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1 ∆Q
c=
m ∆T
3
4
19.1 Specific Heat (IV)
The Method of Mixtures
The method of mixtures, first employed by Black, is used to
determine the final equilibrium temperature. Since there is no
heat exchanged with the surroundings, the heat transferred to
the colder body is equal to the heat transferred from the hotter
body.
∆Q1 + ∆Q2 = 0
m1c1∆T1 + m2 c2 ∆T2 = 0
Where ∆T1=Tf-T1 and ∆T2=Tf-T2.
Example 19.1
A steel ball of mass m1=80 g has an initial temperature T1 =200
ºC. It is immersed in m2=250 g of water in a copper cup of mass
m3=100 g. The initial temperature of the water and cup is T2=20
ºC. Find the final temperature when the system reaches the
thermal equilibrium, where c1=450 (J/kg⋅K), c2=4190 (J/kg⋅K),
and c3=385 (J/kg⋅K).
Solution:
∆Q
L=
m
8
Example 19.2
A 2-kg chuck of ice at -10 ºC is added to 5 kg of liquid water at
45ºC. What is the final temperature of the system.
Solution:
12
19.4 Work in Thermodynamics:
Isobaric Work
In an isobaric process the expansion or compression occurs at
constant pressure.
Vf
W = ∫ PdV = P(V f − Vi )
Vi
Vf
W = ∫ PdV
Vi
1
Vf
= nRT ∫ dV
Vi V
Vf
= nRT ln( )
Vi
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19.5 First Law of Thermodynamics
The internal energy U is a state function --- one that depends
only on the thermodynamic state of the system.
∆U = Q − W
In this definition, Q is positive when heat enters the system and
W is positive when work is done by the system on its
surroundings. * Notice that we can specify only the change in
internal energy.
∆U = 0 or U = constant
The internal energy of an isolated system is constant.
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19.6 Application of The First Law of Thermodynamics
(b) Cyclic Process
Energies operate in cycles, in which the system --- for example, a
gas --- periodically returns to its initial state.
Since the system returns to its initial state, the change in the
internal energy in one complete cycle is zero; that is, ∆U=0.
Q =W
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∆U = Q
20
19.6 Application of The First Law of Thermodynamics
(d) Adiabatic Process
In an adiabatic process, the system does not change heat with its
surrounding; that is, Q=0.
∆U = −W
In an adiabatic expansion the internal energy decreases. That is
usually manifested as a drop in temperature.
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Q = 0 and W = 0
∆U = 0
This uncontrolled expansion is not quasistatic and cannot be
depicted on a PV diagram.
Solution:
Example 19.6
Find the work done by an ideal gas when its state change
adiabatically (a) from P1 and V1 to P2 and V2, and (b) from T1
to T2.
Solution:
W = ∫ PdV
(a) adiabatic ( P1 , V1 ) - - > ( P2 , V2 )
V2 V2
dV K 1 1 1 1 1
W = ∫ PdV = ∫ K = ( − ) = ( − )
V1 V1
V γ γ − 1 V1γ −1 V2γ −1 γ − 1 P1V1 P2V2
(b) adiabatic from T1 to T2
T2
W = −nCc ∫ dT = −nCv (T2 − T1 )
T1
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19.9 Heat Transport
Heat transfer occurs by three mechanisms:
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dQ dT
= −κA
dt dx
31
Ch.19:
Ex. 13, 24, 32, 36, 43, 45, 50
Prob. 3, 8, 9
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