DISSERTATION

On

SCADA/EMS SYSTEM UNDER

UNIFIED LOAD DESPATCH SCHEME
OF NORTHERN REGION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the
degree of

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (CONTROL SYSTEM)

Submitted by:
Ruchika
Roll No. 2K2741

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mrs. Jyoti Ohri
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
N.I.T, Kurukshetra

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURUKSHETRA

(DEEMED UNIVERSITY)
4
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation work titled "SCADA/EMS

System Under Unified Load Despatch Scheme of Northern
Region" which is being submitted in partial fiilfillment for the
award of the degree of Master of Technology in Electrical
Engineering (Control System) of the National Institute of
Technology, Kurukshetra by Ruchika (Roll No. 2K2741) is her
own work carried out under my supervision and guidance.

4^ ^T"^
Dated: (Mrs. Jyoti Ohri)
Place: Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
N. I. T, Kurukshetra
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Project is an agglomeration of theoretical, practical and technical

concepts, which enhances our skills in the field of technology. I feel it my
first and foremost duty to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mrs. Jyoti
Ohri, Asstt. Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, NIT,
Kurukshetra for her infinitely valuable guidance and assiduous help in
undertaking the present project work. As my project supervisor, her insight,
observations and suggestions helped me a lot to establish the overall
direction of project work and contributed immensely to the success of the
work reported here. Without her inspirafion and generous guidance and
encouragement, the work would not have been successfully completed.
Furthermore, I am also thankfiil to all, who have helped me directly
or indirectly during the whole course of work. I extend my sincere thanks to
the Staff of department of Electrical Engineering, NIT, Kurukshetra for their
cooperation.
Finally, I would like to express my deep appreciation to my parents
and my friends who have been a constant source of inspiration. I am
eternally grateful to them for always encouraging and being with me
wherever and whenever I needed them.

(RUCHIKA)
2K2741
 ABSTRACT

SCADA is an acronym for "Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition" meant to explain
the very essence of the system. It is a category of software application program for
process control and gathering of data in real time from remote locations in order to
control equipments and conditions. SCADA is used in power plants, in oil and gas
refineries, transportation, telecommunications etc. SCADA system includes hardware and
software components. The hardware gathers and feed data into a computer that has
SCADA software installed. The computer then processes this data and presents it in a
timely manner. SCADA also records and logs all events into a file stored into a hard disk
or sends them to a printer. SCADA warns when conditions become hazardous by sending
and displaying alarms. Basically, a SCADA system consists of a no. of components:
• The central SCADA master system
• A communication network
• The RTU's (Remote Terminal Units)
Today, in this competitive world, SCADA has made its remarkable place in automation
field because of its world wide adaptability, extendibility, flexibility features and thus
number of big companies/vendors have jumped into automation field because of its big
market.
An attempt has been made in this thesis to discuss the basics of the functional modules /
compartments of the SCADA system. Also included in this dissertation, topological and
afchitectural asppcts of SCADA including future expansion plan in HVPNL, the
transn^ission utility of Haryana. An analysis of generation and load management using
ABT, scheduling and despatching is also studied. It is also shown using case studies that
with the installation of SCADA/EMS technology, supply and demand can be
instantaneously balanced using real-time data and the excessive time spent investigating
faults and problems is reduced substantially.
 CONTENTS

CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
CHAPTERS PAGE NO.
CHAPTER;: INTRODUCTION 1-10
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 NRLDC - AN OVERVIEW 3
1.3 SCADA/EMS FOR SYSTEM CO-ORDINATION AND CONTROL 4
FOR NORTHERN REGION
1.3.1 ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) 4
1.3.2 SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION 6
1.3.3 ADVANTAGES OF SCAD A/EMS 7
1.4 STATE OF ART 7
1.5 UNIFIED LOAD DESPATCH SCHEME OF NORTHERN REGION 8
h5.1 HOW THE UNIFIED SCHEME WORKS 8
1.5.2 BENEFITS OF THE SYSTEM 9
1.5.3 USAGE OF THE SYSTEM 9
1.6 PURPOSE OF THE DISSERTATION 10
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THE DISSERTATION 10

CHAPTER 2: SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION 11-32

2.1 INTRODUCTION 11
2.2 FUNCTIONAL OVERVIEW 11
2.3 COMMON FEATURES OF SCADA SYSTEM 14
2.3.1 DATA ACQUISITION 14
2.3.2 DATA TRANSMISSION 17
2V3.3 DATA PROCESSING 21
2.3.4 SUPERVISORY CONTROL 24
2.4 USER INTERFACE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 29
2.4.1 TYPES OF DISPLAYS 29

i •

CHAPTER 3: SLDC SYSTEM CONFIGURATION 33-45

3.1 INTRODUCTION 33
3.2 HVPNL SLDC SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE 33
3.3 SLDC HARDWARE ARCHITECTURE 36
3.4 SLDC SOFTWARE/HARDWARE ALLOCATION 38
3.5 SLDC HARDWARE SUBSYSTEMS DESCRIPTION 39
3.6 REAL TIME DISPLAYS AND REPORT GENERATION 45
3.7 SALIENT FEATURES OF SLDC 45

CHAPTER 4: GENERATION AND LOAD MANAGEMENT 46-58

4.1 INTRODUCTION 46
4.2 AVAILABILITY BASED TARIFF 47
4.3 HOW DO THE BENEFICIARIES SHARE THE PAYMENTS ? 48
4.4 NECESSITY OF AVAILABILITY TARIFF 48
4.5 BENEFITS OF ABT 49
4.6 DEVIATIONS FROM SCHEDULE OR UNSCHEDULED INTERCHANGE 50
4.7 UI RATE VS SYSTEM MARGINAL COST 53
4.8 ROLE OF STATE LOAD DESPATCH CENTRES (SLDCs) 54
4.9 LOAD REGULATIONS 56
4.10 UI:'A RENAISSANCE IN GRID OPERATION 57
4.11 CO|NJCLUSIDN 57

CHAPTER 5: SCHEDULING AND DESPATCHING 59-67

5.1 INTRODUCTION 59
5.2 DEMAND ESTIMATION 59
5.3 SCHEDULING AND DESPATCHING 60
5.4 SCHEDULING AND DESPATCH PROCEDURE 61
5.5 DAY AHEAD SCHEDULING PROCEDURE 62
5.6 REVISION OF SCHEDULES 63
5.7 THE DAILY SCHEDULING PROCEDURE 65
5.8 TRADING OPPORTUNITY 66
5.9 CONCLUSION 67

CHAPTER 6: SCAD A/EMS EXPANSION PLAN 68-75

6.1 INTRODUCTION 68
6.2 SCADA/EMS CONTROL CENTER HIERARCHY 69
6.3 HEAD QUARTER CONSOLE 71
6.4 STATE SUPERVISORY CONTROL CENTER (SSCC) 71
6.5 EXISTING SLDC PANIPAT 71
6.6 SUB-LOAD DESPATCH CENTRE (SUB-LDC) 71
6.7 DISTRICT CONTROL CENTER (DCC) 72
6.8 DUAL DATA CONCENTRATOR (DDC) 72
6.9 REMOTE TERMINAL UNIT (RTU) 72
6.10 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM DESIGN 73

CHAPTER 7: CASE STUDY 1 76-90

CHAPTER 8: CASE STUDY 2 91-99

CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 100-101

9.1 CONCLUSION 100
9.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 101

REFERENCES
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction
Power is a critical infrastructure for the growth of Indian economy. Acceleration in the
economic growth will depend upon a financial and commercially viable power sector that
is able to attract fresh investments. Power supply is one of the important resources to the
human society development. Electric energy generation, transmission and distribution are a
fundamental need of our society. From the user perspective, the basic requirement is to
obtain high quality power at proper cost with no interruptions. The electrical energy
demand throughout the world has been observed rapidly increasing with the progress of
technological advancement in various fields. Since this energy is considered to be one of
the most convenient form of energy amongst the others, its consumption starting from
domestic / household appliances to industries of different types has been found drastically
growing up. The rapid growth in electric energy demand, addition in installed capacity,
installation of transmission / distribution network and integrated operation of the grid,
thereby making power / energy sharing between surplus and deficit areas, have made
present power system very complex. Moreover, changing landscape of the power sector
can be attributed to following reasons:

1. Rapidly growing size of industry and customer base.

2. Diverse and multiple sources of power.
3. Emergence of national grid.
4. Public as well as private ownership.
5. Regulatory bodies and increasing accountability.
6. Emergence of power trading.
7. Growing pressure to reduce costs and increasing "access to electricity".
8. Increasingly demanding customers.
The power sector in India at this juncture is plagued by a number of problems. These
include inadequate generation capacities, poor capacity utilization, very high transmission
losses and poor project implementation. Not withstanding the massive increase in
generation capacities over the past decades, the history of the Indian power sector has been
punctuated by shortages, massive pilferages and a demand-supply gap which has been
growing. The shortages have been so chronic that, at times fears have been expressed about
a negative impact on industrialization due to these factors.
It is thus imperative that power utilities look at increasing efficiencies. Considering
the extensive size of the power system network, the management of the real-time operation
of an electric power system network is a very complex task requiring man-machine
interfaces, computer systems, communication networks and real-time gathering devices in
power plants and sub-stations. The continuity with which electric energy is supplied has
become extremely important in the modern societies and any interruption of it to a large
number of customers at a time is considered as an emergency situation and is of utmost
concern in an industrial country. On the other hand, the electric energy supplying
authorities intend to operate the power system as economically as possible within the
safety and security limits. Therefore, the major task ahead of power system designers /
planners is to ensure system operation to manage such a large power system network
efficiently and effectively.
The power system collapse occurring at times have shown the urgent need for
stabilizing interconnected power system beyond the common technologies. Increasing load
demand on the power system is always viewed in terms of threats or likelihood of system
problems such as instabilities and collapses. One of the promising ways is to provide a
system based protection and control complementary to the conventional local equipments
and this 'calls for automation of the power system by inducting additional advanced
features i.e. adopting computer aided monitoring, control and management of electric
power system to provide better services to consumers. In other words, automation, if
properly applied, provides for efficient operations, enhances operational outputs and
translates into economic benefits.
Automation through SCADA systems directly leads to increased reliability of power
for the consumers and lower operating costs for the utility. It results in forecasting accurate
demand and supply management, faster restoration of power in case of a downturn and a
quick, alternate arrangement for power for important / emergency locations. The utilities
are in a better position to undertake power management and with better anticipation of
trouble and greater trouble-shooting through remote access. Automation through SCADA
also reduces human influences and errors.

1.2 NRLDC - An Overview

The Northern Region is comprised of centrally owned projects Hydel as well as
Thermal and of constituent states J&K, HPSEB, DVB, HVPNL, PSEB, UPSEB and
BBMB. Due to vast network of 400 KV, 220 KV transmission circuits and Super Thermal
Generating Stations, the major problems for running the integrated grid are as under:
1. Wide Frequency Fluctuations.
2. Unchecked Overdrawls by SEBs.
3. Grid Indiscipline.
4. Non-optimum operation.
5. Frequent Grid Collapses.
6. Abnormal Voltage Profiles.
7. Perpetual Commercial Disputes.
The situation is further deteriorating due to
1. Iiiadequacy and poor availability of Generating Capacity.
2. Consequent lack of spinning reserve during peak load hours.
3. Inadequacies in Transmission and Distribution systems.
4. Inadequate VAR Compensation.
5. Lack of Energy Management Systems.
6. Shortage of resources.
So, the primary objective of integrated operation of the regional grids is to enhance the
overall operational economy and reliability of the entire electric power network spread
over the geographical area of the interconnected states.
NRLDC is a nodal centre for co-ordinating operation of the Northern Regional power
system, the Northern Regional Power System is one of the largest amongst the five
regional power systems in the country.
The Regional Load Despatch Centre gives such directions and exercise such
supervision and control as may be required for ensuring integrated grid operation and for
achieving the maximum economy and efficiency in the operation of the power system in
the region under its control.
The following are contemplated as exclusive functions of NRLDC:
1. System operation and control including inter-state / inter-regional transmission of
power, covering contingency analysis and operational planning on real time basis.
2. Scheduling of generation and contingency analysis.
3. System restoration following grid disturbances.
4. Metering and data collection.
5. Compiling and furnishing data pertaining to system operation.
The constituents in the Northern Region under Unified Load Despatch Scheme are as
under and also shown in Fig. 1.1:

Sr. No. Name of Constituent Location No. ofRTU Stations

1. RSCC Delhi 42 no.
2. BBMB Chandigarh 21 no.
3. PSEB Patiala 19 no.
4. RVPNL Jaipur 21 no.
5. HPSEB Simla 16 no.
6. J&K Gladni 13 no.
7. DTL Delhi 31 no.
8. • UPPCL & UPCL Lucknow 82 no.
9. . HVPNL Panipat 42 no.

1.3 SCADA/EMS for System Co-ordination and Control for

Northern Region
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) and Energy Management
Systems (EMS) applications are used to control power grids. They support energy trading
and the functions to remote control sub-station equipments.
1.3.1 Energy Management System (EMS)
Energy Management System (EMS) is a group of electrical applications which
helps in carrying out the various electrical system analysis and studies. An energy
management system is one of the most important types of supervisory systems in utility's
main control centre. The functionality comprises the full range of SCADA, network
analysis, network planning, generation control and scheduling. The major functions of
Energy Management System are as under:
1. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) functions.
2. System Monitoring and Alarm Functions.
3. State Estimation.
4. Power flows.
5. Economic Load Despatch.
6. Optimal Power Flow.
7. Security Monitoring and Control.
8. Load forecasting.
9. Automatic generation control.
10. Unit commitment.
11. Log Report Generation (Periodic and Event logs), etc.
12. Scheduling.
1.3.2 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition and is an essential
part of the energy management system. Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)
is the backbone of the entire automation of the power system. The control and distribution
of power system data is managed through a SCADA system. As the name indicates,
SCADA system focuses on the supervisory level used for control, operation and
monitoring. The control system consists of a central host or master (MTU), remote
terminal units and a collection of software used to monitor and control remotely located
field data elements. The operators are able to observe the state of the monitored system by
simply examining the database obtained from field equipment (both analog and digital)
through displays on workstations or PC's etc. The following primary analysis covers the
SCADA functionality:
(i) Limit checking,
(ii) Dead bands,
(iii) Alarms,
(iv) Tagging.
(v) Issuing controls and set points.
The ability of a SCADA system to not only monitor the status of equipment, but to
control the remote equipment from a central location^ allows more efficient and cost-
effective management of remote locations. Response time to emergencies is significantly
reduced.
A typical SCADA system provides a Human Machine Interface (HMI) allowing the
operator to visualize all the functions as the system is operating. It supports various
functions such as; mimics-a graphical representation of the process with dynamically
updated values, trends-graphs of variables against selected time periods, reports-allows
process variable to be summarized on a periodic basis, alarms-provides presentation of
process alarms. The system must be able to detect, display and log alarms and events.
When there are problems, the SCADA system must notify operators to take corrective
action. Alarms and events should be recorded so engineers or programmers can review the
alarms to determine what caused the alarm and prevent them from happening again.
1.3.3 Advantages of SCADA / EMS
1. Provides more system information to the operators.
2. Is more effective because of quick information / data exchange.
3. Allows faster decision-making and improves the response time to system faults.
4. Better record keeping.
5. More flexibility to power system changes.
Thus, the main objective of SCADA/EMS system for Northern Region is to give
uninterrupted quality power at optimum cost.

1.4 State of Art

The concept of building a state load despatch centre (SLDC) in Haryana was
envisaged in the year 1979 to have real-time data acquisition system with energy
management system (SCADA and EMS) for optimum energy, utilization to render belter
services to consumers. Techno-Commercial approval of the project was accorded by CEA
in the year 1980. Detailed functional requirement specification was prepared with the help
of BHEL in the year 1987 but was dropped by CEA due to the concept of having Unified
Load Despatch Scheme for the entire Northern Region. Thus, the main objective of
SCADA / EMS system for Northern Region is to give uninterrupted quality power at
optimum cost.
There is existing Northern Region Load Despatch Centre (NRLDC) at New Delhi
but due to absence of Load Control Centres in the states, the above said problems were not
solved timely and efficiently causing unscheduled power cuts, tripping of Generating
Stations due to grid collapses, etc. Ultimately Power Grid Corporation of India (PGCIL)
was entrusted with the National Grid and Unified Load Despatch Scheme. The Unified
Load Despatch Scheme has been made commercially in operafion in August, 2002.

1.5 Unified Load Despatch Scheme of Northern Region

1.5.1 How the Unified Scheme Works
With the help of RTUs, the real fime data of a Generating Station / Sub-Station
such like MW, MVAR, Voltage, Frequency reaches Sub-LDC / SLDC / RSCC through
PLCC / Wide Band Equipment System i.e. Microwave or Fiber Optic System. This helps
in strict monitoring of all the running loads on the various sub-stations and effective load
control is possible. Further there is provision in the Unified Scheme for all 220 KV and
132 KV sub-stations for tripping the feeders from SLDC in case the sub-station is not
adhering ,power regulatory measures. Similarly, closing of breakers of the feeders from
SLDC is also incorporated under this scheme. In a similar fashion, tripping of a particular
line / transformer is also monitored at Sub-LDC / SLDC. Further this scheme also provides
facility of status indication of Bus Bar Isolators, Circuit Breakers and tap position of
OLTCs of the Power Transformers.

With the implementation of the Unified Scheme the problems as discussed in

section 1.2 above are solved to greater extent, even the constituent state knows their hourly
generation, share from Central Owned Project, share in BBMB / IP-Generating Stations
and the State is also able to monitor its hourly consumption sub-station wise / zone wise
and with the strict control of NRLDC over the centrally owned projects, the frequency and
grid disturbances will be minimized and voltage of system will improve.
Thus, under the computerized load dispatch scheme, the following have been envisaged :
1. The power system state will be monitored by means of acquisition of analogue and
digital information / data from the field,
(i) Power flows on lines / feeders.

8
(ii) Voltage and frequency of the grid.
(iii) State of all switching devices e.g. open / close positions of circuit breakers and
isolators.
(iv) Fault and alarm of the system.
2. Regulation of frequency and voltage.
3. Continuous interaction with the power system.
4. Reliable and complete system information despite missing data.
5. Economic power system operation by means of regulation of energy exchanges between
utilities, operating in an integrated manner.
6. To improve power system security.
7. Evaluation of operational risk for the present and future state.
1.5.2 Benefits of the system
1. Centralized and effective power control activities with lesser manpower at regional and
state level both entities acting independently in a coherent manner.
2. Able to march towards to fulfill the Govt, objective to supply quality power as per the
approval policies.
3. Safety of the grid has increased.
4. Valuable data being acquired is being used for load forecast, scheduling, generation
planning etc.
5. Have been able to pass the real time information to the Head Office situated at about 150
kms away.
6. Fast and reliable communication system for speech and data has been established.
1.5.3 Usage of the system
The system is being used effectively for monitoring various sub-stations and lines
etc. However, the system has also been used exclusively for knowing the
1. Real time power being supplied by our resources.
2. Power being dispatched to the distribution companies.
3. Power being consumed in the different sectors of distribution companies.
4. Power regulatory measures being taken for controlling unscheduled interchanges, which
are being charged with frequency linked tariff
5. Schedules are being finalized based on the information available on the system.
1.6 Purpose of the Dissertation
The objective of this dissertation is to give a conceptual presentation of the broad
functioning of SCADA in the automated energy management system of the Northern
Region. The study reviews topological and architectural aspects of SCADA including
future expansion plan in HVPNL, the transmission utility of Haryana. The principles and
functioning of State Load Despatch Centre (SLDC) located at Sewah (Panipat) in Haryana
is also presented. An analysis of generation and load management using ABT, scheduling
and despatching is also discussed.

1.7 Organization of the Dissertation

This thesis is organized in the following order:
Chapter 1 gives an introduction of the power systems and the need of SCADA/EMS
system for its reliable and efficient operation. It also discussed brief history and
functioning of Unified Load Despatch Scheme of Northern Region.
Chapter 2 discusses SCADA systems and its functionality.
Chapter 3 is a systematic study of the architecture and functioning of State Load Despatch
Centre (SLDC) at Sewah (Panipat).
Chapter 4 deals with the generation and load management using ABT technique and role
of NRLDC and SLDC in their management.
Chapter 5 discusses scheduling and despatching procedure and the daily scheduling
process and its benefits.
Chapter 6 shows the future SCADA/EMS expansion plan in HVPNL.
Chapter 7 shows the control of frequency, voltage and drawl within safe limits using real-
time data.
Chapter 8 deals with the case of a post-incident analysis required to prevent the
reoccurrence of similar outages and power failures.
Chapter 9 concludes with some suggestions about the areas of future exploration.
References follow the chapters in last.

