Island of Cubu

The first to be settled by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

Burula to the North
Las Cabecas, on the South (The Natives are called Sanbuan)
Bays that curve in different direction surrounds Cubu
Population: 3500
Small Villages
Principal Cities:
• Jaro
• Daraguete
• Penol
• Jaro
• Temanduque
• Temanduc
• Barile
• Burugna
• Candaya
No Spaniards can be found in these principal cities yet fourteen Spaniards possess holdings in
these because they have received two or three small villages
Two arque-bus-shots from Ssantisimo Nombre de Jesus is a village of natives belonging to the
royal crown who were exempted from paying tribute for helping the Spaniards.
Observations on the Island of Cubu
Fifty or Sixty Spaniards ordinarily reside here

Alcalde-mayor in Cubu
Alacalde Mayor with a salary of 300 pesos from the fines forfeited from the royal
treasure
Six Regidors who are elected annually
Alguazil-mayor who they can be removed and replaced at any time – No remuneration
therefore given to an encumendero
 Two Alcaldes-in-ordinary; one notary for the cabildo and the public
No Commerce in the town
Due to the fact that it has the best port Miguel Lopez de Legazpi founded a settlement here -
Founded on the year of Sixty-Four
Small Quantity of rice, borona and millet and little or no cotton
Natives use cloth made from banana for garments – Medrinaque
Rice, Cotton and Cloth good market in Nueva Espana
Fowls, Swine, Goats, Beans and Camotes
Fish is second after rice

Island of Matan
South of Cubu
Where Magallanes was killed
Population: 300
Under the Jurisdiction of the town of Cubu

Island of Vohol
Other side of Matan; Further South of Cubu
Population: 2000
The natives are the same as from the ones in Cubu
They are mainly fishermen, oarsmen, and traders
Cruise about in their vessels before the Spaniards
Large town of Bohol – Plundered by the people of Maluco so their inhabitants were dispersed
Settlements in the mountains are small and poor
Abundance in fish and game, both deers and boars

Island of Negros
West of Cubu
Called Negros because the mountain districts are inhabited by blacks
Population: 6000 or 7000
Blacks are hostile
Side of the island facing Cubu, on the river of Tanay has only one settlement – they are natives
of Bohol
Three Encomenderos
Southern side facing the Island of Panay – Town of Arevalo which is thickly populated
Rice, Swine, Fowls, Medrinaque but no cotton
Eight Encomenderos
None of these Villages belong to his majesty

Island of Fuegos
Straits formed by the Negros Island and Cubu is the island of Fuegos
Great Quantity of Wax

Island of Camotes
East of the Island of Cubu
Two small islets – Islets of Camotes
Population: 300
Under the Jurisdiction of the city of Cubu
Poor people
Some wax and great quantity of fish

Island of Baybay
Farther East – Island of Baybay or Leyte
Centre of island
Large and well provisioned
Population: 14000 or 15000
Only 10000 pay tribute
Twelve encomenderos
Majesty owns none of the Indians
No mines nor gold-placers
Produces medrinaque which is made from wild banana and resembles calico

Island of Panaon
Poor population
Population: 100
One Encomendero

Island of Siargao
Next to the Island of Mindanao and twelve leagues from the island of Panaon
Population: 400
Villages are built around Estuaries
One encomendero
Poor people due to their indolence
Many gold-placers around the island but no one is working in them
Poverty due to sloth

Island of Macaqua
West of Baybay – Island of Macagua
Population: 60
One encomendero
Poor and wretched
Salt and Fish

Island of Maripipe
Northeast of Baybay
Mountanious
Barren
Population: 100

Island of Limancoguayan
Near strait, three leagues from Maripipe
Produces rice and medrinaque
One encomendero together with Fuegos
Island of Masbate
North-northeast of Leyte
Population: 500
One encomendero
Gold mines which we dug by the natives and was abandoned after the spaniards

Island of Bantayan
North of Cubu – Bantayan
Population: 1000
One encomendero together with vohol
Inhabitants are well disposed
Large fisheries due to many shoals
Small Pearl fishery
Millet and borona but no rice due to poor soil
Abound in palm trees

Island of Capul
Island forming a strait with Island of Lucon – Island of Capul
This is where all the ships from Espana Pass
Population: 500
One encomendero
Poor people
Rice and Medrinaque

