sp3
(1) ICI (2) Br2
(3) sp3, sp3d2 (4) sp3, sp3d
(3) H2S (4) CO

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.108 In which of the following cases, X–O bond length is Q.115 The correct order of the increasing ionic character is :
not going to be changed (where X is the underline (1) BeCl2 < MgCl2 < CaCl2 < BaCl2
atom.) (2) BeCl2 < MgCl2 < BaCl2 < CaCl2
(3) BeCl2 < BaCl2 < MgCl2 < CaCl2
(1) H3BO3 taken in water
(4) BaCl2 < MgCl2 < CaCl2 < BeCl2
(2) H2SO4 is taken in water
(3) HNO3 is taken in water
Q.116 Which of the following compounds of elements in group
(4) None of these IV is expected to be most ionic ?
(1) PbCl2 (2) PbCl4
Q.109 Which of the following can not be completely (3) CCl4 (4) SiCl4
hydrolysed in cold water at room temperature ?
(1) BCl3 (2) PCl3 Q.117 Which of the following is in order of increasing covalent
(3) BBr3 (4) CH3Cl character ?
(1) CCl 4 < BeCl 2 < BCl3 < LiCl
Q.110 Which of the following pairs of elements forms a (2) LiCl < CCl 4 < BeCl 2 < BCl3
compound with maximum ionic character ?
(1) Na and F (2) Cs and F (3) LiCl < BeCl2 < BCl3 < CCl 4
(3) Na and C (4) Cs and I (4) LiCl < BeCl2 < CCl4 < BCl3

Q.111 An ionic bond A+ B– is most likely to be formed when: Q.118 Least melting point is shown by the compound :
(1) the ionization energy of A is high and the electron (1) PbCl2 (2) SnCl4
affinity of B is low (3) NaCl (4) AlCl3
(2) the ionization energy of A is low and the electron
affinity of B is high Q.119 SnCl4 is a covalent liquid because :
(3) the ionization energy of A and the electron affinity (1) electron clouds of the Cl– ions are weakly polarized
to envelop the cation.
of B is high
(2) electron clouds of the Cl– ions are strongly polarized
(4) the ionization energy of A and the electron affinity
to envelop the cation.
of B is low (3) its molecules are attracted to one another by strong
van der Waals forces.
Q.112 Select the correct order of solubility (in water) from the (4) Sn shows inert pair effect.
following :
(1) SrSO4 < CaSO4 < MgSO4 < BeSO4
Q.120 Which of the following combination of ion will have
(2) NaF < KF < RbF < CsF highest polarisation ?
(3) Ba(OH)2 > Sr(OH)2 > Ca(OH)2 > Mg(OH)2 (1) Fe2+, Br– (2) Ni4+, Br–
(4) All of these 2+
(3) Ni , Br – (4) Fe, Br–

Q.113 Anhydrous AlCl3 is covalent. From the data given Q.121 The types of bonds present in CuSO4·5H2O are :
below (1) electrovalent and covalent
Lattice Energy = 5137 KJ/mol. (2) electrovalent and coordinate
DH hydration for Al3+ = – 4665 KJ/mol (3) covalent and coordinate
(4) electrovalent, covalent and coordinate
DH hydration for Cl– = – 381 KJ/mol
identify the correct statement.
Q.122 Compound with maximum ionic character is formed from:
(1) It will remain covalent in aqueous solution (1) Na and Cl (2) Cs and F
(2) The solution will consist of Al3+ & Cl¯ (3) Cs and l (4) Na and F
(3) The solution will consist of hydrated Al3+ & Cl¯
(4) None of these Q.123 Mg2C3 reacts with water forming propyne, C34– has
(1) two sigma and two pi bonds
Q.114 Which is the most ionic ? (2) three sigma and one pi bonds
(1) LiF (2) Li2O (3) two sigma and one pi bonds
(3) Li3N (4) All same (4) two sigma and thee pi bonds

2-79
Chemical Bonding

Q.124 Number and type of bonds between two carbon atoms Q.131 Which has higher bond energy :
in CaC2 are : (1) F2 (2) Cl2
(1) one sigma (s) and one pi (p) bond (3) Br2 (4) I2
(2) one s and two p bonds
(3) one s and one and a half p bond Q.132 For most common anions of elements, extent of
(4) one s bond solvation (that is hydration) :
(1) Increases across the period
Q.125 Which of the following equilibria would have the lowest (2) decreases across the period
value of Kp at a common temperature ? (3) Remains same across the period
(1) MgCO3 MgO + CO2 (4) None of these

(2) CaCO3 CaO + CO2

Q.133 Among LiCl, RbCl, BeCl2 and MgCl2, the compounds
(3) SrCO3 SrO + CO2 with the greatest and the least ionic character
(4) BaCO3 BaO + CO2 respectively are :
(1) LiCl and RbCl (2) RbCl and BeCl2
Q.126 The types of bonds present in CuSO4. 5H2O are (3) RbCl and MgCl2 (4) MgCl2 and BeCl2
(1) electrovalent and covalent
(2) electrovalent and coordinate covalent Q.134 The hydration of ionic compounds involves :
(3) covalent and coordinate covalent (1) Evolution of heat
(4) electrovalent, covalent and coordinate covalent (2) Weakening of attractive forces of ions
(3) Dissociation into ions
Q.127 The polarizibility of the following compounds is/are (4) All of these
(1) l– > Br– > Cl– > F– (2) l– > Br– > F– > Cl–
(3) l < Br < Cl < F
– – – –
(4) l– < Br– < F– < Cl– Q.135 How many unpaired electrons are present in N2+
(1) 1 (2) 2
(3) 3 (4) 4
Q.128 For which of the following crystalline substances does
the solubility in water increase upto 32°C and then
Q.136 The correct order of increasing C – O bond length of,
decrease rapidly ?
CO, CO32–, CO2 is
(1) CaCl2.2H2O (2) Na2SO4.10H2O
(1) CO32– < CO2 < CO (2) CO2 < CO32– < CO
(3) FeSO4.7H2O (4) Alums
(3) CO < CO3 < CO2
2–
(4) CO < CO2 < CO32–

Q.129 Which of the following compound has electrovalent

Q.137 In the dichromate anion
linkage ?
(1) 4 Cr-O bonds are equivalent
(1) CH3Cl (2) NaCl
(2) 6 Cr-O bonds are equivalent
(3) CH3OH (4) CH3COOH
(3) all Cr-O bonds are equivalent
(4) all Cr-O bonds are non equivalent
Q.130 The melting point of AlF3 is 104° C and that of SiF4 si –
77°C (it sublimes) because :
(1) there is very large difference in the ionic character Q.138 The correct order of decreasing polarizability of ion is :
of the Al – F and Si – F bonds (1) Cl - , Br - , I - , F - (2) F - , I - , Br - , Cl -
(2) in AlF3 , Al 3+ interacts very strongly with the
neighbouring F– ions to give a three dimensional (3) I - , Br - , Cl - , F - (4) F - , Cl - , Br - , I -
structure but in SiF4 no such interaction is a
possible Q.139 Which of the following cannot be explained on the
(3) the silicon ion in the tetrahedral SiF4 is not shielded basis of Fajan’s Rules ?
effectively from the fluoride ions whereas in AlF3, (1) Ag2S is much less soluble than Ag2O
the Al3+ ion is shielded on all sides (2) Fe(OH)3 is much less soluble than Fe(OH)2
(4) The attractive forces between the SiF4 molecules (3) BaCO3 is much less soluble than MgCO3
are strong whereas those between the AlF 3 (4) Melting point of AlCl3 is much less than that of
molecules are weak NaCl

