The Particle Nature of

Matter
What is Matter?
• Anything that occupies space
and has mass is called
MATTER.
• The mass of an
object is a measure
of the amount of
matter the object
has.
• The measure of the
space occupied by an
object is called
volume.
 Classification of Matter

MATTER

Pure Substance Mixture

Elements Compound homogeneous heterogeneous

 WHAT MATTER WAS MADE OF?

• Almost 2,500 years ago, Leucippus and his

disciple, Democritus believed that nature
consisted of two things, “atoms and the void
that surrounds them”

• They believed that “atoms are physically, but

not geometrically, indivisible.”

• Atomos, a Greek word which means indivisible

particle.
 DEMOCRITUS
(460 B.C. – 370 B.C.)

1.All matter composed of

atoms in void.
2.Atoms were indivisible &
indestructible.
3.Properties of atom differ in
shape, arrangement and sizes.
4.Shape of atom determined
the substance properties.
All matter is
made up of
4 basic
substances.
 JOHN DALTON
(1766 – 1844)

• He developed a theory to explain why the

elements in a compound always join in the
same way.

• He proposed explanations for many of the

known laws describing the behaviour of
matter.

• Dalton’s theory states “All matter is made up

of individual particles called atoms, which
cannot be divided”.
• Matter is made up of tiny and
discrete particles. The particles
may be atoms, molecules or ions.
• An atom is the smallest particle of an element
that has all properties of the element.
• A molecule is a neutral particle that consists of
two or more atoms which are chemically bonded
together.
• An ion is a positively charged or negatively
charged particle.
• Matter is made up of tiny and
discrete particles. The particles
may be atoms, molecules or ions.
• The size of an atom is measured in angstroms.
 One angstrom is a unit of length equal to one
ten millionth of a millimeter.

 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) - It can

magnify an image 10 million times. And it
creates a profile of the surface of an atom and
then a computer-generated model or contour
map is produced.
Scanning Tunneling
Microscope (STM)
 Characteristics of Particles of
Matter

Everything around us is made up of tiny

pieces or particles. The particles that make
up matter are atoms, ions or molecules

1. The particles of matter are very, very

small.
2. The particles of matter have spaces
between them,
3. The particles of matter are constantly
moving.
4. The particles of matter attract each
other.
 Matter can have different
properties

Everything around us is made up of tiny

pieces or particles. The particles that make
up matter are atoms, ions or molecules

1. Hardness
2. Color and texture
3. Malleability
4. Flexibility
5. Conductivity
6. Viscosity
 Particle Models of the
Three States of Matter
 State of Matter

On the basis of physical states, all

the matter can be classified into
three groups.

1. Solids
2. Liquids
3. Gases
 Properties of Solids

1. Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed

volume
2. Solids cannot be compressed much
3. Solids have high densities
4. Solids do not fill their container
completely
5. Solids do not flow
 Properties of Liquids

1. Liquids have fixed volume but they have no

fixed shape.
2. Like solids, liquids cannot be compressed
much
3. Liquids have moderate to high densities.
4. Liquids do not fill their container
completely
5. Liquids generally flow
 Properties of Gases

1. Gases have neither a fixed shape

nor a fixed volume.
2. Gases can be compressed easily.
3. Gases have very low densities.
4. Gases fill their container
completely
5. Gases flow easily
PROPERTY SOLID LIQUID GAS
SHAPE Definite Indefinite indefinite

INTERMOLECULAR Far from one

Very close Slightly farther
SPACING another

VOLUME Definite Definite indefinite

Not Not Highly

COMPRESSIBILITY
compressible compressible compressible

DENSITY Densest Dense Low density

ABILITY TO FLOW Cannot flow Able to flow Able to flow

PHASE CHANGES
ACTIVITY 2:
State of Matter
 I. Complete the following:

A. Complete the table:

PROPERTY SOLID LIQUID GAS

SHAPE
INTERMOLECULAR
SPACING

VOLUME

COMPRESSIBILITY

DENSITY

ABILITY TO FLOW
A. Complete the diagram

SOLID

GAS
LIQUID
 II. Answer the following questions
briefly:
1. In your own words, what is matter?
2. How does solid differ from liquid? Solid
from gas? Liquid from gas?
3. Explain and Cite at least 1 example of:
a. Changes between Liquid to Gas and vice
versa
b. Changes between Solid to liquid and
vice versa
c. Changes between Solid to gas and vice
versa