10
 CHAPTER 2
SUPERVISORY CONTROL AND DATA ACQUISITION
(SCADA)
2.1 Introduction
Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) is the backbone of the entire
automation of the power system. The operators are able to observe the state of the
monitored system by simply examining the database obtained from field equipment (both
analog and digital) through displays on workstations or PC's etc. With traditional SCADA
systems, the function of protection and control were segregated. Control systems were
arranged to keep the values of controlled quantities within target limits. Protection
equipments were arranged for sounding alarms and for tripping circuit-breakers. With the
revolution in microprocessor technology, the size, performance and cost of digital
automation systems have become acceptable in commercial installation. These automatic
SCADA systems provide integrated approach to power system protection, operation
control and monitoring, automatically with least intervention of the control room operator.
Thus, in short, the purpose of SCADA system is to gather real time data from the remote
equipment in the field and enables the operator to control field device from their console.

2.2 Functional Overview

The purpose of the SCADA subsystem is twofold:
1. It maintains an up-to-date picture of the monitored system in its database. This allows
operators to observe the state of the monitored process by simply examining the database
via CRT displays. The SCADA database also provides other programs in the system access
to the real-time SCADA data.
2. It allows operators (and other programs) to interact with the monitored process by
transmitting controls to the process.
Besides above, the SCADA subsystem provides the following additional functions:
(a) Tagging: The tagging function provides a means for adding, modifying, removing
and displaying protective or informational tags on power system devices, such as breakers,
that are modeled in the SCADA system. Tags are normally placed on devices to warn or

11
inform operators of special conditions in the power system and usually prohibit or
constrain operation of the device.
(b) Loadshed: The Loadshed function (load shedding and restoration) is used in
emergency situations to automatically shed load from the power system. It is also used to
restore load manually, breaker by breaker, or on a group basis, after the system returns to
normal.
(c) Historical Data Recording (HDR): The historical data recording function
records all changes to selected data in journal files both during normal and disturbance
conditions. Each file contains an initial snapshot and then a journal of data changes. HDR
can optionally reconstruct a snapshot of any point in time, at a negligible processing cost.
HDR also supports scan-by-scan reconstruction of data and allows the use of any SCADA
displays (including schematic one-line diagrams) for viewing data.
(d) Sequence of Events: The sequence of events function provides information (status
changes, instantaneous measured values) with highly accurate time for devices monitored
by suitable RTUs. This information is normally used by operators to determine what took
place during a system disturbance.
(e) Generalized Calculation (GENCALC): The Generalized Calculation function
provides a means for the operator to derive calculations in a real-time environment, with
SCADA analog and status points as input and output to the calculation, using any
combination of logical, arithmetic, and comparative operations.
(f) Alarm: The alarm utility provides a method of notifying to operator significant
changes in the system and maintains a chronological history of events occurred in the
operation of the system. Events are changes to the system's state that are detected by
application software.
(g) Weather Forecasting: The weather forecasting station has been provided one in
each constituent site to continuously monitor temperature, rain fall, humidity, wind
velocity, wind direction and atmospheric pressure. Weather station has been installed at
Sub-LDC, Narwana in HVPNL system. Load forecast is based upon the comparison of
present and past weather parameter available in the database.

12
The major application sub-systems are:
(i) Generation Control Sub-System: The function in the generation sub-system are
related to the control of energy production and the goal is:
(a) To satisfy demand and transaction commitments.
(b) To minimizing the cost of generation through economic dispatch and unit commitment.
(ii) Network Sub-System: This sub-system models the equipment in the electrical
transmission system, functions that reside in the network real time sub-system, uses
the electrical transmission network branch topology and voltage model to compute
bus voltage and component flows. This sub-system executes functions like state
estimation, contingency analysis, load flow studies etc.
(iii) Historical Information Management Sub-System: This sub-system is used
to perform information storage and retrieval functions and is also called as hiformalion
Storage and Retrieval (ISR) Sub-System.
(iv) Inter-centre Communication Sub-System: This sub-system supports inter
site exchanges with other control centres (RSCC, SLDC's, Sub-LDC's etc.).
Fig. 2.1 shows the different interfaces between major SCADA applications, plus other
subsystems.

SCADA SUBSYSTEM

NETWORK GENERATION
SUBSYSTEM SUBSYSTEM

HISTORICAL
INFORMATION INTERCENTER
MANAGEMENT COMMUNICATION
SUBSYSTEM
SUBSYSTEM

Fig. 2.1 SCADA System Overview

13
2.3 Common Features of SCADA System
The SCADA system is arranged to perform the following tasks:
(A) Data Acquisition (Data Collection)
(B) Data Transmission
(C) Data Processing
(D) Supervisory Control
2.3.1 Data Acquisition
Data is retrieved from the monitored network by an integrated combination of
hardware and software in the real-time application server ("host SCADA"), Telemetry
Front End, Communication Front End and the RTUs. The system maintains a
communication statistics database that keeps a record of all communication failures for
assisting .maintenance personnel in detecting deteriorating communication facilities. The
data is acquired by means of CTs, VTs, transducers and other forms of collecting
information. The process to be supervised has a very large number of electrical,
mechanical and other data (information), transducers convert the data into electrical form
to enable easy measurement and transmission. Thus, data acquisition means to collect the
primary data from the data sources and to convert it into suitable form for information
transmitting and processing.
(a) Host SCADA
The Host SCADA runs the code that is responsible for data processing and operator
interface. It maintains the SCADA database as a coordinated overall picture of the
monitored system for use by the operator and by other programming functions. The Host
SCADA maintains the SCADA database, performs conversion to engineering units, checks
limits, processes alarms and performs special calculations. Status data, analog data, and
pulse accumulator data are maintained in the SCADA database. The host SCADA also
performs reasonability checks on the incoming data, and sets data quality flags to indicate
the reliability of the source of the data.

(b) Telemetry Front End (TFE)

SCADA supports a Telemetry Front End handling the normal data retrieval
function and sending only data changes to the real-time application server. The primary

14
purpose of the Telemetry Front End is to distribute communication processing to allow the
RTU protocol specific communications to take place without affecting the host SCADA
computer bus. The Telemetry Front End manages communications with Communication
Front Ends and provides commimications with Host SCADA on the real-time application
servers which specifies that the fimction of Telemetry Front End is to acquire data firom
CFE and put it on to the SCADA database.
(c) Communication Front End (CFE)
The Communication Front End is the lowest level of the Telemetry Front End
SCADA system. It is responsible for all communications between the Telemetry Front End
and the RTUs. The Communication Front End drives the serial communication lines
coimected to the RTUs. It consists of several serial commimication cards depending on the
number of RTUs cormected, controlled through VME (Versa Module Euro) chassis. On
each card there are serial I/O ports for commimication with RTUs. They handle requests
and responses at the bit and byte level, doing checks and converting responses into a
protocol independent form and passing them to the SCAD A/EMS server. A single request
fi-om the SCADA/EMS server can cause the CFE to scan all its communication lines,
check for changes in the reported data and report back the results. Each card can support
upto 16 communication lines with the RTUs. All SLDCs will need only one
communication card per CFE. It helps in time synchronization of RTUs with the SLDC. It
transmits data received from remote RTUs after conversion into digital form (through
Modems) and after limit checking to data processor through local area network (LAN).
The Communication Front End performs two main fimctions:

(i) It translates the RTU communications protocol into a standard protocol to the Telemetry
Front End. This keeps the host SCADA and Telemetry Front End software standard across
any number of different RTU protocols.
(ii) It concentrates a number of communications lines into a single interface to the
Communication Front End. This greatly reduces the communications loading on the real-
time application servers, freeing computing power for other more important uses.
(d) Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)
The Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) is intelligent electronic equipment installed at
Sub-Station premises that is capable of receiving analog transducer outputs as well as

15
digital status indication and then converting the received signals into digital, processes
these digital values and transmit to the control centre. Thus, RTU is the interface with the
monitored process. The functions of RTUs are:
(i) Interface with the electrical network to be monitored / controlled.
(ii) Collects, filters and processes the power system data and transmits it to the control
centres.
(iii) Receives the control commands / set points from the control centre.
In HVPNL / Unified Load Despatch Scheme of Northern Region, the RTU at Sub-Station
process broadly two elements:
(I) Analog Signalling:
Analog signaling in the RTU is carried out through transducer having input value
i.e. MW / MVAR / KV / Hz which is converted into a analog current of the range of 4-20
mA corresponding to the input value. In our system, linear type transducers are being used
in which output is linearly proportional to the measured parameter,
(i) MW / MVAR flow on lines / feeders / transformers / bus-coupler bays of a sub-station,
(ii) Tap positions of transformers,
(iii) Voltage and frequency on buses.
(II) Digital Signalling:
Contact multiplier relays / potential free contacts are being used for accessing the
digital status indications of Circuit Breakers and Isolators.
(i) On/Off position of a circuit breaker on lines / feeders / transformers / bus-coupler bays
of a sub-station and also as sequence of events.
(ii) On position of a bus isolator connecting to the bus and respective bay.
(iii) Liije / feeder / transformer / bus master protection trip and loss of voltage of bus status
as sequence of events.
Two types of relays have been used in Signal Interface Cabinets (SIC) Panel i.e.
Interposing and Latching Relay also called as Dummy Breaker Latching Relay. The
interposing relays are used for providing potential free contacts for operating field circuit
breaker relay or relay of motor operated isolator. Latching relay is used for simulating a
test supervisory control from the RTU. It accepts an open and close control signal from the

16
RTU and provides correct indication response tlirough a single contact indication input
point.
Thus, RTU collects three primary types of data:
(i) the status of process devices (digital inputs).
(ii) measures process variables (analog inputs).
(iii) accumulators (pulse inputs).
These thr.ee types of data are transmitted to the Communication Front Ends using standard
data communication techniques.
The first data retrieval ftinction that the Communication Front End requests from
its RTUs is an "Initialization Scan" also called Integrity Scan or General Check. This
causes each of the RTUs to return all of their data. This initialization function allows the
Communication Front End and the host SCADA to initialize their databases with the latest
information available.
This provides the SCADA system with the best starting point. Once the
initialization scan is complete, the periodic scanning functions begin. Data from the RTUs
is received by the host SCADA, processed, and put into the database. RTU database can be
dowTiloaded on operator request, from a PC using the SIM900 software.
The software package delivered with S900 RTU allows handling both digital and
analog inputs/outputs. The entities and related functions controlled by the S900 RTU
include:
(i) I/O capacity
(ii) Multiple master station communications
(iii) Local data logging
(iv) Archiving
(v) Local alarm
(vi) Synchronization
Fig. 2.2 shows data acquisition at Sub-LDC/SLDC from RTU installed at far of locations.
2.3.2 Data Transmission (Telemetry)
Tele means remote. Telemetry refers to the science of measurement from a remote
location. Telecontrol refers to remote control of equipment. Telemetering and telecontrol
equipment are necessary for control of a power plant/station from the control centre. The

17
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telemetering system comprises of electronic equipment which converts the data received
from transducers into analogue and digital signals and transmits it to the control room for
the use of computers. The instructions from control centres are then sent to the remote
power stations for necessary action.
(a) Modes of Data Transmission
The communication between RTU stations and the respective Sub-LDCs is mainly on:
(i) Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC): For communication over medium and
long distances in a power network, PLCC is the most reliable and economical method of
communication (data/speech) because of higher mechanical strength and insulation level of
high voltage power lines, and lower attenuation over longer distances.
(ii) Optical Ground Wire Cable (OPGW): OPGW is used in place of earth wire on
towers and hence serves the purpose of earth wire as well as communication system. It
works on the principle of light transmission with multiple reflections. Some of the
advantages of OPGW communication over copper wire communication are as under :

a) Larger.transmission bandwidth
b) Longer transmission distances
c) Smaller attenuation
d) High security
e) Smaller and less bulky
(iii) Communication between Sub-LDCs and SLDC is on microwave system:
Communication between SLDC i.e. at Sewah (Panipat) and Sub-LDCs i.e. Narwana and
Charkhi Dadri is on microwave. The microwave frequencies allocated under unified
scheme are from 2.3 GHz to 2.4 GHz. The capacity of microwave system is 120 channels
at 64 Kbps.
Fig. 2.3 shows the connectivity under unified scheme in HVPNL.
(b) Data flow
The data is collected from the RTUs and stored for transmission to the
Communication Front End. As data is received from the RTUs by the Communication
Front End, it is placed in a buffer for transmission to the Telemetry Front End. The valid
reception of the data is the joint responsibility of the RTU and the Communication front
end. Message numbers, error detection codes, acknowledge and negative-acknowledge

19
codes are exchanged along with the data to securely transfer the information to the
Communication Front End. The Communication Front End translates the data from the
formats returned by RTUs to the RTU protocol independent format used in the
Communication Front End to Telemetry Front End protocol. The data is sent to the
Telemetry Front End for transmission to the host.
Data received from the Telemetry Front End by the host SCADA is entered into the
RTU hierarchy as a 'raw' value. Engineering units conversion is then done, followed by
limit checking. At each step of the processing, quality codes are set, and alarms may be
issued. If the value is valid and not manually overridden, it ends up in the substation
hierarchy (in the "DISPLAY" field). Once the data is in the host, processing into the
SCADA database begins.
(c) Data transmission principles

The circuit breaker positions are collected under the shape of double signals (DS)
as this is necessary for remote control functions of the circuit breaker and is more reliable
for the network state estimation.
The isolator positions are collected under the shape of single signals (SS) as the
remote control of this kind of apparatus is not necessary. Of course, for a better accuracy of
the information relating to the knowledge of the system and for the state estimation, it
should have to be better to choose double signals but for cost wise reasons, single signals
have been preferred.
For all the apparatus positions, the information will be transmitted when a change
of state occurs. The same applies for the OLTC position. All the possible alarms are
collected under the shape of single signals.
For all the analog values, they are cyclically transmitted. A reasonable cycle time
has been'chosen for all the most important values concerning active and reactive power,
voltage i.e. 10 seconds. For the current measurements, on apparatuses located at a low
voltage (transformers or feeders at 66 KV or 33 KV, a cycle of 30s is sufficient.
2.3.3 Data processing
The major function of the data processing module is to place the data retrieved
from the RTUs in the database. All data is placed into the database in a standard form:
digital status in a standard two-bit configuration, analog and accumulator data as single-

21
precision floating point in engineering units. Three types of information are maintained in
the database:
(i) Status values, such as circuit breaker position (tripped/closed)
(ii) Analog values, which are process variables measured by the RTUs (temperature,
pressure, etc.)
(iii) Pulse accumulations, which usually represent quantities delivered (such as megawatt
hours of electricity)
A. combination of the RTU identity and the point identity is used for the scanner
module to locate quickly each point in the SCADA database without searching. This
method enables SCADA subsystem to avoid excessive processing overhead. Once located,
each point (status bit or analog value) is processed according to the directions established
for that point.
The following basic data processing functions are provided:
(i) Analog value processing: The retrieved values are converted to engineering units and
placed in the database. The system designer can designate a linear or non-linear conversion
method for each individual analog point. The value is checked against reasonability limits
for the point. If the reasonability limits are exceeded, the data is marked "unreasonable". If
the analog is marked for Historical Data Recording (HDR), the analog value is saved in a
Historical Data file with a time tag and a data quality flag.
(ii) Pulse Accumulator processing: Pulse Accumulator processing differs somewhat from
normal analog processing. The last retrieved accumulator value is subtracted from the
current reading and adjusted appropriately if the value is negative (a negative accumulator
difference indicates counter wraparound). The difference is then converted to floating point
and scaled using a multiplier.
(iii) Status processing: The status processing detects the existence of status changes, and
generates alarms accordingly. If no status changes have occurred, no processing is
necessary. However, if an unauthorized (uncommanded by the operator) change is
detected, the state of the point in the database is changed and an alarm is generated. The
point is also checked for a defined "normal" state. If none exists, no further processing
occurs. Otherwise, an abnormal condition either just occurred or was just cleared. If an
abnomAal- condition occurred, a new message is added to the abnormal summary; if an

22
abnormal condition was cleared, the abnormal message is removed from the abnormal
summary. Status points may also be marked for inclusion in the Historical Data Recording
file.
(iv) Limit Checking: The analog value is compared against the limits and if a limit is
violated, then an alarm is generated. A set of "dynamic limits" is placed around an analog
value by the scanner module, so that, in most cases only one pair of limits must be checked
when an analog value changes, thereby increasing limit processing efficiency. The limit
deadband prevents the generation of meaningless limit alarms when an analog is subject to
slight variations when close to the limit. Any number of limits can be applied to an analog
value as long as space is available.
(a) Data quality checking
For each status point, analog value, or pulse accumulator record, the scanner
module maintains a number of data quality flags which give information about the value(s)
stored in the record. Generally, a data quality flag indicates something about the source of
the data or tells how reliably the value represents conditions in the field. The User Interface
Management System controls the use of the data quality codes in presenting the data to the
operator.
(b) Calculated values
SCADA subsystem provides special processing capabilities that support a wide
range of applications. Any analog or status value can be used in calculating other analog or
status values. The result of a calculation is stored in a status or analog record which can be
subjected to the full range of data processing available, i.e. limit checking, alarming,
logging, etc. Calculations can be defined to be performed periodically or automatically
whenevef any of the input arguments change. These calculation functions generally mark
the calculated value with the flag of the worst-quality value used in the computation. This
reflects the fact that computed data is only as valid as the least valid piece of data used to
compute it.
(c) Topology processing
SCADA subsystem features a topology processing capability that is independent of
that provided by the network analysis applications. This allows real-time determination of
the electrical connectivity and energization state of power system devices. These results

23
are available for SCADA displays, Alarm and Mapboard interfaces. Topology processing
is triggered by switching element status changes.
Each power system device is represented in the topology model as a one or two
terminal segment. Each device may be classified as live, dead, unknown or ambiguous.
The live determination is made using voltage analog measurements. Each terminal of a
device may be classified as open, grounded, or connected. Each substation may be
classified as live (there are islands, or parts of islands with live status present in the
substation) or not live (there are no islands or parts of islands with live status present in the
substation).
The sorting algorithms used to determine bus and island assignments, as well as
island energisation status, are efficient and completely general. Any sort of bus structure
can be reliably processed and identified. The modelling of the topology is incorporated in
the SCADA database.
2.3.4 Supervisory control
Supervisory Control is the SCADA function used to issue control commands to
field equipment (digital devices, set points) under the supervision of the RTUs, from the
operator or from another application through a user-callable Application Programming
Interface (API).
SCADA subsystem supports two types of control commands:
(i) Multiple-step command
(ii) Single-step command
Single-step commands are typically used when inadvertent or erroneous operations
have minor or no ill effects on the operation of the system. Multiple-step commands are
used by the operator to control devices in the field. Multiple-step commands require
positive operator verification for security.
(a) Control command permission checks
Several conditions are checked before a requested control action is actually allowed
to be sent to a RTU. When the operator has completed the external command sequence by
issuing the EXECUTE command, the host performs a number of checks to see if it is valid
to transmit the command to the RTU:

24
(i) RTU Availability: If the RTU is unavailable to perform the requested operation, i.e. it
has been placed out of service.
(ii) Control/Status Point Availability: If the control point is unavailable because it has
been placed out of service, the command is rejected. If the status point used to monitor the
control results is out of service, a warning message is issued that verification of the control
is not possible, but the command is transmitted to the RTU.
(iii) Tagged: If the point is tagged to prevent control action, the command is rejected.
(iv) Command Interlock: A status point can be associated optionally with a control. If the
associated status point is not in the required state, the control is rejected (e.g., a device can
only be operated when the associated device is in a specified state). This provides a means
to interlock controls.
Multiple requests to control a digital status point for which a previous control command is
still outstanding, are rejected by the SCAD A system and the operator is notified.
(b) Control commands
SCADA supports both dispatcher controls and automatic direct-operate controls
governed by other programs. For automatic direct-operate controls, SCADA checks the
communications path and sends an error response to the user if the control cannot be
completed.
The points available for control vary between RTU designs, SCADA software handles the
following types:
(i) Select Before Operate (SBO): These are the output relays typically used to control
breakers. There is a multiple-step procedure to use them. First the CFE must send to the
RTU a particular command in order to select the relay to be activated. The RTU must then
confirm the selection of the correct relay. Only then may the relay be activated by another
command which is checked by the RTU before actually operating the relay.
(ii) Direct Operate: A direct operate relay is selected and activated all in one command
from the CFE to the RTU.
(iii) Pulse Width Output: A pulse width output relay card is sent a value as part of the
command. The value tells it for how many basic periods it should energize the selected
relay.