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.140 The common features among the species CN–, CO and Q.148 In which of the following processes magnetic moment
NO+ are and Bond order, both are changed.
(1) Bond order three and isoelectronic
(1) NO ¾® NO+ (2) O2+ ¾® O2
(2) Bond other three and weak field ligands
(3) Bond order two and p-acceptors
(3) N2 ¾® N2- (4) All of these
(4) isoelectronic and weak field ligands

Q.149 Among the following species, which has the minimum

Q.141 A : tetracyanomethane B : Carbondioxide
bond length ?
C : Benzene D : 1, 3-buta-di-ene
(1) B2 (2) C2
Ratio of s and p bond is in order :
(3) F2 (4) O2–
(1) A = B < C < D (2) A = B < D < C
(3) A = B = C = D (4) C < D < A < B Q.150 Number of antibonding electrons in N2 is :
(1) 4 (2) 10
Q.142 Pick out the incorrect statement ?
(3) 12 (4) 14
(1) N2 has greater dissociation energy than N2+
(2) O2 has lower dissociation energy than O2+ Q.151 Which of the following statement is incorrect ?
(3) Bond length in N2+ is less than N2 (1) During N+2 formation, one electron is removed from
(4) Bond length in NO+ is less than in NO. the bonding molecular orbital of N2.
(2) During O+2 formation, one electron is removed from
Q.143 Which of the following overlaps is incorrect [assuming the antibonding molecular orbital of O2.
z-axis to be the internuclear axis] ? (3) During O–2 formation, one electron is added to the
(a) 2 py + 2 py ® p 2 py bonding molecular orbital of O2.
(b) 2 pz + 2 pz ® s 2pz (4) During CN– formation, one electron is added to the
(c) 2 px + 2 px ® p 2 px bonding molecular orbital of CN.
(d) 1 s + 2 py ® p (1 s-2 py )
(1) ‘a’ & ‘b’ (2) ‘b’ & ‘d’ Q.152 According to Molecular orbital theory which of the
(3) only ‘d’ (4) None of these following is correct ?
(1) LUMO level for C2 molecule is s 2p x orbital
Q.144 Effective overlapping will be shows by : (2) In C2 molecules both the bonds are p bonds
(1) (2) (3) In C22– ion there is one s and two p bonds
(3) (4) All the above (4) All the above are correct

Q.145 A simplified application of MO theory to the hypothetical Q.153 Which of the following pairs have identical values of
‘molecule’ OF would give its bond order as bond order ?
(1) 2 (2) 1.5 (1) N2+ and O2+ (2) F2 and Ne2
(3) 1.0 (4) 0.5 (3) O2 and B2 (4) C2 and N2

Q.146 Which of the following species is paramagnetic ? Q.154 During the formation of a molecular orbital from atomic
orbitals of the same atom, probability of electron density
(1) NO– (2) O22 -
is :
(3) CN– (4) CO (1) none zero in the nodal plane
(2) maximum in the nodal plane
Q.147 Which of the following is true ? (3) zero in the nodal plane
1 (4) zero on the surface of the lobe
(1) Bond order µ µ bond energy
bond lengh
Q.155 Which of the following has fractional bond order :
1 (1) O22+ (2) O22–
(2) Bond order µ bond length µ (3) F22–
(4) H2–
bond energy

1 1 Q.156 The ratio of s and p bonds in benzene is

(3) Bond order µ bond lengh µ bond energy (1) 2 (2) 6
(3) 4 (4) 8
(4) Bond order µ bond length µ bond energy

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Chemical Bonding
EXERCISES-III
The following questions given below consist of an
“Assertion” and “Reason” Type questions. Use the
following Key to choose the appropriate answer.
(1) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason
is correct explanation of the Assertion.
(2) If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason
is not correct explanation of the Assertion.
(3) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false.
(4) If Assertion is false but Reason is true.
(5) If Assertion & Reason are false.
Q.1 Assertion : B2 molecule is diamagnetic
Reason : The highest occupied molecular orbital is of
p-type
Q.2 Assertion : XeF2 is a linear molecule.
Reason : Xe atom assumes sp hybrid state in XeF2.
Q.3 Assertion : The bond angle of directed bonds around
S in H2S is 92º.
Reason : S atom in H2S is sp3 hybridised.
Q.4 Assertion : Antibonding MO always have node in
between the nuclei of the atoms participating in
bonding.
Reason : Antibonding MO is more stable than bonding
MO.
Q.5 Assertion : In CH3NCO , the bond angles C – N – C
and N – C – O are not identical.
Reason : N – atom has a lone pair of electrons which is
involved in pp-dp delocalisation where as C – atom
does not have lone pair of electrons.
Q.6 Assertion : Amongst the oxo acids of halogens, HOCl,
HOBr and HOI, the HOI is the most acidic acid.
Reason : The conjugate base stability is ClO – > BrO –
> IO –
Q.7 Assertion : [SiCl6]2 – does not exist.
Reason : Interaction between lone pairs of chloride
ions and Si4+ is not very strong and six large chloride
ions can not be accommodated around Si4+ due to
limitation of its size.
Q.8 Assertion : Molecular species like SF6, PF5 , I3– and
XeF2 violate the octet rule.
Reason : Compounds with an expanded octet are called
hypervalent compounds.
Q.9 Assertion : O2 molecules is paramagnetic in nature.
Reason : O2 Molecule contain two unpaird electrons
in antibonding orbitals.
Q.10 Assertion : The bond angle of directed bonds around
S in H2S is 92º.
Reason : S atom in H2S is sp3 hybridised.
Q.11 Assertion : Between SiCl4 and CCl4, only SiCl4 reacts
with water.
Reason : Si Cl4 is ionic and CCl4 is covalent.
Q.12 Assertion : CO2 is gas and Si O2 is solid at room
temperature.
Reason : CO2 contains C = O bonds but SiO2 does not
contains Si = O bonds.
Q.13 Assertion : The bond length in BF3 is 1.30Å, lesser
than sum of the single bond covalent radius of boron
and fluorine.
Reason : pp-pp overlapping partially exist between
boron and fluorine atoms.
Q.14 Assertion : In tetrahedral hybridisation i.e., in sp3
hybridisation all p–orbitals of valence shell are involved
and no p–orbital is left for forming p–bonds.
Reason : Central atom can not form double bonds in
the molecules or species having sp3 hybridisation.
Q.15 Assertion : All F-S-F angles in SF4 are greater than 90º
but less than 180º.
Reason : The bond pair-bond pair repulsion is weaker
than lone pair-bond pair repulsion.
Q.16 Assertion : The bond angles of BrNO , ClNO and FNO
are approximately 114.50 , 113.30 and 110.10 respectively.
Reason : The hybridisation of central N atom in all
three compounds is sp2.
Q.17 Assertion : The hydrogen bond is simply an
electrostatic bond with no directional characteristics
Reason : The hydrogen can be non linear .
Q.18 Assertion : Both PCl5 ans BrF5 have identical shape.
Reason : PCl5 has trigonal bipyramidal shape whereas
BrF5 has square pyramidal shape.
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 Chemical Bonding

