PROJECT REPORT

ON

HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

COURSE CODE:-AHE-01

APPLICATION ORIENETED COURSE

ON
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT

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 "COMPARISON OF POPULATION GROWTH PATTERN

IN EDUCATED AND UNEDUCATED. FAMILIES"

OBJECTIVES

The project is about the comparison of population growth pattern is educated and

uneducated families. The main objectives of the project are as follows:‐

(i) To find the pattern of growth of population nation wise as well as family‐wise.

(ii) To compare how the population has grown ones the fast 20 years in educated as well

as uneducated families.

(iii) To search what are the reasons behind the population growth in the families and

nation. Then I will Compare the reasons and search whether there are some new reasons

behind the population growth.

(iv) To find what are the consequence of the population growth.

(v) To find the number of deaths in the families in the last 20 years.

Method of Study.

In the project, I have to collect two types of data:

(i) Primary Data

Primary data has been collected by the way of questionnaires. Two questionnaires have

been prepared:‐ first questionnaire would collect information about the population of

educated and uneducated families in 2007. I would try to find out the number of children

per couple in every family.

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Second questionnaire would analyze the population for last 20 years. The questions have

been designed for the old age persons who can answer about the population, births and

deaths in the is families during last 20 years.

For the purpose of Primary Data, journals, magazines have been used. The objective of

Primary data is to compare the nation's population's growth rate with that of families.

We will be ales to know ........................... history of population growth and is nature. We

shall try to find the reasons behind the growth rate of population and consequences. We

will also find age and gender composition in the population.

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Population Dynamics

Population explosion is causing great concern not only in India but all over the world, to

all countries. Every government is taking action and is making all serious efforts to check

population increase. For this, several causes are responsible, most important being that

whereas mortality rate has been checked by providing better medical and health

facilities, fertility rate has not been checked. Increasing population it does not keep pace

with.

Socio ‐ Demographic Profile of India.

India is the Second most populous country in the world. India's population is roughly

around 16 per cent of the total population of the world while china's population is 22

percent. But China has almost attained demographic stability, which has not been

achieved in India game of the salient features of demographic trends in India are as

follows:‐

(i) Increasing population in India

According to the 2001 census, the population of India is 102.34 crores. In comparison

with 1991 census, these has been 21.34 percent increase factors responsible for this

increase are better health facilities, decrease in mortality rate, effective control of

epidemics, appropriate measures is famines, average progress and economic

development. Population has increased in spite of moderate decrease in fertility rate. In

total population, rural population is 72 percent and urban population is 28 percent.

Excessive increase in population is a matter of concern for the social structure of any

country. Irregular and fast growth in population creates unemployment, poverty,

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juvenile delinquency, suicides and many other problems. As per to the latest information

is born every three Seconds in India and a death occurs every three and a half seconds.

Following table given clear indication of increase and decrease in population of India in

various decades:

Population of India in various decades

Census years Population (in crores) Increase or Decrease.

1901 23.83 + 0.93.

1911 25.21 +. 5.73

1921 26.14 – 0.31

1931 27.90 + 11.01

1941 31.80 + 14.22

1951 36.11 + 13.31

1961 43.92 + 21.58

1971 54.79. + 24.80

1981 68.52 + 25.00

1991 84.39. + 23.50

2001 102.70. + 21.34

According to Projection of Population in India, the future estimates can be seen as:‐

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Projection of Population Up to 2016 (in crores)

S. NO. Tear (On 1st march) Estimated population

1. 2011 117.89

2. 2016 126.35

Birth rate and death rate

In comparison with other countries the fertility rate in India is very high. Mortality rate

is also high but less then fertility rate. The reason for the fall in mortality rate is that the

general health of the Indians have improved because of socio‐economic progress.

Epidemics and diseases have been controlled. The span of life has increased.

The figures of birth and death rate are in complete and not authentic since all births and

deaths are not registered even today, Indian society is influenced by religion, customs,

traditions and superstitions and therefore, not interested in birth control and late

marriages.

MORTALITY AND FERTILITY RATE (1912 ‐ 2001)

Period Mortality Rate (Per Thousand) Fertility Rate (Per Thousand)

1921 – 31 36.3 46.4

1931 – 41 31.2 45.2

1941 – 51 27.4 39.9

1951 – 61 22.8 41.7

1961 – 71 18.9 39.0

1971 – 81 12.5 33.3

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1981 – 91 10.5 30.9

1991 – 2001 8.5 25.8

In any country the socio‐ economic conditions impact the population growth. In India,

reasons of the growing rate of population are – high fertility rate, marriages at a going

are, high rate of marriage couples, excessive importance of children, family system,

better medical facilities. Besides this education, religion, occupation, caste, creed,

communal facilities/ structures also influence the rate of population growth.