Island of Viri
Near the cape of Espiritu Santo
Population: 100
One encomendero
Island of Ybabao
Southeast of Baybay – Island of Ybabao or Island of Candaya (Tandaya)
Population as big as Baybay – 5000
Fertile and well-provisioned land

Island of Bantac
Eastern side and close to the island of Ybabao
Two Islands of Bantac
No one has yet set foot in them

Verde Island
Opposite of the town of Guiguan
Population: 150

Island of Cananguan
Western Side, opposite of river Tanahon
Population: 100

Island of Caguayan
Close to the western side of Ybabao
Population: 200

Island of Batac
Population: 100
Under the charge of the encomenderos and jurisdiction of Cubu

Island of Mindanao
Largest Island but inhabitants are not friendly
Only one hundred and fifty leagues are explored
Southeast of Cubu is the nearest point of Mindanao – Dapitan
Only few inhabitants left
Rice and Gold but only small quantity of Gold
30 rivers can be found between Cinnamon and Dapitan

Obervations on the Island of Mindanao

Few who live along the shore called Lutaos
Fishing is main sustenance
Whole life is on boat

Tree dwellings of the mountaineers of Mindanao

House in tress with forty or fifty married men
Fortress Also
Abounds in wax
Rough and Mountainous

Island of Taguima
Not far from Cinnamon
Population: 500
Two encomenderos
Many civets cat
Portuguese ships pass by this island and they commit treachery to the natives
Poorly supplied with food and clothing
Island of Soloc
Twenty Leagues from Cinnamon Point – Island of Soloc
Inhabitants are Moros from Burney
Population: 1000
Elephants and pearl fisheries
Belongs to one encomendero of Cubu

Island of Mindanao, Continued

Regions northeast of Dapitan are under one encomendero except the villages of Gonpot and
Cagayan which are under his majesty
Population: 200

Rivers
Panaguian, Ydac, Matanda, Ytanda, Tago, Ono, Beslin
Population: 3000
Mostly hostile
Guido de la Vecaris – Around the river of Butuan
Population: 600
Only six or seven villages have been found due to hostility

Island of Camaniguin
Opposite Butuan River, Between Vohol and Mindanao
Craggy and mountainous Island
Wax
CHAPTER FOURTH
WHICH TREATS OF THE CAMARINES PROVINCES
PROVINCES OF CAMARINES AND VICOR
- situated on the east side as you enter the Philippine Islands, along the coast near the Pasacao
River.
ALCALDE-MAYOR OF CAMARINES
- Here lies the town of Caceres, the seat of an alcalde-mayor who receives a salary of three
hundred pesos.
- There are 2 alcaldes-in-ordinary, and 6 regidors (whom the governor appoints for as long a
period as he chooses)
PASACAO RIVER
- a small stream on the western side of the (old) province of Camarines Sur.
NUEVA CACERES
- capital of the province of Camarines Sur
- ten miles above the mouth of Naga River, which has its source only 4 miles from the Pacific
Coast of Albay.

This town of Caceres is situated in the middle of the entire province, on the banks of the river
Vicor. Following this river, one comes to a lake called the lake of Libon, which is but scantily
populated. This Lake of Libon, lying in a mountainous region, has many creeks, by which one
can easily go to Yguas, Albay, Camarines, Bicagua, and other places. The town of Caceres has in
all 24 encomenderos.

The inhabitants of the Vicor River district pay their tribute in gold and rice.

ALBAY AND BAQUIAN

- inhabited by about 800 indians
- Allotted to 2 encomenderos
CAMARINES
- with about 500 men
- under one encomendero
LIBON
- under one encomendero
- has 1,500 men
THE PROVINCE OF PARACALE
- inhabited by about 2,000 men
- Allotted to 3 encomenderos
- The KING owns a share of this province
THE DISTRICT AROUND THE BAY OF YVALON
- population of about 1,500
- Divided between 2 encomenderos

ISLAND OF CATANDUANES
- population of about 4,000
- Allotted to 4 encomenderos
- Alcalde mayor receives a salary of 300 pesos from the fines forfeited to the royal treasury or
from the royal treasury itself
- The governor apoointed for this town attends the affairs of the alcalde mayor, his various
occupations yield him an annual income of nearly 400 pesos
- There is a treasurer in this town, appointed by the governor, at a salary of 200 pesos, his duty is
to collect the tribute due to his Majesty, and to go every year to Manila to give an account of his
work.