Q.19 Assertion : p- hydroxy benzoic acid has a lower B.P. Q.30 Assertion : The electron gain enthalpy of O is less
than o - hydroxy benzoic acid negative than S
Reason : o- hydroxy benzoic acid has intramolecular Reason : This is due to the smaller atomic size of O in
H – bonding which there is a considerable electron-electron
repulsion and hence the additional electron is not
Q.20 Assertion : HCH bond angle in C2H4 is approximately
accepted easily.
120°.
Reason : Both the carbon atoms in C2H4 are sp2
hybridised. Q.31 Assertion : Zinc is a d-block element.
Reason : Zinc is a volatile metal.
Q.21 Assertion : Anhydrous HCl is non-conducting in
nature.
Reason : HCl is a volatile compound. F

Q.22 Assertion : XeF2 is a linear molecule. Q F

Reason : Xe atom assumpes sp hybrid state in XeF2. Q.32 Assertion : R Bond angle R is
P F
Q.23 Assertion : NF3 has little tendency to act as a donor
molecule. F
Reason : The highly electronegative F atoms attract
electrons and these moments partly cancel the moment a normal triangular angle 1200.
from the lone pair. Reason : Ð P ¹ 1800 ; Ð Q ¹ 900 and thus Ð R ¹ 1200
but less then 1200 due to the presence of a lone pair.
Q.24 Assertion : Si – F , Si – Cl and Si – O bonds are stronger
than the corresponding bonds with C.
Q.33 Assertion : Pressing of two ice cube over each other
cause their unification.
Reason : pp – dp overlapping Reason : Intermolecular H-bonding occurs between
H2O molecules.

Q.34 Assertion : The species [I(CN)2]¯ is overall linear.

Q.25 Assertion : O2 molecules is paramagnetic in nature.
Reason : O2 molecule contains two unpaired electrons
in pi antibonding orbitals.
Q.26 Assertion : CCl4 is a non-polar molecule.
Reason : The molecule CCl4 does not contain any polar
bonds.
Reason : I-atom and C-atoms are ‘sp’ hybridised.
Q.35 Assertion : The direction of dipole moment in CO is
from ‘O’ to ‘C’.
Reason : The contribution of co-ordinated p–bond is
more compared to electronegativity factor in the overall
polarity of the molecule.

Q.27 Assertion : Both SO2 and CO2 are triatomic as well as
non polar molecule.
Reason : Hybrid state of S and C is same in SO2 and
CO2 respectively.
Q.28 Assertion : Antibonding MO always have node in
between the nuclei of the atoms participating in
bonding.
Reason : Antibonding MO is more stable than bonding
MO.
Q.29 Assertion : Van der Waals radius of an element is
always larger than its covalent radius.
Reason : Van der Waals radius is one-half of the
distance between the nuclei of two non-bonded
isolated atoms.
Q.36 Assertion : The bond angle in H2O is greater than H2S.
Reason : H-bonding does not occur in H2S due to low
electronegativity of S.
Q.37 Assertion : Lattice energy of an ionic solid can not be
infinite.
Reason : As inter ionic distance tends to zero, repulsive
forces dominate over attractive forces.
Q.38 Assertion : On the basis of overlapping of pure atomic
orbital the shape of NH3 molecule will be trigonal
pyramidal.
Reason : According to pure atomic orbital overlapping
each Ð HNH is of 90°.

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Chemical Bonding
Q.39 Assertion : Phosphorus exists as P4 not as P2
Reason : Sidewise overlapping between two 3p orbitals
is less effective.
Q.40 Assertion : Inorganic benzene (B3N3H6) and organic
benzene (C 6H6) are isoelectronic & hence are
isostructural.
Reason : dC–C in benzene is greater than dB–N in
inorganic benzene (borazine).
Q.41 Assertion : SeCl4 does not have a tetrahedral structure.
Reason : Se in SeCl4 has two lone pairs.
Q.42 Assertion : Na+ and Al3+ are isoelectronic but the
magnitude of the ionic radius of Al3+ is less than that
of Na+
Reason : The magnitude of the effective nuclear charge
on the outer shell electrons in Al3+ is greater than that
in Na+.
Q.43 Assertion : PCl 5 is not very stable and easily
dissociates to form PCl3 and Cl2.
Reason : The central atom (P) in PCl5 has 10 electrons
around it instead of 8, i.e., it violates octet rule.
Q.44 Assertion : N2F3+ is planar at each nitrogen atom.
Reason : In N3H , the bond angle H–N–N is 1200 and
the N–N bond lengths are not equal.
Q.45 Assertion : Both H2O and SnCl2 are bent molecules.
Reason : Both H2O and SnCl2 have sp3 hybridisation
of the central atom.
Q.46 Assertion : NO3– and CO32– ion both are trigonal planar.
Reason : Hybridisation of central atom in both NO3–
and CO32– is sp2.
Q.47 Assertion : Solid NaCl is conducting in nature
Reason : NaCl cantain Na+, Cl– and e–.
Q.48 Assertion : O2 molecules is paramagnetic in nature.
Reason : O2 Molecule contain two unpaired electrons
in antibonding orbitals.
Q.49 Assertion : All Cl-F bond length in ClF3 are equal.
Reason : Shape of ClF3 molecule is trigonal planar.
Q.50 Assertion : Xe atom in XeF2 assumes sp hybrid state.
Reason : XeF-2 molecule does not follow octet rule.
Q.51 Assertion : In IOF4 – a single lone pair is present on
iodine atom trans to oxygen atom to have minimum
repulsion between the I = O and the lone pair of
electrons.
Reason : The VSEPR model considers double and triple
bonds to have slightly greater repulsive effect than
single bonds because of the repulsive effect of p
electrons.
Q.52 Assertion : The atoms in a covalent molecule are said
to share electrons, yet some covalent molecules are
polar.
Reason : In polar covalent molecule, the shared
electrons spend more time on the average near one of
the atoms.
Q.53 Assertion : The bond angle of PBr 3 is greater than PH3
but the bond angle of NBr 3 is less than NH3.
Reason : Electronegativity of phosphorus atom is less
than that of nitrogen.
Q.54 Assertion: Ist group elements are very good reducing
agents.
Reason : Ist group elements have low sublimation
energy and low ionization energy hence these
elements have very high negative standard
reduction potential.
Q.55 Assertion: Lewis octet rule is always valid for all the
compounds found in nature.
Reason: Compounds like CH4, H2O and NaCl2 etc. all
follow octet rule.
Q.56 Assertion : BCl3, BBr3 and BI3 all are lewis bases.
Reason : BCl3, BBr3 and BI3 all are electron deficient
compounds.
Q.57 Assertion : In triangular bipyramidal hybridization a lone
pair preferentially occupies equatorial position.
Reason : The most electronegative bonding partner/s
perferentially occupy the axial position in triangular
bipyramidal structure.
Q.58 Assertion : The first ionization enthalpy of aluminium
is lower than that of magnesium.
Reason : Ionic radius of aluminium is larger than that
of magnesium.
Q.59 Assertion : Melting point of NaCl is greater than CsCl
Reason : NaCl is more ionic than CsCl
Q.60 Assertion : Nitrogen does not form penta halide.
Reason : Nitrogen exist as N2.
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 Chemical Bonding