25
(iv) Pulse Train Output: A pulse train output relay card is also sent a value as part of the
command, but the value tells it how many times to energize the selected relay.
Multiple-step (or "Select-Before-Operate") Commands
Operator control of monitored devices is a three-step sequence:
(i) Device selection,
(ii) Operation selection,
(iii) Operation execution.
Multiple-Step control commands permit the operator to examine the requested
action for accuracy. Once execution is requested, the control is verified to ensure that the
operation is allowed under the conditions currently operating in the system (control
permissiyes). If the control is valid, it is transmitted to the RTU.
All multiple-step control commands are timed (the timeout period is specified by
the system designer). If the next step in the control sequence is not completed in the
allotted time, the control sequence is aborted. If the timeout period is long enough, it has
no effect on an operator's ability to control a device (normal human delays won't cause
timeouts). However, the timer makes it impossible for an operator to leave the point
selected, since the timeout eventually occurs and cancels the control.
The first step in all command sequences is to call up a display that allows control of
the desired device. In most cases, this would be a substation display under the SCADA
application.
The following multiple-step commands are used to control devices in the field:
(i) SELECT: Identifies a device (e.g., a circuit breaker) for further action. The Select
mechanism provides an interlock between multiple operators attempting to control the
same device at the same time. If the select is successful, the control sequence can continue;
otherwise, the operator is notified that the point is "already selected by another operator".
An attempt to continue a control sequence after an unsuccessful SELECT result in
additional error messages.
(ii) TRIP: Selects a TRIP operation.
(iii) CLOSE: Selects a CLOSE operation.
(iv) RAISE: Selects a RAISE operation.
(v) LOWER: Selects a LOWER operation.

26
(vi) CANCEL: Resets the action of a multi-step command as if it had never been started.
(vii) EXECUTE: Verifies and performs the control.
Setpoint Control
A setpoint output involves a numerical value being sent to an RTU, resulting in
either a digital or analog value out of the RTU to external equipment.
Setpoint controls are generally used to send numerical values to equipment
controllers and to drive strip chart recorders and mapboard numerical displays.
Setpoint outputs are performed in a similar fashion, but in this case the operator
enters the setpoint value in engineering units prior to the EXECUTE command. A SCADA
applications routine converts the engineering units to a raw value to be sent to the RTU.
Single-Step Commands
Single-step commands are generally used to manipulate the control system itself (as
opposed to multiple-step commands, which control devices). In single-step commands, the
device SELECT step, the operation selection step, and the EXECUTE step are all
combined into a single command.
The following single-step commands are used to manipulate the control system itself If a
command is unsuccessful, an error message is displayed.
(i) INHIBIT/ENABLE: Inhibits or enables alarm processing. The action of this command
is determined by the alarm processing status of the device. If alarms are already inhibited,
they are enabled; if they are currently enabled, they are inhibited. Inhibited points are
shown on the Alarm Inhibit Summary display.
(ii) REMOVE/RESTORE: Removes (restores) devices, analogs, or RTUs from scan, and
places (removes) the point on the Out-of-Service Summary display. When a single point is
removed .from scan, the point is still received from the RTU because the status or analog
value is received as part of a message string. Removing the point from scan simply stops
all further processing of the point. Two values are saved for every telemetered point: the
last scanned value, used only by the data processing system, and the display value, which
is used everywhere else in the system. When a point is removed from the scan, the last
scanned value is still updated by the data processing subsystem, but the display value is not
changed. Therefore, operator-entered values or status's remain as entered until changed by
the operator again or until scanning is restored.

27
(iii) ACKNOWLEDGE: Marks the alarm as acknowledged, modifies alarm summaries as
appropriate, changes the alarm lines on the displays, if applicable, and removes the
unacknowledged alarm indication from all associated displays. Depending on the data
presentation capabilities selected for the displays when they were constructed, a portion or
all of the alarm indications may change color, stop blinking, etc.
(iv) ADD TAG/REMOVE TAG: Either adds or removes a tag from a device in the field.
Actions taken to both tag and remove tags are logged on the System Activity display and
recorded pn a logger. Tagged devices appear on the Tag; Summary display, with a notation
of the date and time the device was flagged. Tagged devices appear on detailed one-lines
with a tag annotation next to the device symbol. If an attempt is made to control that
device, the control is cancelled and a message is sent to the console screen from which the
command originated, indicating that the device is tagged.
(v) PURGE: Removes an acknowledged alarm from the summary. The alarms are not
automatically removed from the summary when they are acknowledged. This allows an
operator to indicate that the alarm has been seen, but still retain it in the alarm list as a
reminder that the fault has not yet been corrected. The PURGE command allows the
operator to remove acknowledged alarms when appropriate corrective action has been
initiated, thus keeping the action reminder list (acknowledged portion of the alarm
summary) meaningful.
(vi) ACKNOWLEDGE PAGE: Acknowledges all alarms on the displayed portion of the
page.
Manual Override Commands
A special command sequence, distinctly different from the sequence used to TRIP
or CLOSE a device, is used by the operator to manually override a telemetered status or
analog value. The sequence is as follows:
(i) Position the cursor on the device whose value is to be changed,
(ii) Remove the device from the scan using the REMOVE button.
(iii) For an analog value, key in the new value. (This step is eliminated for status values).
Press the' ENTER button to enter the value into the database. The user interface system
responds by replacing the value in the database with the new operator-entered value, and
sets the data quality flag for the value to "MANUAL".

28
(iv) For .status data, press the TOGGLE button. The TOGGLE command allows the
operator to easily change the state of any status point without any knowledge of exact data
entry words or symbols. The TOGGLE command inverts the state of the status point in the
database, and sets the data quality flag to "MANUAL".
A class of devices exists in the SCADA database that represents devices for which
no telemetry is provided. These devices (either status or analog points) are used to
represent, for example, substation manual switches or unmonitored feeders, and are added
to make substation one-line diagrams more meaningful for operations personnel. Status of
these devices is controlled completely through the manual override command sequence
described above.

2.4 User Interface Management System

2.4.1 Types of Displays
Data in the SCADA database and indications of changes are presented to the
operator through the following major displays:
(a) Menu Directory Display: A display that lists all the menu displays and provides for
each of them a button for calling up the menu display.
(b) System Directory Display: This display lists all the SCADA system displays of a
particular function, and provides for each of them a button for calling up the SCADA
system display.
(c) Transmission System Overview Display: A graphic overview display of the
transmission system with substations, power stations and transmission lines. Lines are
color coded by voltage level, and highlighted in case of loading limits exceeded.
Substations and power stations are depicted by symbols in case of alarm presence. Real
and reactive power flows are displayed (a value and a direction arrow) for lines and power
stations. For the power stations, the maximum real power output is also displayed. The
functionality of this display is carefully designed to give operations personnel a
comprehensive overview into the system. This allows them to analyse quickly system
state.
(d) Interchange Displays: These displays are the major displays for power transaction
control. Interchange display contains the schematic diagram showing power transfer
between all Constituent power systems in the Northern Region. Each power system is

29
represented by a block. Inside the block, the actual, scheduled and deviation values of
power flows are shown for total generation and load. Outside the block, the actual,
scheduled and deviation values of power flows are shown for the net interchanges, with
direction arrows. It also consists of four other interchange displays which are as under:
i) Tie-line Display (Generation Tie-line Status): This is a tabular display that contains
tie-line boundary and exchange data. The tie-line names and voltage levels are shown, as
well as the measured or manually entered real power flow and boundary values (limits).
ii) Transaction Schedule Display (Start/Stop Transaction Schedules): This is a display
that provides the ability to enter and display constituent hourly interchange transaction
schedules.

iii) Central Sector Shares Display: This is a display that provides the ability to enter and
display the Constituent percentage shares for each Central Sector project as allocated by
employer.
iv) System Frequency Display: This is a display that contains the schematic diagram
showing the geographical location of the tie-line substations. For each of them, telemetered
frequency buses are shown, and the frequency value displayed.
(e) Substation Graphic Displays Menu Display: A graphic display which lists all the
existing substation graphic displays and provides for each of them a button for calling up
the Substation Graphic Display.
(f) Substation Displays: These displays are the major operating displays for dispatching
personnel. They contain the most detailed information about the system and allow control
operations to change the system. These displays are organized by substation, and each
substation's displays are closely linked together as a coherent group. The following general
display layout is used.
i) Substation Graphic Display: This is a display that contains the detailed graphic one-
line diagram of the substation. It contains most of the information known about the
substation. Controls may be issued from it.
ii) Substation Tabular Display: Accessible from any other substation display, this is
generally the most complete listing of the data known about the substation. Although
controls can also be issued from here, they are generally used for entry of operational data
(limits for example).

30
(g) Transmission Line Graphic Displays Menu Display: This is a tabular display that
lists all the transmission lines which can be viewed via a graphic display. Several views of
the display are available, according to the voltage level. In a voltage level view, the data
are driven by the SCADA database, and show the tie-line and the associated substation
names. These names are displayed inside buttons, and allow the navigation to the relevant
displays (Transmission Line Graphic displays and Substation Graphic displays).
(h) Transmission Line Graphic Display: This display is a graphic display of a
transmission line. It presents telemetered, manually entered and calculated power system
data on a one-line diagram that shows the entire line and all of its connections. At each end
of the line, the diagram shows the line breakers and the bus to which the breakers are
connected, plus the substation name.
The substation name button provides the way to call up the relevant substation graphic
display for more detailed information.
The user is able to perform any user interaction with the power system data and the line
breakers (e.g., manual replacement of a valufe, or control of a breaker).
(i) Abnormal Summary Display: A compilation of all existing abnormal conditions. The
following data is shown as a part of the abnormal summary:
i) Time and Date: The time and date the abnormal condition occurred.
ii) Identity: The identity of the device in an abnormal condition.
iii) Status: The current state of the device. Although this is somewhat redundant, the
actual state of the device is shown (e.g. open/closed).
(j) Out of Service Summary: A listing by substation of all individual points removed
from service. They are used mainly as a reminder of the points that are in a special
condition so that they are not left permanently disabled.
(k) Tag Summary: A listing by substation of all tagged devices. They are used mainly as
a reminder of the points that are in a special condition so that they are not left permanently
disabled.'
(I) Inhibit Summary: A listing by substation of all devices inhibited from generating
alarms. They are used mainly as a reminder of the points that are in a special condition so
that they are not left permanently disabled.

31
 The Transmission System Overview display gives the operator quick overview and
access to the information describing the entire system. The operator can use it to access the
substation, power station and transmission line displays for detailed information to analyze
and direct operations.
The abnormal summary displays are of particular interest to operators. They give
structured overviews of conditions of interest and unusual conditions in the system.
The remainder of the summaries, the tag summary, the inhibit summary, and the
out of service summary, are useful for reviewing the processing status of the SCADA
system itself

32
 CHAPTER 3

SLDC SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

3.1 Introduction
For managing the state level grid in co-ordination with RLDC and other states within
the region, the State Load Despatch Centre (SLDC) and 3 Sub-Load Despatch Centres
(Sub-LDC) alongwith associated communication network and power supply systems have
been erected and commissioned under ULDC scheme in Haryana with required SCADA /
EMS applications at the following locations:
1. SLDC Sewah (Panipat) / Sub-LDC Sewah (Panipat)
2. Sub-LDC Dadri
3. Sub-LDC Narwana

3.2 HVPNL SLDC System Structure

The control hierarchy for the SCADA / EMS system of the Northern Region is
shown in. Fig. 3.1. All data exchange take place along the logical paths shown, e.g. no
direct communication takes place between SLDCs, between Sub-LDCs, or between Sub-
LDCs in one state and SLDCs in another state.

RSCC at New Delhi

iMw/rz) LINK

SLDC Panipat
Other ST .DCs

WMJ/PO LiN K
RTU-1 RTU-13

Sub-LDC Narwana Sub-LDC Dadri

?Lcc IJHKS, PLCCUNKS

RTU-1 RTU-15 RTU-1 RTU-14

Fig. 3.1 Data Transmission Network Hierarchy

33
The three hierarchical levels can be summarized as follows:
LEVEL 1: this level is based on the RSCC.
The RSCC is responsible for the Central Sector transmission system and for allocating
central sector generation. Regional coordination and control is based on data obtained from
RTUs directly as well as on data exchange with the underlying SLDCs.
LEVEL 2: this level includes 8 SLDCs (One SLDC for HVPNL)
Each SLDC is responsible for its state-owned power system. The SLDC collect data
directly from RTUs and indirectly via data exchange with its Sub-LDCs.
LEVEL 3: this level includes 23 Sub-LDCs (Dadri and Narwana Sub-LDC)
Each Sub-LDC is responsible for a specific area of its state-owned power system. They
acquire data from RTUs and exchange data with their related SLDC.
Presently, 41 no. Sub-stations / Generating Stations and one local station are being
monitored in Haryana through SCADA / EMS system, where Remote Terminal Units
(RTUs) have been for collection of "On-Line " Data viz MW, MVAR, Voltage,
Frequency, Status indication of Circuit Breakers and Isolators.
The detail of RTU stations Sub-LDC wise is as under:
Sub-LDC, Charkhi Dadri
1. Atela 132 KV 8. Mohindergarh 132 KV
2. Bahu 132 KV 9. Dadri 132 KV
3. Kosli 132 KV 10. Bhiwani 220 KV
4. Rewari 220 KV ll.Jui 132 KV
5. Badshahpur 220 KV 12. Bahadurgarh 132 KV
6. Palla 220 KV n.FaridabadTPS 66 KV
7. Narnaul 220KV 14. Palwal 220 KV
Sub-LDC / SLDC, Sewah (Panipat)
1. Samalkha 132 KV 8; Safidon 132 KV
2. Sonipat 220 KV 9. Pinjore 132 KV
3. Ganaur 132 KV 10. Shahbad 220 KV
4. TPS, Panipat 220 KV 11. Panchkula 220 KV
5. Rohtak 220 KV 12.WYCHydel 66 KV
6. Kamal 220 KV 13. Local RTU Sewah

35
 7. Nissing 220 KV
Sub-LDC, Narwana
l.Bhore 132 KV 9. Tohana 132 KV
' 2. Pehowa 220 KV lO.Ratia 132 KV
3.Thana 132 KV 11. Narwana 220 KV
4. Kaithal 220 KV 12. Hisar(I/A) 220 KV
S.Sewan 132 KV l3.Jind(0ld) 132 KV
6. Pundri- 132 KV 14. Hansi 132 KV
7. Sirsa . 220KV 15. Ding 132 KV
8. Fatehbad 132 KV
The communication between RTU stations and the respective Sub-LDC has been
mainly on PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication) and the communication between
Sub-LDCs and SLDC is on Microwave System / Optical Ground Wire Cable (OPGW).
There are 2 no. Microwave lirdcs in HVPNL viz. Narwana-Assandh-Sewah Panipat and
Dadri-Jhajjar-Bawana-Sonipat-Sewah.
Optical Fiber Ground Cable is between Panipat Thermal Plant-Sewah Panipat.

3.3 SLDC Hardware Architecture

The distributed hardware configuration of the SCAD A/EMS system at SLDC includes the
following subsystems:
(a) SCADA/EMS server support the system functions viz. SCADA , Real- time
Dispatching, Power System Analysis and Operation Scheduling functions. The
SCADA/EMS servers operate in a primary-standby relationship for redundancy purposes.
SCADA/EMS software is active only on the application server assigned the primary role.
(b) Communication Front-end drives the serial communication lines connected to the
RTUs. It transmits data received from remote RTUs after conversion into digital form
(tlarough modems) and after limit checking to data processor through local area network.
(c) ISR/HIM (Historical Information Management) server is used to perform
Information Storage and Retrieval (ISR) functions. The ISR servers also operate in a
primary-standby redundancy mode.
(d) ICCP (Inter-Control centres Communications Protocol) servers support intersite
exchanges with other control centres (RSCC and Sub-LDCs).

36
(e) Network Management Console provides the configuration management, fault
management and performance monitoring capabilities of the network i.e. monitor the
healthiness of full network equipment.
(f) Deveiopment console used to develop and maintain the SCADA/EMS software,
displays and databases.
(g) Operator consoles handle the man-machine interface for system control and
supervision operations.
(h) WAN routers, in a redundant configuration, allow several connections with the RSCC
and the Sub-LDCs and with the Remote VDU (Video Display Unit), located at HVPN
Headquarters (Shakti Bhawan, Panchkula).
(i) Peripheral equipment such as printers, loggers, Video projector or Mimic board,
satellite time receiver system, CD/ROM servers.
Fig. 3.2 shows the typical SLDC generic architecture.

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Fig. 3.2: Typical SLDC Hardware Configuration Overview

37
3.4 SLDC Software/Hardware Allocation
Fig. 3.3 shows the major hardware subsystems of the SCADA/EMS system at SLDC and
the functions assigned to each. Redundancy is not shown in the diagram. System functions
are divided among various subsystems to ensure adequate performance.

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NM3 HIM Hstarlci Inromvdanl^lanagmitnl
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Fig. 3.3: SLDC Software/Hardware Allocation

38
3.5 SLDC Hardware Subsystems Description
The SLDC hardware subsystems are interconnected through a high-speed (100
Mbps between the SCAD A/EMS servers and 10 Mbps between all other equipments)
Local Area Network (LAN) that uses a dual Ethernet as the interprocessor backbone.
The states of all hardware subsystems is monitored and reported to the
configuration management utility running on the real-time SCADA/EMS servers. This
utility provides synthetic displays that give an instantaneous view of the state of the overall
hardware system. For maintenance purpose, manual failovers can be initiated from these
displays by supervising staff.
This section details the hardware components of each subsystem.
3.5.1 SCADA/EMS servers
The real-time SCADA/EMS servers form the,central core of the system. This
server supports the system functions viz. SCADA, Real- time Dispatching, Power System
Analysis and Operation Scheduling functions. They consist of two high performance
Digital 64-bit RISC based AXP machines ("Alphaservers") in a dual redundant
configuration (Primary and Stand-by). Only one of the two is required to be operational in
order for the subsystem functions to be operational. The configuration management utility
is running on those SCADA/EMS servers. The failure of one of the two servers is
immediately detected. If the failed machine had the primary role, the configuration
management utility notifies the SCADA/EMS applications on the standby server to assume
the primary role, and the standby becomes the primary server.
Each SCADA/EMS server is configured with 512 Mbytes of main memory. These
sever are running on Open VMS based operating system.'.
Each data server is equipped with a CD-ROM drive, and an Digital Audio Tape
(DAT) drive which allows backup/restore operations.
3.5.2 Communication Front-Ends
The RTU communication function is handled by two Communication Front Ends
(CFEs) linked to the SCADA/EMS servers through the ethemet LAN.
The Communication Front End drives the serial communication lines connected to
the RTUs. It consists of several serial communication cards depending on the number of

39
RTUs connected, controlled through VME (Versa Module Euro) chassis. The serial CFE
communication cards contain an intelligent communication processor. On each card there
are serial I/O ports for communication with RTUs. They handle requests and responses at
the bit and byte level, doing checks and converting responses into a protocol independent
form and passing them to the SCADA/EMS server. A single request from the
SCADA/EMS server can cause the Communication Front End to scan all its
communication lines, check for changes in the reported, data, and report back the results.
The number of communication cards depends on the number of RTUs to connect. Each
card can support up to 16 communication lines with the RTUs. All SLDCs will need only
one communication card per CFE.
Failures of the Communication Front End or of a communication line appear as
communication errors on a particular path to one or multiple RTUs. When any component
in the communication path to an RTU fails, SCADA assigns scanning of the RTU to any
other alternate path available, using if necessary the other Communication Front End .

3.5.3 ICCP servers

The ICCP servers are used to handle the inter-centre communications functions
with other control centres (SLDCs and the RSCC) i.e. used for the flow of data from other
control centres. ICCP servers operate in a master/standby relationship similarly to real-
time SCADA/EMS servers. Data preservation under failure conditions is insured by the
EMP BACKUP utility. These servers are running on Open VMS based operating system.
Two Digital DPWau workstations with 128 Mbytes of RAM and 4 Gbytes of disk
storage are used to ensure a redundant configuration.
Each ICCP server is equipped with a CD-ROM drive, and Digital Audio Tape
(DAT) drive which allows backup/restore operations.
3.5.4 ISR servers
The ISR servers are used to perform historical data archival and data retrieval
functions. Data sampling is performed from the real-time SCADA/EMS servers. A link is
automatically established between the Primary SCADA/EMS server and the Primary ISR
server when the ISR function is initialized. In the case when a failover occurs, either
between the SCADA/EMS servers or between the ISR servers, the data link is
automatically re-established between the two primary servers.

40
 The ISR servers consist of two high performance Digital 64-bit RISC based AXP
machines ("Alphaservers") in a dual redundant configuration (Primary and Stand-by).
Only one of the two ISR servers is required to be operational in order for the subsystem
functions to be operational. These servers are running on Open VMS based operating
system.
Each ISR server is configured with 256 Mbytes of main memory.
Each data server is equipped with a CD-ROM drive, and Digital Audio Tape (DAT)
drive which allows backup/restore operations.
3.5.5 Operator consoles
There are three types of operator consoles: consoles with 2-CRT, consoles with 1-
CRT and operation scheduling consoles. These operator consoles contain the Man
Machine Interface (MMI) software that allows operators to interact with the EMP
functions running on the servers. These consoles are running on Open VMS based
operating system.
Operator consoles with 1-CRT
Each 1-CRT operator console is a Digital DPWau AXP workstation, with a 21" color
monitor. Each workstation has a redundant connection to the LAN. Input is accepted via a
mouse device, function keys or alphanumeric keys.
Each workstation is delivered with 64 Mbytes of main memory, and 4 Gbytes of disk
storage. It is also equipped with one CD-ROM drive.
There is only one 1-CRT operator console per SLDC.
Operator consoles with 2-CRT
Each 2-CRT operator console is a Digital DPWau AXP workstation, with two 21" color
monitors. Each workstation has a redundant connection to the LAN. Input is accepted via a
mouse device, function keys or alphanumeric keys.
Each workstation is delivered with 128 Mbytes of main memory, and 4 Gbytes of disk
storage. It is also equipped with one CD-ROM drive.
The number of 2-CRT operator consoles is three in the case of HVPN.

