Reintegration and Recidivism A Phenomeno PDF

Reintegration and Recidivism i
Reintegration and Recidivism:
A Phenomenological Study On Those Who Made It Through The Bars
_______________________
A Research Study
Presented To The
Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences
University of San Carlos
Cebu City, Philippines
_____________________
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY
--------------------------
By
Co, Jalen Crae
Estel, Janine Danica
Portes, Patrick John
Rondina, Godivy Blanche
PROPONENTS
March 16, 2016

Reintegration and Recidivism ii
Abstract
As of 2012 there has been an alarming increase of 20% Filipino recidivists (Bureau of
Corrections, 2012). It continues to increase up until the present time. Thus, this study examined
how Individual Differences, Family, Peers, State Policies for Employment, and Spirituality foster
successful reintegration of ex-offenders and ultimately lessen recidivism among them. Through
delving into the personal lived experiences of the ex-offender during their re-entry, the
researchers intend to know how these factors play out in their successful re-entry experience.
Findings suggest that these factors heavily affect the reintegration of formerly incarcerated
individuals. However, a new factor, politics, emerged in our present study indicating that it also
assists successful reintegration. The six factors are interdependent and found to have
corresponding subthemes. In addition, the researchers have found out that the factors may
overlap with one another and may or may not exist without the other. In general, findings
provide several suggestions for better correctional facilities, better government policies, and
alternative approaches for successful reintegration and lessening recidivism rates.

Reintegration and Recidivism iii
Acknowledgement
Foremost, we would like to thank our thesis consultant, Mr. Jame Bryan Batara of the
Department of Psychology of University of San Carlos. The door to Mr. Batara’s office was
always open whenever we ran into a trouble or had a question about our research or writing. He
consistently allowed this paper to be our own work, but steered us in the right direction
whenever he thought we needed it. Thank you, sir, for always being the light during our darkest
times.
Besides our consultant, we would like to thank our thesis adviser, Mrs. Maria Jhorenda
Macion of the Department of Psychology of University of San Carlos for being strict in terms of
meeting the deadlines. Madam, without your constant push, we wouldn’t be able to produce such
output.
We would like to express our very profound gratitude to our family for providing us with
unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout the process of researching and
writing this thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them. Thank you.
And above all, our Father Almighty, for being our main source of wisdom and strength.
The Researchers
Reintegration and Recidivism iv
Table of Contents
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Review of Related Literature 2
Theoretical Framework 20
Statement of the Problem 22
Significance of the Study 22
II. METHODS 24
Participants 24
Setting 25
Research Design 25
Materials 26
Procedures 26
Data Analysis 27
III. RESULTS 28
IV. DISCUSSION 46
Implications 59
Limitations and Recommendations 59
Trustworthiness 61
Reflexivity 62
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 66