MINES
- there are mines in Paracale in the bay of Caporaguay, and in the island of Catanduanes
- All these districts are in the neighborhood of the town of Caceres

DISTANCES
- From Pasacao, one has to follow the coast of the island eastward twenty leagues to Bucaygan,
and sixty leagues more to the northwest, before he reaches Vicor River.
- Not all this land is inhabited but only 3 districts of it, namely: THE PROVINCE OF VALETE (
with about 800 indians ), CASIGURAN ( with about 500 Indians ), and THE PROVINCE OF
ALANAO RIVER ( well peopled and produces gold and cotton )

RIVER OF CAGAYAN
- is a river of great volume, although its bar forms shallows
- At high tide the bar has 2 brazas of water, and at low tide one.
- Population of more than 30,000
- People gather a great quantity of rice, and keep many swine

ISLANDS OF MANDATO AND BUYON

- near the Island of Lucon
- each one about five leagues in circumference, settled by Moros
- MARGINAL NOTE “ The island of Lucon curves from the city of Manila, where the change in
direction begins, to the river of Cagayan.”

ISLAND OF MARINDUQUE
- Between the island of Banton and Lucon, lies the island of Marinduque
- 26 leagues in circumference
- 8 leagues wide
- contains about 1,000 men
- Capul and this island are under the charge of 1 encomendero

CHAPTER FIFTH (5th) WHICH TREATS OF THE PROVINCE OF YLOCOS

ISLAND OF LUZON, CONTINUED.
- Going out of the bay of Manila, and sailing north toward the province of Ylocos, first comes
the PROVINCE OF THE CAMBALES.
- has about 1,000 men ( like the Chichimecos of Nueva España )
- These people wear short (rousers, and short-sleeved jackets shaped to fit the neck) which
resemble the Saltambarca.
- Some of them cut only half of their hair, namely, from the brow to the crown of the head
- It is the custom among this people to punish murderers by boring a hole through the crown of
the head and taking out the brains

PROVINCE OF BULINAO
- Also inhabited by Cambales
- Population of about 400 peaceful Indians
- The latter are a warlike people, whose sarisfaction is in waging war and in cutting off one
another’s heads, which they hang up in their houses
- In times of trouble and sickness they invoke their dead and their ancestors, like the people of
Visaya

BAY OF PANGASINAN
- About 5 leagues farther is the Prov. of Pangasinan
- Its bay is about 6 leagues around
- Has a peaceful population of 4,000
- Land allotted to 6 encomenderos
- They are intelligent, for they are traders and traffic with the Chinese, Japanese, Borneans, and
the natives of the other islands
- Abounds in food supplies, such as rice, goats, and swine, and many buffaloes are hunted
- Main occupation of this people is COMMERCE
- Men are vey jealous of their wives, whom they kill immediately if caught in adultery
- They kill their children if they have many, in order that they may not live in poverty

ALCALDE-MAYOR OF PANGASINAN
- has one alcalde-mayor, who receives salary of 100 pesos
- One can go by land to Manila, having to travel only 14 or 15 leagues to arrive at the
Capanpanga River
PORT OF JAPON
- 4 leagues farther is a port which is called the Port of Japon
- There is a settlement of Indians, of the same race as those of Pangasinan

ALINGUEY AND BARATAO

- 6 leagues farther are the villages of Alinguey and Baratao
- Population of about 2,000
- Before they were allotted to one encomendero
- But now, they belong to the Royal Crown

PURAO
- 4 leagues farther are the villages of Purao
- Population of 2,000
- Under the encomendero of Bitis and Lubao
- They till the land, and possess much gold
- They do not kill they children

