Z.

PhysikA 285, 93-99 (1978) Zeitschrift

fQr P h y s i k A
9 by Springer-Verlag 1978

The Zero-Point Energy for Rotation

P.-G. Reinhard*
Institut for Kernphysik, Universit~it Mainz, Mainz, W. Germany

Received September 5, 1977

The Gaussian overlap approach (GOA) becomes inappropriate for describing the rotation of
weakly deformed systems. A modification is proposed which allows to maintain the GOA
for small deformations. The zero-point energy subtraction, derived from it, provides a simple
and reliable approximation for angular momentum projection. It becomes obvious,
however, that the projection complicates the equations which determine the motion along
the deformation path. These effects are studied in some simple models and the results are
condensed into a simple interpolation formula for the total zero-point energy.

1. Introduction

In microscopic theories of collective motion, one starts
with a set of deformed states [qi), where the ql are
parameters describing the collective degrees of free-
dom. The dynamics, given by the microscopic Hamil-
tonian/~, is traced down into the collective channel by
allowing only variations within the given space [q~).
This is the well known generator coordinate method
[1] which leads to an integral equation involving the
Hamiltonian overlap (qll H ]q'i). Usually, one goes a
step further and tries to derive a collective Schr6dinger
equation from it. In particular, one prefers local
expansions, like the Gaussian overlap approach (GOA)
or an adiabatic time-dependent Hartree-Fock
(ATDHF) [2] treatment, which are based on the over-
laps at q~= q'~ and require at most second order deriva-
tives, 0~ [q~). In this paper we want to study the rele-
vance of the GOA for an axially symmetric system
having three degrees of freedom, one describing a de-
formation and two for rotations of the deformed system
as a whole. Thereby we concentrate on the potential in
the collective Hamiltonian, often called the potential-
energy surface (PES). That means that we are mainly
concerned about the structure of the zero-point energy
(ZPE) [3, 4], contained therein. For rotational motion
* Supported by the Gesellschaftfilr Schwerionenforschungunder
contract No. 06 Mz 709
the full generator coordinate method leads to the well
known angular momentum projection, which has al-
ready been applied to several nuclei [5, 6]. The energy
difference between the projected and the unprojected
PES can be understood as the rotational ZPE. Thus a
study of the ZPE also tackles problems of a.m. pro-
jection. In particular, the question of how to interpret
the projected PES is discussed in this context.
The angular coordinates, beeing defined only in a finite
interval, are not very well suited for a GOA treatment.
In Section 2, it is shown that a slight modification of the
GOA is possible which properly takes into account the
structure of the angular coordinates but still remains of
second order in the collective derivatives. With this
modified GOA a simple formula for a.m. projection is
obtained, whose relevance is tested in a harmonic
oscillator model. The a.m. projected PES, however,
cannot be interpreted directly as the PES for collective
motion. The ZPE for the deformation channel still
ought to be subtracted. To do this properly, one has to
exceed second order GOA and to take into account the
coupling of deformation and rotation, which is at least
of fourth order. This is discussed in Section 3, where
finally the experience, gained from these more elab-
orate considerations, is cooked down to a simple
interpolation formula for the total ZPE, which again is
of second order.

