DEE40113 SIGNAL AND SYSTEM

EXPERIMENT : 1
TITLE : QUANTIZED DIGITAL SIGNALS AND RANDOM SIGNAL

LEARNING OUTCOME (CLO):

PLO5 : Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and IT tools
to well-defined engineering problems, with an awareness of the limitations
(DK6).

CLO2 : Manipulate software to analyse the signals and systems correctly based on the
given procedure.

OBJECTIVE :
At the end of the experiment, students will be able to:

1. Manipulate the software to generate the signal given.

2. Use the matlab command to evaluate the sequences signal given.
3. Modify the simple matlab program according to system needs.

EQUIPMENTS : Computer / Laptop

SOFTWARE : Matlab R2007a

SAFETY PRECAUTION:
1. Maintain a clean work area at all times.
2. Scan a pen drive or external hardisk before save any document.
3. Make sure shutdown computer properly after finish the practical work.

THEORY :

Quantised Signal
a) The purpose of sampling a continuous signal is to transmit, store, or process a
limited number of samples that are represented by a limited number of digits
b) By using fewer digits we attain faster transmission and smaller storage
requirements for the information
c) We utilize the quantized samples rather than the true samples of infinite accuracy

Choice of digits for quantization:

► Choice of digits for quantization should be done properly: in transmitting,
storing, and processing we prefer less digits
► With too small a number of digits we can lose information from the original signal
► Two opposing requirements must be satisfied:
1) Minimize number of digits to facilitate the signal transmission or
storing, and
2) Maximize number of digits to keep the quantization error as low as
necessary in order to preserve the information

1
PROCEDURE:

1) Create a script M-file; click New from the File menu.

2) Click Blank M-file.

3) Write Matlab code in Editor Window to manipulate software to generate Digital Signal
referring to the command. Explain the generated output signal.

t = 0:30;
x = 0.2+2*sin(0.245*t+0.15);
d = 0.5;
xq = d*round(x/d);
plot(t,x)
hold on
stem(t,xq,'r')
hold off
ylabel('x(t), x_q(kT)')
xlabel('t')
legend('analog signal','digital (quantized)')

Figure 1: Result for the Digital Signal

3
analog signal
digital (quantized)
2
(kT)

1
q
x(t), x

-1

-20 5 10 15 20 25 30
t

2
THEORY :
Deterministic and Random Signal
a) Signal that can be described by an explicit mathematical form is deterministic
b) Deterministic signal can be periodic or aperiodic
c) Periodic signal consists of a basic shape of finite duration that is replicated
infinitely
d) Signal that cannot be described in an explicit mathematical form is called
random, also known as nondeterministic or stochastic

PROCEDURE :
Manipulate software to generate Uniformly Random Signal (1). Explain the generated
output signal.
k = 0:1:50;
x = rand(size(k));
m = mean(x);
s = std(x);
stem(k,x)
hold on
plot([k(1) k(end)], [m m],'r', [k(1) k(end)], [s s],'g')
hold off
xlabel('k')
ylabel('x_k')
ytick = [0 s m 1];
set(gca,'YTick',ytick)
legend('random seq’'mean','std')
title('Uniformly distributed samples')
Figure 2: Result for the Uniformly Random Signal (1)

3
PROCEDURE :

Manipulate software to generate to generate Normally Random signal (2). Explain the
generated output signal.

k = 0:1:50;
x = randn(size(k));
m = mean(x);
s = std(x);
stem(k,x)
hold on
plot([k(1) k(end)], [m m],'r', [k(1) k(end)], [s s],'g')
hold off
xlabel('k')
ylabel('x_k')
legend('random seq', 'mean','std')
ytick = sort([0 s m 1]);
set(gca,'YTick',ytick)
title('Normally Distributed Samples')

Figure 3: Result for the Normally Random Signal (2)

4
 DEE40113 SIGNAL AND SYSTEM

RESULT

DISCUSSION:

Discuss your observations from theoretical, simulation result and practical result.
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CONCLUSION:

Give your conclusion pertaining to the experiment.

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REFERENCE:

1)

2)

3)

PREPARED BY APPROVED BY

COURSE COORDINATOR HEAD OF PROGRAMME

NUR ALINA ZUREEN BT ROSLI AZLINA BT ABDUL AZIZ