VILLAGES OF LUMAQUAQUE
- 3 leagues farther
- Live about 1,500 natives
- Half of this district is under one encomendero
- Other half belongs to his Majesty
- People resemble those of Purao
VILLAGES OF CANDON
- 2 leagues farther
- Population of about 1,800
- Under 2 encomenderos
- People resemble those of Purao
PROVINCE OF MALUACAN
- 3 leagues farther
- Population of about 1,800
- Under the encomendero of Bonbon
VALLEY OF LANDAN
- 2 leagues farther
- Population of about 1,000 Indians, who belong to the hospital of the City of Manila
VILLAGE OF VIGAN
- with about 800 inhabitants
- Belongs to his Majesty
- Settled the town of Fernandina, which Guido de la Vezari’s founded in the year 75
- He appointed there 6 regidors, 2 alcaldes, and 1 chief justice for all the provinces of Ylocos
ALCALDE-MAYOR OF YLOCOS
- Fernandina was plundered at the coming of Limahon
- Remains now one alcalde-mayor
- With 20 or 30 Spaniards, who dwell there as if in banishment
- Receives a salary of 300 pesos, and appoints notaries at his pleasure
VALLEY OF BANTAY
- 1 league from this town
- Population of about 1,600
- Under one encomendero

VALLEY OF SINAY
- 3 leagues farther
- Same encomendero of Bantay
- Population of 1,600
THE VALLEY OF VAVO
- 2 leagues from Sinay
- Under one encomendero
- Population of about 1,000 Indians

PROVINCE OF CACAGUAYAN
- Still farther
- Population of about 4,000
- 2,000 of them are under 2 encomenderos - each with 1,000
- 2,000 belongs to his Majesty

PROVINCE OF YLAGUA
- 2 leagues farther
- Belongs to his Majesty
- Population of about 5,000
- But they are not all peaceful

VALLEY OF DYNGLAS/DINGLAS
- 3 leagues inland from this province
- Population of about 2,000 Indians
- Under one encomendero

VALLEY OF VICAGUA
- Farther along the coast from Ylagua
- Population of 2,000
- Under 2 encomiendas
- 20 leagues from the Cagayan River
- Quiet and peacul people, dislike war, and are humble and well-disposed
- From Manila to Cagayan River, distance is about 110 leagues

ISLAND OF MINDORO
- Opposite the encomiendas of Bonbon and Batangas
- Moros form greater part of its population
- 3 leagues from the Island of Lucon
- Good harbor for ships
- Belongs to his Majesty
- Inhabited by about 250 Moros
- 80 leagues in circumference
- Scantily populated, for it has in all less than 500 inhabitants
- Some blacks live in the mountains, who gather large quantity of wax
- Is ill supplied with provisions

ISLAND OF LUBAN
- 4 leagues from the western point of this island
- Opposite the bay of Manila
- 20 leagues from Manila
- 10 leagues in circumference
- Has 6 villages, with a total population of about 500 Indians

ISLAND OF ELIN
- 2 leagu
ISLAND OF ELIN
- 2 leagues south from the island of Mindoro
- 7 leagues in circumference
- Inhabited by about 200 Visayan Indians
ALCALDE-MAYOR OF VINDORO
- Islands Mindoro, Elin, and Luban are under one encomendero
- And all have one alcalde-mayor, who holds jurisdiction over that region of Lucon which begins
at Batangas and ends at the Province of Camarines to which region we shall now return

ISLANDS OF THE BABAYANES

- Opposite the Cagayan River, in the open sea toward China, are seven islands called Babuyanes
- The islands have been called by that name because many swine are imported from province of
Ylocos, and the word for swine in Ylocos language is babuyes
- Of their inhabitants, very little is known

ISLAND OF CALAMIANES
- Returning from Burney and sailing from Manila 12 leagues beyond the island of Elin
- Very little is known about them
- The natives of these coast-towns are Pintados
- Those who live in mountains are blacks
- Very large quantity of wax is collected there which is an article for barter
- They lack provisions and clothing
- The most important of the Calamianes islands is PARAGUAN (which has a circuit of 150
leagues)
- The other islands are small
- Only Tanianao, Binorboran, Cabanga, Caramian (also called Linapacan), Dipayan, and Coron
are inhabited
- Only 300 Indians pay tribute
- All these islands are under the jurisdiction of the alcalde-mayor of Mindoro and belong to the
Royal Crown
CHAPTER SIXTH (6th) OF THE INHABITANTS OF THE PINTADOS ISLANDS AND
THEIR MODE OF LIFE

The natives of the Pintados are not very dark. Both men and women wear their hair long, and
fastened in a knot on the crown of the head, which is very becoming. The men tattoo their entire
bodies with very beautiful figures, using small pieces of iron dipped in ink.