3) Mate– Female Ratio

According to the latest census 2001, the male population of India is 52.12 crores,

whereas the female population is 49.57 crores. For every 1000 man there are 933

women in India.

Figures of male – female ratio of various states and UTI's are given below:‐

Male/ Female Ratio.

S. No. State / UTI Ratio

1. Himachal Pradesh 970

2. Punjab 874

3. Chandigarh 773

4. Delhi 821

5. Uttaranchal 964

6. Haryana 861

7. Rajasthan 922.

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 8. Uttar Pradesh 898

9. Bihar 921

10. Sikkim 875

11. Arunachal Pradesh. 901

12. Nagaland 909

13. Manipur 878

14. Mizoram 938

15. Tripura 950

16. Meghalaya 975

17. Assam 932

18. West Bengal 934

19. Jharkhand 941

20. Orissa 972

21. Chhattisgarh 990

22. Madhya Pradesh 920

23. Gujarat 921

24. Maharashtra 922

25. Andhra Pradesh 872

26. Karnataka 964

27. Goa 960

28. Kerala 1058

29. Tamilnadu. 986

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4) Literacy

According to the 2001 census, there is only 65.38 percent literacy in the country out of

which the male literary is 75.85 per and, from this view, female literary rate is very less.

This becomes an important reason behind the population increase.

5) Age at Marriage

The try determinants of Indian fertility are (a) the proportion of married in the

population and age at marriage and (b) marital fertility rates or number of children born

to married women. Less than 1% of Indian women remain unmarried beyond the age of

reproduction. We can see that then mean age at marriage has gone up:‐

Simulate mean age at Marriage.

Census / Survey Men Women

year

1951 19.9 15.6

1961 21.3 15.9

1971 22.4 17.2

1981 23.3 18.3

1987 – 88 23.4 18.7

6) Use of Family Planning methods

Since 1952, the family planning programme is India has been trying to encourage the

spread of contraception on a voluntary based, for estimating the impact of these efforts,

the Indian practice has been to estimate 'effective couple protection rates, which take

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 into account the presumed efficacy of the method used for preventing conception. We

can see the number of couples who used family planning methods as:‐

S. No. Year Rate/Percent of effectively

contraception couples

1. 1960 0.2%

2. 1974 15%

3. 1980 22%

4. 1990 40%

The estimates for different sale – groups of the population on are:‐

Estimates of current Contraceptive Use in India by Selected

characteristics of Couples, 1970, 1980, 1988.

Characteristics All methods Modern methods

1970 1980 1988 1970 1980 1988

Age of wife

15 – 24 7 13 20 5 9 15

15 – 29 14 32 44 9 26 39

30 – 34 17 45 58 13 37 52

35 – 39 18 52 66 13 42 58

40 – 44 17 47 60 11 36 55

All 13 35 45 9 28 40

Education of wife

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Illiterate 10 28 37 7 22 34

Primary 21 47 54 15 39 48

Secondary 33 53 58 25 44 49

High School and alone 56 61 65 38 47 53

No. of Living children

Nil 2 4 5 2 3 3

One 7 17 24 4 11 17

Two 13 33 49 8 25 42

Three 16 49 61 11 40 56

Four 18 54 62 14 45 58

Five and more 25 51 55 19 42 50

No. of sons

Nil 5 11 18 3 7 13

One 12 34 44 8 26 37

Two 19 51 64 13 42 59

Three 20 55 62 16 46 58

Four or more 24 51 59 19 42 59

Place of residence

Urban 27 51 56 21 41 51

Rural 11 31 39 7 25 36

Religion

Hindu 14 36 46 10 29 41

Muslim 9 23 34 7 18 29

Other 25 48 62 15 39 55

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Caste among Hindus

Scheduled Castes NA 28 39 NA 22 34

Scheduled Tribes NA 33 33 NA 28 29

Other caste Hindus NA 38 49 NA 30 44

No. of children and desire for additional

children.