0340-2193/78/0285/0093/$01.40
94
2. A.m. Projection Within a Modified G O A
In the following we have in mind an axially symmetric
system, which has some deformation degree of freedom,
for example a quadrupole deformation given in a
Nilsson model or a center separation in a two center
shell model, and which can rotate about the two axes
orthogonal to the symmetry axis. In second order G O A
it is described by
<H) =G) < - e p u
__N R ~ 2 +(%- %) 2}, 2 (2.1)
< =<H), 2a = 2 <(9~ ae) , ZR = 2<J~) ,
where the overlaps <t) and <H) are defined for fi=t=fi'
and <0:4=(0' but the parameters E, 2 and < are to be
evaluated at fl= (fl + fi')/2 and ~5= (q~+ qr (The PES
might be understood as the PES for "classical"
motion, see Ref. 2.) From these overlaps one can obtain
a collective SchriSdinger equation with the masses Er
for the deformation channel, ER/2 R for the rotations
and with the effective potential [4]
V= < - Ep/2 - 2 (ER/2). (2.2)
The last two terms therein subtract from V the kinetic
ZPE of the collective wave packet [fl, (#~, (ps). This ZPE
subtraction is important, first for theoretical reasons, as
it stabilises the collective Hamiltonian against the
process classical limit and subsequent requantisation,
and second for practical reasons, as the variation of the
ZPE can have quite an influence on the PES. It changes,
e.g., the barriers for fission by some MeV [4]. It can be
shown that in most cases this ZPE, as obtained from
second order GOA, is sufficient [7 3.
At small deformations, however, one should doubt the
validity of the G O A for the rotational motion, since the
wave packets become less localised in the angular
coordinates. The width parameter 2 R becomes small
there and the overlaps do not decrease rapidly enough
within the range of(~o - ( 0 ' ) ~ 2n. Thus the GOA, tacitly
assuming an infinite range for the coordinates, becomes
inappropriate. It ought to be modified such that the
overlaps take into account the rotational structure of
the system. This can be achieved by replacing (qo- ~o')2
in (2.1) through (1 -(12- ~t'~,)2), where 12 and 12' are unit
vectors, describing the orientation of the symmetry
axis. Thus the modified G O A reads
P.-G. Reinhard: The Zero-Point Energy for Rotation
_;~a (,o_fl,)2_~_(1 _(~, w)2)
(I)=e T
<H>=G> 4-
4 23/
where the parameters ER, E~, 2R, 2~ and < are still
given by (2.1). This shows that the modified G O A is also
a second order approach. It is only a different extrapo-
lation, adjusted to the structure of the angular coor-
dinates. In a more obvious notation we can rewrite (1
-- (~'~. ~r~,)2) = sin 2 A cp, where A p is the angle between
12 and 12'. This immediatly shows that the overlap (2.3)
reduces to the form (2.1) in the limit of small A c?, or
large 2 R respectively.
The collective potantial V(fi), to be applied in a
collective Schr/Sdinger equation, is obtained as the
zeroth moment in a symmetric momentum expansion
[71, V = S d x < q + x l J q l q - x ) / ~ d x < q + x l q - x ) . The
ZPE is the difference between V and V, i.e.
ZPEq =~ dx <q + xl tt [q- x) (2.4)
~dx<q+x[q-x)
Thus the rotational ZPE becomes with the para-
metrisation (2.3)
d2s d 2 Q ' < I > ( - e R ) ~ (1 - ( a . ~,)2)
ZPER = 5 d 2 f2 d 2 (2' ( I )
S (1-x2)(-E R)
0
1 -(1-x2'
o
= E R(c~g'/g) l== x./r (2.5)
where
1
g(c0 = 5 dx e- ~(*-~'~).
0
The modifying factor ~g'/g is shown as a function of
1/2-~ in Figure 1 (solid line). It properly approaches - 1
for large ZR, but suppresses the rotational ZPE for
vanishing deformation (2R --+0).
This behaviour can be understood by realising that the
subtraction of the rotational ZPE (2.5) is nothing else
than a.m. projection within the model (2.3). Simply
integrating over 12 and 12', we have tacitly assumed a
weight function f(12)= const., which just corresponds