They wear beautiful ornaments, not only in their ears, but also around their necks and arms.
Their dress is neat and modest, made generally of cotton, medrinaque, or silk. They are addicted
to the use of wine which they make from rice and from the palm-tree, which is good.

The men are very fond of their wives, for it is the men who give the dowry at marriage.
Even if their wives commit adultery, actions is never taken against the woman, but against the
adulterer.

An abominable custom among the men is to bore a hole through the genital organ, placing within
this opening a tin tube, to which they fasten a wheel like that of a spur, a full palm in
circumference.

They use 20 kinds of these wheels, but modesty forbids us to speak of them

BY MEANS OF THESE THEY HAVE INTERCOURSE WITH THEIR WIVES

The inhabitants of the mountains do not follow this custom

All, however, circumcise themselves, saying that they do it for their HEALTH AND
CLEANLINESS

When they marry, they are not concerned whether their wives are virgins or not
Women do not hesitate to commit adultery, for they receive no punishment for it
It is considered a disgrace among them to have many children, for they say that when the
property is to be divided among all the children, they will all be poor, that is better to have one
child, and leave him wealthy
The Pintados are very strict as to whom they marry
Chiefs will never marry any but women of rank
All the men are accustomed to have as many wives as they can buy and support

The Pintados love their wives so dearly, that, in case of a quarrel they take sides with their
wives’ relatives, even against their own fathers and brothers
PHILHIS REPORT LOARCA CHAPTERS 7-9
Chapter 7 – beliefs of the natives of pintados concerning the creation
2 Classes of people in this land
 Who live along the coast
 Who live in the mountains
2 Different beliefs concerning the beginning of the world
 Yligueynes: people living in the coast
 Believed that heaven and earth had no beginning
 2 gods: Captan and Maguayen
 Land breeze and sea breeze were married
 Captan planted a reed that grew and broke into 2 sections which became a man and
woman
 Named the man Sicalac and the woman Sicavay – reason why men and women were
called lalac(for men) and babayes (for women)
 Sicavay refused Sicalac to marry him insisting that they were brothers and sisters
born of the same reed. They then asked advice from the tunnies of the sea, doves of
the air, and to the earthquake who all said that it was need for them to marry so that
the world might be filled with people. They married named their son Sibo and their
daughter Samar.
 Sibo and Samar married and had a daughter called Lupluban
 Lupluban married Pandaguan (Son of Sicavay and Sicalay) who invented the net for
fishing at sea.
 Pandaguan caught a shark the first time he used the net, then he brought the shark to
shore thinking that it would not but the shark died later on.
 Pandaguan mourn and wept over it and complained to the gods for allowing the shark
to die when no one had died before that time.
 Captan and Maguayen were displeased to the funeral rites of Pandaguan to a fish so
they made a thunderbolt and killed Pandaguan
 Pandaguan spent 30 days in the infernal regions, then the gods took pity on him and
brought him back to life and returned him to the world
 While, Pandaguan was dead, his wife, Lubluban became a concubine of Maracoyrun
and people say this is the time concubinage began around the world.
 When Pandaguan returned home he did not find his wife at home because she had
been invited by her friend to feast upon a pig that he had stolen- the natives say that
this is the first theft committed in the world
 Pandaguan sent his son for Lubluban but she refused to go home. Pandaguan became
angry and returned to the infernal regions- the people believed that if Lubluban
obeyed his summons and he had not gone back at the that time, all the dead would
return to life.
 Tinguianes- people living in the mountains
 Believed that in the beginning were only the sky and the sea, and that a kite having to
place where to alight, determined to set the sea against the sky
 Sea declared war against the sky and threw her waters upward, after seeing this, the
Sky showered upon the sea all the islands of this archipelago in order to subdue her. –
from this event arose the custom of Mavaris
 Mavaris – taking vengeance fro an insult received, a very common practice in this
land – it is considered a point of honor to take revenge
 When Cavahi gave birth to children, she brought a great number at once, One day the
father went home very angry and threatened the children which led to the children
fleeing away.
 Chiefs – children who fled to the most hidden rooms
 Timaguas – children who fled nearer the outside of the hidden rooms
 Slaves – children who hid within the walls or dindines
 Spaniards – children who fled out to the sea, Tinguianes said they had no news of
these Spaniards until they came into the islands.