Have no child

Have 1–2 children 2 4 5 2 3 3

And want more

Have 1–2 children 6 11 18 3 7 12

And don't want more

Have 3 or more children 18 60 68 12 46 59

And want more

Have 3 or more children 5 6 9 2 3 6

And don't and more

23 63 69 18 53 64

7) We can find from census surveys that school enrolment and very less in nature for

girls, mostly girls are engaged in household works and even work as maid. We can see

the percentage of boys and girls to school in 1987 – 88 as:‐

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 State Boys Girls

5–9 10–14 5–9 10–14

Rural Areas

All India 52.5 64.3 40.4 52.8

Bihar 33.0 54.6 19.7 28.7

Madhya Pradesh 43.9 61.6 26.3 29.9

Rajasthan 47.8 69.8 25.5 19.2

Uttar Pradesh 45.4 63.8 28.2 30.7

Urban Areas

All India 73.0 79.9 67.8 71.9

Bihar 53.7 75.0 45.8 64.0

Madhya Pradesh 71.3 88.3 64.5 76.8

Rajasthan 68.3 83.2 54.7 64.0

Uttar Pradesh 58.9 71.3 49.4 60.8

8) Children as an Insurance

Because of lack of saving, a large number of children act like an insurance for their

Parents. These children, when grown up, Provide the security to their parents in old age.

Effects of Population increase

Faster Population growth is handicap. The effects of this is adverse which are:‐

(i) Adverse effects on savings

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The savings are seduced by population growth 'because of the increase of burden of

dependency' with high fertility and declined mortaring is younger and older age groups,

the population acquires an increasing proportion of people in the non – working age

groups relative to those of working age. Consumption per head rises and reduces

savings.

(ii) The pressure on land increases. The number productivity for the population put

pressures on land. It also damages the environmental resources.

(iii) Per capita income also decreases. It is due to the population increase. It has been due

to the following reasons:

a) If fertility had been lower for a longer period, the labour force would have been

little smaller in size but the number of people it had to support would have been

much smaller.

b) The amount of capital per worker would have been greater simply by reason of

the smaller number of workers.

c) The capital itself would have been more – productive. The effect of diminishing

returns in agriculture was equivalent to a lower average productivity of capital.

All these effect are likely to become more and most powerful as time goes on.

PRIMARY DATA

I have selected 10 educated families from Rohini area. Then 10 uneducated families have
been selected from Rajapur in Rohini where slums have been developed. To collect
information about today's population is the family. Questionnaire 1 has been used. This
questionnaire would find family member's sex–ratio, literary rate, number of children
among various age–groups, income and employment profile. In the Same Questionnaire,
questions have been prepared for the compels in the family, to find out this age at

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marriage, number of children living, number of children if died, couples who have
aborted family planning methods, desire for son and more children, etc. Questionnaire 2
will find out about number of children that old age people had, number of deaths in last
20 years etc.

The Questionnaires has been attached as:‐

QUESTIONNAIRE 1

Area:________________ RELIGION:_____________________

Name:_______________

1) What is the total number of members in family?

2) Sex – Ratio

No. of males: ___________ (including children)

No. of females: ___________ (including children)

3) Age – Composition

0 – 20 years: _________

20 – 40 years: ________

40 – 60 years: ________

60 – above years: _______

4) How many children are these in the family?

5) Age – Composition of children (living)

0 – 5 years: __________________

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6 – 10 years: ________________

11 – 15 years: _______________

16 – above years: ____________

6) Save ratio of children

No. of male children (boys): _____

No. of female children (girls): ________

7) No. of children who are working is the family:

Girls: _________

Boys: _________

8) What is the number of children going to school?

Boys: ________

Girls: ________

9) How many family members are educated?

Males: _________

Females: _______

10) This table will describe the education, lend, employment and income of the adult

family members:

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 S. No. Name of the M/F Educational Working as Income

members level (Rs.)

11) How many couples are there is the family? _______

FOR COUPLES ONLY.

12) What was your age at marriage?

Husband's age: _____ years.

Wife aye's age: _____ years.

13) What was your age when first child was born?

Husband's age: ______ years.

Wife's age: ______ years.

14) How many children do you have?

Boys : _______

Girls : _______

15) What are the ages of your children?

or

Age Composition of yours children

o – 5 years: ________

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6 – 10 years: ________

11 – 15 years: ________

15 – above years: ________

16) How many of your children have died?

17) Do you want more children? If Yes, why?