to the ground state with angular momentum J = 0. At
large deformations, the deformed state is well oriented
(A (p <2n) and the projection is equivalent to the ZPE
subtraction --ER, as it is given by the unmodified
P.-G. Reinhard: The Zero-Point Energy for Rotation
1. . . .
9.
"~
"-.~\
9~\.~
-0.5
~\\....
9k '-...
k\.
k \.
x \
-1
Z PE
Fig. 1. A comparison of the rotational Z P E in the deformed oscillator
model for different particle numbers N, drawn as a function of 1/;~R
GOA. At very small deformations, however, the state
vector has only small J 4 0 admixtures. Therefore, the
change in energy has to approach zero, as it is
reproduced properly by the ZPE (2.5).
Thus with the modified GOA (2.3) we have abtained a
rather simple prescription for evaluating the a.m.
projected PES
A ~ A obtained with the Strutinsky prescription [8]. As
(LHL) ~,
Y~roj = ~ - ~ ( g/g)l~=j:>/2
which requires not more than second order derivatives
(, represented here by the total angular momentum ],).
In order to test the validity of this formula, we have
applied it to a schematic model, consisting in N
distinguishable particles which are all put into a 1 s
state of a deformed oscillator,
~o,,n(r) = (~/2o)s/4 e- Zoe~'/3[r2+ (e- if- 1 ) ( , "
where fi = fl/1/N.
This leads to the exact overlaps
( I ) = [ 1 + 88sinh 2 (fi/2) (1 - (•. fl,)a)] - N/2
(Y) = (,) (-G)
sinh (fi/2)(e a + 1) (1 - ( ~ .
(2e~+ 1)(1 +88sinh (fi/2) (1 - ( 0 . 0 ' ) 2 ) ) .
The detailed derivation is given in the Appendix.
(From the Hamiltonian overlap only the kinetic energy
is of interest, because the potential energy does not
affect the rotations9 It is interesting to note that these
overlaps reduce to the modified GOA (2.3) in the limit
N + o o . In Figure 1 we show the ZPE according to the
definition (29 evaluated with the exact overlaps (2.8),
for different particle numbers. Obviously, the exact
95
5, . . . . p )
........... N;
..... N
--- N=16
N --+ m
\ (M~vJ'
'"',,.
""" "....
................... .................. /
\ /7s /-
\. /
' 01a 10 ' 172 ~'
Fig. 2. The uncorrected PES (solid line) and the PES with the
rotational Z P E (2.5) subtracted (dashed line) for the nucleus Ge 72,
described in the Ni'sson model. The deformation parameter fl is the
ratio of the average extensions in z- and in y-direction
results converge rapidly towards the ZPE of the
modified GOA (which is the limit N ~ oo), showing that
the prescription (2.6) provides indeed a reliable ap-
proach for a.m. projection.
To have a realistic example, the approach (2.6) is
applied to the nucleus Ge 72, where the wave functions
are taken from a Nilsson model and the PES is
shown in Figure 2, the projected PES (dashed line) in
(2.6)
comparison to the unprojected one (solid line) is
comparable to the results from other, more elaborate,
a.m. projection calculations [9].
3. Interpretation of the Projected PES
The question arises how to use the PES obtained from
l~>2] (2.7) the a.m. projection. In a projected Hartree-Fock or
Hartree-Bogoliubov theory it serves mainly to find the
minimum and the wave function there. This procedure
is justified, since the Hartree-Fock ground state is
allowed to contain the ZPE for collective vibrations
about it. For describing collective motion, however,
one still has to subtract the ZPE for the deformation
channel. One is tempted to do this in second order
fa') 2) GOA, i.e. Z P E = - E / 2 , and to interpret the result
(2.8)
as the PES for collective motion 9 But this is a bit too
hasty a conclusion. At large deformations we have
three degrees of freedom and three parts of ZPE to be
subtracted, once El2 and twice ER/2. At small defor-
mations, however, we do subtract only one part with
the above procedure. Somewhere underway the sub-
traction of another two ZPE's must have gone lost. This
rather handwaving argument is confirmed by the more
