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Table 1 Details of multiple Dengue virus types (D-1, 2, 3 & 4) in individual mosquitoes of the 31 disease endemic settings of
Rajasthan, India employing RT-PCR assay.
District codes Number of individual infected
mosquitoes processed of each district
Total number of mosquitoes identified with multiple strains infectivity
Mosq. 1 Mosq. 2 Mosq. 3 Mosq. 4 Mosq. 5 Mosq. 6 Mosq. 7 Mosq. 8 Mosq. 9 Mosq. 10
1 7 D-2, 3 D-2, 3 D-3, 4 D-2, 4 D-3, 4 D-2,3, 4 D-1,2, 3 ■ ■ ■ 7 2 6 D-2, 3 D-3 D-2, 3, 4 D-3 D-1 D-1 ■ ■ ■ ■ 2 3 7 D-1,
2, 3 D-2, 3 D-2, 3 D-2, 3 D-1, 2, 3 D-2, 3 D-3 ■ ■ ■ 6 4 7 D-3, 4 D-1, 2, 3 D-2, 3 D-3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 ■
■ ■ 7 5 7 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-3, 4 D-1, 2 D-2, 4 D-3 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-1, 2, 3 ■ ■ ■ 6 6 10 D-3, 4 D-3, 4 D-3, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-3 D-1,
2, 3, 4 D-3, 4 D-2, 4 D-1, 2 D-1, 2, 4 9 7 10 D-2, 3, 4 D-3, 4 D-1, 3, 4 D-1, 3, 4 D-3 D-3, 4 D-3, 4 D-1, 2, 3,4 D-1, 2 D-1, 2, 4 9 8
7 D-4 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 D-4 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 3,4 D-2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ 5 9 7 D-2, 3 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 D-2 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 3,4 D-3, 4
■ ■ ■ 6 10 6 D-2, 3, 4 D-1, 2 D-1, 3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ ■ 6 11 7 D-2 D-2, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-4
D-1,2,4 D-2, 3,4 ■ ■ ■ 5 12 6 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-2, 3 D-2, 3, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ ■ 6 13 7 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-3, 4
D-2,3, 4 D-3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 D-2,3, 4 D-1, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ 7 14 6 D-1, 2, 3 D-1, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 3 ■ ■ ■ ■ 6 15
3 D-2, 3, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-1, 2, 3 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 3 16 6 D-2 D-4 D-2 D-4 D-2, 3 D-2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ ■ 2 17 7 D-2,3 D-2,3
D-2,3 D-3,4 D-2, 3,4 D-1,4 D-2, 3 ■ ■ ■ 7 18 7 D-1, 2, 3,4 D-3, 4 D-1, 2, 4 D-2, 4 D-2, 3 D-4 D-2, 3 ■ ■ ■ 6 19 7 D-1
D-2, 3 D-2,-3, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-2 D-3, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ 5 20 8 D-2, 3,4 D-2, 3 D-2, 4 D-2, 3 D-2, 3, 4 D-2,3, 4 D-2, 3, 4
D-2, 3 ■ ■ 8 21 7 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 D-1, 3, 4 D-2, 4 D-2, 3 D-3, 4 D-2, 3 ■ ■ ■ 7 22 7 D-2, 3, 4 D-2 D-2,3 D-2, 3, 4 D-2
D-2, 3 D-3, 4 ■ ■ ■ 5 23 6 D-2 D-2, 3 D-2 D-2, 3, 4 D-2 D-1, 2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ ■ 3 24 7 D-2, 3,4 D-2 D-2, 3, 4 D-4 D-2 D-4
D-2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ 3 25 7 D-2, 3 D-2 D-2, 3, 4 D-4 D-4 D-2 D-2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ 3 26 7 D-2 D-1, 2,3,4 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 D-2
D-2,3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ 5 27 6 D-2, 3, 4 D-2 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 D-2 D-2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ ■ 4 28 7 D-2, 3,4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-2, 3,
4 D-2 D-2, 3 D-2 D-2 ■ ■ ■ 4 29 7 D-2, 3, 4 D-2 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 3, 4 D-2 D-2 D-2 ■ ■ ■ 3 30 6 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4
D-1, 2, 3 D-2, 3, 4 D-2, 3 D-2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■ ■ 6 31 7 D-2, 3, 4 D-2 D-1, 2, 3, 4 D-2, 3 D-1, 2, 3 D-1,2,3, 4 D-1, 2, 3, 4 ■ ■ ■
6 Total 212 167 (78.7%)
■ = No mosquito processed; D = Dengue strain.