41
Operation Scheduling console
This console is dedicated to the Operation Scheduling activities. Besides the
standard Man Machine Interface (MMI) software, it contains dedicated software for the
Hydro Thermal Coordination analysis scheduling functions (HTC2).
The Operation Scheduling console consists of one Intel Workstation, delivered with
64 Mbytes of main memory and 4 Gbytes of disk storage;
This Operation Scheduling console is equipped with one 21" color monitor; one
3.5" floppy drive and one CD-ROM drive.
3.5.6 Network Management console
The Network Management Console is used to monitor and manage the hardware
equipment interconnected to the LAN. In particular it handles the Network Management
and the performance monitoring functions.
The Network Management console consists of one Intel Workstation, delivered
with 128 Mbytes of main memory and 4 Gbytes of disk storage.
This Network Management console is equipped with one 21" color monitor; one
3.5" floppy drive and one CD-ROM drive.
3.5.7 Development Console
The Development console is used to develop and maintain the system software,
displays and databases. The software development functions are located on the
development server of the RSCC. To execute the software development and maintenance
activities, the development console has to be remotely connected to the RSCC
development server. The database and displays development and maintenance functions
are local to each SLDC development console.
The development console consists of one Intel Workstation, delivered with 64
Mbytes of main memory and 4 Gbytes of disk storage.
This development console is equipped with one 21" color monitor; one 3.5" floppy
drive and one CD-ROM drive.
3.5.8 LAN equipment
The main characteristics of this equipment are the following:
(i) Contains 8 slots that can be used to plug in full range of servers and routers.

42
(ii) Contains two LAN switch modules, each one offering 12 ports i.e. 12 no. equipment
viz. printers, VDUs etc. can be put on it.
(iii) Connects the terminal server to connect to loggers and line printers.
(iv) It is also dual in configuration.
3.5.9 W A N Routers
WAN routers, in a redundant configuration, allow several connections with the
RSCC and the Sub-LDCs and with the Remote VDU (Video Display Unit), located at
HVPN Headquarters (Shakti Bhawan, Panchkula).
Each router accommodates up to 8 serial ports. Each module is connected to the
LAN via an Ethernet interface. The data transmission speed is 64 Kbytes/sec per
communication line. It is also dual in configuration.
3.5.10 Remote VDUs
The Remote Video Display Units (VDUs) is a remote console used for monitoring
purpose only. It consists of an Intel Workstation, delivered with 64 Mbytes main memory
and 2 Gbytes of disk storage. It is also equipped with one 21" color monitor; one 3.5"
floppy drive and one CD-ROM drive.
3.5.11 Peripheral Equipment
At SLDC, the following peripheral equipment will be connected:
(a) Printers
The following printers are part of each SLDC hardware configuration:
(i) One Line printer. This line printer is a Digital LG14 Plus. It is connected to the LAN
through a terminal server.
(ii) Two Loggers. These printers are Digital LA30W 24-wire dot-matrix printers. The
loggers are connected to the LAN through a terminal server.
(iii) One Laser printer. This printer is Digital LN17ps laser printers. The laser printers are
connected directly to the LAN.
(iv) One Video copiers. This printer is Hewlett Packard Deskjet 1600CM thermal Inkjet
printers. The video-copiers are connected directly to the LAN.
(b) Time and frequency system
A True Time make GPS (Global Positioning System) clock is provided that gives
extremely precise time.

43
For added accuracy during times wlien no GPS satellites are in view, the clock is equipped
with a highly stable Quartz Oscillator.
The True Time GPS clock receives a frequency and time deviation monitor plug-in card to
provide the instantaneous frequency deviation and time deviation. The monitored
frequency and time deviation values are available via the front panel displays, and are also
used to drive two indicators (one for the time and one for the frequency).
The Time synchronization utility (TIMESYNC) keep the computers clock synchronized.
TIMESYNC read time data and time quality from a time standard receiver, and read the
time and instantaneous frequency deviation values also. These values are passed to the
SCADA database. Operators can use TIMESYNC to manually enter time.
(c) Processor terminal
One processor terminal is provided with each application processor. One additional
processor is also included in each SLDC hardware configuration. This processor terminal
is a Digital VT510 console, equipped with a dedicated keyboard.
(d) Video Projector
In the case of the above mentioned SLDCs, the hardware configuration includes a video
projection system used in the control room to project displays from the system
independently of the operator consoles. The video projection system provided consists of
the following:
(i) A display wall composed of four 84" modular components. Each component is
equipped with a BARCO Retroblock DATA 2100 LCD projector, compatible with a
1024x768 resolution. The overall projection area is 2.56m x 3.41m.
(ii) A BARCO EOS Standard base unit, representing the graphic generator for the multi-
screen projection system. This equipment is connected to the Ethernet LAN on one side,
and to the wallboard display modules on the other side.
(e) CD/ROM server
One CD/ROM server, allowing an on-line source of documentation that can be accessed by
most of the systems connected on the network LAN. This CD/ROM server includes 4
CD/ROM drives.

44
3.6 Real Time Displays and Report Generation
The various types of online reports have been generated from the SCADA values for
the real time system operation activities and for future references. Main reports generated
are as under:
l.HVPNL Load Display.
2. DISCOMs Drawl Summary (UHBVN and DHBVN).
3. Circle wise Drawl.
4. HPGCL generation summary.
5. Unscheduled Interchanges.
6. Voltages and Frequency.
7. Impotent tie-line flows, generation status and drawls by northern region constituents.
The reports of the above on 15 minutes average basis are also generated.

3.7 Salient Features of SLDC

1. Monitoring the Real Time Position of 220 KV /132 KV Sub-Stations and Generating
Stations by acquiring analogue and digital information of every 15 seconds basis not only
of Haryana stations but for the complete Northern Region.
(a) Power flow (MW and MVAR).
(b) Voltage and frequency.
(c) Status, of switching devices.
(d) Faults and alarms of the system.
2. System maintains history of all the acquired points at every 15 minutes basis.
3. Continuous interaction with the real time power system. The system is itself estimating
all the line flows continuously.
4. Continuous access to information of other constituents.
5. Demand Estimation.
6. Generation Scheduling.

45
 CHAPTER 4
GENERATION AND LOAD MANAGEMENT
4.1 Introduction
The uniqueness of electricity lies in its anonymity and its invisibility. In an
interconnected grid, electricity is omnipresent, omnipotent and unbiased in its
benevolence. It does not carry the tag of ownership and forms a homogeneous mixture
without discriminating between the caste and creed of its generator. In physical terms
transport and production are inevitably closely related but the physical attributes of an electric
power network make it impossible to match physically any particular seller of electricity with any
particular buyer of electricity. All the power flows over a system according to the laws of physics
there is no way to tell whose power actually went to whom." Generators put the electricity into a
big pool and the buyer takes the electricity out of this commingled whole.
The supply and demand in the electrical cosmos must be instantaneously balanced
to maintain the frequency, voltage and stability of the network. But unfortunately the
variable demand for electricity and the need for instantaneous response mean that there
will always be a difference between what was agreed and what was actually delivered.
These imbalances could be inadvertent or sometimes deliberate. The pool must not only
be robust to bear the imbalances but it must also be capable of dispatching and settling
them in a manner that stands the test of equitability and economic prudence.
The power network demands cooperation from all its members. It expects its
beneficiaries to huddle together and hold on to one another's arm to enhance reliability
and security of the public utility service rendered by the network. The pool therefore
requires a system of incentives and disincentives, which motivates the beneficiaries to
make conscious efforts towards compliance of the 'model code of conduct' and also work
for quick restoration of the equilibrium. Though the expected features of the mechanism
and the objectives thereof may appear to be conflicting and contradictory yet the
unscheduled interchange mechanism adopted in India encompasses most of the features
comprehensibly and comprehensively addresses the concerns of all the players in the
power system, economists, regulators, policy makers, and grid operators.

46
4.2 Availability Based Tariff
The term Availability Tariff, particularly in the Indian context, stands for a rational
tariff structure for power supply from generating stations, on a contracted basis. The power
plants have fixed and variable costs. The fixed cost elements are interest on loan, return on
equity, depreciation, O&M expenses, insurance, taxes and interest on working capital. The
variable cost comprises of the fuel cost, i.e. coal and oil in case of thermal plants and
nuclear fiiel in case of nuclear plants. In the Availability Tariff mechanism, the fixed and
variable cost components are treated separately. The payment of fixed cost to the
generating company is linked to availability of the plant, that is, its capability to deliver
MWs on a day-by-day basis. The total amount payable to the generating company over a
year towards the fixed cost depends on the average availability (MW delivering capability)
of the plant over the year. In case the average actually achieved over the year is higher than
the specified norm for plant availability, the generating company gets a higher payment. In
case the average availability achieved is lower, the payment is also lower. Hence the name
'Availability Tariff. This is the first component of Availability Tariff, and is termed
'capacity charge'.

The second component of Availability Tariff is the 'energy charge', which

comprises of the variable cost (i.e., fuel cost) of the power plant for generating energy as
per the given schedule for the day. It may specifically be noted that energy charge (at the
specified plant-specific rate) is not based on actual generation and plant output, but on
scheduled generation. In case there are deviations from the schedule (e.g., if a power plant
delivers 600 MW while it was scheduled to supply only 500 MW), the energy charge
payment would still be for the scheduled generation (500 MW), and the excess generation
(100 MW) would get paid for at a rate dependent on the system conditions prevailing at the
time. If the grid has surplus power at the time and frequency is above 50.0 cycles, the rate
would be" lower. If the excess generation takes place at the time of generation shortage in
the system (in which condition the frequency would be below 50.0 cycles), the payment
for extra generation would be at a higher rate.
To recapitulate, the Indian version of Availability Tariff comprises of three
components:

47
(a) Capacity charge, towards reimbursement of the fixed cost of the plant, linked to the
plant's declared capacity to supply MWs.
(b) Energy charge, to reimburse the fuel cost for scheduled generation.
(c) A payment for deviations from schedule, at a rate dependent on system conditions and
is known as Un-scheduled Interchange (UI) charges. This component would be negative
(indicating a payment by the generator for the deviation) in case the power plant is
delivering less power than scheduled.

4.3 How do the beneficiaries share the payments?

The Central generating stations in different regions of the country have various
States of the Region as their specified beneficiaries or bulk consumers. The latter have
shares in these plants duly notified by the Ministry of Power. The beneficiaries have to pay
the capacity charge for these plants in proportion to their share in the respective plants.
This payment is dependent on the declared output capability of the plant for the day and
the beneficiary's percentage share in that plant and not on power / energy intended to be
drawn or actually drawoi by the beneficiary from the Central station.
The energy charge to be paid by a beneficiary to a Central station for a particular
day would be the fuel cost for the energy scheduled to be supplied from the power plant to
the beneficiary during the day. In addition, if a beneficiary draws more power from the
regional grid than what is totally scheduled to be supplied to him from the various Central
generating stations at a particular time, he has to pay for the excess drawl at a rate
dependent on the system conditions, the rate being lower if the frequency is high, and
being higher if the frequency is low.

4.4 Necessity of Availability Tariff

Prior to the introduction of Availability Tariff, the earlier bulk tariff system
recognized the total cost as consisting of two elements, namely 'Capacity Cost' and
'Energy Cost'. Both the fixed cost and variable cost of a generafing station were charged to
the beneficiary in proportion to the actual energy drawn by them during that period. Some
of the major problems being faced in following the above system were as under:
(i) Low frequency during peak load hours, with frequency going down to 48.0-48.5 Hz for
many hours every day.

48
(ii) High frequency during off peak hours, with frequency going upto 50.5-51 Hz for many
hours every day.
(iii) Rapid and wide changes in frequency upto 1 Hz change in 5 to 10 minutes, for many
hours every day.
(iv) Very frequent grid disturbances, causing tripping of generating stations, interruption of
supply to large tracks of consumers and disintegration of the regional grids.
The above under frequency fluctuations caused serious damages both at the
generation and load end. Then, it was felt that the above problems can be resolved by
following of system which allows incentives / disincentives to a beneficiary which is
disciplined / undisciplined. The grid should be operated by following the basis of norms as
under:
(i) Maximization of generation during peak load hours and load curtailment equal to the
deficit in generation,
(ii) Backing down of generation to match the system load reduction during off peak period.
The Availability Tariff directly addresses these issues. Firstly, by giving incentives
for enhancing output capability of power plants, it enables more consumer load to be met
during peak load hours. Secondly, backing down during off-peak hours no longer results in
financial loss to generating stations and the earlier incentive for not backing down is
neutralized. Thirdly, the shares of beneficiaries in the Central generating stations acquire a
meaning, which was previously missing. The beneficiaries now have well-defined
entitlements, and are able to draw power up to the specified limits at normal rates of the
respective power plants. In case of over-drawl, they have to pay at a higher rate during
peak load hours, which discourages them from overdrawing further. This payment then
goes to beneficiaries who received less energy than was scheduled, and acts as an
incentive/compensation for them.
4.5 Benefits of ABT
The mechanism has dramatically. streamlined the operation of regional grids in
India. Firstly, through the system and procedure in place, constituents schedules get
determined as per their shares in Central stations, and they clearly know the implicadons of
deviating from these schedules. Any constituent which helps others by under-drawl from
the regional grid in a deficit situation gets compensated at a good price for the quantum of

49
energy under-drawn. Secondly, the grid parameters, i.e., frequency and voltage, have
improved, and equipment damage correspondingly reduced. During peak load hours, the
frequency can be improved only by reducing drawls, and necessary incentives are provided
in the mechanism for the same. High frequency situation on the other hand, is being
checked by encouraging reduction in generation during off-peak hours. Thirdly, because of
clear separation between fixed and variable charges, generation according to merit-order is
encouraged and pithead stations do not have to back down normally. The overall
generation cost accordingly comes down. Fourthly, a mechanism is established for
harnessing captive and co-generation and for bilateral trading between the constituents.
Lastly, Availability Tariff, by rewarding plant availability, enables more consumer load to
be catered at any point of time.

4.6 Deviations from Schedule or Unscheduled Interchange (UI)

As mentioned earlier, the energy charge, at the specified energy charge rate of a
generating station, is payable for the scheduled energy quantum. The energy actually
supplied by the generating station may differ from what was scheduled. If actual energy
supplied were higher than scheduled, the generating station would be entitled to receive a
payment for the excess energy (the deviation from schedule, technically termed as
Unscheduled Interchange (UI) in Availability Tariff terminology) at a rate dependent on
frequency at that time. If the energy actually supplied is less than what is scheduled, the
generating station shall have to pay back for the energy shortfall, at the same frequency -
linked rate.
The exchange schedules issued by the system operators are treated as a datum for
calculating the deviations. The scheduled energy exchanges with the grid are priced as per
the sale / purchase agreements between the buyer and seller utilities while deviations
(positive or negative) from the scheduled exchanges (datum) are termed as 'unscheduled
interchanges'(UI) and these are priced at a dynamic price known as the 'UI Rate'.
Thus, the difference in actual generation / drawl and scheduled generation / drawl is
accounted for through Unscheduled Interchanges (UI). Charges for UI transactions are
worked ojat on average frequency of 15 minutes time block. The rate of UI or UI charges
vary with the system frequency on a sliding scale i.e. from 0 paise / KWh at 50.50 Hz and

50
above to 570 paise / KWh at 49.00 Hz or below. Initially the maximum UI rate was kept as
420 paise / KWh which has been revised to 570 paise / KWh w.e.f. 01.04.2004.
Thus, the UI rate during real time reflects the system marginal price at that instant.
The scheme could also be referred to as 'real time pricing', 'dynamic pricing' or
'responsive pricing'.
The relationship between the above UI rate and grid frequency is shown in Fig. 4.1.
When the frequency is 50.5 Hz or higher, the UI rate is zero, which means that the
generating station would not get any payment for the extra energy supplied. It would burn
fuel for producing this extra energy, but would not get reimbursed for it at all. Conversely,
if the actual energy supplied were less than scheduled energy, the generating station would
still be paid for the scheduled energy (at its energy charge rate) without having to pay back
anything for the energy shortfall. It would thus be able to save on fuel cost (for the energy
not generated) and retain the energy charge as net. saving. There is thus a strong
commercial incentive to back down generation during high frequency situations, and help
in containing the frequency rise.

^P?SS8f|
^
i m r— t - r - 1 1 —T- 1 1

- r - ^ ^ j ; " " ' " ' ' T ' •• ' "

'E .
00-
"25
'«

n
^ 200-
3

0- 1 M M 1 iS.
SI Q i££ iSi liE Q [^ '4 yvm\ .l«K

Frequency (Hz)

Fig. 4.1 UI Rate vs Frequency

51
 On the other hand, when frequency goes down, the UI rate (for both oversupply
and under-supply) ramps up, reaching a ceiling level of Rs. 5.70 per kWh at a frequency of
49.0 Hz. At a frequency of 49.5 Hz, the UI rate is Rs. 3.45 per kWh presently. Under this
condition, any extra energy sent into the grid would get the generating station a UI
payment at the rate of Rs. 3.45 per kWh. For any shortfall, the generating station shall have
to pay back at the same rate. It would thus have a strong commercial incentive to maximize
its generation during periods of such low frequency.
A similar scheme operates for the States (beneficiaries) as well. Any State drawing
power in excess of its schedule has to pay for the excess energy at the same frequency -
dependant rate. The high UI rate during low-frequency conditions would induce all States
to reduce their drawl from the grid, by maximizing their own generation and/or by
curtailing their consumer load. If a State draws less power than scheduled, it pays for
scheduled energy quantum at the normal rate and gets paid back for energy not drawn at a
much higher UI rate. On the other hand, during high-frequency conditions, a State can
draw extra power at a low rate, and is thus encouraged to back down its own costlier
generating stations. An underdrawl during high-frequency conditions means that the State
pays for the scheduled power quantum unnecessarily. It should either reduce its schedule,
or increase its drawl.
For the above purpose, the energy is metered in 15-minute time blocks, since
frequency keeps changing (and the UI rate with it). The metered energy is then compared
with the scheduled energy for that 15-minute time block, and the difference (+ or -)
becomes the UI energy, as illustrated in Fig. 4.2. The corresponding UI rate is determined
by taking the average frequency for the same 15-minute time block into account.
Also, for each Central generating station and State, the actual energy has to be
metered on a net basis, i.e., algebraic sum of energy metered on all its peripheral
interconnection points, for every 15-minute time block. All UI payments are made into and
from a regional UI pool account, operated by the concerned RLDC.

52
 1000

Fig. 4.2

The mechanism thus provides a real time negative feedbacic loop in the power
control system, which allows the generating utilities to assist in the control of frequency
deviations and also get rewarded for that support and likewise for the drawee utilities. The
normal operating frequency band as per Indian Electricity Grid Code (lEGC) is 49.0-50.5
Hz. Where 49.0 denotes an extreme deficit condition. At this frequency it is expected that
even the costliest generating unit be put into service. 50.5 Hz denotes a surplus situation.