detailed analysis in the following. It will be become
clear that indeed the projected PES cannot be in-
96
terpreted that simply as the PES for collective motion.
A proper treatment of the ZPE for the deformation
channel reveals a strong enhancement at small defor-
mations, which largely compensates the reduction of
the rotational ZPE there.
3.1. The Model of a Gaussian Wave Packet
in Three Dimensions
In order to understand, what happens in the process of
projection, we first consider a very simple model, which
allows to write down each step analytically. It consists
in a Gaussian wave packet in three dimensions,
~0R(r) = (u/2) 3/4 e -~(~-m~,
where R is the collective parameter and r represents the
"microscopic" coordinates. For this basis the G O A is
exact, having the overlaps
( I } = e - 88
22
(T}=(I}{3~ 81v1~(R-R')2~)
thus leading to a ZPE R = 3 2/4M independent of R, i.e. a
ZPE of 2/4M for each degree of freedom. That means in
terms of PES, the unsubtracted PES is ~//"=(RITIR}
= 3 2 / 4 M and the true PES, after ZPE subtraction,
becomes V=0.
Spherical coordinates, R--* R, I2, are introduced now.
Thus one has to replace
( R - R') 2 = ( R - R ' ) 2
+ [(R + R') z - (n - n')2](1 - f~. f2')/2
in the overlaps (3.2). For second order G O A with
respect to R and f2 this reduces to
(R - R') 2 ~ (R - R') 2
+ 4R 2 [(q0,~- ~0~)2 + (q)y-- ~Oty)2]
and the ZPE from second order G O A remains the
same, even in the changed representation. The ZPE for
full a.m. projection, according to (2.4) or (2.5), becomes
- X--(l- Q . ~ ' ) ,~
~d2f2d2f2, e s
2 large N, the overlaps read
ZPERot = -- ~ R2
fd2f2d20, e- ~ (1-~'~')
2
= 2 M (ag'/g)[~ = ZR~
where
~(a) = (1 - e - ' ) / ~ .
P.-G. Reinhard: The Zero-Point Energy for Rotation
The factor ~.R2g'/~ behaves similar as ~g'/g in (2.5). It
starts with value zero at 2R 2 = 0 and approaches - 1
for 2R2-+ oo. This rotational ZPE together with an
independent ZPE subtraction for the R degree of
freedom (taken from second order GOA) would yield V
=2/2M(l+2R2~'/~) which must be wrong, as the
exact result is V--0. One has to take into account the
coupling of R and f2, represented by the term (R - R ' ) 2.
(1 - f2. f2')/2 in (3.3), which has gone lost on the way to
second order G O A in (3.4). This drastically changes the
overlaps for R motion after projection. They become
(I) = (e -88 -R'V _ e -88 R') 2)
9 (1 - - e - XR2) - 1/2 (1 - e-XW2)- 2/2
(3.1)
(T)=<~> 4M JY/(R +R'
-~(R+R') 2
2aRR' e-88 )
-t 4M e_~(R_R,)2_e
* ga(R+R,) )}. (3.6)
For these overlaps a G O A is not very appropriate 9 It
(3.2) will even break down at 2R2--+0, because ),aOA/2
= (8"8R} approaches zero there. One has to use the full
momentum expansion, Equation (2.4), and obtains for
the R motion ZPE R = - 2/4M(3/2 +),R 2 ~'/~), which
adds up to - 3 2 / 4 M together with the rotational ZPE,
thus yielding the desired effective PES V = 0.
Altogether we have learned from this example: 1) The
ZPE, left out in the a.m. projection, is not lost, but is
transferred into the radial channel. 2) One has to take
into account a coupling between the orientation f2 and
the radial coordinate. This requires to go further than
(3.3) second order in the derivatives. 3) The overlaps after
projection are rather likely not to fit into a G O A
scheme.
3.2. The Deformed Oscillator Model
(3.4)
Having understood in principle the transfer of ZPE in
the process of projection, we still ought to check the
relevance of the results for quadrupole motion. This is
done in the schematic model of N particles in the 1 s
state of a deformed oscillator, as it was introduced in
~(1-a. f2') the preceeding section, see (2.7). In the limit of very
(I> = e - ~-(e-e',2- ~-(* - (.- a'):)
(3.5)
- - E R ~ ( 1 - - ( a - f2')2)} (3.7)
P.-G. Reinhard: The Zero-Point Energy for Rotation 97