CHAPTER 8 – Belief concerning the dead

 Heaven – those who are stabbed to death, eaten by crocodiles, killed by arrows
 Remain in the sea forever – those who drowned
 To honor the dead – they erect a tall reed and hang upon it a garment from a man for a man
and vice versa. – garment is left there until it falls into pieces through age
 Sick children/ relatives of the drowned- placed in a barangay with a baylana (a priestess) and
at the place indicated by the latter, they thow into the sea a chest filled with robes and other
articles, at the same time their ancestors are invoked to protect and help the sick man during
his sickness

Belief regarding the dead

 Death of the young by a disease – a goblin (mangalos) are eating their bowels – for these
people do not know that the corruption of humors causes diseases.
 Death in old age – wind comes and snatches away their souls
 High mountain in the island of Panay – Mayas
 Souls of Yligueynes – comprise the people of Cubu, bohol and Bantay; go with the God
“Sisibura” to a very high mountain in the field of Burney
 Sidapa - possess a very tall tree on mount Mayas and there he measures the lives of all the
new- born and places a mark on the tree; when the person’s stature equals this mark, it is
time for him to die

Belief concerning the destination of souls

 Upon death- all souls go directly to the infernal regions
 Maganitos – offerings and sacrifes made to the god Pindaque
 Death of Yligueynes – the god Maguayen carries them to Inferno then Sumpoy (another god)
leads them to Sisiburanen, god who keeps them all , good/bad he takes them all to inferno
 No one to offer sacrifices for them – remains forever in the Inferno and the god of those
regions eats them and keeps them forever in prison ----- shows how much they hate poverty
 Baylanas- natives of the island who offer sacrifices in times of sickness, seed-sowing or of
war.
 Baylanes – the sacrifices, men and priestess who offer these sacrifices
 Priestess – dressed in gold with garlands on their head.
 Pitarillas – a kind of earthen jar full of rice wine
 Varangao – the rainbow

Belief concerning the World. The God Macaptan

 They believe that the world has no end
 Macaptan – dwells highest in the sky, a bad god because he sends disease and death among
them, saying he has not eaten anything of this world or any pitarillas, he does not love them,
and so he kills them
 The god Lalahon – dwells in a volcano in Negros Island, a woman, responsible for good
harvests but when she chooses not to grant them a harvest she sends locusts to destroy and
consume the crops

Burials
 Natives bury their dead with gold, clothe, and other valuable objects in certain wooden
coffins in their own houses so that they depart rich and may be received well in the other
world but coldly, if they go poor.

How they guard the dead

 When anyone dies – people light many fires near his house and at night armed men act as
sentinels in front of his coffin for fear that sorceres may come and touch the coffin
 Another reason to keep watch is that the coffin may burst open and a great stench would
issue from the corpse

Slaves killed at the death of chiefs

 Any chief descended from Dumaguet dies – a slave is made to die by the same death as that
of the chief – the most wretched slave or a foreigner/not a native is chosen
 Reason for killing slaves at the death of a chief- A chief called Marapan, asked a slave for
some grass to clean himself with, the slave threw a large stalk of reed grass which seems to
have hit the chief, causing a wound. Since he was an old man, he died from the blow and
gave orders that when he should die, the slave and all his children should be put to death

Mourning indicated by fasting

 When the parents/any near relative died – they promise not to eat rice until they have
captured a captive from battle
 Sign of mourning – wearing of armlets mades of bejuccos (rattans)
 Food – they drank no pitarilla, only food was bananas and camotes until they have captured a
captive or killed someone
 Maglahe – a kind of mourning where it is the prerequisite of the chiefs to be determined to
eat nothing and abandon himself to death but his timaguas and slaves would give him
bananas and tuba so that he should not die

Mourning among the women

 Morotal – a kind of mourning for women that is similar to men but instead of going to
capture or kill someone she is allowed to eat rice again

Larao- rule that requires everyone to mourn when a chief dies and observe the following
restrictions
 No one shall shall quarrel during the mourning and at the time of the burial
 No gala or colored dress shall b e worn during that time
 No singing on board a barangay when returning to the village, strict silence must be observed
 One of the timaguas goes around the village to announce the death of a chief so that everyone
must be informed
 He who fails to obey the law must pay a penalty- if it is a slave who has not nay means to
pay, his owner will pay for him but the slave will have to work in his owner’s house and
make him an ayoey
These rules were left to them by the Lubluban and Panas