18) Do you want boy/girl child in future?

19) What is your educational level?

Husband's education: _________

Wife's education : __________

20) Are you working? If yes, what is your employment income:

Husband : ________ Income : Rs. ________

Wife : ________ Income : Rs. ________

21) Have you used any family planning method?

22) If the answer is 'no', are you willing to adopt it in near future?

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QUESTIONNAIRE 2

Name : ________

Age : _________

Occupation : ________

Area : ________

1) About 20 years age, how many family members well there?

2) How many family members have died during 20 years?

3) What were the causes of deaths?

i. Old age :

ii. Disease :

iii. During birth: (in font mortality)

iv. During birth of a child:

v. Any other reason:

4) Hove the income of family increased?

Yes :

No :

5) Hove you been able to save during last 20 years? Why/Why not?

Yes :

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No :

6) Have the literacy rate gone up during 20 years in your family?

Yes :

No :

7) What are the facilities which you are not getting even today? Tick on the following:

(i) Housing

(ii) Clean Environment

(iii) Water supply

(iv) Electricity

(v) Schooling

(vi) Employment opportunities

8) What are the other changes in your family? (If any)

I have collected data you 20 families. The data is given in the form tables. I gathered

relevant information to find the every aspect related to population dynamics.

(1) The number of family members

From the questionnaire 1, I found the number of family members in each family:‐

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 TABLE: 1

No. of Family Members

S. No. Educated Uneducated

Families Families

Family 1 10 20

Family 2 6 12

Family 3 15 25

Family 4 12 30

Family 5 10 18

Family 6 14 28

Family 7 5 22

Family 8 12 24

Family 9 10 18

Family 10 8 14

We can see that the number of members in uneducated families is much higher than the

educated families. The total number of population in educated families is 102 whereas

population in 10 uneducated families is 211 which is much high.

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(2) Sex‐Ratio in Families

If means number of males and females in the family. The data is including the children

also.

(a) Educated Families

The number of members in all the 10 educated families was very less and males and

females ratio was as below:‐

TABLE: 2

SEX‐RATIO.

S. No. Family Males (include Females (include

children) children)

1. Family 1 6 4

2. Family 2 3 3

3. Family 3 7 8

4. Family 4 5 7

5. Family 5 5 5

6. Family 6 8 6

7. Family 7 3 2

8. Family 8 6 6

9. Family 9 6 4

10. Family 10 5 3

(b) Uneducated families

Now, we have tabulated the number of males and females in the uneducated families:‐

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 TABLE: 3

SEX ‐ RATIO (including children)

IN UNEDUCATED FAMILIES

S. No. FAMILY MALES FEMALES

1. Family 1 8 12

2. Family 2 5 7

3. Family 3 12 13

4. Family 4 14 16

5. Family 5 5 13

6. Family 6 11 17

7. Family 7 9 13

8. Family 8 9 15

9. Family 9 8 10

10. Family 10 7 7

This has been done to find out the reasons behind the high birth rate as the number of

females (children) is very high and boys are very less.

(3) Age ‐ Composition

Age ‐ Composition will give us the number of family members in particular age class. This

can allow us to find the mortality and living rate. We can find how many persons are

adults, mature, old‐aged etc.

EDUCATED FAMILIES

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 TABLE: 4

AGE COMPOSITION IN

EDUCATED FAMILIES

Family AGE COMPOSITION (in years)

0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – above Total

Family 1 3 4 2 1 10

Family 2 1 4 – 1 6

Family 3 4 4 4 3 15

Family 4 4 4 2 2 12

Family 5 2 4 2 2 10

Family 6 5 6 1 2 14

Family 7 1 2 1 1 5

Family 8 3 4 3 2 12

Family 9 3 3 3 1 10
Family 10 3 2 1 2 8

Total 29 37 19 17 102

Similarly use tried to find out the age – composition in the uneducated families. After

this, we can compare both kinds of families.

UNEDUCATED FAMILIES

The table showing age – composition in uneducated families.

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 TABLE: 5

AGE – COMPOSITION IN

UNEDUCATED FAMILIES.