Dengue virus types (D-1, 2, 3 & 4) observed in individual mosquitoes (Mosq) as expressed in agarose gel
B. Angel et al. / Acta Tropica 150 (2015) 107–110 109
Individual Aedes adults were homogenized in 200 l PBS and centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min at 4 ◦C. The supernatant
were transferred to clean eppendorfs, labelled district wise and stored at −80 ◦C. For screening the presence or absence of dengue
virus antigen within them, 5 l of this supernatant (before storing) was subjected to Indirect Fluorescence Antibody test (IFAT)
and a green fluorescence observed was recorded as IFAT positive result.
Thus a total number of 5136 laboratory reared mosquitoes were screened employing Indirect Fluorescence Antibody Test
(IFAT), of which 1263 (24.59%) were found positive by dengue virus. Of these 1263 vertically infected mosquitoes, 212
specimens were selected (6–10 mosquitoes from each setting) and subjected to DENV type virus detection employing RT-PCR.
Viral RNA was extracted using the QIAmp Viral RNA kit (m/s Qia- gen Inc., Valencia, CA). Gene specific primers (Lanciotti
et al., 1992) were used for detecting the four types of DEN virus in the individ- ual samples. These primers used were
commercially synthesized from m/s Eurofins, Bangalore, India. Thus for each sample a total of 4 reaction was run, one
representing a single type. The Super- script III RT/Taq Polymerase One-Step RT-PCR kit (manufactured by m/s Invitrogen,
USA) was used for the assay following the manufac- turer’s protocol. The temperature conditions were also as suggested in the
protocol. After the amplification, 10 l of PCR product (four for each sample) was run on a 2% Agarose gel (m/s Invitrogen, USA)
and then viewed in the Gel Documentation System (manufactured by m/s Bio-Rad, USA). This was done for a total of 212
individual mosquitoes. The types that appeared as bands were noted for each sample. Of these, eight mosquitoes were selected
for sequencing.
Besides these 8 mosquitoes, viral suspensions of 6 infected mosquitoes were inoculated in Cell lines of C6/36 (Aedes albopic-
tus) procured commercially from National Centre for Cell Sciences (NCCS), Pune, India. 420 l of this suspension was subjected
to RNA extraction and RT-PCR amplification as mentioned above. The primers used were as that referred in Lanciotti et al.,
(1992). These cell-line inoculated mosquito samples were also reacted with another set of type-specific primers (Seah et al.,
1995). After detect- ing the type-specific bands for each sample in the Agarose gel, the remaining sample was purified using the
PCR purification kit (manufactured by m/s Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA) following the manufacturer’s protocol. The final
purified product was eluted in 10 l of Elution buffer provided in the kit. Thus a total of 14 sam- ples of infected mosquitoes
showing multiple DEN-V types were subjected to sequencing. 1–2 l of this PCR purified product was subjected to cycle
sequencing using the Big Dye Terminator cycle sequencing kit v3.1 (manufactured by m/s Invitrogen, USA). This was followed
by purification of the cycle sequenced product using the Dye-Ex 2.0 spin kit (manufactured by m/s Qiagen, Valencia, CA, USA)
according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The purified product was then loaded in the 16-capillary based 3130XL Genetic
Analyzer (m/s ABI, USA).
Data generated from the sequencer were then analyzed using the ‘Sequence Analysis’ software. The quality check and
trimming of the sequences generated was done using the ‘Seqscape 2.6’ soft- ware (m/s Applied Biosystems, USA) and then
attempted for their assembly with the available dengue virus type-specific reference genomes. After trimming, BLAST was
carried out. Further, multiple alignment was also performed using the ‘Clustal-W’ for the sam- ples by placing them in four
categories according to their types identified (Den-1, 2, 3 or 4).