Wars
 Panas – the first man who waged war& the first man to use weapons in fighting, son of
Anoranor (grandson of the first human parents). He declared war against Mangaran on
account of an inheritance
Just Wars – 3 cases which these natives regards wars as just:
 An Indian goes to another village and is there put to tdeath without cause
 When their wives are stolen from them
 When they go in a friendly manner to trade at any village, and there, under the appearance of
friendship are wronged or maltreated
Laws – leff by Lubluban
 Chiefs – defenders and excutors, no judges
 Mediators – who go from one party to another to bring about a reconciliation

Chapter 9 Which treats of Slavery in the Filipinas Islands

Laws of Slavery
 No Indian in this country is made a slave or is put to death for any crime which he commits
 Established fine only – theft, adultery, or murder
 Unable to pay the fine for the crime – he will become a slave until he shall repay what was
lent to him
3 classes of Slave
 Ayuey – these slaves work three days for the master and one for themselves, the only ones
who receive food and clothing from their masters. Their masters take away all their
properties when they die. These slaves are the ones sold to the Spaniards
 Tumaranpoc – Live in their own houses and are obliged to go to work for their master one
day out of four, having the three days for themselves. ---- if they fail to work for their master,
in order to cultivate their own fields, they give the master 10 chicubites of rice each year,
their masters take away all their properties when they die
 Tumatabans – work in the house of the master only when there is some banquet or revel ---
when one of these slaves die, their property is shared with his children by the master. These
slaves are bound to work for their master five days in a month, if they do not work, they
annually give their master.

Value of the Slaves

 Ayueys - two gold taes of Labin sian equivalent of twelve pesos
 Tumaranpoques – two gold taes of Labin sian equivalent of twelve pesos
 Tumatabans – one tae or six pesos
 Ayuey women – work in the houses of chiefs
 Tumaranpoque women – if they have children, serve half of the month in spinning and
weaving cotton; which their master supply, and the other half of the month they work for
themselves

Rules for punishing someone enough to enslave him:

 Murder, adultery, theft
 Insulting a woman of any rank or taking away her robe in public and leaving her naked.
 Causing a woman to flee or defend herself so that her robe falls off – a great offense

Thieves
 If a thief commits a great robbery – him and all his relatives are fined, if they are unable to
pay the fine, they are made a slave. This law applies to all native even to the chiefs but they
are not reduced to slavery
 Small theft – punishment falls upon the thief alone and not on his relatives

In time of famine
 Poor – go to the rich or seek their relatives and offer themselves as slaves- in order to be fed

Another kind of slavery

 Sidumaguer – introduced another kind of slavery because some men broke his barangay and
he compelled the descendants of those who broke his barangay to bequeath to him at their
 deaths two slaves out of every ten, and the same portion of all their other property----- this
made way among all the Indians living in the coast
Real Timaguas – freemen of these islands
 Neither chiefs nor slaves
 If a timagua desires to live in a certain village, he joins himself to one of the chiefs for each
village usually has many chiefs.
 He must attend when feasts are given to the chiefs, he must drink first from the pitarilla
 He must accompany the chief with his weapons when he goes on a journey
 Receives no punishment but is only reprimanded
 If the timagua goes to any other village and there is wronged, the chief shall avenge him to
the same extent
 Free to pass from the service of one chief to another whenever they desire

Of the manner they set out on raids

 Ceremony – they invoke their gods and their ancestors and inquire about the result of their
wars and their journeys. By knots and loops which they make with cords, they foretell what
will happen to them and they resort to these practices for everything which they have to
undertake
 Indians in the coast – set out every year on their plundering expeditions
 Tinguianes – set out after they have gathered their harvests

Captured Chiefs
 If taken captive, he is still well treated
 All his relatives would contribute to his ransom
 If the relatives were unable to pay for his ransom, the chief would remain a slave

Borrowing
 If they borrowed rice, one year was allowed to repay it, if the loan was not repaid, the
amount to be paid doubles

Inheritance
 If a man died and left four children, the property was divided into 4 equal parts
 Bastard child – only receives what the legitimate children would give him meaning that he
can not have anything from the shares or would only get minimal from the shares
 The father can designate any children in his will
 If the father has no children – his brothers would inherit from his property and if he has no
brothers, the nearest kin would benefit.