EXERCISES-IV
MEDICAL Q.8 The single, double and triple bond lengths of carbon
PREVIOUS YEAR’S in carbon dioxide are respectively [AIIMS 2000]
Q.1 Which of the following have both polar and nonpolar (1) 1.15, 1.22 and 1.10Å (2) 1.22, 1.15 and 1.10Å
bonds : [AIIMS 1997] (3) 1.10, 1.15 and 1.22 Å (4) 1.15, 1.10 and 1.22 Å
(1) C2H6 (2) NH4Cl
(3) HCl (4) AlCl3 Q.9 The smallest bond angle is found in
[AIIMS 2001]
Q.2 Which of the following is not paramagnetic : (1) IF7 (2) CH4
[AIIMS 1997] (3) BeF2 (4) BF3
(1) S–2 (2) N2–
(3) O2– (4) NO Q.10 The geometry and the type of hybrid orbital present
about the central atom in BF3 is : [BHU 2001]
Q.3 Ethanol and dimethyl ether form a pair of functional
(1) Linear, sp (2) Trigonal planar, sp2
isomers. The boiling point of ethanol is higher than
(3) Tetrahedral, sp3
(4) Pyramidal, sp3
that of dimethyl ether due to the presence of :
[AIIMS 1998]
Q.11 Which of the following pairs has same structure
(1) Hydrogen bonding in ethanol
[BHU 2001]
(2) Hydrogen bonding in dimethyl ether
(1) PH3 and BCl3 (2) SO2 and NH3
(3) CH3 group in ethanol
(4) CH3 group in dimethyl ether (3) PCl5 and SF6 (4) NH4+ and SO42–

Q.4 When the hybridisation state of carbon atom changes Q.12 Which of the following has the highest dipole moment
from sp3 to sp2 to sp, the angle between the hybridised [AIIMS 2002]
orbitals: [AIIMS 1998]
H CH3
(1) Decreases gradually
H
(2) Increases gradually (1) C=O (2) C = C
(3) Decreases considerably H
(4) All of these CH3 H

Q.5 According to Fajjan’s rule, covalent bond is favoured

CH3 H Cl CH3
by : [AIIMS 1999]
(1) Large cation and small anion(2) Large cation and C=C C=C
large anion (3) (4)
(3) Small cation and large anion (4) Small cation and CH3 H CH3 Cl
small anion
Q.13 Which of the following arrangement of molecules is
Q.6 Which of th e following exhibits the weakest
correct on the basis of their dipole moments
intermolecular forces [AIIMS 1999]
(1) He (2) HCl (3) NH3 [AIIMS 2002]
(4) H2O (1) BF3 > NF3 > NH3 (2) NF3 > BF3 > NH3
(3) NH3 > BF3 > NF3 (4) NH3 > NF3 > BF3
Q.7 Assertion : Bond order can assume any value number
including zero [AIIMS 1999] Q.14 Which of the following molecule has highest bond
Reason : Higher the bond order, shorter is bond length energy [AIIMS 2002]
and greater is bond energy. (1) F – F (2) C – C
(1) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and (3) N – N (4) O – O
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(2) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Q.15 Which of the following has pp-dp bonding
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. [CBSE 2002]
(3) If Assertion is correct and Reason is incorrect. (1) NO3– (2) CO3–2
(4) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. (3) BO3–3 (4) SO3–2

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Chemical Bonding

Q.16 The bond angle of water is 104.5º due to Q.24 Shape of O2F2 is similar to that of : [AIIMS 2004]
[CPMT 2002] (1) C2F2 (2) H2O2
(1) Repulsion between lone pair and bond pair (3) H2F2 (4) C2H2
(2) sp3 hybridization of O
(3) Bonding of H2 O Q.25 The ONO angle is maximum in : [AIIMS 2004]
(4) Higher electronegativity of O (1) NO3– (2) NO2–
(3) NO2 (4) NO2+
Q.17 Which of the following is correct for N 2 triple bond
[CPMT 2002]
Q.26 Identify the correct sequence of increasing number
(1) 3s (2) 1p, 2s
of sigma and pi bonds in the structures of the following
(3) 2p, 1s (4) 3p
molecules: [EAMCET 2004]
(I) H2S2O6 (II) H2SO3
Q.18 Coordinate bond is absent in [RPMT 2002]
(III) H2SO4
(1) BH4– (2) CO3–2
(3) H3O+ (4) NH4+ (1) I, II, III (2) II, III, I
(3) II, I, III (4) I, III, II
Q.19 Assertion : the O–O bond length in H2O2 is shorter
than that of O2F2. [AIIMS 2003] Q.27 Assertion : B2 molecule is diamagnetic. [AIIMS 2005]
Reason : H2O2 is an ionic compound. Reason : The highest occupied molecular orbital is of s
(1) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and type.
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. (1) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and
(2) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. (2) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and
(3) If Assertion is correct and Reason is incorrect. Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(4) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. (3) If Assertion is correct and Reason is incorrect.
(4) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
Q.20 Assertion : All F–S–F angle in SF4 is greater than 90°
but less than 180°. [AIIMS 2004] Q.28 Among the following molecules : [AIIMS 2005]
Reason : the lone pair-bond pair repulsion is weaker
(i) XeO3 (ii) XeOF4
than bond pair-bond pair repulsion.
(iii) XeF6
(1) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and
Those having same number of lone pairs on Xe are :
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(1) (i) and (ii) only (2) (i) and (iii) only
(2) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and
(3) (ii) and (iii) only (4) (i), (ii) and (iii)
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(3) If Assertion is correct and Reason is incorrect.
(4) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. Q.29 Which of the following molecules has trigonal planar
geometry ? [CPMT 2005]
Q.21 The structure of H2O2 is [AFMC 2003] (1) IF3 (2) PCl3
(1) Planar (2) Non-planar (3) NH3 (4) BF3
(3) Linear (4) Three dimensional
Q.30 In [Ag(CN)2]2– , the number of p bonds is :
Q.22 H2O is a liquid while H2 S is gas due to [BHU 2003] [AIIMS 2006]
(1) Covalent bonding (1) 2 (2) 3
(2) Molecular attraction (3) 4 (4) 6
(3) H-bonding
(4) H-bonding and molecular attraction Q.31 Which of the following species has a linear shape?
[CBSE AIPMT 2006]
Q.23 Isoelectronic species are [BHU 2003] (1) NO2 – (2) SO2
3–
(1) N , O 2– +
(2) Na , Ca 2+
(3) NO2+ (4) O3
(3) O2–, C2– (4) K+, Na+

2-86
 Chemical Bonding

Q.32 Assertion : C–H bond in ethyne is shorter than C–H Q.39 The state of hybridisation of C2, C3, C5 and C6 of the
bonds in ethane. hydrocarbon
Reason : Carbon atom in ethene in sp hybridised while
it is sp2 in ethyne. [AIIMS 2007] CH3 CH3
(1) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. CH3 – C – CH = CH – CH – C º CH is in the
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
(2) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and CH3
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(3) If Assertion is correct and Reason is incorrect. following sequence : [CBSE AIPMT 2009]
(4) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. (1) sp, sp3 , sp2 and sp3
(2) sp3, sp2 , sp2 and sp
Q.33 In which of the following pairs, the two species are (3) sp, sp2 , sp2 and sp3
iso-structural? [CBSE AIPMT 2007] (4) sp, sp2 , sp3 and sp2
(1) SF4 and XeF4 (2) BF3– and NO3–
(3) BF3 and NF3 (4) Br3– and XeO3 Q.40 According to MO theory which of the following lists
ranks the nitrogen species in terms of increasing
Q.34 Assertion : He2 does not exist. [BHU 2008]
bond order?
Reason : Bond order of He2 is zero
(1) N2– < N2 < N2–2 (2) N2–2 < N2– < N2
(1) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and
(3) N2 < N2 –2 < N2 – (4) N2– < N2–2 < N2
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(2) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, and
Q.41 Enolic form of acetone has :
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(1) 8s, 1p, 2 lone pairs (2) 9s, 2p, 1 lone pairs
(3) If Assertion is correct and Reason is incorrect.
(3) 8s, 2p, 1 lone pairs (4) 9s, 1p, 2 lone pairs
(4) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.

