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18/10/2019
setwd("C:/Users/user/Desktop/Ri")
beefdemand <- read.csv2("beefdemand.csv")
beefdemand
## Year qb y pb pl pp
## 1 1949 121.3 355 25.68 20.01 45.74
## 2 1950 124.3 380 26.30 18.74 53.00
## 3 1951 131.6 426 30.19 22.45 57.90
## 4 1952 118.9 353 33.13 27.11 56.56
## 5 1953 119.7 354 31.61 20.69 55.25
## 6 1954 114.6 361 30.15 18.89 55.69
## 7 1955 116.5 380 32.23 19.16 50.62
## 8 1956 119.1 391 31.80 20.10 52.36
## 9 1957 128.9 380 30.76 20.60 53.96
## 10 1958 125.1 368 32.08 19.46 51.78
## 11 1959 117.6 385 33.34 17.90 51.01
## 12 1960 98.4 403 36.66 17.86 54.64
## 13 1961 85.4 406 39.71 19.14 53.04
## 14 1962 93.3 411 37.79 18.03 49.47
## 15 1963 100.4 427 38.38 18.82 53.70
## 16 1964 104.9 459 39.10 19.04 55.22
## 17 1965 98.8 469 39.84 20.63 56.03
summary(beefdemand)
## Year qb y pb
## Min. :1949 Min. : 85.4 Min. :353.0 Min. :25.68
## 1st Qu.:1953 1st Qu.:100.4 1st Qu.:368.0 1st Qu.:30.76
## Median :1957 Median :117.6 Median :385.0 Median :32.23
## Mean :1957 Mean :112.9 Mean :394.6 Mean :33.46
## 3rd Qu.:1961 3rd Qu.:121.3 3rd Qu.:411.0 3rd Qu.:37.79
## Max. :1965 Max. :131.6 Max. :469.0 Max. :39.84
## pl pp
## Min. :17.86 Min. :45.74
## 1st Qu.:18.82 1st Qu.:51.78
## Median :19.16 Median :53.70
## Mean :19.92 Mean :53.29
## 3rd Qu.:20.60 3rd Qu.:55.25
## Max. :27.11 Max. :57.90
1. Estimación de una demanda lineal
Use la base de datos beefdemand y estime una demanda lineal de cantidad de carne de
res en funcíon del precio de la carne de res, el precio de la carne de cordero, el precio
de la carne de cerdo y el ingreso. Calcule la elasticidad precio de la demanda e
interprete ecoń omicamente el resultado. Calcule la elasticidad ingreso de la demanda
e interprete ecoń omicamente el resultado.
##Observaciones De entrada se puede afirmar que la carne mas costosa es la de cerdo
(pp), ya que cuanta con un mínimo de AUD 45.74 y un máximo de AUD 57.90. la carne
que presenta un precio más bajo es la de cordero con un mínimo de AUD 17.86 y un
máximo de AUD 27.11
#Figura de cantidad consumidad de carne de vaca versus su precio
with(beefdemand,plot(qb,pb, type="p", col="blue",cex=1.5, xlab="Cantidad
de carne de vaca", ylab="pb,pp,pl,y",las=1))
par(new=TRUE)
with(beefdemand,plot(qb,pp, type="p", col="green",cex=1.5,las=1, ann = F,
axes = F))
par(new=TRUE)
with(beefdemand,plot(qb,pl, type="p", col="black",cex=1.5,las=1, ann = F,
axes = F))
par(new=TRUE)
with(beefdemand,plot(qb,y, type="p", col="red",cex=1.5,las=1, ann = F,
axes = F))
with(beefdemand,
plot(beefdemand$pb+beefdemand$y+beefdemand$pl+beefdemand$pp,beefdemand$qb
, type = "p"))
library(stats)
demand<- lm(qb~pb+pp+pl+y , data = beefdemand)
summary(demand)
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = qb ~ pb + pp + pl + y, data = beefdemand)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -8.8320 -4.5824 0.8268 3.7161 11.3910
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 126.73492 33.14863 3.823 0.002425 **
## pb -2.93406 0.55299 -5.306 0.000187 ***
## pp 0.77533 0.72652 1.067 0.306889
## pl 0.98554 0.95585 1.031 0.322846
## y 0.05917 0.07403 0.799 0.439709
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 6.862 on 12 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.804, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7387
## F-statistic: 12.31 on 4 and 12 DF, p-value: 0.0003298
with(beefdemand,2.93406* (mean(pb)/mean(qb)))
## [1] 0.8696824
with(beefdemand,0.77533* (mean(pp)/mean(qb)))
## [1] 0.3660755
with(beefdemand,0.98554* (mean(pl)/mean(qb)))
## [1] 0.1739282
with(beefdemand,0.05917* (mean(y)/mean(qb)))