AGE COMPOSITION

FAMILY 0 – 20 20 – 40 40 – 60 60 – above Total

Family 1 12 4 2 2 20

Family 2 7 2 1 1 12

Family 3 15 4 2 4 25

Family 4 18 6 4 2 30

Family 5 12 2 2 4 18

Family 6 16 4 4 4 28

Family 7 14 4 2 2 22

Family 8 9 6 5 4 24

Family 9 10 4 2 2 18

Family 10 8 4 1 1 14

Total 121 40 25 26 212

The ratio of age – composition in 0 – 20 group is much higher which means below 20,

there are more persons in the family. But in educated families this ratio is low. We can

compare the ratio as by totaling both the tables. It is given as:‐

Educated Families: 29, 37: 19: 17

Uneducated Families: 121: 40: 25: 26.

Uneducated families have a high ratio

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We can always compare by finding out the percentage in every age composition in both

the groups:‐

Ager Composition Educated Uneducated

0 – 20 28. 4% approx 57. 07% approx

20 – 40 36.2% approx 18.86% approx

40 – 60 18.6% approx 11.7% approx

60 – above 16.6% approx 12.2% approx

The results can be compared even family – wise. But it would be cumbersome job. So

from above results we can as that between 0 – 20 Uneducated families scores high with

57%. Approx, whereas educated ones have only 28.42

(4) Living children and this age‐composition

I have divided the ages of children in 4 groups is

0 – 5 years

6 – 10 years

11 – 15 years

16 – above years. (but below 18 years.)

I have tabulated separately both the tables for two groups:‐

EDUCATED FAMILIES

The table is showing the total number of children in every family and their age ‐

composition.

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 TABLE: 6

No. of CHILDREN AND

THEIR AGE – COMPOSITION IN

EDUCATED FAMILIES.

Family AGE COMPOSITION OF CHILDREN

0 – 5 6 – 10 11 – 15 16 – 17 Total

Family 1 1 1 – – 2

Family 2 1 – – – 1

Family 3 2 2 – – 4

Family 4 2 2 – – 4

Family 5 2 – – – 2

Family 6 2 1 – – 3

Family 7 1 – – – 1

Family 8 1 1 – 1 3

Family 9 2 1 – – 3

Family 10 1 1 1 – 3

Total 15 9 1 1 26

We can see the age composition of children which is mostly between 0 – 5 years. only 1

child is between 11 – 15 and 16 – 17 years.

UNEDUCATED FAMILIES.

The number of children and their composition of age is given as below.

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 TABLE: 7

No. OF CHILDREN AND THEIR

AGE COMPOSITION IN

UNEDUCATED FAMILIES

FAMILY AGE COMPOSITION

0 – 5 6 – 10 11 – 15 16 – 17 Total

Family 1 5 2 2 1 10

Family 2 1 3 2 – 6

Family 3 4 4 4 1 13

Family 4 5 5 4 2 16

Family 5 6 6 – – 12

Family 6 10 5 1 – 16

Family 7 7 1 7 4 14

Family 8 5 2 1 – 8

Family 9 3 3 1 2 9

Family 10 2 2 2 1 7

Total 48 33 19 11 111

We can see that number of children in 10 uneducated families is 111 i.e. 11.1 children

per family whereas this average in educated families is just 2.7 children per family. This

means poor people believe in more children due to reasons such as:‐

 Boy is preferred ones a girl.

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  Children are insurance.

Then, I tried to studied the reasons behind the more children in uneducated families. I

found how many boys and girls are there in both groups, whether people send their

children to school or not.

First, I found sex ‐ ratio in every family.

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 TABLE: 8

SEX ‐ RATIO OF CHILDREN

IN EDUCATED FAMILIES.

Family Number of Number of Total

Boys Girls

Family 1 1 1 2

Family 2 – 1 1

Family 3 2 2 4

Family 4 1 3 4

Family 5 1 1 2

Family 6 2 1 3

Family 7 1 – 1

Family 8 2 1 3

Family 9 1 2 3

Family 10 1 2 3

Total 12 14 26

In the similar way, after study, I found sex‐ratio of the children as in uneducated families

as follows:

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 TABLE: 9

SEX ‐ RATIO OF CHILDREN

IN UNEDUCATED FAMILIES

Family Number of Number of Total

Boys Girls

Family 1 3 7 10

Family 2 3 3 6

Family 3 6 7 13

Family 4 5 11 16

Family 5 4 8 12

Family 6 5 5 10

Family 7 4 10 14

Family 8 5 3 8

Family 9 5 4 9

Family 10 4 3 7

Total 44 67 111

If we compare both groups, we can find following results: (from Table 8 and a)

Educated Families Uneducated Families

Boys 46.15% 39.64%

Girls 53.85% 60.36%

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The ratio or percentage of girls in uneducated families is much high whereas boys'

percentage is lesser than educated. I studied about the number of girls and boys who

were going to school and then also found that how many children working in the

uneducated families.