Q.35 Which compound is most covalent? [BHU 2008] Q.42 The hybridisation scheme for the central atom includes
(1) LiCl (2) LiF a d-orbital contribution in:
(3) LiBr (4) LiI (1) I3– (2) PCl3
(3) NO3 (4) H2Se
Q.36 Which of the following is incorrect match for
hybridisation and geometry? [BHU 2008] Q.43 Which of the following molecuels has trigonal planar
Hybridisation Geometry gemetry?
(1) dsp 2 planar (1) BF3 (2) NH3
(2) d3s and sp3 Tetrahedral (3) PH3 (4) IF3
(3) d sp and sp d
2 3 3 2
octahedral
(4) d 3s planar Q.44 The correct order of increasing bond length of
C—H, C—O, C —C and C=C is :
Q.37 Four diatomic species are listed below in different (1) C–H < C–O < C–C < C=C
sequences. Which of these represents the corret
(2) C–H < C=O < C=C < C–C
order of their increasing bond order?
[CBSE APMT 2008] (3) C–H < C=O < C–C < C–H
(1) O2– < NO < C22– < He2+ (4) C–O < C–H < C–C < C=C
(2) NO < C22– < O2– < He2+
(3) C22– < He2+ < NO < O2– Q.45 The correct order of increasing bond angles in the
(4) He2+ < O2– < NO <C22– following species is :
(1) ClO2– < Cl2O < ClO2 (2) Cl2O < ClO2 < ClO2–
Q.38 X, Y are anhydrides of sulphurous acid and sulphuric
(3) ClO2 < Cl2O < ClO2– (4) Cl2O < ClO2– < ClO2
acid respectively. The hybridisation state and the shape
of X and Y are : [EAMCET 2008]
Hybridisation Geometry Q.46 The higher lattice energy corresponds to :
(1) sp2 ,angular sp3, tetrahedral [AMU 2010]
(2) sp ,angular
2
sp2, angular (1) MgO (2) CaO
(3) sp ,angular
2
sp2, planar triangular (3) SrO (4) BaO
(4) sp , planar
3
sp3, planar

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Chemical Bonding

Q.47 Considering the state of hybridisation of carbon Q.53 The pairs of species of oxygen and their magnetic
atoms, find out the molecule among the following behaviours are noted below. Which of the following
which is linear? [CBSE AIPMT 2011] presents the correct description? [CBSE 2011]
(1) CH3–CH2–CH2–CH3 (2) CH3–CH=CH–CH3 (1) O+2, O2 – Both paramagnetic
(3) CH3–CºC–CH3 (4) CH2–CH–CH2–CºCH (2) O, O22– – Both paramagnetic
(3) O2–, O22– – Both diamagnetic
Q.48 Which of the two ions from the list given below that (4) O+, O22– – Both paramagnetic
have the geometry that is explained by the same
hybridisation of orbitals, NO2—, NO3—, NH4+, SCN? Q.54 In which of the following compounds, nitrogen exhibits
[CBSE AIPMT 2011] highest oxidation state ? [CBSE 2012]
(1) NO2— and NH2— (2) NO2— and NO3— (1) N2H4 (2) NH3
(3) NH and NO3
4
+ —
(4) SCN and NH2
— —
(3) N3H (4) NH2OH

Q.49 Which of the following has minimum bond length? Q.55 Which one of the following pairs is isostructural (i.e.
[CBSE AIPMT 2011] having the same shape and hybridization) ?
(1) O2 (2) O2+ [CBSE 2012]
(3) O2– (4) O22– (1) [BCl3 and BrCl3] (2) [NH3 and NO3¯]
(3) [NF3 and BF3] (4) [BF4¯ and NH4+]
Q.50 The bond angle in water molecule is less than in
ammonia molecule, due to the [RPMT 2011] Q.56 Bond order of 1.5 is shown by : [CBSE 2012]
(1) presence of two lone pairs in H2O molecule. (1) O +
(2) O ¯
2 2
(2) presence of three lone pairs in H2O molecule. (3) O 2–
(4) O2
2
(3) presence of two lone pairs in NH3 molecule.
(4) high electronegativity of oxygen atom. Q.57 Which of the following species contains three bond
pairs and one lone pair around the central atom ?
Q.51 The oxidation state of sulphur in H2SO5 and of [CBSE 2012]
chromium in K2Cr2O7 respectively is : [RPMT 2011] (1) H2O (2) BF3
(1) 8, 6 (2) 4, 6 (3) NH2 (4) PCl3
(3) 8, 8 (4) 6, 6
Q.58 The pair of species with the same bond order is :
Q.52 Which of the following structures is the most preferred [CBSE 2012]
and hence of lowest energy for SO3? (1) O22–, B2 (2) O2+, NO+
[RPMT 2011/AIPMT 2011] (3) NO, CO (4) N2, O2

–
|O| |O| Q.59 Total number of antibonding electrons present in O2
will be : [AIIMS 2013]
S S (1) 6 (2) 8
(1) (2)
|O| |O| |O| |O| |O| (3) 4 (4) 2
– –
Q.60 In BF3, the B – F bond length is 1.30Å, when BF3 is
|O| allowed to be treated with Me3N, it forms and adduct,
– Me3N® BF3, the bond length of B–F in the adduct is :
S
(3) S (4) [AIIMS 2013]
|O| |O|
|O| |O| – (1) greater than 1.30Å (2) smaller than 1.30Å
(3) equal to 1.30Å (4) none of these