## [1] 0.2068545
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(qb) ~ pb + pl + pp + y, data = beefdemand)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.100456 -0.039774 0.000633 0.039170 0.101685
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.8565961 0.3138213 15.476 2.72e-09 ***
## pb -0.0269818 0.0052352 -5.154 0.000239 ***
## pl 0.0087590 0.0090492 0.968 0.352180
## pp 0.0071922 0.0068781 1.046 0.316321
## y 0.0005259 0.0007009 0.750 0.467467
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.06496 on 12 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.795, Adjusted R-squared: 0.7267
## F-statistic: 11.64 on 4 and 12 DF, p-value: 0.0004279
with(beefdemand,0.0269818*mean(pb))
## [1] 0.9026999
with(beefdemand,0.0087590*mean(pl))
## [1] 0.1744741
with(beefdemand,0.0071922*mean(pp))
## [1] 0.3832893
with(beefdemand,0.0005259*mean(y))
## [1] 0.207514
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(qb) ~ log(pb) + log(pp) + log(pl) + log(y),
## data = beefdemand)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.118106 -0.040884 0.008385 0.045724 0.104486
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) 4.6726 1.6596 2.816 0.015589 *
## log(pb) -0.8266 0.1826 -4.526 0.000695 ***
## log(pp) 0.4371 0.3837 1.139 0.276806
## log(pl) 0.1997 0.2127 0.939 0.366400
## log(y) 0.1017 0.2940 0.346 0.735437
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.07016 on 12 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.7609, Adjusted R-squared: 0.6812
## F-statistic: 9.546 on 4 and 12 DF, p-value: 0.00104
## Year Y r K
## Min. :1948 Min. : 1.214 Min. :0.1454 Min. :0.5590
## 1st Qu.:1956 1st Qu.: 3.875 1st Qu.:0.2667 1st Qu.:0.8203
## Median :1964 Median : 7.349 Median :0.3505 Median :2.0190
## Mean :1964 Mean :10.050 Mean :0.3549 Mean :3.7363
## 3rd Qu.:1971 3rd Qu.:16.400 3rd Qu.:0.4064 3rd Qu.:7.1965
## Max. :1979 Max. :23.619 Max. :0.5879 Max. :9.5080
## w L
## Min. :0.2430 Min. :1.384
## 1st Qu.:0.3583 1st Qu.:2.355
## Median :0.5220 Median :3.337
## Mean :0.6913 Mean :3.793
## 3rd Qu.:0.9295 3rd Qu.:5.513
## Max. :1.7790 Max. :6.852
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(Y) ~ log(K) + log(L), data = airtransportation)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.20931 -0.06196 0.01054 0.05359 0.14285
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -0.224689 0.098847 -2.273 0.0306 *
## log(K) -0.004184 0.056032 -0.075 0.9410
## log(L) 1.802960 0.116710 15.448 1.57e-15 ***
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.08398 on 29 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9921, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9915
## F-statistic: 1813 on 2 and 29 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##
## Call:
## lm(formula = log(Y) ~ log(K) + log(L) + log(Year), data =
airtransportation)
##
## Residuals:
## Min 1Q Median 3Q Max
## -0.19021 -0.04250 0.01083 0.04904 0.13759
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(>|t|)
## (Intercept) -303.10895 118.32600 -2.562 0.0161 *
## log(K) -0.06243 0.05615 -1.112 0.2756
## log(L) 1.55055 0.14545 10.660 2.3e-11 ***
## log(Year) 39.99232 15.62356 2.560 0.0162 *
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## Residual standard error: 0.07694 on 28 degrees of freedom
## Multiple R-squared: 0.9936, Adjusted R-squared: 0.9929
## F-statistic: 1442 on 3 and 28 DF, p-value: < 2.2e-16
##Ahora teniendo en cuenta el paso del tiempo como variable proxy del cambio
tecnologico, notamos que la elasticidad es más baja (1.5), lo cual puede ser un fuerte
indicativo que con el cambio en la tecnologia a lo largo del tiempo el trabajo va a llegar
a tener una menor incidencia en el producto, porque lo que se puede tener hoy en día
como mano obrera en el futuro podra se automatizado y realizado por una maquina.