4.7 UI Rate vs. System Marginal Cost

UI rate is tightly linked to grid frequency. As the frequency is same all over an
A.C. system, and can be readily seen through a simple frequency meter, it is easily possible
to know the prevailing UI rate anywhere in the system. With this on-line knowledge of the
current UI rate, a State would know what it would have to pay for an extra MW that it may
draw from the regional grid. It can readily compare this with the fuel cost it would save if
generation were reduced by one MW at its own station, having the highest variable cost. If
the UI rate is lower than the latter, it would be beneficial for the State to reduce its own
generation and draw the replacement energy from the regional grid, till it has backed down

53
all generation having a variable cost higher than the current UI rate. In the process, the
State's marginal generation cost would move down, towards the prevailing UI rate.
Meanwhile, other States too would take a similar action in the same time frame,
and total generation in the system would come down, resulting in a downward movement
of frequency, and an upward movement of UI rate, till the attainment of a state of
equilibrium wherein the marginal generation cost of every State would equal the UI rate.
On the other hand, if a State finds the UI rate to be higher than the variable cost of
any of its partly loaded generating units at any time, it would be financially beneficial for
the State to maximize the output of all such generating units and thereby reduce its draw!
from the regional grid. The State would have an under-drawl, for which it would get paid a
UI rate higher than its marginal generation cost.
With similar action being taken by other States as well, the frequency would tend to
rise, and UI rate would decline correspondingly, till equilibrium is reached wherein the
marginal generation cost of every State would equal the UI rate. In other words, there
would be perpetual movement of UI rate and the system marginal cost towards each other,
leading to ultimate optimizafion in generation, on a region - wide basis.
Depending on its variable cost, each generatiiig unit would have a threshold
frequency, i.e., the frequency at which the UI rate equals the variable cost of the generating
unit. The output of the generating unit should be maximized as long as the grid frequency
is below the threshold frequency, irrespective of the schedule given out by the RLDC /
SLDC for the unit. And the unit should be backed down when grid frequency climbs up
and exceeds the above threshold frequency.
4.8 Role of State Load Despatch Centres (SLDCs)
SLDCs have to keep a general watch on the actual net drawl of the State from the
regional grid vis-a-vis the State's net drawl schedule, but it is not necessary to endeavor to
equalize the two. In fact, in the system in place, it is beneficial as well as desirable to
deviate from the net drawl schedule depending on the circumstances. For example, an
overdrawl may result from increase in consumer load or reduction of intra - State
generation. If there is no transmission constraint and grid frequency is good, it causes no
problem for the larger grid, and the extra energy comes to the State at a low UI rate. There
can be no objection to extra consumer demand being met through such over-drawl. There

54
can also be no objection to the over-drawn energy replacing the intra - State generation of a
higher variable cost. The SLDC should in fact try to increase its overdraw! further, as long
as frequency is good by
(i) reducing own generation which has a variable cost higher than prevailing UI rate,
(ii) restoring consumer load that had been shed.
Even if a State overdraws in a low-frequency situation, it would mean meeting
consumer demand which would not have been met otherwise, and is beneficial from this
angle. However, it has following adverse implications:
(i) The regional grid may be endangered if frequency falls below 49.0 Hz, or if some
transmission element gets excessively overloaded. RLDC may then ask the SLDC to
curtail itsoverdrawl, and SLDC must take necessary action immediately,
(ii) The over-drawing State shall have to pay UI charges at a high rate. The SLDC would
have to be sure that it is in the State's overall interest.
The SLDC should therefore take the following corrective action in the event of overdraw!
during low frequency situation:
(i) Increase Central station requisition to full entitlement (in case not fully requisitioned
earlier).
(ii) Maximize generation at intra - State stations having variable costs lower than
prevailing UI rate. (This can be in the form of standing instructions, i.e., frequency - linked
dispatch guidelines).
(iii) Harness captive and co-generation, to the extent available at a price lower than the
prevailing UI rate.
(iv) Explore the possibility of purchasing power through a bilateral agreement,
(v) Curtail consumer load.
A situation of under-drawl can arise in case consumer load in the State comes down
in an unpredictable manner. If this happens at a time of general shortage in the regional
grid (wherein frequency would be low), the underdraw! is beneficial for all, and SLDC
should let it continue. For enhanced optimization, the SLDC may even resort to:
(i) maximizing generation at all intra-State stations whose variable cost is below the
prevailing UI rate.

55
(ii) increasing Central station requisition to full entitlement (in case not fully requisitioned
earlier).
(iii) harnessing captive and co-generation, to the extent available at a price lower than the
prevailing UI rate.
(iv) curtailing consumer load, by shedding low - priority consumers.
In case under-drawl takes place when grid frequency is good, the SLDC should
take action to reduce the under-drawl, through one or more of the following measures:
(i) Restore consumer load which may have been shed.
(li) Back down intra-State generation having variable costs higher than prevailing UI rate,
preferably through standing frequency - linked dispatch guidelines,
(iii) Reduce drawl schedules for Central generating stations whose energy charge rate is
higher than the prevailing UI rate, and/or arrange a bilateral sale.
It would be seen from the above that the action to be taken by the SLDC depends
on the grid frequency, rather than on whether the State is in underdrawl or over-drawl
mode. The need for action on the above lines would generally arise when there is a change
in system status, e.g., tripping of an intra-State generating unit, a load crash within the
State, or a frequency change due to load-generation imbalance elsewhere. Hence, the
SLDC operators need to be perpetually vigilant to promptly initiate the desired action, for
grid security as well as commercial optimization.

4.9 Load Regulations

The states, through their SLDCs, shall always endeavor to restrict their net drawl
from the grid within their respective drawl schedules whenever the system frequency is
below 49.5 Hz. When the frequency falls below 49.0 Hz, requisite load shedding shall be
carried out in the concerned state(s) to curtail the overdrawls.
Accordingly the load regulations are being carried out as, below:
1. In case of low frequency and overdrawls by the power utilities, load shedding is
carried out.
2. In case of low frequency and underdrawls by the utilities, no load shedding is
being done.
3. In case of high frequency of the grid and overdrawls, no load shedding is being done.

56
4. In case of high frequency of the grid and underdrawls by the utihties, the following
procedures are adopted:
(a) Backing down of HPGCL generation.
(b) Backing down of FGPP generation.
(c) Surrendering of NTPC stations which can be done only upto 30% of HVPN's share
with prior notice of 6 time slots (approx. 1 Vi hours).
(d) 2-phase supply / 3-phase supply is extended to rural areas.

4.10 UI: A renaissance in grid operation

The pricing signal i.e. UI rate is linked to the system frequency. These prices are
effectively being used in load frequency control and are serving as an economic load
shedding policy to assist the direct control by electric utilities. The in-built checks and
balances in the scheme induce everyone to maintain the quality of electricity supply and
assist in bringing in economy. Constituents including all generators deliver their best
during peak hours. During off peak hours costly generation is backed down and the hydro
potential wherever available, is being utilized in the best possible manner.
The stability of the system has been enhanced to a great extent with this scheme.
The grid has seen remarkable improvements in system parameters and a drastic reduction
in minor and major grid disturbance ever since its implementation.
The system operator has been greatly relieved of the fire-fighting job of controlling
grid paraineters. Constituent states and generating stations have become flexible (as they
have incentive) shedding their rigidity. The earlier system of command and control has
been replaced by the contractual approach. The system has brought in accountability and
seriousness in grid operation without resorting to coercive measure and penalties for non-
compliance. The SLDCs and plant operator are now empowered to contribute in the grid
frequency control, which made the system self-healing and self-correcting. The
responsibility of maintaining the grid parameters is now a collective responsibility shared
among all the beneficiaries and the grid operator.

4.11 Conclusion
Imbalance is a necessary evil in any pool operation but the UI mechanism has
employed it as an effective remedy for several congenital disorders of the power systems.

57
In the UI regime, frequency is collectively controlled and stabilized, which is a reflection
of our cultural tradition and national ethos of unity in diversity. A spirit of collective
ownership and concern for the health of the grid has been kindled in every heart that beats
in synchronism with the grid. Unscheduled mechanism has remarkably improved grid
management in the country. It is the ultimate open access that one can dream of It offers a
wonderful alternative for the Independent power producers and merchant power plants to
sell their surplus power to the grid and get paid for without having to bother about
commercial agreements with the buyers. Thus, disciplined beneficiaries and generators
stand to gain and undisciplined beneficiaries and generators stand .to lose.

58
 CHAPTER 5
SCHEDULING AND DESPATCHING

5.1 Introduction
In India we have loose regional power pools wherein each state constituent is
responsible for meeting the load within its control area, by using its own generated power
and/or through power purchased from the central/joint sector utilities (Inter State
Generating Stations)/other constituent utilities/independent power producers. The State
Load Dispatch Centres (SLDCs) have full autonomy and total responsibility for
(i) Scheduling / dispatching their own generation (including the generation of their captive
licensees).
(ii) Regulating the demand of their customers.
(iii) Scheduling their drawl from the ISGS (within their share in the respective plant's
expected capability).
(iv) Arranging any bilateral interchanges,
(v) Regulating their net drawl from the regional grid,

5.2 Demand Estimation

Demand Estimation plays a very important role in system operation. Long-term
demand estimation (five years and beyond) is an important input for generation planning.
In the medium term, say one year, it constitutes an important input for outage planning of
generating units and transmission lines. In the short term, say within one week, it is an
important input for generation scheduling. Variation in demand in real time operation from
the estimated values could either be absorbed by the grid or affect it adversely. Even if the
estimates are accurate, the generation could vary from scheduled values adversely affecting
the grid. Demand control then plays an important role in arresting these adverse effects on
the grid.
The SLDCs would forecast demand (MW peak & energy in MWh) on an annual,
quarterly,- monthly, weekly and ultimately on daily basis, which would be used in the day-
ahead scheduling. Each SLDC is expected to maintain a historical database for the purpose
and be equipped with the state-of-the-art tools such as Energy Management System (EMS)

59
for demand forecasting. Ideally, the forecasts should be on hourly basis (8760, 720 & 168
values respectively in the annual, monthly and weekly, forecasts) rather than mentioning
only the peak MW and energy requirements for the period.
Attention would also be paid by SLDCs in demand forecasting for special days
such as important festivals and National Holidays having different crests and troughs in the
daily load-curve as compared to normal days.

5.3 Scheduling and Despatching

The regional grid operator collates all the information regarding the bilateral
entitlements & a corresponding requisition furnished by the constituents and issues an
exchange schedule (drawl/dispatch schedule). The procedure for submission of capability
declaration by each ISGS and submission of drawl schedule by each beneficiary is
intended to enable RLDCs to prepare the dispatch schedule for each ISGS and drawl
schedule for each beneficiary. Sometimes moderations may be required in these schedules
due to network constraints but once they are finalized these schedules are to be considered
as a commitment from the supplier to inject an agreed quantum of energy into the pool at
the specified time during the day & from the buyer to consume an agreed amount of energy
from the pool during the day.
The financial benefit one can draw will depend on how accurately the power is
scheduled by a beneficiary. In an ideal condition, scheduling implies drawing up a
generation programme to cater to a certain forecasted power demand at a minimum cost
but this assumes that adequate generation is available to cater to the demand at all times
and all one needed to decide was which units would have to be scheduled for how much
time period.
But in the prevalent scenario of power shortages and also considering the fact that
there are large number of beneficiaries, the scheduling is required to be done for generation
as well as for drawl by the constituents.
For the purpose of scheduling, each day is divided into 96 blocks of 15 minutes
duration each and for each block NRLDC would intimate each SLDC the drawl schedule
and to each ISGS the generation schedule in advance.
The net drawl schedule of any state is the sum of the ex-power plant schedules
from different ISGS and any bilateral exchange agreed with other constituent state in the

60
Northern or any other region less estimated transmission losses. The state is required to
maintain its actual drawl from the grid close to such 'Net Drawl Schedule' by regulating
their own generation and/or consumer's load.
Similarly, the generation schedule of each ISGS shall be the sum of the requisitions
made by each of the beneficiaries, restricted to their entitlements and subject to the
maximurn and minimum value criteria or any other technical constituent as indicated by
NRLDC.^
The states are required to make out all efforts to maintain their drawls in such a
manner that they do not overdraw from the grid whenever the frequency is below the
normal value and do not underdraw whenever the frequency is above the normal value.
Similarly, each ISGS is required to maintain their generation in such a manner that they do
not generate above schedule during the period when frequency is above the normal value
and do not generate below schedule, whenever the frequency falls below normal value.

5.4 Scheduling and Despatch Procedure

A proper procedure and time frame has been laid down by NRLDC for preparing
and finalizing day-ahead schedule. Certain guidelines and rules have also been framed to
revise the schedules during the course of the day also keeping in view the fact that these
may be necessitated on account of load crasli/outage of units/revival of the units.
The process starts with the Central generating stations in the region declaring their
expected output capability for the next day to the Regional Load Dispatch Centre (RLDC).
The RLDC breaks up and tabulates these output capability declarations as per the
beneficiaries plant-wise shares and conveys their entitlements to State Load Dispatch
Centres (SLDCs). The latter then carry out an exercise to see how best they can meet the
load of their consumers over the day, from their own generating stations, along with their
entitlement in the Central stations. They also take into account the irrigation release
requirements and load curtailment etc. that they propose in their respective areas. The
SLDCs then convey to the RLDC their schedule of power drawl from the Central stations
(limited to their entitlement for the day). The RLDC aggregates these requisitions and
determines the dispatch schedules for the Central generating stations and the drawl
schedules for the beneficiaries duly incorporating any bilateral agreements and adjusting
for transmission losses. These schedules are then issued by the RLDC to all concerned and

61
become the operational as well as commercial datum. However, in case of contingencies,
Central stations can prospectively revise the output capability declaration, beneficiaries can
prospectively revise requisitions, and the schedules are correspondingly revised by RLDC.
While the schedules so finalized become the operational datum, and the regional
constituents are expected to regulate their generation and consumer load in a way that the
actual generation and drawls generally follow these schedules, deviations are allowed as
long as they do not endanger the system security. The schedules are also used for
determination of the amounts payable as energy charges, as described in Chapter-4.
Deviations from schedules are determined in 15-minute time blocks through special
metering, and these deviations are priced depending on frequency. As long as the actual
generation/drawl is equal to the given schedule, payment on account of the third
component i.e. UI of Availability Tariff is zero. In case of under-drawl, a beneficiary is
paid back to that extent according to the frequency dependent rate specified for deviations
from schedule.

5.5 Day Ahead Scheduling Procedure

The following procedure have been in practice in the Northern Region :
1. By 1000 hrs everyday each ISGS shall advise NRLDC the stafion-wise ex-power plant
MW and MWh capabilities foreseen for the next day i.e. between 0000 to 2400 hrs of the
following day, at 15 minutes interval.
2. The above information shall be compiled by NRLDC and the MW and MWh
entitlements available to each state during the following day at 15 minutes interval shall be
intimated by NRLDC to states by 1100 hrs.
3. After receipt of the information in regard to the availability from different ISGS, all the
states shall review such availability vis-a-^«'-'tfieir'"fti;eseen demand and their own
generatmg capability, including the bilat(5i-^^;ee^ge^ff<^y By 1500 hrs the SLDCs
would advise NRLDC their requisition 5'q/' eacl/^f the I ^ ^ , alongwith the bilateral
exchanges they intend to have with th^cSik ^atfej/states aii2^t{^e estimates of demand /
availability in their own states. BBM^ >^uld also advi«^J^RLDC of the generation
schedule finalised for its stations in consulfkiM?\f^ji&gi^kjj^ states by 1500 hours.

62
4. By 1700 hrs NRLDC shall convey to each ISGS the generation schedule i.e., ex-power
plant despatch schedule and to each state the net drawl schedule i.e. the schedule at the
periphery of the state (after deducting the apportioned estimated transmission losses).
5. The SLDC/ ISGS may inform the modifications/ changes to be made if any in the above
schedule 'to NRLDC by 2200 hrs.
6. On receipt of such information and after consulting with the concerned constituents if
required, the NRLDC shall issue the final generation / drawl schedule to each ISGS/SLDC
by 2300 hrs.
Thus, in nutshell, the procedure adopted is as under :
1. Entitlements of the states in different ISGS-By 1100 hrs.
2. Drawl schedule of states-By 1700 hrs.
3. Final Drawl schedule of states-By 2300 hrs.
4. Details of Bi-Lateral exchanges-By 1700 hrs / 2300 hrs.
5. Details of unrequisitioned surpluses-By 1700 hrs / 2300 hrs.
6. Entitlepients of partner states in BBMB system.
7. Schedule of FGPP.
8. Schedule of HPGCL.
9. Schedule of Malana HEP.
10. Schedule of Magnum Power Generation Ltd.
11. Requisifion from UHBVN and DHBVN.
12. Total Availability on 15 min. slot basis is calculated by deducting losses.
13. Distribution of Availability on 15 min. slot basis in ratio of their requisition.
During the day if there is a variation in availability, the schedule of DlSCOMs are revised.

5.6 Revision of Schedules

1. In case of forced outage of a unit, NRLDC will revise the schedules on the basis of
revised declared capability. The revised schedule will become effective from the 4th time
block, counting the time block in which the revision is advised by the generator to be the
first one.
2. In the event of a situation arising due to bottleneck in evacuation of power due to
transmission constraint, NRLDC shall revise the schedule which shall become effective
from the 4th time block, counting the time block in which the transmission constraint has

63
been brought to the notice of NRLDC as the first one. During the first three time blocks
also the schedule shall deemed to have been revised to be equal to the actual generation by
the ISGS and drawl by the states.
3. In case of any grid disturbance, the scheduled generation of all the generating stations
and scheduled drawl of all the beneficiaries shall be deemed to have been revised to be
equal to their actual generation/drawl for all the time blocks affected by the grid
disturbance. The exact duration of such grid disturbance would be declared by NRLDC on
the basis of mutually agreed guidelines.
4. Revision of declared capability by generator(s) and requisition by beneficiary(ies) for
the remaining period of the day will also be permitted with advance notice. Revised
schedules / declared capability in such cases shall become effective from the 6th time
block, counting the time block in which the request for revision has been received in
RLDC to be the first one.
5. Similarly, in case any constituent seeks a revision in the bilateral schedules, the same
would have to be confirmed by the other partner within a period of one hour. The revised
schedules would come in to effect from 6th time block from this instant.
6. If, at any point of time, RLDC observes that there is need for revision of the schedules in
the interest of better system operation, it may do so on its own and in such cases, the
revised schedules shall become effective from the 4th time block, counting the time block
in which the revised schedule is issued by RLDC to be the first one.
7. On completion of the operating day i.e. after 2400 hrs, the final schedule as
implemented shall be issued by NRLDC after incorporating all before the fact changes
during the day of operation.
Thus, in the nutshell, revisions of schedule would be required under the following
condifions:
(i) Forced outage of an ISGS.
(ii) Transmission constraint resulting in output reduction from any ISGS.
(iii) Revision of declared capability by any ISGS.
(iv) Revision of requisition by any beneficiary either due to increase in demand not
forecasted earlier or due to tripping of any of its unit.
(v) NRLDC on its own accord in the interest of better system operation.

64
As the time available for schedule revision is limited (half-an-hour to one hour only), some
of the steps mentioned in Section 5.4 above could be skipped. For example, in the cases (i),
(ii) and (iii) above, there need not be any fresh requisition from the beneficiaries and
NRLDC Would assume that the MW requirement of the SEB from the grid would be the
same as given in the day-ahead schedule. In respect of (iv) above, revised requisition
would be needed only from the beneficiary seeking such revision.

5.7 The Daily Scheduling Process

Suppose a 1000 MW Central coal-fired power station has three beneficiaries (States
- A, B and C) with allocated shares of 30, 30 and 40% respectively. Suppose the station
foresees a capability to deliver 900 MW (ex-bus) on the next day, and advises the same to
the RLDC by 10 AM. The RLDC would break it up, and advise the three SLDCs by 11
AM that their entitlements in the Central station are 270, 270 and 360 MW respectively,
for the next day. Entitlements in the other Central stations would also be advised by RLDC
to the SLDCs similarly.
Simultaneously, the SLDCs would receive availability status from their intra - State
stations as well. They would then carry out a detailed exercise as to how best to meet the
expected consumer demand in their respective States over the 24 hours. For this, they
would compare the variable costs of various intra - State power stations inter-se, and with
energy charge rates of the Central stations, and also consider the irrigation release
requirements vs. energy availability of the hydro-electric stations. After this exercise, the
SLDCs will issue the dispatch schedules for the intra - State stations, and their requisition
from the Central stations (restricted to the States' respective entitlements). Suppose States
- A and B fully requisition their shares from the Central station under consideration (270
MW each, throughout the 24-hour period), while State - C requisitions 360 MW during the
day time, but only 200 MW during the night hours.
Summation of the three requisitions would thus produce, for the Central generating
station, the total dispatch schedule of 900 MW during the day time and 740 MW during the
night hours. This would be issued by the RLDC by 5 PM, and would be effective from the
following midnight (unless modified in the intervening hours). States - A, B and C shall
pay capacity charge for the whole day corresponding to plant availability of 270, 270 and
360 MW, and the generating station would get capacity charge corresponding to 900 MW.

65
Energy charge payments by the three States would be for 270 x 24 MWh, 270 x 24 MWh,
and (200 x 24 + 160 x 16) MWh of energy respectively, at the specified energy charge rate
of the generating station.