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 TABLE: 10

No. OF CHILDREN GOING

TO SCHOOL IN EDUCATED

FAMILIES

Family No. of Boys Going No. of Girls Going

to school to school.

Family 1 1 1

Family 2 – 1

Family 3 2 1

Family 4 1 2

Family 5 1 1

Family 6 1 1

Family 7 1 –

Family 8 2 1

Family 9 1 1

Family 10 1 1

Total 11 10

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 TABLE: 11

No. OF CHILDREN GOING To SCHOOL IN UNEDUCATED FAMILIES

Family No. of Boys Going No. of Girls Going

to school to school.

Family 1 1 2

Family 2 2 2

Family 3 3 3

Family 4 1 4

Family 5 2 2

Family 6 3 –

Family 7 2 2

Family 8 2 1

Family 9 3 –

Family 10 2 –

Total 21 16

If we compare educated and uneducated families, we find a high diversion, and

uneducated families, we find a high diversion and difference. This difference can be seen

as:‐

Educated Uneducated

Boys 91.6% 47.72%

Girls 71.42% 23.8%

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When I tried to find the reasons behind the low rate in uneducated families for not

sending their children to school as:‐

 They send their children for working as maids, Servants etc.

 Girl need not to be sent to school as they would get married. So they must know the

households jobs and caring children.

 Mostly families do not afford to send their children to school at all.

(6) Literacy rate and education of adults decide the size of family. If the parents are

educated, especially ladies, these are more chances that they would adopt family

planning methods.

If uneducated families mostly adults were illiterate or had very less education. We tried

to find out educational level, then we found that:‐

Only 24% adults in uneducated families were educated out of there:‐

Primary level education – 75.7%

High level education – 20%

Only 5% reached to little upper level education but remain incomplete. Educated

families have 100% educational level. Mostly were post – graduates and earning well.

(7) When I enquired about the couples in the family, firstly I found the number of

couples in every family. The results were as below:

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 TABLE: 12

NUMBER OF COUPLES IN

BOTH GROUPS.

Family Educated Family Uneducated Families

(No. of couples) (No. of couples)

Family 1 3 3

Family 2 2 1

Family 3 3 3

Family 4 2 4

Family 5 2 2

Family 6 3 3

Family 7 1 3

Family 8 2 3

Family 9 2 3

Family 10 1 2

Although there were more couples but I found the no. of couples who have fertility age

till date. The next step was to find out the number of living and dead children per couple.

The number of dead children per couple may give us exact number of children.

EDUCATED FAMILIES.