Hence in all, a total number of 1, 30, 525 domestic water con- tainers from 31 district towns of Rajasthan, India were searched
for larval collection of Aedes mosquitoes. Total number of 5136 laboratory reared mosquitoes were screened for IFAT of which
1263 (24.59%) were found positive by vertically transmitted dengue virus. Of these, 212 (174 females and 38 males) specimens
were selected from 31 study settings (6–10 mosquitoes from each dis-
trict) for type-specific RT-PCR. Table 1 shows results of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) for
DENV types as observed in individual mosquitoes. It was observed that in 78.7% of total specimens studied, more than one DEN
type was present. Further analysis of data of mixed infections showed that in 163 out of 212 mosquitoes (76.8%) DEN-2 was
observed, in 155 (73.1%) DEN-3 was present, in 132 (62.2%) DEN-4 was present and least 53 (25%) specimens DEN-1 was
observed. The sequences of the 14 samples (processed for sequencing), obtained after trimming when assembled and annotated
with the reference genomes of the four genotypes (NC 001477.1, NC 001474.2, NC 001475.2, NC 002640.1 respectively) gave
no match. But when these sequences were matched and aligned with each other using Clustal-W software, showed good coverage
and identity. The results of this multiple sequence alignment showed presence of multiple DEN-V types in 6 of 14 mosquito
samples while rest showed single or no DEN-V types. Of these, one mosquito sample showed good coverage for all the four
DEN-V types, 5 showed good coverage for two DEN-V types and five showed coverage for single DEN-V type. The sequencing
results of the six mosquitoes inoculated in cell lines and amplified with second set of primers (Seah et al., 1995) showed good
assem- bly and annotation with DENV-2. The sequences generated will be attempted for submission in the NCBI website.
It is believed that primary infection by any of the serotypes of dengue leads to simple dengue fever (Guzman et al., 2010),
whereas infection by two different dengue strains with a time interval may lead to DHF/DSS (Lanciotti et al., 1992; Wichmann,
2005; Jelinek, 2000). Experimental basis of above hypothesis is the DENV type specific virus isolations from human population
cohort exhibiting DHF/DSS. In addition, the observations on experimental infection of monkeys by different DENV types with
time intervals have also contributed to strengthen above hypothesis (Halstead et al., 1973). However, limitations of the above
studies (Lanciotti et al., 1992; Wichmann, 2005; Jelinek, 2000) is that DENV types have been observed from serum samples of
cohort of human patients which represents an immunologically challenged virus stock. Limitations of the other studies in
supporting above hypothesis is that earlier workers (Halstead et al., 1973), have performed experiments on 118 rhesus monkeys
but only one animal has manifested signs of DHF viz; thrombocytopenia and elevation of prothrombin, when challenged by
different DENV types with a time interval. The aeti- ology and pathogenesis of DHF/DSS are still not fully understood (Gubler,
1998). Although earlier workers (Lanciotti et al., 1992; Wichmann, 2005; Jelinek, 2000) have reported enough serolog- ical
evidences to explain pathogenesis of DHF, however none of the studies has included study of DENV types from mosquitoes. It is
well known that dengue viruses undergo transovarial transmis- sion (Khin and Thin, 1983; Rosen and Gubler, 1973).
Experimental studies have also shown persistence of transovarial transmission in successive generations of infected mosquitoes
(Joshi et al., 2002; Halstead et al., 1973; Shroyer, 1990). We hypothesized that transo- varial transmission of dengue virus, in
addition to serve as the possible mechanism of virus retention in nature (Joshi et al., 2002), may also conserve the hetero DENV
types in study settings. Based on our observations of detection of DENV types from 212 individual infected mosquitoes from 31
disease endemic settings of Rajasthan, India of which 78.7% carried more than one DENV type. We report for the first time that
vertically infected individual mosquitoes pos- sess multiple DNV types.
Present observations highlight two distinct messages. One is that in dengue endemic settings, through transovarial route,
multiple DENV types establish themselves across mosquito gen- erations. Since we have made RT-PCR virus isolations on
individual mosquitoes and not on the pools of mosquitoes, these observations carry their own significance to think whether
repetitive bites of mosquitoes infected by multiple DENV types could serve to provide
110 B. Angel et al. / Acta Tropica 150 (2015) 107–110
source of hetero DENV types in endemic settings. Present observa- tions get supported by the earlier reports citing that among
young children even primary infection of dengue leads to vascular leakage and that age dependent host factors contribute to such
manifesta- tions (Alvarez, 2006; Guzman, 2002; Gamble 2000).
Acknowledgements
We thank Director, Desert Medicine Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), Jodhpur for providing facilities
and support in conducting above work. Present work was supported by the Indian Council of Medical Research, Ministry of
Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, India. We also thank Sh. Ajay Prakash Joshi, Scientist-I, Dr. Rajendra Kumar
Baharia, Scientist- II and Smt. Suman Rathore, Research Assistant, Desert Medicine Research Centre, Jodhpur for providing
support for Bioinformatics analysis.
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