5.8 Trading Opportunity

The off peak hour capability (160 MW) of the Central generating station, which
State - C has not requisitioned, although within its entitlement is now available with the
Central station, and it has three options before it, as follows:
(i) Back down the station during off-peak hours, i.e., generate power only according to the
schedule given by RLDC by aggregating the requisition of the three States. In this case, the
station gets capacity charge for the day corresponding to its availability declaration (900
MW), and energy charge to fully recover its fuel cost for generating the scheduled
quantum of energy during the day.
(ii) Find a buyer (other than State - C) for the above off-peak surplus, and generate power
adding the MW agreed to be taken by this buyer, to the aggregate schedule for States - A,
B and C. As the station is already being paid capacity charge for 900 MW, it may not be
too particular about further fixed cost recovery. As long as the energy sale rate agreed upon
is higher than the fuel cost per kWh of the station, it would be financially beneficial for the
station to enter into such a deal. It would also reduce the technical problems associated
with backing down of the station and improve the station's efficiency. If time permits, the
Central generating station may look around to find the party, which would pay the highest
rate, and maximize its profit.
(iii) Instead of selling the off-peak surplus power through a bilateral agreement as
described above, the station may accept the schedule given by the RLDC, but generate
power to its full capability of 900 MW even during off-peak hours. The result would be an
over-supply of 160 MW (as a deviation from schedule), for which the station would get
paid from the regional UI pool account at the prevailing UI rate. In effect, it would be a
sale to the regional pool, and would make financial sense as long as the prevailing UI rate
is higher than the fuel cost per kWh of the station.
There is no restriction of any kind in this respect, and the Central generating
stations are free to exercise any of these options from time to time, or even a combination.
The only-precaution the station needs to take, in the second option, is to ensure that its

66
agreement with the off-peak surpkis buyer has a provision for termination / reduction of
supply at a very short notice. This may be required in case State - C, on the day of
operation, suddenly reverts and asks for scheduling of its full entitlement, and the surplus
capacity available with the Central station for such sale is no longer available. In other
words, the agreement has to be non-firm or interruptible.
However, the above options for the generating station arise only in case a State has
not requisitioned its full entitlement in the first place. In fact, the same three options are
available to State - C, before they get passed on to the Central station, and are as follows:
(i) Requisition power from the Central station only as per its own requirement, and draw
power as per the resulting schedule.
(ii) Requisition full entitlement of 360 MW from the Central station for the entire 24 - hour
period, find a buyer for the off-peak surplus, and schedule a bilateral sale. This would
make sense as long as the sale rate per kWh is more than the energy charge rate of the
Central station.
(iii) Requisition the full entitlement for the entire 24 - hour period, but draw power only
according to its actual requirement (i.e., as per its requisition). In effect, this would be a
pre-planned deviation from schedule for which State - C would get UI payment. All that
State - C has to watch for and be vigilant about is that the UI rate during the off-peak hours
remains above the energy charge rate of the Central station. In case the frequency rises and
UI rate falls below the energy charge rate of the concerned Central station. State - C should
reduce its requisition and thereby stop under-drawing.

5.9 Conclusion
The country would continue to suffer from daily peak-hour shortage for many years
to come.' The only thing to be guarded against is that the plant availability is not
deliberately under-declared, with the objective of earning high amounts as UI. Once the
plant availability, i.e. the MW output capability, has been declared judiciously and
faithfully, the generating station should be freely allowed to deviate from the given
schedule without any restricfions, as long as there is no transmission constraint. Any
deviation which gives extra income to a generating station through the UI mechanism also
ensures extra power for consumers and/or enhanced optimization / conservation of
resources, and is therefore acceptable.

67
 CHAPTER 6
SCADA / EMS EXPANSION PLAN
6.1 Introduction
Presently 41 sub-stations and one local station are being monitored through
SCADA / EMS system with state level control centre at SLDC Panipat and two Sub Load
Despatch Centres (Sub-LDCs) namely Narwana and Dadri established under NR-ULDC
scheme. HVPNL has now desired to enhance the control and monitoring domain for all its
stations of 220/132/66 KV level. The existing ULDC SCADA / EMS system was designed
to take care of future 100% expandability on account of I/O points in the RTU. The
following broad requirements have emerged which have to be covered in the expansion
plan :
1. Design of system for control and monitoring of approx. 270 stations with provision to
add 100% more stations.
2. Modification / up-gradation of existing SCADA / EMS system at SLDC, Panipat and 2
Sub-LDCs at Narwana and Dadri.
3. Design of backup State Supervisory Control Center (SSCC) at Panchkula (i.e. replica of
SLDC) with SCADA / EMS applications (including open access and scheduling
applications) to ensure the operation of power system from SSCC in the event of failure of
SLDC Panipat..
4. Establishment of 5 new sub LDCs in addition to 2 existing Sub-LDCs.
5. Establishment of 19 District Control Centers (DCCs) and reporting of RTUs to these
respective DCCs.
6. Establishment of 41 Dual Data Concentrator (DDCs).
7. Addition of 221 new RTUs (including 28 future stations).
8. Study and integration of the communication channel routing for existing 42 RTUs to
report to the respective DCCs / Sub-LDCs and backup SLDC i.e. SSCC to ensure the
availability of these RTU data at other control centers in the event of failure of Panipat
SLDC.
9. Design of FO and MAR based wide band network with VOIP.
10. Establishment of PLCC and PABX requirements.

68
 Further, it is mandatory that system design should take care of requirement of 3"^
generation with 100% expandability of the hardware and software to meet future enhanced
requirement.

6.2 SCADA / EMS Control Center Hierarchy

The SCADA / EMS system shall be designed to have three level of control center
hierarchical structure acquiring RTU data either directly or through DDCs.
LEVEL-1: District Control Center (DCC)
LEVEL-2: Sub-LDC
LEVEL-3: SLDC and SSCC
RTUs shall communicate with all the three levels of control centres independently
thereby failure of any control center shall not affect the operation of other control centres
for effective monitoring of their area of jurisdiction. Further, scheduling information shall
also be exchanged among various level of control center in a hierarchical manner. The
SLDC and SSCC shall act as main and backup control centres where both shall have peer
to peer communication in order to remain in synchronism and ensuring the required
failover process in case of a disaster / system failure at one of these control centers. SLDC/
SSCC shiall remain connected to the existing RSCC for common regional model. The
hierarchical setup indicating data flow is shown in Fig. 6.1.

HEAD OFFICE

MAIN CONTROL CENTRE BACKUP CONTROL CENTRE UvEL

SLDC SSCC 3
Rscc

SUB-LDC 1 SUB-LDC 7 LPvtL

2_

DCC DCC

J J J I

RTU RTU, ' .RTU RTU ^ RTU

NEW RTUs ULDC RTUs NEW RTUs
Fig. 6.1 Hierarchical Setup / Data Flow Diagram

69
The number of control centres and DCCs / RTUs reporting to them are depicted in Fig. 6.2

SSCC-MADANPUR SLDC-SEWAI-1
MAIN & B/U CC (PANCHKULA) (PANIPAT)

SUB-LDC I DADRI DCC-1 NARNAUL (7 RTUs)

DCC-2 REWARI (7 RTUs)
DCC-3 BHIWANI (13 RTUs)

NARWANA DCC-4 JIND (14 RTUs)

SUB-LDC 2 DCC-5 KAITHAL (15 RTUs)
DCC-6 KARNAL (15 RTUs)

SUB-LDC 3 DCC-7 BAHADURGARH (6 RTUs)

ROHTAK DCC-8 ROHTAK (8 RTUs)
DCC-9 SONIPAT (10 RTUs)
DCC-10 PANIPAT (13 RTUs)

SUB-LDC 4 SEC-52 DCC-11 GURGAON (26 RTUs)

GURGAON

SUB-LDC 5 PALLA DCC-12 FARIDABAD (3 5 RTUs)

SUB-LDC 6 SHAHBAD DCC-13J0RIA (18 RTUs)

DCC-14 SHAHBAD (15 RTUs)
DCC-I5TEPLA (20 RTUs)
DCC-16 MADANPUR (10 RTUs)

SUB-LDC 7 FATEHBAD DCC-17FATEHBAD (10 RTUs)

DCC-18 HISSAR (10 RTUs)
DCC-19 SIRS A (17 RTUs)

TOTAL RTUs 269

Fig. 6.2 SCADA / EMS Control Center Hierarchy

70
6.3 Head Quarter Console
Remote VDUs shall be provided at the Head quarters / Head Offices for MIS
purpose which will be connected to both SLDC and SSCC through IP based network.

6.4 State Supervisory Control Center (SSCC)

State Supervisory Control Center (SSCC), Panchkula shall act as true backup
control centre to SLDC, Panipat and shall be established with the SCADA / EMS functions
for control and monitoring of all stations of the Haryana state. All Sub LDCs and District
Control Center (DCC) shall be connected to SSCC through IP based network for real time
data exchange. The SSCC shall be administratively responsible for advising sub-LDCs for
control of the power system.
For ICCP data exchange, SSCC shall normally communicate with SLDC for
common regional model data update. However, in case of failure of main SLDC, SSCC
shall communicate with NRLDC using ICCP protocol. SSCC shall also exchange
scheduling information with Sub-LDCs and DCCs.

6.5 Existing SLDC Panipat

The State Load Despatch Center (SLDC is monitoring 47 stations through 41 RTUs
alongwith 6 remote SICs and 1 local RTU at SLDC, Panipat. Few RTUs are directly
reporting to SLDC and others are reporting to respective Sub-LDCs using PLCC and
wideband communication links.
The communication protocol used between SLDC and Sub-LDCs is ICCP (Inter
Control Centre Protocol using wideband links.

6.6 Sub-Load Despatch Center (Sub-LDC)

Sub-LDC shall be the second level of control center under SSCC / SLDC with
SCADA functions. Sub-LDC shall communicate with SSCC / SLDC on one side while on
other side it will communicate with associated DCCs for their administrative control and
exchange of scheduling information. Sub-LDC shall also be connected to RTUs either
directly or through DDCs. Each Sub-LDC shall be responsible for operation of substations
under its area of jurisdiction.

71
6.7 District Control Center (DCC)
DCC shall be the lowest level control center and shall be established at district
levels of Haryana state to control and monitor power system under their area of
jurisdiction. SCADA system shall be provided at these control centers which shall get the
data from RTUs either directly or through Dual Data concentrators (DDC). DCC shall
communicate with Sub-LDC and SSCC / SLDC for exchange of scheduling information.

6.8 Dual Data Concentrator (DDC)

Data concentrator shall be located at various wideband nodes and shall be used to
connect existing and new RTUs primarily due to communication constraints such as
PLCC. Since a large number of such RTUs shall be connected to each data concentrator,
failure of the data concentrator shall result in outage of all connected RTUs and shall affect
the real operation of the power system. Considering this, dual data concentrator design is
being considered where all such RTUs shall be connected to both data concentrators
through splitters. It shall also have the capability to monitor the communication errors of
underlying RTUs and shall also provide communication status and error statistics.

6.9 Remote Terminal Unit (RTU)

All new RTUs shall have the following capability as minimum:
(a) Acquiring analog values from the substation equipment through suitable Multi Function
Transducers (MFT) and the status inputs from substation devices using Contact
Multiplyihg Relays (CMRs), processing and transmitting-to multiple master stations.
(b) Receiving and processing digital control commands from the master station(s) and
driving heavy duty relays to open close operation of CBs.
(c) Receiving and processing OLTC raise / lower commands from the master station(s) and
driving heavy duty relays to operate OLTC mechanism.
(d) RTU shall have remote database downloading capability using the same RTU
communication link.
(e) RTU shall have SOE time stamping with a resolution of 1 ms and shall have the
capability for time synchronization from master station.

72
6.10 Communication System Design
This section describes the broad design for optimized communication network faciHtating
speech and data communication for RTUs reporting to the respective DCCs, Sub-LDCs,
SLDC Panipat and SSCC Panchkula and their inter-conriections.
6.10.1 Existing Communication System: At present, the existing RTUs are
communicating mostly through PLCC links upto the Sub-LDCs and further Sub-LDCs are
communicating with SLDC on microwave links under NR ULDC project. Some existing
RTUs are communicating directly to SLDC also. In addition, fiber optic links consisting of
12 Fiber OPGW are also established between Panipat SLDC and Panchkula (Madanpur
220 KV S/S) and Panipat SLDC and Panipat TPS under the ULDC project. The RTU
stations are identified as critical or non-critical based on their importance to regional grid
operation. The critical RTUs report to master stafion through alternate communication
paths/links so that failure of one communication link does not affect the availability of data
at the Master Station. For these critical RTU locations one express/hotline and one
admin/dial-up speech channel was provided. For non-critical stations one data channel and
one admin voice channel was planned under ULDC scheme.
6.10.2 Communication System Requirements: The communication requirements
for establishing SCADA / EMS system for HVPN are stated as under:
(a) Connecting all 220 KV sub-stations on Fiber Optics Communication System.
(b) Connecting all control centres i.e. DCCs, Sub-LDCs, SSCC and SLDC and Head
Quarters on Fiber Optics Communication System for voice and data communication needs.
(c) Extending Fiber optic connectivity to appropriate nodes when RTUs data on PLCC
network can not be acquired due to increase in number of hops or cluster of RTUs are
involved.
(d) Use of Ethernet IP-based communication on wideband network.
(e) Use of existing PLCC network to the extent possible.
(f) The design shall be flexible enough to accommodate third generation requirements.
6.10.3 Communication System Design Approach : Keeping above requirements
in mind, the proposed network is designed on Ethernet based for transmission of voice and
data traffic on FOTS (Fiber Optic Transmission Network), Multi Access Radio (MAR) and

73
PLCC (Power Line Carrier Communication) networks which are interconnected to meet
the voice and data requirements.
(a) Fiber Optic Transmission System: This network envisages a 12 Fiber OPGW cable
network interconnecting all DCCs, Sub-LDCs, SSCC and SLDC alongwith the associated
communication terminal equipment. The existing optical cable link provided under ULDC
between Panipat TPS and Panchkula shall also be utilized. This network provides adequate
redundancy due to the fiber optic rings.
(b) PLCC Network: The PLCC network essentially connects the RTUs located at 132 KV
stations for voice and data communication to the nearest wideband node (on FOTS
network). The routing of these RTUs is restricted upto two PLCC hops for better reliability
of data communication.
(c) Multi Access Radio (MAR) Network: This network is envisaged for providing
communication network for routing the 66 KV S/S as PLCC on these lines is not a reliable
communication and few 132 KV S/S which are not connected on PLCC. At present, a total
of around 100 such locations are considered in the 6 districts namely, Faridabad, Gurgaon,
Ambala, Panchkula, Kurukshetra and Yamunanagar. These stations are spread in a radius
of around 30 kms from the nearest FOTS wideband node.
In order to communicate with these RTUs, geographical clusters are formed which
enable point to multi-point communication with a Master radio node in each cluster.
Finally these master radio nodes communicate with the nearest FOTS WB node directly or
through other directional radio links.
(d) Speech Communication: A large communication network envisaged in the PR is
based on FO and MAR system for meeting data requirement. Technologically advanced
voice communication mode i.e. VOIP (Voice over IP) is proposed to be used under this
scheme especially when adequate bandwidth is available. The VOIP shall be used for all
wide band nodes (i.e. all FO and MAR nodes) which shall cover a large number of HVPN
stations for speech communication on this mode. However, stations which are connected
on PLCC can not have VOIP because of bandwidth constraints on PLCC. In order
to access'such PLCC stations, compatible PLCC-PABX shall be provided which will be

74
interfaced with VOIP system, thereby interconnecting all stations of HVPN on their own
network for voice and data needs. By deploying VOIP network, a lot of optimization on
telephone bills can be done by HVPN within organization.

75
 CHAPTER 7
CASE STUDY 1
Control of Power System Network Using SCADA/EMS
7.1 Introduction
The electrical energy demand throughout the world has been observed rapidly
increasing with the progress of technological advancement in various fields. The present
demand for power is greatly in excess of generating, capacity. The power generation
scenario in the Haryana State reveals that the demand for power will continue to outstrip
the available and planned generation capacity. Against the demand of 5,644 MW, the state
has an installed and contracted power generation capacity of 4039.30 MW. Out of this, the
stale gets only 1587.40 MW from own generating stations, 937.50 MW from its share in
joint projects of BBMB and Indraprastha thermal stations, 1406.10 MW as share from
central generation projects and 108.30 MW from independent power projects.
Not withstanding the massive increase in generation capacities over the past
decades, the history of the Indian power sector has been punctuated by shortages, massive
pilferage? and a demand-supply gap which has been growing. The continuity with which
electric energy is supplied has become extremely impprtant in the modern societies and
any interruption of it to a large number of customers at a time is considered as an
emergency situation and is of utmost concern in an industrial country. On the other hand,
the electric energy supplying authorities intend to operate the power system as
economically as possible within the safety and security limits. Therefore, the major task
ahead of power system designers / planners is to ensure system operation to manage such a
large power system network efficiently and effectively. The power system collapse
occurring at times have shown the urgent need for stabilizing interconnected power system
beyond the common technologies. Automation through SCADA systems directly leads to
increased reliability of power for the consumers and lower operating costs for the utility. It
results in forecasting accurate demand and supply management, faster restoration of power
in case of a downturn and a quick, alternate arrangement for power for important /
emergency locations.

76
 Due to overall deficit scenario, it is very difficult task for the power engineers to
maintain the satisfaction level in the consumers keeping in view the gap between demand
and availability. The rate of energy generation growth is lower than the increase in demand
resulting into power cuts. Thus, the main objective of the power eligineers at SLDCs is to
maintain the grid discipline and security by estimating the demand so as to plan in advance
how their consumers load could be met without overdrawing from the grid. However, the
following deviation from the schedule and other violations would have to be controlled by
the SLDCs:
(i) Overdrawls at frequencies below 49.0 Hz.
(ii) Underdrawls at frequencies above 50.5 Hz.
Demand control would have to be exercised under these conditions by the SLDCs,
which could be done by either of the following methods or a combination thereof
(i) Manual demand disconnection.
(ii) Shutting off or recormecting bulk power consumers having a special tariff structure
linked to number of interruptions in the day.
(iii) PC based system for rotational load shedding with facilities for central programming
and uploading of the disconnection schedule for the day from the SLDC / Sub-LDC to the
Sub-stations.
During the demand control by manual disconnection of loads by staggering in
different groups, the roster changeover from one group to another shall be carried out in a
gradual and scientific manner so as to avoid excursions in the system parameters.
In this case study, an attempt has been made to instantaneously balance the supply
and demand using real-time data so as to monitor and control the frequency, voltage and
drawl witliin safe limits as well as to maintain stability of the power system network. Thus,
the main aim is to shed the load in the limited area with minimum disturbance. The control
of power system network and energy management using the real time data considering the
13"'April, 2007 is studied.

7.2 Real-time Data

Real-time data is highly valuable information source for automatic control to maintain
system stability. It can also be used as a guide to immediate operating decisions in support
of system recovery and for extensive analysis. With high-speed real time measurement.

77
proper protection and control actions could be taken to ensure the reliability of the power
system. Real time data of generating stations/sub-stations/utilities/regions such as grid
frequency & voltage, MW injection & drawl schedule, MVAR injection & drawl is always
available in the form of displays on PCs or workstation. The desired report of the real time
data can be generated on the 15min. average basis.
The real time data for 13.04.07 relating primarily to Haryana is shown in Table 7.1, 7.2
and 7.3 which includes frequency of the grid, HVPNL CGS Schedule, HVPNL CGS
Drawl and UHBVN & DHBVN Drawl further detailed as circle wise. The Ul rates as
applicable at particular instant are also depicted.

7.3 Load Relief Survey Data for the month of April, 2007
For efficient control of power system, scheduling and despatching their own
generation , regulating the demand of customers, and regulating net drawl from the grid,
the demand estimation on year wise, month wise and on daily basis is done. Similarly the
load relief survey is done by doing mock exercises by imposing power cuts in the
particular area and the load relief in MW is noticed.
In this w^y a load relief data is always available with the SLDC control room to control the
load and give uniform supply to the area as per need and keeping in view the financial
implications. The load relief survey data for the month of April 2007 is shown in
Table 7.4.

7.4 Power Cut Log Sheet

The SLDC control room operators have to log all the activities during each shift
depicting the type of power regulatory measures taken for the safety of grid and to
minimize the hefty penalties due to unscheduled interchanges. This also includes
opening/closing of transmission lines, raising/lowering of transformer taps, switching
on/off of capacitor banks etc.
The power cut sheet for 13.04.07 depicting all types of cuts imposed during the day
on various circles of UHBVN and DHBVN is shown in Table 7.5.