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 TABLE: 13

No. OF LIVING S DEAD CHILDREN PER COUPLE

Family No. of living children No. of Dead children

Boys Girls Boys Girls

Family 1

Couple 1 1 – –

Couple 2 1 – –

Couple 3 – – 1 –

Family 2

Couple 1 1 – – –

Couple 2 – – 1 –

Family 3

Couple 1 2 – – –

Couple 2 – 1 – –

Couple 3 – 1 – –

Family 4

Couple 1 1 1 – –

Couple 2 1 1 – –

Family 5

Couple 1 – 1 – –

Couple 2 – 1 – –

Family 6

Couple 1 1 – 1 –

38 
 
 Couple 2 – 1 – –

Couple 3 1 – – 1

Family 7

Couple 1 1 – – –

Family 8

Couple 1 1 1 – –

Couple 2 1 – 1 1

Family 9

Couple 1 1 1 – –

Couple 2 – 1 – –

Family 10

Couple 1 1 2 – –

In uneducated families, I found more number of children per couple than from the

educated families. The results were as below:‐

39 
 
 TABLE: 14

No. OF LIVING & DEAD CHILDREN

PER COUPLE IN UNEDUCATED FAMILIES

Family No. of living children No. of Dead children

Boys Girls Boys Girls

Family 1

Couple 1 2 3 1 –

Couple 2 1 2 – 1

Couple 3 – 2 1 –

Family 2

Couple 1 3 3 – –

Family 3

Couple 1 3 4 1 1

Couple 2 2 2 – –

Couple 3 1 1 – 1

Family 4

Couple 1 1 3 1 –

Couple 2 2 2 – 1

Couple 3 1 2 1 1

Couple 4 1 4 – 1

Family 5

Couple 1 3 5 – –

Couple 2 1 3 1 –

40 
 
 Family 6

Couple 1 2 2 – –

Couple 2 2 3 1 1

Couple 3 1 – 2 2

Family 7

Couple 1 1 3 – –

Couple 2 1 4 1 –

Couple 3 2 3 – 1

Family 8

Couple 1 3 1 1 –

Couple 2 1 – 2 1

Couple 3 1 2 1 –

Family 9

Couple 1 2 1 – –

Couple 2 1 2 – –

Couple 3 2 1 – –

Family 10

Couple 1 1 1 – 3

Couple 2 3 2 2 3

We can see that mortality and birth ‐ rate per couple in uneducated families is very high.

When I tried to find out the reasons about this, they were:‐

(i) Couples want more children especially boys.

41 
 
(ii) Mortality rate is high because they get no nutritious food at all. The other reasons are

diseases spread especially water borne diseases like diarrhea, typhoid etc.

(iii) Poverty leads to birth of more children as people believe that more children means

more income.

(8) ENQUIRY ABOUT LAST 20 YEARS.

Questionnaire 2 gives us information about the number of members in the families of

both groups 20 years ago. For this, I interviewed old persons of the family.

UNEDUCATED FAMILIES.

42 
 
 TABLE: 15

No. OF MEMBERS IN EDUCATED

FAMILIES 20 YEARS AGO INCLUDING

DEATHS DURING PERIOD

Family No. of members No. of deaths Increase/ Today's 10

(20 years age) (During 20 years) Decrease members

Family 1 11 2 + 1 10

Family 2 4 2 + 2 6

Family 3 14 4 + 5 15

Family 4 8 1 + 5 12

Family 5 5 2 + 3 10

Family 6 13 2 + 3 14

Family 7 6 2 + 1 5

Family 8 11 3 + 4 12

Family 9 7 2 + 3 18

Family 10 7 1 + 4 10

43 
 
 TABLE: 16

No. OF MEMBERS IN UNEDUCATED

FAMILIES 20 YEARS AGO INCLUDING

DEATHS DURING PERIOD

Family No. of members No. of Deaths Increase/De Today's No. of

(20 years ago) (During 20 years) crease members

Family 1 16 4 + 10 20

Family 2 10 4 + 6 12

Family 3 16 4 + 13 25

Family 4 20 6 + 16 30

Family 5 9 3 + 12 18

Family 6 25 7 + 10 28

Family 7 11 3 + 14 22

Family 8 23 7 + 8 24

Family 9 13 2 + 9 18

Family 10 16 9 + 7 14

In table 16, we can find that only family 10 has reduction in family members from last 20

years. But in both groups mortality rate is very high.

No. of death in last 20 years (Educated families) – 217

No. of deaths in last 20 years (Uneducated families) – 49

44 
 
The average deaths is 2.9 in educated families whereas 4.9 approx in uneducated

families. When reasons found, we got following tables:‐

45 
 
 TABLE: 17

REASONS BEHIND DEATHS

DURING LAST 20 YEARS

Family Total Old Causes Deaths Death during Any other

Deaths age of Infant children Reason

Disease Mortality birth

Family 1 2 – 1 1 – –

Family 2 2 1 – 1 – –

Family 3 4 1 2 – 1 –

Family 4 1 – 1 – – –

Family 5 2 1 1 – – –

Family 6 2 – – 2 – –

Family 7 2 1 – – 1 –

Family 8 3 – – 2 – 1

Family 9 2 1 – – – 1

Family 10 1 – – – – 1

UNEDUCATED FAMILIES

The causes of deaths during last 20 years are shown in Table 18:‐

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 TABLE: 18

REASONS BEHIND DEATHS

DURING LAST 20 YEARS

Family Total Old Disease Infant Death during Any other

Deaths Age mortality child birth Reason

Family 1 4 1 – 3 – –

Family 2 4 1 1 – 1 1

Family 3 4 – – 3 – 1

Family 4 6 – – 5 – 1

Family 5 3 1 – 1 1 –

Family 6 7 – – 6 – 1

Family 7 3 – – 2 – 1

Family 8 7 1 – 5 – 1

Family 9 2 1 1 – – –

Family 10 9 1 – 8 – –

We can see the comparison as in font mortality rate is very high in uneducated families

whereas it is very low in educated families.