1. 5. ) The horizontal line at - 3 corresponds to the simple

second order GOA, see (29 This clearly shows that
also in the case of quadrupole motion most of the ZPE,
not accounted for in the a.m. projection, has been
transferred into the remaining degree of freedom and it
\
\
shows that the simple GOA is better than any half
\ hearted improvement 9 Altogether, the above example
\
\
confirmes what we have learned in the Gaussian wave
\ packet model and the three concluding statements at
\ the end of the preceeding subsection could be repeated
\
here.
\\ But we can extract here on experience more. The full
ZPE, straight line in Figure 3 shows a rather strong
variation. In particular, it does not approach the value
- 3 at zero deformation, as it should do. This points
ZPE towards some missing dynamic degrees of freedom9
And indeed, assuming axial symmetry, we have omitted
Fig. 3. Various versions of the total ZPE in the deformed oscillator the two collective channels which correspond to the so
model, drawn as a function of ]/2 R : 1) The full ZPE evaluated from called 7-vibrations. For a fully consistent treatment
the overlaps (3.7) with the momentum expansion (solid line). 2) The these ought to be included9
a.m. projected Z PE (2.6) with "naive" GOA, - E p , for the fi-channel
(dashed line). 3) The ZPE from a G O A fit to the projected overlaps
(3.8) (dotted line)
3.3. An Interpolation Formula for the ZPE

where The above considerations show that each attempt to

improve on the GOA immediately requires much more
2e = 1/6 labour. Gradual changes seem not to be possible9 Thus
it might be the best just to use the ZPE from the simple
and 2 R =32r fl' =32e(fi 2-(fi-fl')2/4) provides the
second order GOA, see (29 and (29149But this also can
coupling between fl and fa. (A detailed derivation is
run into inconsistencies if the ZPE's E R and E~ come
given in the appendix.) After projection one obtains the
out to be different at zero deformation. Due to spherical
overlaps for mere fi motion,
symmetry, they should both approach the same value
there. In order to guarantee this behaviour at zero
<I) = e- ~-(~-P')2g(2R/4 ) deformation and to connect it smoothly to the GOA
9 Eg( 88 g(~,tpfl')]- 1/2 description at large deformations, we propose the
following interpolation
<H)=(I){V-Ee@(fl-fl') 2
ZPE = Ee(1/2 + 1 - (~g'/g)l~_ 4./4)
%

+ ER (e g'/g) l~= ,~/4} + ER(c~g'/g)I~=~R/4. (3.9)

(3.8)
where g(~) is defined as in (2.5). The rotational ZPE (2.5)
is given with the third term in (H>, taken at fi = fl', i.e.
2R--*32~fi 2. But with its dependence on (fi_fl,)z this
term contains more, namely a large part of the transfer-
red ZPE.
As in the Gaussian model before, the projected overlap
does not fit into a GOA and has to be treated with the
ZPE definition (2,4). This can only be done numerically.
The result is given in Figure 3 where we compare 1) this
full ZPE (solid Iine), obtained from a.m. projection and
subsequent momentum expansion for the fl motion, 2)
the projected energy with the "naive" second order
GOA, E p = - 2 p / 4 M , on top (dashed line) and 3) an
attempt to fit the overlap (3.8) by a GOA (dotted line).
It is constructed by taking the a.m. projection (2.5),
obtained from the modified GOA, and adding the
experience that the oscillational ZPE increases as the
rotational ZPE decreases. Thus it is reasonable to
describe the ZPE transfer by using the damping factor
of the rotational ZPE for turning on gradually the fl-
ZPE. This is obviously the best which can be done
within a second order approach. Any improvement
would require fourth order GOA, at least for the
coupling term < 8~ j20~).
The above interpolation formula has been applied to
the nucleus Ge 7z, described in the Nilsson model9 The
result is drawn in Figure 4 (dashed line). It seems to
provide a reliable description of the full ZPE and is an
improvement compared to the simple GOA (dotted
98 P.-G. Reinhard: The Zero-Point Energy for Rotation