78
TIME Frequency Current HVPNL CGS HVPNLCGS
Ul rate Schedule Drawl
0:15 49.12 5.21 1195.6 1063.04
0:30 48.94 5.7 1195.6 1151.59
0:45 49.11 5.28 1185.2 1197.6
1:00 49.4 4.05 1185.2 1054.04
1:15 49.43 3.89 1178.4 1208.2
1:30 49.24 4.73 1178.4 1314.49
1:45 49.07 5.5 1257 1349.73
2:00 49.11 5.32 1246.6 1358.17
2:15 49.1 5.37 1244.9 1321.17
2:30 49.23 4.75 1194.4 1354.13
2:45 49.22 4.82 1200.3 1370.89
3:00 . 49.17 5.04 1200.5 1333.4
3:15 49.13 5.19 1161.5 1372.18
3:30 49.31 4.44 1161.5' 1432.41
3:45 49.09 5.43 1161.5 1388.97
4:00 49.05 5.61 1195.2 1338.03
4:15 49.29 4.51 1195.3 1370.97
4:30 48.93 5.7 1195.3 1412.23
4:45 49.11 5.3 1195.3 1167.56
5:00 49.07 5.52 1195.3 1231.04
5:15 49.36 4.18 1243.3 1150.83
5:30 49.02 5.7 1249.1 1437.73
5:45 49 5.7 1254.8 1094.5
6:00 48.99 5.7 1242.6 1240.45
6:15 49.08 5.41 1051.7 1450.94
6:30 49 5.7 1038.1 1379.2
6:45 49.58 3.3 1024.5 1203.65
7:00 49.38 4.05 1010.9 1705.11
7:15 49.47 3.72 947.1 1801.21
7:30 ' 49.31 4.38 949.1 1833.73
7:45 49.13 5.17 937.6 1580.59
8:00 • 49.22 4.88 903.9 1475.03
8:15 49.83 2.05 853.2 1187.79
8:30 49.3 4.6 853 1333.83
8:45 49.24 4.75 850.3 1190.81
9:00 49.34 4.27 850.2 969.86
9:15 49.33 4.29 849.7 876.25
9:30 49 5.7 839.3 923.06
9:45 49.38 4.07 854.5 851.05
10.00 49.38 4 867.8 1056.67
10:15 49.5 3.5 923.7 1095.33
10:30 49.28 4.55 928.9 1145.03
10:45 49.09 5.37 1006.8 1109.54
11:00 49.26 4.6 1020.3 985.64
11:15 49.41 3.96 1033.3 1044.23
11:30 49.04 5.59 1042.4 1096.3
11:45 49.21 4.86 1049.2 1001.32
12:00 49.22 4.77 1049.2 980.85
Contd.
TIME Frequency Current HVPNLCGS HVPNLCGS
UI rate Schedule Draw!
12:15 49.34 4.29 1049.3 1109.1
12:30 49.16 5.04 1099.6 1123.33
12:45 48.99 5.7 1086.1 1071.35
13:00 49.36 4.2 1086.1 1089.77
13:15 49.62 3.01 996.8 1107.12
13:30 49.66 2.84 1010.4 1038.78
13:45 49.65 2.9 1024 1069.78
14:00 49.35 4.29 1010.4 1057.82
14:15 49.1 5.39 996.6 1176.59
14:30 49.13 5.17 996.6 1025.14
14:45 49.19 4.95 996.6 1079.2
15:00 49.13 5.19 996.6 1040.66
15:15 48.9 5.7 996.7 897.32
15:30 49.12 5.28 995.9 953.09
15:45 48.9 5.7 995.9 1021.06
16.00 49.23 4.82 995.9 910.73
16:15 49.02 5.7 1096.2 1129.75
16:30 49.08 5.48 1096.2 1225.98
16:45 49.1 5.39 1074.4 994.79
17:00 ^ 49.28 4.55 1060.9 1122.28
17:15 49.47 3.74 1038.8 1428.33
17:30 . 49.42 3.87 993.8 '. 1361.47
17:45 49.39 4.11 994 1448.91
18:00 49.51 3.61 994.1 1513.71
18:15 49.26 4.71 1110.5 1936.16
18:30 49.6 3.17 1181 1857
18:45 49.3 4.44 1217.6 1637.25
19:00 49.18 5.04 1295.6 1765.17
19:15 49 5.7 1397.6 1517.27
19:30 49.07 5.5 1481.8 1398.11
19:45 48.9 5.7 1512.8 1656.91
20:00 48.94 5.7 1509.5 1609.05
20:15 49.06 5.54 1516.4 1529.31
20:30 48.92 5.7 1510.1 1675.93
20:45 49.26 4.62 1465.8 1154.56
21:00 49.07 5.5 1435.3 1567.36
21:15 48.91 5.7 1354.5 1147.34
21:30 48.87 5.7 1354.3 1421.09
21:45 48.96 5.7 1323.9. 1398.28
22:00 • 49.09 5.39 1290.4 1246.42
22:15 48.9 5.7 1242 1416.72
22:30 48.85 5.7 1235.8 1059.49
22:45 49.09 5.39 1226.3 1186.47
23:00 48.99 5.7 1220.2 1131.83
23:15 49.06 5.61 1183.4 1130.52
23:30 48.94 5.7 1177.8 1229.65
23:45 48.9 5.7 1177.8 1275.93
24:00:00 49.02 5.7 1178 979.05
Table 7.1
TIME UHBVN UHBVN Karnal Sonipat Jind Rohtak Kurukshetra Yamunanagar Ambaia
Schedule .Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Draw
0:15 1172.99 1165.83 355.61 126.05 93.7 224.1 258.36 74.59 108.09
0:30 1172.68 1197.63 380.7 128.93 105.97 220.68 251.67 78.58 110.73
0:45 1171.7 1225.79 379.51 129.85 106.55 224.21 255.72 82.32 127.58
1:00 1175.11 1239.62 379.95 127.36 111.49 214.48 258.14 76.67 132.23
1:15 1171.14 1330.38 379.33 146.94 136.2 219.12 253.57 111.58 138.98
1:30 1168.45 1319.46 367.09 146.75 138.71 223.04 250.43 106.88 137.19
1:45 1204.2 1313.77 370.32 150.1 136.3 223.85 250.45 106.09 133.62
2:00 1202.02 1309.51 361.52 152.81 115.77 224.62 256.07 107.94 134.87
2:15 1202.25 1291.71 366.91 148.11 112.4 226.41 254.1 105.29 134.07
2:30 1173.99 1298.77 363.91 146.46 119.66 220.37 239.53 118.63 140.03
2:45 1177.34 1298.76 362 145.44 121.57 221.72 235.16 122.57 139.42
3:00 1177.05 1297.99 359.5 145.14 136.63 223.01 235.56 119.77 140.29
3:15 1160.2 1330.56 363.71 148.13 137.85 225.89 240.48 121.4! 139.01
3:30 1160.71 1353.72 360.5 153.6 138.83 223.82 238.02 124.12 139.49
3:45 1158.85 1337.32 369.16. 152.7 135.19 225.82 241.21 123.3 136.64
4:00 1174.08 1262.9 367.69 149.55 141.31 231.97 217.55 87.73 121,7
4:15 1177.44 1283.9 380.33 158.82 145.34 235.47 202.45 93.32 127.4
4:30 1170.86 1330.24 394.56 158.58 160.6 235.84 187.22 97.71 134.71
4:45 1176.4 1162.48 271.04 166.41 116.19 239.38 239.62 79.42 107.45
5:00 1177.63 f225.62 180.64 99.58 184.74 248.9 262.57 138.47 138.58
5:15 1201.19 1106.67 219.79 43.77 165.34 191.16 272.27 165.47 110.68
5:30 1199.48 1-348.46 321.75 150.83 101.05 213.56 266.61 188.74 139.42
5:45 1201.17 1111.94 305.56 160.83 77.33 232.99 107.31 178.71 101.89
6:00 1198.12 1177.39 301.53 162.97 80.33 217.16 146.91 184.65 127.27
6:15 1113,15 1283.37 301.21 181.79 93.4 241.06 132.57 179.28 168.21
6:30 1097.11 1341.5 480.44 179.89 170.65 211.75 74.97 81.43 144.58
6:45 1095.48 1233.96 171.02 177.2 213.76 220.81 205.43 82.77 165.84
7:00 1081 1587.97 441.34 173.92 220.47 170.08 219.32 120.73 201.94
7:15 1056.12 1727.38 459.31 172.39 213.33 155.97 242.38 212.37 223.16
7:30 1053.62 1713.91 453.5 173.76 203.19 143.69 248.34 240.56 228.24
7:45 1050.18 1732.34 432.82 166.44 203.7 149.19 275.13 236.03 218.52
8:00 1029.59 1643.41 400.76 154.44 177.91 145.19 286.84 223.73 215.82
8:15 982.44 1280.89 328.05 100.98 126.56 106.67 256.75 144.01 183.8
8:30 929.21 1179.41 276.01 94.7 134.15 84.68 245.32 146.9 184.4
8:45 927.43 1077.7 268.25 88.15 68.78 104.13 259.73 130.94 173,46
9:00 928.16 906.52 250.56 97.1 59.67 123.67 175.25 87.16 135,13
9:15 931.42 851.16 258.43 94.54 58.02 133.03 134.32 83.71 105,54
9:30 917.29 889.69 255.77 101.38 56.24 135.85 133.65 119.45 115.13
9:45 933.48 946.28 263.83 96.84 51.19 135.83 157.83 145.21 114.01
10:00 938.19 984.23 275.62 107.38 52.89 132.71 174.58 156.66 111.87
10:15 962.44 983.05 268.84 112.32 53.46 127.68 179.48 164.97 118.54
10:30 965.69 992.38 267.72 104.25 50.83 125.59 156.16 160.27 134.05
10:45 999.84 984.62 258.99 106.27 50.25 130.99 151.71 151.53 138.39
11:00 1007.6 974.66 247.65 104.6 48.1 137.89 156.94 140.9 143.43
11:15 1015.84 959.82 238.03 107.12 48.23 143.02 165.62 136.36 137.14
11:30 1019.12 978.48 240.2 106.63 48.62 140.15 163.94 140.88 141.49
11:45 1010.04 988.49 233.65 108.44 46.48 144.32 173.44 140.57 148.76
12:00 1011.25 991.72 232.27 103.93 53.97 151.5 163.65 147.01 151.7
Could,
TIME UHBVN UHBVN Kama! Sonipat Jind Rohtak Kurukshctra Yamunanagar Ambala
Schedule Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl
12:15 1014.97 1023.47 248 98.31 53.13 151.84 170.44 156.8 155.42
12:30 1041.68 1017.23 243.89 104.26 53.83 165.77 178.03 151.88 155.37
12:45 1037.55 1024.87 231.51 100.84 54.41 171.5 185.08 150.86 143.98
13:00 1041.4 1034.48 232.53 102.01 56.82 162.25 191.93 152.98 149.76
13:15 997.18 1003.2 213.4 94.56 62.93 149.83 164.67 161.36 170.42
13:30 1001.12 924.58 208.47 95.07 69,57 153,24 153,59 116,82 148.1
13:45 1007.73 909.92 209.56 90.31 64.02 166.54 148.49 103,01 145.98
14:00 1003.06 904.65 205.6 93.32 65.43 172.58 145.35 96,64 143.32
14:15 993.91 996.11 219.81 102.83 58.45 174.09 167.54 133,6 153.12
14:30 990.76 994.24 193.16 100.88 65.4 173.16 175.09 144,8 154.09
14:45 992.84 1052.32 241.96 102.61 64.84 175.05 158.6 152.02 169.21
15.00 992.28 1044.55 232.22 102.66 70.42 175.24 156.03 150.01 169.34
15:15 994.22 961.38 218.38 103.34 74.53 181.04 130.18 114.52 151.17
15:30 994.91 938.5 211.19 102.71 74.2 181.96 132.06 101.57 148.91
15:45 990.29 959.68 207.63 102.99 73 175.44 129.9 121.9 157.58
16:00 996.94 969.86 223.31 97.34 67.36 165.65 149.91 129.44 151.48
16:15 1038.37 937.23 140.25 70.48 65.04 149.06 152.37 95.77 272.92
16:30 1037.8 975.78 149.29 73.42 86.26 164.63 137.74 104.53 269.35
16:45 1023.34 802.05 93.98 68.76 77.84 180.3 192.58 77.64 125.99
17:00 1017.38 1068.85 251.34 94.31 78.14 172.8 177.67 134.8 176.04
17:15 1008.44 1205.96 295.33 96.9 96.87 164.86 225 135.66 205,78
17:30 991.1 1190.58 301.38 104.37 110.52 148.12 230.23 124.06 188.91
17:45 988.22 1185.86 302.22 100.92 117.11 135.86 231.7 118.61 191.06
18:00 991.43 1203.44 310.53 114.66 123.22 130.64 217.59 116.87 200.52
18:15 1045.63 1481.17 446.82 174.58 128.16 155.4 176.64 163.82 249.12
18:30 1077.38 1455.6 522.13 81.96 153.67 60.24 202.18 187.96 261.54
18:45 1094.06 1352.22 536.69 177.51 199.32 103.36 24.06 105.84 227.32
19:00 1129.04 1379.31 512.18 194.55 219.16 195.21 -16.63 82.73 221.01
19:15 1177.13 1189.67 524.65 182.62 83.15 239.34 -11.93 72.56 134.15
19:30 1208.19 1-205.61 528.85 85.77 68.85 258.42 24.03 76.31 125.08
19:45 1222.81 1384.2 122.03 191.77 172.26 267.1 172.03 197.18 252.53
20:00 1223.9 1322.83 107.92 200.56 214.8 147.32 190.62 243.34 234.34
20:15 1237.86 1099.67 101.67 64.11 231.8 133.65 162.18 229.06 218.99
20:30 1233.47 1341.23 134.48 164.65 232.42 193.78 151.87 228.01 261.3
20:45 1217.64 1185.22 343.66 54.43 176.01 138.2 128.75 173.19 186.38
21:00 1196.21 1240.87 383.21 173.09 97.01 213.85 80.19 118.76 158.86
21:15 1160.62 1083.6 357.64 80.52 76.65 231.23 109.93 86.26 117.84
21:30 1153,35 1246.53 452.24 141.73 76.05 246.9 61.68 119.22 124.03
21:45 1143.56 1250.85 203.43 146.24 165.9 152.23 142.51 188.26 236.03
22:00 1127.66 1159.81 194.47 45.23 208.22 161.51 123.97 185.05 230.87
22:15 1101.96 1137.22 301.59 35.48 183.85 150.9 98.01 172.62 178.27
22:30 1102.03 1068.99 243.98 133.2 115.68 249.77 89.22 121.23 126.35
22:45 1102.23 1130.43 261.88 144.19 102.35 257.24 113.64 119.8 128.25
23:00 1099.23 1050.16 246.49 119.27 88.42 236.66 140.87 106.42 121.69
23:15 1087.93 1099.54 300.31 95.36 82.99 213.72 132.39 111.89 153.17
23:30 1080.5 1103.89 330.1 97.05 84.45 207.22 120.89 110.21 155.59
23:45 1080.21 n 79.64 286.88 104.28 89.26 210.56 191.53 129.15 177.35
?-^(oo 1085.27 1043.97 245.71 19.55 96.86 220.7 189.97 110.18 165.89

Table 7.2
TIME DHBVN DHBVN Hisar Bhiwani Sirsa Faridabad Gurgaon Narnaul
Schedule Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl
0:15 1209.2 1125.19 117.68 114.08 52.18 347.84 402.83 88.34
0:30 1208.88 1167.53 129.87 112.2 51.17 340.88 394.45 136.57
0:45 1207.87 1220.34 151.45 131.69 50.03 344.14 389.74 149.3
1:00 1211.39 1065.37 150.12 133.34 55.77 348.69 235.98 140.43
1:15 1207.29 1118.76 174.19 144.75 73.97 347.69 231.4 140.73
1:30 1204.52 1211.3 152.13 143.77 75.45 352.06 333.18 151.03
1:45 1241.38 1259.08 159.17 142.86 76.28 364.97 362.2 150.36
2:00 1239.13 1278.43 168.47 141.94 76.99 381.7 358.74 148.77
2:15 1239.36 1263.52 155.08 142.38 77.05 381.39 356.38 148.51
2:30 1210.23 1273.89 160.07 144.36 77.58 382.64 359.03 148.97
2:45 1213.69 1295.3 175.13 144.21 77.28 383.65 363.6 147.66
3:00 1213.39 1258.91 148.84 142.86 76.29 '. 375.1 366.01 147.82
3:15 1196.02 1267.03 152.99 143.32 76.67 384.33 359.44 148
3:30 1196.54 1303.34 179.36 145.02 78.03 378.1 367.31 151.86
3:45 1194.62 1273.76 167.91 145.86 77.43 361.79 369.63 152.24
4:00 1210.32 1289.65 180.93 147.81 78.51 365.85 362.37 152.06
4:15 1213.79 1305.87 178.3 154.01 80.84 385.84 349.59 155.62
4:30 1207.01 1306.31 185.05 159.76 81.1 373.61 344.79 159.95
4:45 1212.72 1236.49 200.63 135.11 84.43 371.55 356.63 84.3
5:00 1213.98 1226.14 177.63 133.54 88.3 389.28 349.12 86.43
5:15 1238.27 1291.54 207.61 140.96 95.67 389.81 357.8 97.59
5:30 1236.51 1317.03 211.67 151.45 104.7 377.43 365.65 99.61
5:45 1238.25 1215.68 252.72 193.94 117.36 229.66 213.56 203.17
6:00 1235.1 1267.83 238.83 218.37 126.18 220.97 217.27 242.12
6:15 1147.51 1400.05 278.16 192.63 126.47 250.05 286.68 262.23
6:30 1130.97 1251.8 260.83 60.25 134.56 235.51 300.9 256.7
6:45 1129.3 1199.54 268.88 80.99 140.49 283.23 234.22 191.23
7:00 1114.37 1315.92 263.88 198.86 137.07 271.95 225.71 215.15
7:15 1088.72 1277.58 186.21 219.15 114.73 276.45 283.55 194.81
7:30 1086.14 1297.29 196.26 220 124.01'. 267.68 283.49 202.51
7:45 1082.59 1074.88 160.42 174.36 118.83 261.24 280.84 77.24
8:00 1061.37 1037.01 161.63 159.14 114.66 253.38 270.69 69.68
8:15 1012.76 1080.9 135.93 162.56 116.97 270.99 315.6 76.96
8:30 957.9 1203.75 145.51 162.63 112.59 341.59 362.77 76.58
8:45 956.06 1165.66 141.97 164.61 82.15 315.18 376.26 82.86
9:00 956.81 1146.22 160.52 145.31 84.21 335.5 340.56 77.14
9:15 960.17 1101.14 123.07 161.89 28.81 382.42 325.38 75.36
9:30 945.6 1084.57 143.92 50.39 53.96 353.47 405.41 75.41
9:45 962.3 975.5 104.01 104.49 46.97 352.09 304.18 64.95
10:00 967.15 1130.71 100.55 134.21 53.37 356.55 416.71 68.87
10:15 992.15 1159.27 118.71 139.28 52.03 363.64 427.59 67.83
10:30 995.5 1252.96 121.08 144.88 48.35 438.75 428.56 70.89
10:45 1030.7 1199.44 133.61 131.8 47.93 433.86 385.91 65.65
11:00 1038.7 1119.72 117.26 94.72 48.54 423.67 368.28 67.54
11:15 1047.19 1146.22 85.25 86.09 47.87 410.33 392 124.01
11:30 1050.58 1223.5 138.26 87.89 42.69 410.92 395.79 146.68
11:45 1041.22 1072.8 137.83 87.95 46.73 411.38 248.99 138.94
12:00 1042.46 1059.02 164.46 65.25 47.44 • 391.39 236.14 150.56
Contd.
 TIME DHBVN DHBVN Hisar Bliiwani Sirsa Faridabad Gurgaon Narnaui
Schedule Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl Circle Drawl
12:15 1046.3 1141.11 133.45 93.93 47.51 384.49 322.43 154.45
12:30 1073.84 1137.84 110.39 75.43 46.21 385.9 374.88 139.68
12:45 1069.58 1108.45 98.79 49.97 45.74 382,18 379.03 146.75
13:00 1073.55 1135.97 98.53 49.91 46.59 ; 403.09 384.41 147.12
13:15 1027.97 1181.41 142.98 47.71 47.11 402.68 380.1 154.11
13:30 1032.03 1195.09 141.5 47.75 47.94 401.33 385.67 161.98
13:45 1038.84 1232.56 121.74 87.55 47.8 411.31 401.41 157.81
14:00 1034.02 1211.41 108.1 101.41 47.56 407.52 394.48 149.52
14:15 1024.59 1232.07 140.42 95.23 48.12 406.24 390.01 147.85
14:30 1021.35 1064.49 145.52 99.82 48.52 415.89 278.37 72.87
14:45 1023.49 1042.92 138.08 99.54 49.17 401.99 287.05 63.49
15.00 1022.91 1018.42 138.02 100.4 49.19 330.27 272.3 124.18
15:15 1024.91 969.63 127.34 99.44 48.33 342.75 264.93 81.37
15:30 1025.62 1076.39 141.87 108.9 49.19 366.21 324.59 79.73
15:45 1020.86 1084.47 147.53 137.99 49.32 347.15 313.43 84.37
16:00 1027.72 994.63 102.39 119.91 49.55 336.3 296.04 85.57
16:15 1070.42 529.12 47.56 42.93 72.06 117.38 234.57 11.88
16:30 1069.84 550.6 44.38 39.1 87.02 123.54 242.41 11.88
16:45 1054.93 487.9 -1.9 40.77 71.81 128.08 237.75 11.84
17:00 1048.78 1111.23 84.21 91.04 46.41 329.88 366.09 190.39
17:15 1039.57 1264.14 83.95 158.4 17.5 410.8 413.57 177.54
17:30 1021.7. 1210.18 76.01 188.99 17.01 • 425.44 425.99 73.07
17:45 1018.73 1294.89 110.17 207.32 65.11 441.48 408.57 59.28
18:00 1022.03 1335.74 152.72 207.03 85.31 439.15 394.75 53.6
18:15 1077.91 1469.32 195.12 185.78 118.2 429.92 386.2 150.18
18:30 1110.64 1431.24 175.79 189.9 126.58 362.3 396.54 174.59
18:45 1127.83 1313.69 212.53 196.03 103.18 310.25 292.69 190.46
19:00 1163.89 1353.65 200.41 210.36 96.89 319.07 314.98 202.96
19:15 1213.47 1299.49 293.66 102.89 105.53 243.01 323.46 218.96
19:30 1245.49 1198.39 205.96 108.09 68.49 280.71 297.42 234.68
19:45 1260.56 1258.68 186.33 210.32 116.15 342.29 165.58 232.32
20:00 1261.68 1297.35 247.08 220.47 124.46 349.31 174.86 172.02
20:15 1276.07 1470.21 191.22 244.58 125.6 363.52 323.79 212.9
20:30 1271.54 1367.65 195.58 215.95 64.73 329.41 329.26 222.95
20:45 1255.23 1015.98 145.78 118.47 58.11 232.91 343.52 111.56
21:00 1233.13 1354.08 229.48 206.78 109.11 254.02 344.85 200.33
21:15 1196.45 1109.97 189.42 107.75 74.58 353.01 204.31 174.09
21:30 1188.95 1196.9 201.22 190.31 104.52 344.55 182.67 158
21:45 1178.86 1181.41 248.87 207.45 108.85 346.59 175.59 84.74
22:00 1162.47 1123.86 265.54 201.9 38.13 • 343.03 187.76 79.37
22:15 1135.98 1305.34 217.97 196.35 38.05 401.79 365.75 78.18
22:30 1136.05 1033.22 104.92 103.64 25.52 336.18 363.14 90.69
22:45 1136.25 1104.57 93.5 140.8 84.44 335.89 347.72 91.99
23:00 1133.16 1122.21 143.56 129.97 66.1 331.17 353.16 90.62
23:15 1121.52 1091.66 119.71 126.01 51.28 327.97 365.86 91.57
23:30 1113.86 1185.94 167.24 107.73 49.99 352.87 408.8 90.04
23:45 1113.56 1149.81 174.54 80.98 50.5 431.1 345.13 57.27
1118.77 1000.86 96.57 77.97 57.23 425.13 284.28 50.48
r'5?HT3oi