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 Chemical Bonding

Q.61 The bond length of HCl bond is 2.29 × 10–10m. The Q.70 The pair of species that has the same bond order in
percentage ionic character of HCl, if measured dipole the following is : [NEET KARNATAKA 2013]
moment is 6.226 × 10–30 C m, is - [JIPMER 2013] (1) CO, NO +
(2) NO–, CN–
(1) 8% (2) 20 % (3) O2, N2 (4) O2, B2
(3) 17 % (4) 50 %
Q.71 In O3 molecule, the formal charge on the central
Q.62 The percentage s-character of the hybrid orbitals in O-atom is : [AIIMS 2014]
methane, ethene and ethyne are respectively. (1) 0 (2) – 1
[JIPMER 2013] (3) –2 (4) +1
(1) 25, 33, 50 (2) 25, 50, 75
(3) 50, 75, 100 (4) 10, 20, 40
Q.72 Which of the following represents the correct bond
order ? [AIIMS 2014]
Q.63 Which one of the following molecules contains no p
(1) O2+ < O2– < O22– (2) O2– > O22– > O2+
bond ? [NEET 2013]
(3) O22– > O2+ > O2– (4) O2+ > O2– > O22–
(1) H2O (2) SO2
(3) NO2 (4) CO2
Q.73 The nature of bonding between adjacent atoms in
graphite is : [JIPMER 2014]
Q.64 Which of the following is a polar molecule ?
(1) covalent (2) ionic
[NEET 2013]
(1) SF4 (2) SiF4 (3) van der Waals (4) metallic
(3) XeF4 (4) BF3
Q.74 Which of the following molecules has the maximum
Q.65 Which of the following is paramagnetic ? dipole moment? [AIPMT 2014]
[NEET 2013] (1) CO2 (2) CH4
(1) O2–
(2) CN– (3) NH3 (4) NF3
(3) NO+ (4) CO
Q.75 Which one of the following species has plane
Q.66 XeF2 is isostructural with : [NEET 2013] triangular shape? [AIPMT 2014]
(1) ICl2– (2) SbCl3 (1) N3 (2) NO3–
(3) BaCl2 (4) TeF2 (3) NO2– (4) CO2

Q.67 Dipole-induced dipole interactions are present in which Q.76 Assertion : Molecular nitrogen is less reactive the
of the following pairs : [NEET 2013] molecular oxygen. [AIIMS 2015]
(1) Cl2 and CCl4 (2) HCl and He atoms Reason : The bond length of N2 is shorter than that of
(3) SiF4 and He atoms (4) H2O and alcohol oxygen.
(1) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
Q.68 The outer orbitals of C in ethene molecule can be the correct explanation of assertion.
considered to be hydridized to give three equivalent (2) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
sp2 orbitals. The total number of sigma(s) and pi(p) not the correct explanation of assertion.
bonds in ethene molecule is :
(3) If assertion is true but reason is false
[NEETKARNATAKA 2013]
(4) If both assertion and reason are false
(1) 3 sigma(s) and 2 pi(p) bonds
(2) 4 sigma(s) and 1 pi(p) bonds
Q.77 In the following electron-dot structure, calculate the
(3) 5 sigma(s) and 1 pi(p) bonds
formal charge on each nitrogen atom from left to right.
(4) 1 sigma(s) and 2 pi(p) bonds
[JIPMER 2015]

Q.69 In which of the following pairs both the species have N=N=N
sp3 hybridization? [NEETKARNATAKA 2013]
(1) – 1 , – 1, + 1 (2) – 1 , + 1, – 1
(1) SiF4, BeH2 (2) NF3, H2O
(3) + 1 , – 1, – 1 (4) + 1 , – 1, + 1
(3) NF3, BF3 (4) H2S, BF3

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Chemical Bonding

Q.78 Which of the following has higher bond angle? Q.85 Which one of the following compounds shows the
[JIPMER 2015] presence of interamolecular hydrogen bond ?
(1) H2O (2) CH4 [NEET-II 2016]
(3) graphite (4) SO2 (1) H2O2
(2) HCN
Q.79 In which of the following pairs, both the species are
(3) Cellulose
not isostructural ? [AIPMT 2015]
(4) Concentrated acetic acid
(1) Diamond, Silicon carbide
(2) NH3, PH3
Q.86 The hybridizxation of atomic orbitals of nitrogen in
(3) XeF4, XeO4
(4) SiCl4, PCl4 NO2+, NO3– and NH4+ respectively are :
[NEET-II 2016]
Q.80 Decreasing order of stability of O2, O2–, O2+ and O22– is (1) sp, sp and sp
3 2
(2) sp , sp and sp
2 3

[AIPMT 2015] (3) sp, sp2 and sp3 (4) sp2, sp and sp
(1) O2 > O2 > O2 > O2
2– – +
(2) O2 > O2+ > O22– > O2–
(3) O2 > O2 > O2 > O2
– 2– +
(4) O2+ > O2 > O2– > O22– Q.87 Which of the following pairs of ions is isoelectronic
and isostructural ? [NEET-II 2016]
Q.81 Which of the following molecules has more than one (1) CO3 , NO3
2– –
(2) ClO3 , CO32–
–

lone pair? [AIIMS 2016] (3) SO3 , NO3

2– –
(4) ClO3, SO32–
(1) SO2 (2) XeF2
(3) SiF4 (4) CH4
Q.88 The correct geometry and hybrization for XeF4 are
[NEET-II 2016]
Q.82 Predict the correct order among the following :
(1) octahedral, sp d
3 2
[NEET(PHASE-I) 2016]
(1) bond pair - bond pair > lone pair - bond pair > lone (2) trigonal bipyramidal sp3d
pair - lone pair (3) planer triangle, sp3d3
(2) lone pair - bond pair > bond pair - bond pair > lone (4) square planar, sp3d2
pair - lone pair
(3) lone pair - lone pair > lone pair - bond pair > bond Q.89 Among the following, which one is a wrong statement?
pair - bond pair [NEET-II 2016]
(4) lone pair - lone pair > bond pair - bond pair > lone (1) PH5 and BiCl5 do not exist.
pair - bond pair (2) pp-dp bonds are present in SO2.
(3) SeF4 and CH4 have same shape.
Q.83 Consider the molecules CH4, NH3 and H2O. Which of (4) I3+ has bent geometry.
the given statements is false? [AIPMT 2016]
(1) The H–O–H bond angle in H2O is smaller than the
Q.90 Which of the following pairs of compounds is
H–N–H bond angle in NH3.
isoelectronic and isostructural ? [NEET 2017]
(2) The H–N–H bond angle in CH4 is larger than the
(1) TeI2, XeF2 (2) IBr2 , XeF2\
–
H–N–H bond angle in NH3.
(3) The H–C–H bond angle in CH4, the H –N–H bond (3) IF3, XeF2 (4) BeCl2, XeF2
angle in NH3, and the H–O–H bond angle in H2O
are all greater than 90°. Q.91 The species, having bond angles of 120° is :
(4) The H–O–H bond angle in H2O is larger than the [NEET 2017]
H–C–H bond angle in CH4. (1) CIF3 (2) NCl3
(3) BCl3 (4) PH3
Q.84 Four diatomic species are listed below in different
sequence. Which of these represents the correct order Q.92 Which one of the following pairs of species have the
of their increasing bond order? [AIIMS 2016] same bond order ? [NEET 2017]
(1) C2 < He2 < NO < O2
2– + –
(1) O2, NO +
(2) CN , CO
–

(2) He2+ < O2– < NO < C22–

(3) N2, O2– (4) CO, NO
(3) O2– < NO <C22– < He2+
(4) NO < C22– < O2– < He2+

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 Chemical Bonding

JEE-MAIN
Q.6 The intermolecular interaction that is dependent on the
PREVIOUS YEAR’S
inverse cube of distance between the molecules is:
[JEE(MAIN)-2015]
Q.1 An ether is more volatile than an alcohol having the
(1) ion-ion interaction
same molecular formula. This is due to: [AIEEE-2003]
(2) ion-dipole interaction
(1) dipolar character of ethers.
(3) London force
(2) alcohols having resonance structures.
(4) hydrogen bond
(3) inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in ethers.
(4) inter-molecular hydrogen bonding in alcohols.
Q.7 Which one has the highest boiling point ?
[JEE(MAIN)-2015]
Q.2 Which of the following pair of molecules will have
(1) He (2) Ne
permanent dipole moments for both members?
(3) Kr (4) Xe
[AIEEE-2003]
(1) SiF4 and NO2 (2) NO2 and CO2
Q.8 Which one of the following statements about water is
(3) NO2 and O3 (4) SiF4 and CO2
FALSE ? [JEE(Main)-2016]
(1) Water can act both as an acid and as a base.
Q.3 The states of hybridization of boron and oxygen atoms
(2) There is extensive intramolecular hydrogen bonding
in boric acid (H3BO3) are respectively : [AIEEE-2004]
in the condensed phase.
(1) sp2 and sp2 (2) sp2 and sp3
(3) Ice formed by heavy water sinks in normal water.
(3) sp3 and sp2 (4) sp3 and sp3
(4) Water is oxidized to oxygen during photosynthesis.