[M e V] treatment, we have taylored an interpolation formula

~
for the total ZPE which requires only second order
quantities. An application to the example Ge 72, de-
scribed with a Nilsson model, gives satisfying results.
\ / Altogether the modified GOA in Section 2 and the
\ /
/ models studied in Section 3 are lucid examples for the
\ 7 ~. /
\
f
/
/
fact that the validity of the GOA depends strongly on
\

/
,/ the coordinates chosen. This, on the other hand,
suggests a general scheme for systematically deriving
t' modified GOA's. One should start with a cartesian
/ coordinate system for the collective parameters % i.e. a
70 system in which the kinetic energy can be expected to
018 1,0 ' 1'2 ~' take the form ~'. a2. There a GOA is most likely to be
Fig. 4. The uncorrected PES (solid line) and the PES with full ZPE
subtraction in the interpolated form (3.9) (dashed line) or from the valid. From this system one can undertake any desired
simple G O A (dotted line) transformation. The corresponding modified GOA is
obtained by inserting the reverse transformation into
line) which has an unreasonable bump at small defor- the GOA of the cartesian system. In the case of
mations, since the rotational ZPE is described wrong quadrupol motion, e.g., one should start with the five
there. deformation coordinates c~2, and then apply the well
known transformation to fi, 7 and the Euler angles.
4. Conclusion
The starting point was the observation that a GOA Appendix. Norm and Hamiltonian Overlap
expansion becomes inappropriate for describing ro- in the Deformed Oscillator Model
tations, if the system is only weakly deformed and the
angular orientation becomes rather uncertain, i.e. First we express the wave function (2.7) in a matrix
Aq)~2rc. In Section 2, a modified GOA has been notation
proposed which takes into account the periodicity of (pp,e(r)+0Z/2o) a/4e 2 (A.1)
the angular variables by incorporating the scalar
product of the orientations into the exponential. This
where A=e~/3(l+(e g-1)~?| fi=fi/l/N and
f~ | ~ is a dual product9 This simplifies the following
provides a very simple prescription for a.m. projection,
manipulations. Using the linear transformation r ' = ((A
requiring only second order derivatives, like the GOA.
Its reliability has been tested in a simple model. The
+d')/2)l/2r, we obtain for the norm overlap
most striking feature of the projected rotational ZPE is (P,~lfi',~'}
its fast fall offto zero at small deformations, driving the
projected PES to deformed minima.
One ought to be careful, however, with the interpre-
--- Det (7"6/20) 3/2 5 d 3 r ' e -;'~
tation of the projected PES. For determining the
Hartree-Fock minimum it might be useful. But if one is
interested in a PES for collective motion, one still has to
subtract the ZPE for the remaining deformation chan-
nel. The simple GOA added to the rotation ZPE gives = [88 - (~- fa') 2) d/a cosh(g3)
the wrong prediction. As shown in Section 3, the a.m.
9 sin(fl/2)sinh(fi'/2)
projection changes drastically the dynamics of the
deformation channel. In the spirit of a GOA expansion q- c o s h 2 ( 3 / 3 ) cosh(23/3)3 N/2
this can be accounted for by including the coupling where a=(fi-B')/2. For fl=fl', i.e. a =0, this obviously
between deformation and rotation with the fourth reduces to the rotational overlap (2.8). A Taylor
order term @~ J;2 ~ ) . Thi s yields, after projection, the expansion for 5 and 1-(f2-fa') 2 yields the GOA
overlaps for the fi-channel which usually cannot be expression
treated with second order GOA. A full momentum
expansion has to be applied. It yields a fi-ZPE which
increases at small deformations, thus compensating the 1 a2 1 ~'fl' . 2 q-N/2
decrease of rotational ZPE there. Both contributions +5N+ 1g-if-sin (~0)]
together give a rather smooth ZPE subtraction. In
order to avoid the complications of an extended GOA ~ e - ~-'~ - B')2- }~-si"2'~o) (A.3)
P.-G. Reinhard: The Zero-Point Energy for Rotation 99
where 2~ = 1/6 and 2R = ft. fi'/4.
The coupling between Again, in the limit N ~ oo only the lowest order in fi
f2 and/r is contained in 2R sin 2 A(p, since 2R ~B" fl' =fi2 =fi/1/N and 6 = 6~1IN
contributes. Thus the Hamil-
-(fi- fl')2/4.
In the limit N---, Go the GOA (A.3) is even tonian overlap becomes
exact, because the higher terms in the Taylor expansion
are supressed with g)Zn/N'.
It is interesting to note that
the fourth order term, ~ fi' sin 2(A q)), survives in the limit (H)=(I>{~f-N8~Tr{(A-d')2(A+A')Z} }
N ~ o% because the angular coordinate does not carry
the factor 1/N,
as fi does. Thus the (1/N)'-counting is
= (I){Yf 4M2~ 8M2~ sinz(Acp)flfl'}
shifted for all angular terms by one place.
For evaluating the Hamiltonian overlap from a micro-
scopic Hamiltonian,/t = T + ~,,we do not employ a two =(I){'U-Ep@c~2-ER~sin2(A~o)} (A.6)
body force for the potential energy, but are approx-
imating it by a single particle potential. It is a deformed
oscillator potential, whose deformation is taken as the where E~=ER=2o/2M and 2a,2 R are given in (A.3).
average between the deformation/3 of the bra and fi' of This is obviously the form as applied in (3.7). The
the ket. Thus we obtain the elementary overlap (i.e. the rotational overlap (2.8), for N < o% is obtained easily by
overlap for only one particle) taking the overlap before the limit N ~ oo, but at fi = fi',
i.e. 6 = 0. Finally, we want to point out again, that in the
(~,~IHI~,)~pa,t above model the limit N ~ oo proves the modified
~O GOA (2.3) to be exact for both overlaps, ( H ) and ( I ) .
=(~/2o) /
3 2
Sd re 2
3 ---rAr