Out of the total deaths, we can find percentage of every cause as.

Educated Uneducated families

Old age 23.8% 12.24%

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Disease 23.8% 4.08%

Infant mortality 20. 68% 67.34%

Death during

Child birth 9.52% 4.08%

Any other reason 14.2% 12.24%

More population causes problems for example: example: Non‐ availability of facilities

which is mostly a difficulty for the uneducated families who like in slums with large

number of family members. When we asked what facilities, are these families not getting

we got the following table:

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 TABLE: 19

FACILITIES NOT AVAILABLE

TO LARGE UNEDUCATED FAMILIES

Family Housing Clean Water Electricity Schooling Employment

Environment supply

   –  
Family 1

  –  
Family 2
– –
  – 
Family 3 – 

   
Family 4


  – 
Family 5 –
 
   
Family 6
– 
  – 
Family 7

– 
  
Family 8
– 

  
Family 9 

  
Family 10

When I enquired about the raising of income and savings, only negligible percentage told

that they were able to save and their incomes have raised during the last 20 years. These

results can be seen from the table below:‐

49 
 
 Family Savings made Income raised

Educated Uneducated Educated Uneducated

families families families families

 –  –
Family 1
– –
Family 2  
– 
Family 3  
–
–
Family 4 
  
Family 5
–
  –
Family 6 

 
Family 7
–
–
Family 8  – 
–
Family 9 –
 

Family 10
 

In educated families, savings and income raised are 100% but in uneducated families:

Savings are made by 20% families.

Income raised in 40% families.

50 
 
 Conclusions

We can draw several conclusions through our data collection. There are as follows:‐

(i) Both nation wise and at lowest level of any society is family ‐ level, we can see that the

population has been increasing. In the last 2 decades, the number of family members

have increased in educated as well as un‐educated families. This population at national

level increased upto 21.34 crores in 2001 and also at family levels.

(ii) The reasons at both levels were similar. For example‐ the families want more

children due to many reasons such as:‐

 They do not want girls because they have to give dowry during marriages. But for

a boy they give birth to several children i.e. girls.

 People believe that if there are more children, there will be more income in the

family which is not true notion.

 Poor people do not or hesitate to adopt the family planning methods. In

uneducated families, all 100% couples have not adopted the family planning

methods because of illiteracy or ignorance towards it.

(iii) In 1981 – 91, 1991 – 2001, the mortality rate was 10.8% and 8.2% respectively at

the national level. At family level, the average death rate was 2.1 in educated and 4.9 in

uneducated families. We can see that at both levels the mortality has gone down. But

infant mortality rate was very high. We can see this in Table 13 and Table 14. The

reasons behind these were:‐

 Malnutrition among pregnant woman and children.

 Bearing children at less than one year's interval

51 
 
  Early marriages of girls.

(iv) Age at marriage was very low for men and women in educated families. As at

national level, age at marriage has not gone up whereas at family level the average age of

males was 22 and women at 18 years. At the national level, 1987 – 88 had age at

marriage was 23.4 and 18.7 of boys and girls respectively. It was quite similar.

(v) Sex ‐ ratio at both levels was dissimilar. We found more number of girls per family

than at state level where the number of females was less behind every 1000 men. The

reasons were:‐

 More girls are not. ....desired. But because of desired ....... boys, the girls are born.

(vi) We can see that not many girls are sent to the school not even for primary education

(Table 11). Only 23.8% girls are sent to the school by uneducated families. At both the

levels, the results are similar, and so do the consequences.

The national ‐ level has very less number of educated people which is also true in case of

uneducated families. During the last 20 years, adults (24% only) got education out of

which 75% were educated up to primary level. This is the most important reason behind

the increase in population. But in all ten educated families, the rate of birth including

infant mortality was very less.

(iii) Educated families are usually getting every bind of facilities such as education,

employment, clean environment, water supply, electricity etc. which is not true in care of

uneducated families. They live in unhygienic conditions where there are no proper living

conditions, electricity or water supply. They are unable to send their children to school.

Lack of education force them to be employed under petty conditions like maid servants,

peons, helpers or even chimes are conducted by them.

52 
 
We have not only evaluated the number of member in every family but also related

aspects of it to reach at a proper conclusion in educated and un‐educated families. For

better comparisons, we have also used Primary data. Primary data has provided us

results at national level.

53