Q.4 Which of the following hydrogen bonds is the

Q.9 The species in which the N atom is in a state of sp
strongest? [AIEEE-2007]
hybridization is: [JEE (Main)-2016]
(1) O – H ... O (2) O – H ... F
(3) F – H ... H (4) F – H ... F (1) NO2+ (2) NO2-

(3) NO3- (4) NO2

Q.5 What is the best description of the change that occurs
when Na2O(s) is dissolved in water ? [AIEEE-2011]
(1) Oxide ion accepts sharing in a pair of electrons
(2) Oxide ion donates a pair of electrons
(3) Oxidation number of oxygen increases
(4) Oxidation number of sodium decreases

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Chemical Bonding

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISES-I

Q.1 (4) Q.2 (4) Q.3 (3) Q.4 (3) Q.5 (2) Q.6 (3) Q.7 (3) Q.8 (2) Q.9 (4) Q.10 (1)
Q.11 (3) Q.12 (2) Q.13 (3) Q.14 (1) Q.15 (3) Q.16 (4) Q.17 (3) Q.18 (4) Q.19 (1) Q.20 (2)
Q.21 (3) Q.22 (3) Q.23 (4) Q.24 (3) Q.25 (3) Q.26 (2) Q.27 (3) Q.28 (2) Q.29 (3) Q.30 (4)
Q.31 (2) Q.32 (3) Q.33 (4) Q.34 (3) Q.35 (2) Q.36 (1) Q.37 (4) Q.38 (1) Q.39 (4) Q.40 (3)
Q.41 (1) Q.42 (1) Q.43 (2) Q.44 (3) Q.45 (4) Q.46 (3) Q.47 (3) Q.48 (2) Q.49 (4) Q.50 (4)
Q.51 (3) Q.52 (1) Q.53 (2) Q.54 (3) Q.55 (3) Q.56 (3) Q.57 (2) Q.58 (4) Q.59 (2) Q.60 (1)
Q.61 (2) Q.62 (3) Q.63 (2) Q.64 (3) Q.65 (1) Q.66 (1) Q.67 (4) Q.68 (4) Q.69 (4) Q.70 (1)
Q.71 (2) Q.72 (3) Q.73 (3) Q.74 (3) Q.75 (2) Q.76 (3) Q.77 (4) Q.78 (3) Q.79 (4) Q.80 (1)
Q.81 (3) Q.82 (2) Q.83 (2) Q.84 (3) Q.85 (2) Q.86 (4) Q.87 (4) Q.88 (4) Q.89 (4) Q.90 (1)
Q.91 (4) Q.92 (4) Q.93 (2) Q.94 (3) Q.95 (1) Q.96 (b) Q.97 (1) Q.98 (4) Q.99 (3) Q.100 (3)
Q.101 (1) Q.102 (4) Q.103 (2) Q.104 (2) Q.105 (2) Q.106 (2) Q.107 (4) Q.108 (2) Q.109 (1) Q.110 (3)
Q.111 (1) Q.112 (3) Q.113 (2) Q.114 (2) Q.115 (3) Q.116 (1) Q.117 (1) Q.118 (2) Q.119 (3) Q.120 (3)
Q.121 (4) Q.122 (2) Q.123 (2) Q.124 (3) Q.125 (2) Q.126 (1) Q.127 (3) Q.128 (1) Q.129 (1) Q.130 (1)
Q.131 (3) Q.132 (3) Q.133 (2) Q.134 (4) Q.135 (4) Q.136 (1) Q.137 (3) Q.138 (2) Q.139 (3) Q.140 (1)
Q.141 (1) Q.142 (3) Q.143 (2) Q.144 (2) Q.145 (1) Q.146 (1) Q.147 (4) Q.148 (2) Q.149 (4) Q.150 (2)
Q.151 (1) Q.152 (1) Q.153 (3) Q.154 (4) Q.155 (4) Q.156 (1) Q.157 (2) Q.158 (1) Q.159 (2) Q.160 (1)
Q.161 (1) Q.162 (2) Q.163 (3) Q.164 (3) Q.165 (3) Q.166 (1) Q.167 (3) Q.168 (3) Q.169 (1) Q.170 (3)
Q.171 (4) Q.172 (2) Q.173 (2) Q.174 (1) Q.175 (3) Q.176 (4) Q.177 (3) Q.178 (1) Q.179 (4) Q.180 (2)
Q.181 (3) Q.182 (1) Q.183 (3) Q.184 (1) Q.185 (4) Q.186 (3) Q.187 (3) Q.188 (1) Q.189 (1) Q.190 (4)
Q.191 (2) Q.192 (1) Q.193 (2) Q.194 (4) Q.195 (2) Q.196 (1) Q.197 (2) Q.198 (4) Q.199 (3) Q.200 (4)
Q.201 (3) Q.202 (3) Q.203 (4) Q.204 (4) Q.205 (4) Q.206 (2) Q.207 (2) Q.208 (3) Q.209 (4) Q.210 (1)
Q.211 (4) Q.212 (3) Q.213 (1) Q.214 (1) Q.215 (4) Q.216 (4) Q.217 (2) Q.218 (3) Q.219 (2) Q.220 (3)
Q.221 (3) Q.222 (3) Q.223 (1) Q.224 (4) Q.225 (1) Q.226 (4) Q.227 (1) Q.228 (1) Q.229 (3) Q.230 (3)
Q.231 (1) Q.232 (3) Q.233 (4) Q.234 (2) Q.235 (2) Q.236 (1) Q.237 (2) Q.238 (1) Q.239 (2) Q.240 (1)
Q.241 (1) Q.242 (3) Q.243 (3) Q.244 (4) Q.245 (4) Q.246 (2) Q.247 (3) Q.248 (4) Q.249 (2) Q.250 (4)
Q.251 (2) Q.252 (1) Q.253 (4) Q.254 (3) Q.255 (2) Q.256 (1) Q.257 (4) Q.258 (1) Q.259 (1) Q.260 (4)
Q.261 (3) Q.262 (2) Q.263 (4) Q.264 (3) Q.265 (3) Q.266 (2) Q.267 (3) Q.268 (3) Q.269 (4) Q.270 (c)
Q.271 (1) Q.272 (2) Q.273 (1) Q.274 (3) Q.275 (1) Q.276 (2) Q.277 (3) Q.278 (3) Q.279 (2) Q.280 (4)
Q.281 (3) Q.282 (2) Q.283 (2) Q.284 (4) Q.285 (2) Q.286 (3) Q.287 (1) Q.288 (3) Q.289 (1) Q.290 (1)
Q.291 (1) Q.292 (2) Q.293 (2) Q.294 (3) Q.295 (4) Q.296 (3) Q.297 (2) Q.298 (3) Q.299 (3) Q.300 (3)
Q.301 (2) Q.302 (3) Q.303 (2) Q.304 (1) Q.305 (2) Q.306 (3) Q.307 (1) Q.308 (3) Q.309 (2) Q.310 (3)
Q.311 (1) Q.312 (1)