o
\(T+ A \~]
22' ~r (A
~- + zr]]e-aZ~
~0 ^ ^
References
-(Tz/2~
- ( 23 )M
`o 20 r(e[_~,)er
8M
e-T.A+A')~

1. Wong, C.W.: PhysicsReport 15C, 283 (1974)

= D e t ( d ~ d , ) - i/2
[23~2~ 82~ Tr { ( A - A')2 (A + A')- 1}]
M 5. Beck, R., Mang, HJ., Ring, P.: Z. Physik231, 26 (1970)
The first term therein, 32/2M, is the zero-point energy
of the wave packet (A.1). It is absorbed into the
"classical" PES Y/(fi). The second term describes the
masses for collective motion. It is evaluated as
Tr{(~-d')2(A+d') -1}
2. Villars, F.: Nucl. Phys.A285, 269 (1977)
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=2Det(A2d'--)-l{e 2~/3cosh (3/3) sinh2 (23/3)

P.-G. Reinhard
+ e~/32 cosh(3/3) cosh(23/3) sinh 2 (6/3) Fachbereich 18 - Physik
Institut fiir Kernphysik
- 88 - (ft. ~'2)) sinh (]?/2) sinh (/~'/2) e~/3 Johannes Gutenberg-Universit~itMainz
9 [cosh(3/3) (cosh(&3) + e -~ cosh(23/3)) Saarstral3e 21
D-6500 Mainz
- sinh2(6/3)]}. (A.5) Federal Republic of Germany