Literature– written in some form or another;
written manifestation of culture; passed down in a
long oral tradition of storytelling
- Litera – acquaintance with letters
- body of literary prods; either oral, written
or visual; verbal expression of human
imagination
- emotions, experiences, imaginations,
cultural values, heritage, socio-cultural
realities and issues, ideas, thoughts,
identity
- oral and written
- life
Literary Standards
1. Universality
2. Artistry
3. Intellectual values
4. Permanence
5. Style
6. Spiritual value
7. Suggestiveness
Literary Approaches
1. Formalistic Approach –based on literary
elements
2. Moral or Humanistic Approach –
essentially rational
3. Historical Approach – chronological,
sequence
4. Sociological Approach – social classes; rich
and poor
5. Cultural Approach – culture and tradition
6. Psychological Approach – marital; human
mind; personality behaviour
7. Impressionistic Approach – reacting
response; reader-response theory
Nature of Literature– provides insights and
intellectual stimulation; discovers beauty of
language; uses special words, structure and
characteristics; differs from ordinary language in 3
ways:
1. concentrated and meaningful
2. gives a sense of pleasure in the discovery
of new experience.
3. Has originality, quality, creativity, and
pleasure.
Functions of Literature – purpose of literature
was two-fold:
1. Dulce (Sweet) – to entertain
2. Utile (Useful) – to instruct
4Rs of Lit
1. Recreation – reassembling reality
2. Recognition – helps recognize people and
their contribution
3. Redemption – modification of behavior
4. Revelation – recording history
Universality of Lit – quality of literature;
timeless and timely; forever relevant; deals with
elemental feelings, fundamental truths and
universal conditions; transcends
A. Pre-Colonial Times
- Riddles
- Proverbs
- Myths and legends
- Loas
- Epics
B. Spanish Coolonization
- Urbana at Feliza – Modesto de Castro
- Florante at Laura – Francisco Balagtas
- Ang DapatMabatid ng mga Tagalog – Andres
Bonifacio
C. US Colonization
- Footnote to Youth – Jose Garcia Villa
- What is an Educated Filipino – Francisco
Benitez
D. Republic
- Mayday Eve – Nick Joaquin
- Dog Eaters – Leoncio P. Derada
E. Literature of the Region
- Ang Baboy – John Iremil F. Teodoro
- Taga uma@manila – Genevieve Asenjo
Literatures that influenced the world
1. The Bible
2. Koran
3. Illiad and Odyssey – myths and legends of
Greece
4. The Mahabharata – longet epic of the
world; history of religion in India
5. Canterbury Tales – religion and customs of
English early days
6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin – Harriet Beecher
Stowe; sad fate of slaves; democracy
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
- Rich part through folk speeches, songs,
narratives, and indigenous rituals and
mimetic dances
 - Vast collection of folk speeches:
- riddle/tigmo – Cebuano
- bugtong – tagalong
- paktakon – ilongo
- patototdon – bicol
Proverbs – norms or codes of behaviour,
community beliefs; rhyming verse
Tanaga – mono-riming heptasyllables (7), quatrain
(4); life
Folk song – hopes and aspirations, people’s
lifestyles; repetitive and sonorous
Narrative song – exploits of historical and
legendary heroes
Folk narratives, i.e., epics and fooltales are
varied, exotic, and magical
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
- array of religious prose and poetry
- pasyon as filipino’s commemoration of
christ’s agony and resurrection at cavalry
- secular narratives – prescribe proper
decorum; proselytizing
- secular works followed the conventions of
a romantic traditions
- secular poetry = metrical romance
- awit and korido in tagalong
Propaganda prose – political essays, i.e. Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo of Rizal
AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
Free Verse (Poetry)
Jose Garcia Villia
- Art for art’s sake
Angela Manalang Gloria
- Illicit love
Seditious Works
- Liwayway and Bisaya
- Alejandro G. Abadillapromoted modernism
in poetry
- Influenced Virgilio S. Almario, Pedro L.
RIcarte, and Rolando S. TInio
Modern Short Story
- Published in Philippine Free Press, The
College Folio, and Philippine Herald
- Paz Marquez Benitez’ “Dead Stars”in 1925
– first successful short story in English
written by a Filipino
- Lope K. Santos,Valeriano Hernandez Pena,
and Patricio Mariano – minimal narrative
- Tagalog short fiction “dali” or
“pasingaw” (sketch)
Novels
- Adaptations of Edgar Rice
Burrough’sTarzanby P. F. Boquecosawho
also penned Ang Paladni Pepe after Charles
Dicken’s David Copperfield
- Realist tradition was kept alive by Lope K.
Santos and Faustino Aguilar
- Published in weekly magazines like
liwayway, bisaya, and Hiligaynon, and
bannawag
Essay
- Potent medium from 1920 – present
- Leading essayist:Carlos P. Romulo, Jorge
Bacobo, and Pura Santillan Cactrence
- Who wrote criticisms: Ignacio Manlapaz,
Leopoldo Yabes, and I. V. Mallari
- Salvador P. Lopez: “Commonwealth
Literary Award” for his “Literature and
Society”
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
- Appearance of the new publications
after the Martial Law
- With the requirement by the CHED to
teach Phil. Lit. in all tertiary schools,
the teaching of vernacular literature
was emphasized
Literature in Spanish
- Rizal – inspiration of Filipino writers:
Cecilio Apostol, Fernando Ma. Guerrero,
Jesus Balmori, Manuel Bernabe, and Claro
M. Recto
CECILIO APOSTOL
- Wrote poems dedicated to Rizal, Mabini,
and other heroes
- Best poem for Rizal
FERNANDO MA. GUERRERO
- SHARED WITH Apostol in balagtasan
- He collected all of his best poems in a book
called CRISALIDAS – a kind of black, wooly
caterpillar
JESUS BALMORI
- Batikuling
- He and Manuel Bernabe participated in a
debate on the topic REMEMBERANCE and
FORGETFULNESS
 - He was elected POET LAUREATE after - Severino Reyes
beting Bernabe - Tomas Remigio
MANUEL BERNABE Short Story and Novel Writers
- A lyric poet PANANDALIANG LIBANGAN AT DAGLI
- His nationalism spirit was unchanged in any - Lope K. Santos
topic he wrote - Patricio Mariano
- He defended OLVIDO – forgetfulness - Rosauro Almario
LIWAYWAY PUBLICATIONS
Other Writers in Spanish - Deogracias Rosario
ADELINA GEURREA - Cirio H. Panganiban
- First woman pet who was good in Spanish - Teodoro Gener
- Zobel Prize – El Nido NOTED NOVELISTS or BIOGRAPHERS
MACARIO ADRIATICO - Valeriano Hernandez Pena
- A legend of Mindoro - Lope K. Santos
- La Punta de Salto (The place of origin) - Inigio Ed. Regalado
EPIFANIO DELOS SANTOS - Faustino Aguilar
- Good leader and biographer LOPE K. SANTOS
- Don Panyong - Father of National Language Grammar
ISIDRO MARPORI - “Apo” of the Tagalog Writers
- Aromas De Escueno (Scents of Dreams) - BANAAG AT SIKAT
PEDRO AUNARIO JOSE CORAZON DE JESUS
- Decalago de Proteccionismo - HusengBatute
- Poet of Love
Literature in Spanish - ANG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY (A TREE)
- Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas AMADO V. HERNANDEZ
- Urbana at Felisa by Modesto De Castro - Makata ng mgaManggagawa (Poet of the
- Inspiration of the Tagalog writers Laborers)
- ISANG DIPANG LANGIT (A STRETCH OF
HEAVEN)
- BAYANG MALAYA (A FREE NATION)
JULIAN CRUZ BALMACEDA - ANG PANDAY – masterpiece (THE
1. Poets of the Heart (Makata ng Puso) BLACKSMITH)
- Lope K. Santos - MUNTING LUPA (A SMALL PLOT)
- Carlos Gatmaitan VALERIANO HERNANDEZ PENA
- Pedro Julio Del Rosario - Tandang Anong
- Ildefonso Paez Santos - KuntilBUtil (pen name)
- Amado V. Hernandez - NENA AT NENENG
- Nemecio Carabana INIGO ED. REGALADO
- Mar Antonio - Odalager
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay) - “sumpong” of his pen
- Lope K. Santos
- Jose Corazon de Jesus Tagalog Drama
- Florentino Collantes - Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Iligan:
- Patricio Mariano started the movement against the moro-
- Carlos Gatmaitan moro
- Amado V. Hernandez -
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan) Tagalog Short Story
- Aurelio Tolentino MGA KWENTONG GINTO (Golden Stories)
- Patricio Mariano - 1936
KUWENTONG GINTO NG 50 BATIKANG KWENTISTA
(50 Golden Stories by 50 Noted Storytellers)
- 1939
PAROLANG GINTO (Golden Lantern)
TALAANG BUGHAW (Blue List)
2. EL GRITO DEL PUEBLO (The Call of the
Nation)
- Established by Pascual Poblete in 1900
3. EL RENACIMIENTO (The Rebirth)
- Founded by Rafael Palma in 1901