EXERCISES-II

Q.1 (4) Q.2 (4) Q.3 (4) Q.4 (4) Q.5 (4) Q.6 (4) Q.7 (3) Q.8 (3) Q.9 (3) Q.10 (3)
Q.11 (4) Q.12 (1) Q.13 (2) Q.14 (4) Q.15 (2) Q.16 (2) Q.17 (2) Q.18 (4) Q.19 (3) Q.20 (2)
Q.21 (3) Q.22 (3) Q.23 (3) Q.24 (4) Q.25 (1) Q.26 (1) Q.27 (1) Q.28 (1) Q.29 (4) Q.30 (4)
Q.31 (3) Q.32 (3) Q.33 (1) Q.34 (2) Q.35 (4) Q.36 (4) Q.37 (3) Q.38 (2) Q.39 (4) Q.40 (4)
Q.41 (1) Q.42 (2) Q.43 ( ) Q.44 (1) Q.45 (3) Q.46 (4) Q.47 (2) Q.48 (1) Q.49 (1) Q.50 (3)
Q.51 (3) Q.52 (2) Q.53 (1) Q.54 (2) Q.55 (4) Q.56 (2) Q.57 (1) Q.58 (2) Q.59 (1) Q.60 (1)
Q.61 (3) Q.62 (3) Q.63 ( ) Q.64 (1) Q.65 (4) Q.66 (4) Q.67 (1) Q.68 (2) Q.69 (3) Q.70 (1)
Q.71 (2) Q.72 (2) Q.73 (1) Q.74 (4) Q.75 (1) Q.76 (4) Q.77 (1) Q.78 (1) Q.79 (3) Q.80 (3)
Q.81 (4) Q.82 (3) Q.83 (4) Q.84 (2) Q.85 (1) Q.86 (3) Q.87 (2) Q.88 (4) Q.89 (3) Q.90 (4)
Q.91 (4) Q.92 (2) Q.93 (3) Q.94 (1) Q.95 (4) Q.96 (4) Q.97 (4) Q.98 (4) Q.99 (2) Q.100 (3)
Q.101 (3) Q.102 (2) Q.103 (4) Q.104 (1) Q.105 (2) Q.106 ( ) Q.107 (3) Q.108 (1) Q.109 (4) Q.110 (2)
Q.111 (2) Q.112 (4) Q.113 (3) Q.114 (1) Q.115 (1) Q.116 (1) Q.117 (3) Q.118 (2) Q.119 (2) Q.120 (2)
Q.121 (4) Q.122 (2) Q.123 (1) Q.124 (2) Q.125 (4) Q.126 (4) Q.127 (1) Q.128 (2) Q.129 (2) Q.130 (2)
Q.131 (2) Q.132 (1) Q.133 (2) Q.134 (4) Q.135 (1) Q.136 (4) Q.137 (2) Q.138 (3) Q.139 (3) Q.140 (1)
Q.141 (1) Q.142 (3) Q.143 (3) Q.144 (3) Q.145 (2) Q.146 (1) Q.147 (1) Q.148 (4) Q.149 (2) Q.150 (1)
Q.151 (3) Q.152 (4) Q.153 (1) Q.154 (3) Q.155 (4) Q.156 (3)

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 Chemical Bonding

EXERCISES-III

Q.1 (1) Q.2 (3) Q.3 (2) Q.4 (3) Q.5 (1) Q.6 (4) Q.7 (1) Q.8 (2) Q.9 (1) Q.10 (2)
Q.11 (3) Q.12 (1) Q.13 (1) Q.14 (3) Q.15 (4) Q.16 (2) Q.17 (4) Q.18 (4) Q.19 (4) Q.20 (1)
Q.21 (2) Q.22 (4) Q.23 (1) Q.24 (1) Q.25 (3) Q.26 (3) Q.27 (4) Q.28 (3) Q.29 (1) Q.30 (1)
Q.31 (2) Q.32 (4) Q.33 (1) Q.34 (3) Q.35 (1) Q.36 (2) Q.37 (1) Q.38 (1) Q.39 (1) Q.40 (3)
Q.41 (3) Q.42 (1) Q.43 (2) Q.44 (3) Q.45 (3) Q.46 (1) Q.47 (4) Q.48 (1) Q.49 (4) Q.50 (4)
Q.51 (1) Q.52 (3) Q.53 (4) Q.54 (1) Q.55 (4) Q.56 (4) Q.57 (2) Q.58 (3) Q.59 (3) Q.60 (2)

EXERCISES-IV

MEDICAL
PREVIOUS YEAR’S

Q.1 (1) Q.2 (1) Q.3 (1) Q.4 (2) Q.5 (3) Q.6 (1) Q.7 (2) Q.8 (2) Q.9 (1) Q.10 (2)
Q.11 (4) Q.12 (1) Q.13 (4) Q.14 (3) Q.15 (4) Q.16 (1) Q.17 (3) Q.18 (2) Q.19 (4) Q.20 (4)
Q.21 (2) Q.22 (3) Q.23 (4) Q.24 (2) Q.25 (4) Q.26 (2) Q.27 (4) Q.28 (4) Q.29 (4) Q.30 (3)
Q.31 (3) Q.32 (3) Q.33 (2) Q.34 (1) Q.35 (4) Q.36 (4) Q.37 (4) Q.38 (3) Q.39 (1) Q.40 (2)
Q.41 (4) Q.42 (1) Q.43 (1) Q.44 (2) Q.45 (4) Q.46 (1) Q.47 (3) Q.48 (2) Q.49 (1) Q.50 (1)
Q.51 (4) Q.52 (2) Q.53 (1) Q.54 (3) Q.55 (4) Q.56 (2) Q.57 (4) Q.58 (1) Q.59 (1) Q.60 (1)
Q.61 (3) Q.62 (1) Q.63 (1) Q.64 (1) Q.65 (1) Q.66 (1) Q.67 (2) Q.68 (3) Q.69 (2) Q.70 (1)
Q.71 (4) Q.72 (4) Q.73 (1) Q.74 (3) Q.75 (2) Q.76 (1) Q.77 (2) Q.78 (3) Q.79 (3) Q.80 (4)
Q.81 (1) Q.82 (3) Q.83 (4) Q.84 (2) Q.85 (3) Q.86 (3) Q.87 (1, 4) Q.88 (1) Q.89 (3) Q.90 None
Q.91 (3) Q.92 (2)

JEE-MAIN
PREVIOUS YEAR’S

Q.1 (4) Q.2 (3) Q.3 (1) Q.4 (4) Q.5 (2) Q.6 (4) Q.7 (4) Q.8 (2) Q.9 (1)

2-93