Muscle Tissue

• There are three types of muscles

• skeletal
• cardiac
• smooth
• Properties of muscle tissue
• excitability (respond to stimulus)
• contractility (shorten)
• elasticity (return to its original length)
• extensibility (stretch beyond its relaxed length)
 Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• There are over 700 skeletal muscles and together they form the
muscular system
• Muscle fibers (cells) are striated (possessing stripes) when observed under
a microscope
• A skeletal muscle is considered an organ (all 4 tissue types)
• Function of skeletal muscle tissue
• movement
• maintenance of posture
• temperature regulation
• storage
• support
Organization
• muscle
• fascicle
• muscle fiber
• myofibrils
• myofilaments
CT
• endomysium
• perimysium
• epimysium
• fascia (deep
and superf.)
Attachment
• tendon
• aponeurosis
Microscopic organization
• Transverse tubules (T-tubules) - deep invaginations of the
sarcolemma that extend into the sarcoplasm
• Terminal cisternae - blind sacs at the end of the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
Myofibrils
• The sarcoplasm of a muscle fiber contains 100–1000 cylindrical
structures that extend the entire length of the cell = myofibrils.
• Myofibrils have the ability to shorten, resulting in contraction of the
muscle and the production of motion
• Myofibrils are composed of repetitive groupings of myofilaments.
Myofilaments
• Thin filaments - actin and associated proteins
• Thick filaments - myosin
Neuromuscular
Junction
• Synaptic knob
(vesicles w ACh)
• Synaptic cleft
(AChE)
• Motor end plate
(receptor)

Motor unit
• single motor
neuron and the
muscle fibers it
controls
• all-or-none
principle
Organizational Patterns in Fascicles
• Circular: sphincter, contraction closes off
opening
• Parallel: fascicles run parallel to its long axis,
have a central body, called the belly
• Convergent: muscle fibers converge on a
common attachment site, often triangular in
shape
• Pennate: have one or more tendons extending
through their body, and the fascicles are
arranged at an oblique angle to the tendon.
• Unipennate: all fibers on same side of
tendon
• Bipennate: (most common) fibers on both
sides of tendon
• Multipennate: branches of the tendon within
the muscle
 Actions of Skeletal Muscles
• Agonists: (prime mover) contracts to produce a particular
movement
• Antagonists: actions oppose those of the agonist
• Synergists: assist the prime mover for additional pull.
• Fixators: assist the agonist by preventing movement at a joint,
stabilizing the origin of the agonist
 Criteria for Naming of Muscles
• Names incorporate appearance, location, function, orientation,
and/or unusual features
• Names provide clues to their identification
• muscle action (flexor carpi radialis)
• region (biceps brachii)
• attachments (supraspinatus)
• orientation of muscle fibers (rectus abdominis)
• muscle shape and size (romboideus major)
• muscle heads/tendons of origin (quadriceps femoris)
 Cardiac Muscle
• Fibers are individual,
arranged in thick bundles
within the heart wall.
• Striated, but shorter and
thicker, and they have only
one or two nuclei per cell.
• Fibers form Y-shaped
branches and join adjacent
muscle fibers at junctions
termed intercalated discs.
• Autorhythmic cells = can
generate muscle impulse
without nervous stimulation
(nodal cells)
 Smooth Muscle
• Short muscle fibers, spindle shape with
a single centrally located nucleus.
• Thick and thin filaments are not precisely
aligned so no visible striations.
• Thin filaments are attached to dense
bodies by elements of the cytoskeleton.
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum is sparse and
transverse tubules are absent.
• Contraction is slow, resistant to fatigue,
and usually sustained for an extended
period of time.
• Takes longer than skeletal muscle to
contract and relax.
• Contraction is under involuntary control.
Ch 10: Muscle Tissue
1. Know the 4 unique properties of muscle tissue
2. Understand skeletal muscle tissue function
3. Know the structural organization of the skeletal muscle tissue (including
connective tissue components)
4. Understand the principles of muscle attachments (including origin vs. insertion)
5. Understand the embryologic development of a single muscle fiber
6. Know microscopic organization the muscle fibers (myofibrils and myofilaments)
7. Understand the role and organization of a sarcomere and the mechanisms of
skeletal muscle contraction.
8. Know the components of the neuromuscular junction and their functions.
Understand the characteristics a motor unit
9. Understand isometric and isotonic muscle contraction as discussed in class
10. Know the four organizational patterns in fascicles
11. Understand the actions of skeletal muscles (agonist, antagonist and synergist)
12. Know the characteristics of cardiac muscle as discussed in class
13. Know the characteristics of smooth muscle as discussed in class
 Axial Muscles
• Have both their origins and
insertions on parts of the axial
skeleton

Groups:
• Muscles of the head and neck
• Muscles of the vertebral column
• Muscles of respiration
• Muscles of the abdominal wall
• Muscles of the pelvic floor
 Muscles of the Head and Neck
Separated into several specific groups.
• Facial expression
• Extrinsic eye
• Mastication
• Tongue movement
• Pharynx
• Anterior, lateral and posterior
neck