Tagalog Poetry Plays

- Beautiful poems 1. Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas
- Sweetness, beauty, and melody - Aurelio Tolentino
- Depicting suppression done by the
BEGINNING OF PHIL. LIT. IN ENGLISH Americans and their plan to colonize
- Spanish and Tagalog pre-dominated Philippines
- In 1910, new group started to write in 2. Tanikalang Ginto of Juan Abad
English 3. Malaya of Tomas Remigio
- They imitated the themes and methods of 4. WalangSugat by Severino Reyes
Americans
SOME HISTORICAL EVENTS
1898 – American Occupy Manila
1900 – Taal Volcano erupts
1901 – Judge William H. Taft – governor
1907 – 1st Philippine Assembly – Osmena
1908 – University of the Philippines
1909 – Quezon – Filipino Resident Comm.
1913 – Gov. General FrancisBurton
1931 –Harrison initiates policy
1900 – English – official medium
1901 – PH Normal School
1905 – PH Free Press
1910 – The College Folio – UP
1920 – The Philippine Herald
1921 – 1st Filipino Novel in English “Ang Child of
Sorrow” – Zoilo M. Galang
- First Volume of Essays in English – Life and
Success – Zoilo M. Galang
1924 – Philippine Education Magazine to Philippine
Magazine
1925 – Free Press offers Literary Prizes
1927 – Writers Club – UP

THE AMERICAN REGIME (1598 – 1941)

- Fil-Am War resulted in the defeat Gen.
Miguel Malvar in 1903
- Peace movements started as early as 1900
- Longing for independence

Newspapers
1. EL NUEVO DIA (The New Day)
- Established by Sergio Osmena in 1900