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7.5 Power System Control using SCADA
The power supply position in Haiyana for 13.04.07is summarized as follows.
(A) Load energy details of Haryana for 13.04.07:
(a)OffPeakHourLoad 2624 MW
(b) Peak Hour Load 2580 MW
(c) Peak Hour Restrictions 1002 MW
(d) CGS Schedule 27.011 MU
(e) CGS Drawl 30.211 MU
(f) Own Generation 24.920 MU
(g) Consumption 55.131 MU
(B) Frequency profile of Northern Region for 13.04.07:
Percentage of time frequency

(a) < 48.00 0.00

(b)< 48.50 0.00
(c) < 48.80 2.36
(d) < 49.00 28.85
(e) < 49.50 64.63
(f) 49.00 - 50.50 : 71.15
(g)> 50.00 : 0.00
(h)> 50.50 : 0.00
(i)> 51.00 : 0.00
G)> 51.50 : 0.00

Maximum frequency was 49.83 Hz at 17.30 hrs and the minimum frequency was 48.71 Hz
at 22.05 hrs. The frequency profile in Northern Region for 13.04.07 is also depicted in
Fig. 7.1.
The Haryana power system control exercise as carried out by SLDC control room
for 13.04.07 is studied on the basis of real time values, load relief data and power cut sheet.
The action taken by the operator can be explained as under:
(i) 00:00hrs to 01:00hrs, the grid frequency was in between 48.94Hz to 49.40Hz &
the drawl by HVPNL from central grid was between 1054.07 MW and 1197.60 MW, well

87
 Frequency Profile In Northern Region For : 13 - 04 - 2007 Home
Graph applet by GraphsCharts.eom |

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dik-71

http://www.nrldc.orM/charts/freqgraph.asp 5/14/2007
within the schedule of 1185.20 MW to 1195.60 MW almost whole of the time. Hence there
was no need to impose any type of power restriction as the system was running normal and
no fear of penalty as there was no unscheduled interchange.
(ii) 01:45hrs to 02:45hrs, the system frequency was running in between 49.07Hz and
49.23Hz. At.l:45hrs there was overdrawl of 92 MW as the HVPNL drawl from CGS was
1349.73 MW against the CGS schedule of 1257 MW and the operator after studying the
t

real time data of both the distribution companies i.e. UHBVN and DHBVN, found that
overdrwal in HVPNL system was contributed by the UHBVN as the DHBVN drawl was
well within the limits of scheduled drawl, due to which an Urban/Mixed Urban area cut
was imposed in Jind circle a part of UHBVN, expecting a relief of 30 MW as per load
relief data but the relief was not as expected. This may be due to non implementation of the
instructions issued by the control room operator by some of the sub-stations.
(iii) 17:00hrs to 18:00hrs, the system frequency was in between 49.28Hz and
49.51 Hz. Usually this is just starting of the peak load hours period. During this period the
drawl from the grid is on the higher side varying from 60 MW to 500 MW. Considering
the daily load curve the operator knows that both the constituents will draw more than the
CGS schedule hence power restrictions were imposed on both the distribution companies
areas i.e. IJHBVN and DHBVN in phased manner. First of all, an Urban/Mixed Urban area
cut was imposed froml7:00hrs to 18:00hrs on Bhiwani, Narnaul and Sirsa circles a part of
DHBVN expecting a relief of 40 MW, 35 MW and 30 MW respectively. In the meantime,
an Urban/Mixed Urban area cut was also imposed from 17:30hrs to 18:00hrs on Hissar
circle expecting a relief of 55 MW. Thereafter the power cut restrictions were imposed on
UHBVN area and so on.
7.6 Conclusion
The power system stress and danger of losing synchronism is increasing. Therefore,
fast and accurate control action is needed for each contingency. The real time information
can be used for power system control, protection, monitoring and even for the system
maintenance. The study carried out for a day 13.04.07 shows that the cuts imposed by the
operator were not uniform for the entire region. Although the imposed power cuts on the
region were to avoid grid collapse and to minimize unscheduled interchanges but not in a

89
distributed pattern. Therefore it is necessary that the power cuts should be programmed and
automatic command be given to the feeders category wise and region wise to reap the
complete benefits of SCADA instead of relying on the will of the operator and create
disparity amongst consumers.

90
 CHAPTER 8
CASE STUDY 2
Post-facto Analysis of a near blackout event occurred due to
Grid Disturbance using SCADA
8.1 Introduction
A 'Grid Disturbance' denotes tlie situation under which a set of generating units /
transmission elements trip in an abrupt and unplanned manner affecting the power supply
in a large area and / or causing the system parameters to deviate from the normal values in
a wide range. In the event of a grid disturbance, utmost priority is to be accorded to early
restoration / revival of the system. It is possible that during such a situation the system may
have to be operated with reduced security standards and suspension of all commercial
incentives / penalties.
The SCADA helps in the post-facto analysis of 'grid disturbance' as all the
events/sequence of manual/auto operation of the breakers, ICTs, isolators and system
parameters are recorded at SLDC control room.
Before Jan 2005, the HVPNL transmission system was being operated in radial
mode. To provide even distribution of power supply throughout the region and to give a
reliable power transmission system to Haryana, the whole of the transmission system at
220KV level was synchronized on 15"^ Jan,2005. But the utility due to lack of experience
in operating synchronized system has to face frequent grid failures in the recent past.
Therefore it needs to learn at each event of disturbance to remove its shortcomings of
system particularly protection of the protection system. Such a grid disturbance is analyzed
using SCADA as under.
On 19"' October, 2006 the HVPNL experienced a 'Grid Disturbance' due to
snapping'of earth wire of 220KV Kaithal-Narwana double circuit line near Narwana end.
The snapped earth wire touched the live phase wire and caused grid disturbance due to
indiscriminate trippings and thereby cuased black out in the area fed from 220KV Sub-
station Kaithal and 220KV Sub-station Pehowa as shovm in Fig. 8.1. The main aim of the
study is to analyze the correctness of the facts recorded manually by the operators, whether

91
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the tripping of the lines/transmission elements was logical i.e. protection schemes
responded correctly or not and remedial measures to avoid such tripping in future.

8.2 Sequence of Events

8.2.1 Transmission Grid Overview of the Effected region:
The 220KV sub-station Kaithal forms an important part of the HVPNL transmission
network of Haryana. The sub station has an installed capacity of 300MVA and is
connected to the 400KV PGCIL Kaithal through 220KV Double circuit line from one end,
220kv "Nissing through 220KV Double circuit line from other end. In the similar way it is
connected with the 220KV Pehowa and 220KV Narwana through 220KV double circuit
transmission lines. 220KV Pehowa is further connected with 220KV Shahbad through
220KV double circuit transmission line. The HVPNL grid diagram is shown in Fig. 8.2.

8.2.2 Chronology:
After the disturbance was caused due to breaking of earth wire of 220KV Double
circuit Kaithal-Narwana line at a distance of 27.5Km from Kaithal end and touching
thereof with live conductors, the following sequence of trippings/operations were recorded:
At 02:05Hrs
The circuit breaker controlling 220KV Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-I tripped off on
receipt of trip command from protection schemes provided on control and relay panel i.e.
MM3V (M-I) showing R-0-E, Z-I, II&III & REL-511(M-II) showing Broken Conductor,
R-0-E,Z- I,II&III. The circuit breaker controlling 220KV Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-II tripped
off on receipt of trip command issued from REL-511(M-II) showing R-0-E, Z-III. 220KV
Kaithal-PGCIL Ckt-II control circuit breaker tripped off on the trip command triggered by
Directional earth fault Relay. At the same instant circuit breaker controlling 220kv Kaithal-
Nissing Ckt-II also tripped off on the receipt of tripping command initiated by Razoa(M-l)
showing R-0-E.
Note: - The protection schemes provided on the control panel receive and process the
instantaneous data from the CTs & PTs provided on each circuit bay . Any deviation from
the preset values is analyzed by the protection schemes and then alarm or trip command if
necessitated is issued to the controlling circuit breaker. The operation of protection

93
schemes and operation of controlling circuit breakers triggers alarm in the main SLDC
control room also and alerts the operator to act as per system parameters.
At 02:50Hrs
Checking the Sub-station yard and getting acquainted himself of all the simultaneous
trippings* from the adjoining sub-stations, SLDC control room Panipat and knowing that
only the Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-Il is alive up to the sub-station and supply can be restored
after isolating the faulty section and closing the CB of the said line, trip command was
issued on remote to open all the remaining circuits of 220KV which were opened from
other end i.e. Kaithal-Nissing Ckt-I, Kaithal-PGCIL Ckt-I, & Kaithal-Pehowa Ckt-I&II, all
I32KV outgoing circuits &1 IKV lines.
At03:15Hrs
Close command was given to the CB controlling 220KV Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-il and
the sub station was energized successfully.
At 03:30Hrs
Close command was issued to the CB controlling 220KV Kaithal-Pehowa Ckt-II and
220KV Kaithal-PGCIL Ckt-1 and these lines were energized successfully.
At 03:33Hrs
Supply was synchronized with Powergrid through 220KV Kaithal-PGCIL Ckt-I at
440KV Sub-station Kaithal end with synchronizing control panel.
At 03:40Hrs
22QKV Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-I breaker tripped off on receipt of trip signal from
protection scheme MM3V (M-I) showing B-0-E Z-I & REL-511 showing B-0-E Z-1.
At 03!50Hrs
Close command was given to the CB controlling 220KV Kaithal-Nissing Ckt-I&II
which caused successful closing of breaker.
At 04:35Hrs
Close command was given to the CB controlling 220KV Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-II
causing successful closing thereof. Tried to close the CB controlling 220KV Kaithal-
Narwana Ckt-I triggering close signal but can not do so due to mechanical problem of the
controlling circuit breaker.

95
At 08:45Hrs
After getting the 220KV Kaithal-PGCIL Ckt-II patrolled and obtaining the clearance
the Une was charged and synchronized with Powergrid at 440KV Sub-station Kaithal end.
*FoUowing trippings occurred a( other stations at 02:05hrs as reported to operator
and shown on HMI operator console at SLDC control centre, Panipat
400KV S«b station PGCIL Kaithal:
315MVA 400/132KV ICT tripped off on the receipt of trip command from the
protection scheme which analyzed the operating values as earth fault.
220KV Sub station Narwana:
CB controlling 220KV Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-I tripped off sensed as R-0 to E fault
on protection schemes. lOOMVA 220/132K.V power transformer also tripped off with the
operation of directional earth fault relay and initiating trip command.
220KV Sub Station Nissing:
CB controlling 220KV Nissing-Kaithal Ckt-I&II tripped off with the operation of
protection scheme sensing R-0 to E fault thereby triggering trip command.
220KV Sub Station Pehowa:
CB controlling 220KV Pehowa-Shahbad Ckt-I tripped off with the operation of
protection scheme interpreting R-0 to E fault to the disturbed system values .
220KV Sub Station Shahbad:
CB controlling 220KV Shahbad-Pehowa circuit I&II tripped off with the operation
of protection scheme interpreting R-0 to E to the disturbed system values.

8.3 Analysis
After going through the sequence of trippings/operations recorded, the reason of
trippings of all other transmission elements i.e. 220KV transmission lines & ICTs can not
be justified as the fault of 220KV Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-I at 02.05Hrs joining 220KV sub
station kaithal and 220KV sub station Narwana would have caused only the isolation of the
said circuit from both ends instead of tripping of various lines and ICT at 400KV Sub-
station Kaithal and thereby causing blackout in the area fed from 220KV sub station
kaithal and 220KV sub station Pehowa. Its prima facia shows that some important fact
was left to be recoded by the operator.

96
 The events recorded in Historical data recorder & event logger at SLDC control
room for that period was consulted and it was found that all the facts recorded by the
operator tallied with the events recorded at SLDC control room with slight variation in
time was correct except the fact that the CB controlling the 220KV Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-I
did not tripped at 02:05Hrs even after getting tripping command on operation of protection
relays which responded correctly to the disturbed values, as recorded by operator but it "
tripped off" on the receipt of trip command triggered manually while opening all the lines
at 02:50Hrs. Now the missing link was found and all of the trippings of various controlling
circuit breakers can be explained easily as:
"In fact the incident happened at 02:13:16.585 Hrs when the broken earth wire of
220KV Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-I touched the R-0 conductor of the Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-I
and caused the R-0-E fault. The faulty section was isolated from Narwana end but can not
be isolated from Kaithal end as the breaker at Kaithal end failed to open even after getting
trip command from protection system which responded correctly to the disturbed values.
The fauU was now fed from remaining 220KV lines feeding the bus-I to which it was
cormected. Accidentally the bus coupler also failed to trip. Hence the fault was now being
fed through all the 220KV lines connecting to this sub station.
The intensity of fault was approximately 3.4ka measured at 220KV sub station
Kaithal by Rel-511 relay provided on 220KV Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-I and it was
collectively fed by other 220KV circuits and it was cleared by the far end circuit breakers
provided at adjoining sub stations.
The fault current shared by the 220KV lines connected with 220KV sub station
Pehowa was approximately 600A which could not create impedance fault condition but
created earth fault and there was no provision of earth fault feature in the protection system
provided at Pehowa end which was rightly cleared by back up 0/C & E/F relays provided
at 220KV sub station Shahbad by opening both the breakers of 220KV Shahbad-Pehowa
circuit I&II. The tripping of 220KV Kaithal-PGCIL Ckt-II, with the operation of
directional earth-fault rely in the wrong direction was due to the fact that its directional
element was not enabled.
Thus both the sub stations were isolated and the area fed was plunged into
darkness."

97
 The major grid disturbance or grid collapse was averted due to the fact that at the
time of this incident the system was heavily loaded & the frequency was 49.32Hz at
02:00Hrs just before grid disturbance and was hovering between 49.14Hz to 49.98Hz
during the period from 01:00Hrs to 08:00Hrs. The load throvra off during the incident was
approximately 300MW only. In the synchronized grid having strong and dense
transmission network the power automatically changed its course of flow to the power
starving area.

8.4 Recommendations
1. The clocks of all the event loggers, disturbance recorders and the protection schemes
provided with this feature should be synchronized with the SLDC/NRLDC clock to
facilitate proper study of each event. The wall clock timings, which are taken as reference
by the operator for recoding each event, be also tallied with SLDC.
2. The 220KV CB controlling Kaithal-Narwana Ckt-I, needs to be checked for operation.
Tripping/closing of all the circuit breakers falling in the grid needs to be checked regularly
to avoid such failures.
3. The directional element of the directional earth fault relay provided on 220KV Kaithal-
PGCIL Ckt-II should be enabled as it triggered the trip command for fault in wrong
direction.
4. The Razoa(ABB) DPR scheme provided on the 220KV Kaithal-Nissing Ckt-II be
checked for its operation in wrong direction fault.
5. The DPR schemes provided on 220KV Kaithal- Pehowa Ckt-I&II should be replaced
with hew relays having earth fault feature.
6. All the 220KV circuits should be equipped with at least one number Numerical DPR
scheme having all the required features in synchronized grid such as earth fault, broken
conductor and the most important disturbance recorder.

8.5 Conclusion
With the installation of SCADA technology, the excessive time spent investigating
faults and problems is reduced substantially. Post incident analysis is required to prevent
reoccurrence of similar outages and power failures. From the above post-facto analysis of
the near black-out event, in a radius of about 50 Kms, occurred due to grid disturbance, lot

98
of deficiencies were noticed and recommendations were made to avoid even such small
incidents in the future. This was not possible without the help of SCADA control center of
the region, even the duration of the black-out was shortened as the operator at remote was
assisted by the SCADA control room operator to whom all the data of grid was available
on HMI in analog and graphics form, showing status of each control circuit breaker and
other parameters.

99
 CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
9.1 Conclusion
SCADA systems have made substantial progress over the recent years in terms of
functionality, scalability, performance and openness such that they are an alternative to in-
house development even for very demanding and complex control systems. The benefits
one can expect from adopting a SCADA system for the control can be summarized as
follows:
1. A rich functionality and extensive development facility. So, the amount of effort
invested in SCADA is worthable.
2. The amount of specific development that needs to be performed by end-user is limited,
especially with suitable engineering i.e. SCADA is expandable in nature.
3. Reliability and robustness are one of its powerful features. These systems are used for
mission critical industrial processes where reliability and performance are paramount. In
addition, specific development is performed within a well-established framework that
enhances reliability and robustness.
4. Globally, it pays for itself in a very short span of time.
Due to system complexity, system is suffered from over or under load shedding
which also could cause severe stability and reliability problems. The power system stress
and danger of losing synchronism and voltage stability are also increasing. So, fast and
accurate control function is needed for each contingency. As power system evolves, more
and more real time information is needed to support the advanced service and functions in
order to make the power system more stable and reliable. This thesis has shown how the
frequency, voltage and drawl is monitored and controlled within safe limits using real time
data so as to maintain the discipline and stability of the system. Unscheduled mechanism
has radically transformed the frequency landscape and remarkably improved grid
management. It is also shown that with the installation of SCADA technology, excessive
time spent investigating faults and problems is reduced substantially. Post incident analysis
is required to prevent reoccurrence of outages and power failures in future
Don't wait, automate!

100
. 9.2 Scope for Future Research
Power system development needs SCADA system to perform more advanced
functions than it did before. To cope up with this growth, augmentation / renovation of
existing SCADA and Energy Management System is necessary from time to time. The
benefit of Energy Management System would definitely be released in future by reduction
in blackout events and providing better quality supply to the consumers. The ultimate goal
for the real time control, communication and computation schemes is to control the
dynamics directly without having to set special protection parameters.
Deregulation and the changing relationships between energy producer, seller,
deliverer, buyer and user are creating a need for integration that has never been considered
before. The business role of SCADA systems has changed from just has been a
management tool for electrical grids. Today it is a knowledge management tool, learning
and gathering technical as well as commercial information and serving a range group of
users. SCADA vendors are now looking to improve openness to the integrated business
practices of the power industry. Energy companies become more focused on their supply,
chains and systems that were once an exclusive domain now need to be integrated with
other enterprise-level systems. This trend makes sure that all users within a utility have
real-time ^access to the information, which they really need and have access rights to.
In order to enhance the performance of existing,systems and new designs, electric
utilities must fully understand the current state of the power system as well as predict
future capabilities and system expansion to increase reliability and performance. Increased
global competition, deregulation, availability demands, and pricing pressures are forcing
the electric utility industry to reduce operation costs while increasing reliability. Utilities
often need to push equipment to higher loading levels to meet demands.
The main goal of improved data management and analysis is to better manage the
use of power system apparatus. We need to move toward an asset management model that
considers all three variables of health, availability/reliability, and performance along with
appropriate economic drivers. The proposed application will not create a massive database;
rather, it will leverage existing databases, including the real-time historian, and readily
available communications processor technology to collect and integrate decision-making
information.

101
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