• Almost all originate on either the skull

or the hyoid bone.
 Muscles of Facial Expression
• Origin: skull or superficial fascia
• Insertion: superficial fascia of the skin
• Action: contractions contort the skin
thereby causing changes in facial
expression
• Innervation: most muscles facial nerve
(CN VII)
Epicranius Zygomaticus major and minor
Buccinator Orbicularis oris Orbicularis oculi
Levator labii superioris Depressor labii inferioris
Levator & depressor anguli oris Platysma
Extrinsic Eye Muscles
Muscles of Mastication
 Muscles That Move the Tongue
• The tongue is comprised of intrinsic muscles that curl, squeeze,
and fold the tongue.
• The extrinsic muscles attach to the tongue (-glossus)
 Muscles of the Pharynx
• Primary pharynx muscles are the pharyngeal constrictors.
• Initiate swallowing and force the bolus inferiorly into the esophagus.
• splenius capitis
• suboccipital muscle group (rectus & obliquus)
• muscles that move the vertebral column
 Muscles of the Vertebral Column
• Have multiple origins and insertions.
• Exhibit quite a bit of overlap.
• Many are covered by the most superficial back muscles
(trapezius and latissimus dorsi)
• Includes many dorsal extensors but few ventral flexors
Muscles of Respiration
Muscles of Respiration
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor
Formed by three layers of
muscles and associated
fasciae (pelvic diaphragm)
• support of the pelvic
organs
• control of defecation and
urination
• aid reproductive processes

Perineum
• urogneital triangle
• anal triangle
Ch 11: Axial muscles (part 1)
1. Know the major muscles of facial expression and their origin, insertion and actions
(OIA).
2. Know the extrinsic eye muscles and describe how each affect eye movement
3. Know the muscles of mastication (including OIA)
4. Understand intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue and know the extrinsic
muscles (OIA)
5. Know the major muscles of the pharynx as presented in class
6. Know the anterior neck muscles (supra/infra-hyoid)
7. Know the muscles that move the head and neck (anterolateral and posterior) as
discussed in class
8. Know the muscles of the vertebral column as discussed in class
9. Know the muscles of respiration and understand their function
10. Know the muscles of the abdominal wall (OIA)
11. Know the muscles of the pelvic floor as discussed in class.
12. Understand perineum and pelvic triangles
 Appendicular Muscles
• Move upper and lower limbs
• Stabilize pectoral and pelvic girdles
• Work in groups that are either
synergistic or antagonistic.
 Muscles of the Upper Limb
• Muscles that move the pectoral girdle
• Muscles that move the glenohumeral
(shoulder) joint/arm
• Muscles of the arm and forearm that
move the elbow joint/forearm
• Muscles of the forearm that move the
wrist joint, hand, and fingers
Muscles That Move the Pectoral Girdle
Originate on the axial skeleton - Insert on the clavicle and scapula
Stabilize the scapula: Pectoralis minor (protracts and depresses)
Serratus anterior (protracts)
Rhomboideus major (adducts and elevates)
Trapezius (elevates, adducts and depresses)
 Muscles That Move the Arm
• All of these muscles insert on the humerus
• Latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major origins on the axial
skeleton all others on the scapula
Abducts
Deltoideus (med and lat rotates arm)
Supraspinatus
Adducts
Pectoralis major (flexes & rotates medially)
Latissimus dorsi (extends & rotates medially)
Infraspinatus (rotates laterally)
Coracobrachialis (flexes)
 Muscles That Move the Forearm
Flexors
• Biceps brachii
• Brachialis
• Brachioradialis
Extensors
• Triceps brachii
 Muscles That Move the Forearm
Flexors
• Biceps brachii
• Brachialis
• Brachioradialis
Extensors
• Triceps brachii
Pronators and Supinators of the Forearm
Forearm Muscles That Move the
Wrist Joint, Hand, and Fingers

Flexors
• Flexor carpi radialis (abducts)
• Palmaris longus
• Flexor carpi ulnaris (adducts)
Forearm Muscles That Move the
Wrist Joint, Hand, and Fingers

Extensors
• Extensor carpi ulnaris (adducts)
• Extensor digitorum
• Extensor carpi radialis brevis
(abducts)
• Extensor carpi radialis longus
(abducts)
 Muscles of the Lower Limb
• The most powerful and largest muscles in the body.
• Stabilize the highly movable coxal joint and support the body
during standing and walking.
• Several of these muscles cross over and act upon two joints:
the coxal and the knee joints
• Majority of the muscles that move the thigh at the coxal joint
originate on the pelvic girdle and insert on the femur.
Muscles That Move the Thigh

Extensors
• Gluteus maximus (rotates lat)
• Biceps femoris (rotates lat)
• Semitendinosus
• Semimembranosus
Abductor
• Gluteus medius (rotates)
Muscles That Move the Thigh

Flexors
• Tensor fascia latae
• Psoas major (laterally rotates)
• Sartorius (laterally rotates)
• Rectus femoris
• Gracilis (adducts)
Muscles That Move the Leg
Extensors: Quadriceps
Converge at quadriceps tendon to the patella then to the patellar
ligament to insert on the tibial tuberosity
Muscles That Move the Leg

Flexors
• Hamstrings
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus (rotates med)
Semimembranosus (rotates med)
• Gracilis
• Sartorius
• Gastrocnemius
Muscles That Move the Foot

Plantar Flexion
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus (inverts/adducts)
• Fibularis longus (everts)

Dorsiflexion
• Tibialis anterior
Muscles That Move the Foot

Plantar Flexion
• Gastrocnemius
• Soleus (inverts/adducts)
• Fibularis longus (everts)

Dorsiflexion
• Tibialis anterior (inverts)
Ch 11: Appendicular Muscles (part 2)
1. Know the muscles that move the pectoral girdle
2. Know muscles that move the arm (abductors and adductors)
3. Know the muscles that move the forearm (flexors and extensors)
4. Know the pronators and supinators of the forearm as discussed in class
5. Know the muscles that move the wrist joint, hand, and fingers (flexors and
extensors)
6. Know the muscles that move the thigh (flexors, extensors and abductors)
7. Know the muscles that move the leg (flexors and extensors)
8. Know the muscles that move the foot (plantar flexors and dorsiflexors)