REFERENCES 68
APPENDICES 80
Reintegration and Recidivism 1
CHAPTER I
Introduction
There are times when people commit mistakes and even break laws. These mistakes are
sometimes looked down upon by society and the consequence of these mistakes is often times
legal sanctions and eventually imprisonment in correctional facilities.
The experience in these facilities is not pleasant as studies show that many prisons still
follow penal (punishment) based systems of correction and is often described as filled with
anxiety and self-loathing for the imprisoned individual (Stohr, Walsh & Hemmens, 2008).
However, if these people comply with what is asked of them, there is a chance that they might be
introduced to a parole. The original intent of the parole was to reward inmates who showed good
behaviour (Samaha, 2006).Unfortunately nowadays, this is often no longer the case as prisoners
are given parole not purely because of their good behavior but mostly because prisons can no
longer accommodate the increase of inmates coming in their facilities. The likely implication that
these current parole practices have is that individuals who are not quite rehabilitated and who are
sent back into society have a high chance of reverting back to crime and undesirable behaviors
(Carlson & Garrett, 2008).
Recidivism is defined as being caught doing criminal behavior or reoffending after the
offender receives necessary sanction or undergoes intervention for the previous crime (Maltz,
2001). More specifically, recidivism is being reflected as a persistent correlate of reintegration
(Shinkfield & Graffam, 2009). Reintegration refers to whenever an institutionalized individual is
allowed to re-enter society as a person (Visher & Travis, 2003). However, most of the studies in
recidivism focused on the factors that contributed to high recidivism and therefore failure in
reintegration (Gendreau & Goggin, 1994; Uggen, 2000; Langan & Levin, 2002).
Interestingly, recent empirical studies have shown that successful reintegration and lower
recidivism can be fostered by a number of factors namely (1) Individual Differences, (2) Family
(Naser & Visher, 2006), (3) Peers (Taylor & Becker, 2015), (4) State Policies for Employment
(Harris & Keller, 2005; Visher et al., 2011), and (5) Spirituality (Walton, 2007; Swanson, 2009;
Slattery & Park, 2011). Yet there is scant literature looking into how these factors foster
successful reintegration and thereby lead to low recidivism.
The present study aims to look into in depth information as to how these factors can
foster successful reintegration and ultimately lessen recidivism among ex-offenders. Through
delving into the personal lived experiences of the ex-offender during their re-entry, the
researchers intend to know how these factors play out in their successful re-entry experience.
Thus, the present study has several implications: (1) It can provide suggestions on improving the
current interventions programs intended for the re-entry and reintegration of ex-offenders into
the society, (2) It may influence current state policies affecting employment reintegration of ex-
offenders, (3) It may be able to provide help as to how the programs may be able to reduce
recidivism and (4) It can provide suggestions in implementing newer intervention programs.
Literature Review
Over the last decade, Philippine correctional facilities such as the Bureau of Corrections
(BuCor) conducted a survey which showed that their prisons and penal farms garnered 5038
admissions. However, 20% of those admitted were recidivists, or ex-offenders who were
previously released but were convicted again for the same or a different crime. This is startling
because the Philippines’ recidivism rate during 2004 was only 5%. With the capacities of our
prisons decreasing faster each year and the conditions getting more severe, the eventual result is
often forgotten – offenders leave prisons with few marketable skills, inferior education, severe
emotional problems, broken spirits and an anxiety for what comes next (BuCor, 2010). Certain
measures should be done to ensure that instead of leaving prison more broken than when they
came in, ex-offenders can instead be equipped to live normal lives, as is their right as human
beings, and more importantly, become reintegrated with society.
Reintegration is a general term that refers to whenever an institutionalized individual or
someone who has spent a majority of their time in prison is allowed to undergo a process in
which they can successfully re-enter society as a person and therefore reduces recidivism. This is
unlike the punishment-centered process that convicted individuals go through in the correctional
model that is found in most jails today (Stohr, Walsh, & Hemmens, 2008; Whitehead, Jones, &
Branswell, 2008). The latter has individuals undergo a procedure that tries to decrease the chance
of them repeating whatever behavior lead to their conviction by taking away something they
want or isolating them from society.
However, reintegration often does not aid the individual in exploring behaviors that allow
them to actively involve themselves in avoiding their previous behaviors that lead to conviction.
Little attention is given to ex-offenders who try to re-establish their lives and many are often
unable to receive the help they need finding work and housing assistance which are crucial in re-
establishing life after prison (Visher & Travis, 2003). In fact, most prisons do very little to
facilitate a smooth reintegration from prison to community and many of the obstacles that
prevent successful reintegration of ex-offenders after prison are often public laws that restrict the
rights and opportunities of those with criminal records. This is the challenge of the reintegration
phase known as re-entry where ex-offenders face obstacles outside of prison such as not being
able to attain a job so as to pay for their basic needs. One example is a study that was conducted
in Multi-City of Urban Inequality which showed that over 60 percent of employers would not
hire those who have criminal records. In line with this, another study conducted in a Midwestern
city regarding its hiring practices revealed that about 50 percent of applicants who admitted
having a criminal record were not hired (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979.). Thus, it
is likely that ex-offenders might relapse to criminal behaviour and return back to prison due to
the difficulty and stress in managing a different yet normal life (Wikoff, Linhorst & Morani,
2012).
This relapse to criminal behavior or reoffending after the offender receives necessary
sanction or undergoes intervention for the previous crime is coined as recidivism (Maltz, 2001).
Maltz (2001) also contends that recidivism is one of the most fundamental concepts in criminal
justice. It results from psychological, social and economic consequences of the offence for the
incarcerated individual (Rujjavanet, 2013).
Existing studies on recidivism (New York Council of State Governments Justice Center,
2014; Maltz, 2001; Taylor, 2012) have consistently noted that unsuccessful reintegration and
recidivism have been alarming problems confronting these correctional facilities. It has been
established that one of the primary issues in the correctional services field is the reintegration of
ex-prisoners (Shinkfield & Graffam, 2009). Moreover, promoting successful reintegration is an
ongoing concern in efforts to reduce recidivism (Dougherty, 2013; Shinkfield & Graffam, 2009;
Maltz, 2001).
Factors affecting Reintegration and Recidivism
In light of the growing body of research concerning reintegration and recidivism, there
are factors affecting an individual’s pathway to reintegration. As mentioned previously, state
policies and stress play a role in whether an ex-offender’s re-entry into society is successful or
otherwise. However, there are different factors that affect each ex-offender. And so, the
challenge that this study tries to tackle is to understand how these factors of transition from
prison to community ex-offenders likely face that aid a successful reintegration. The current
study examines five factors proposed by Visher and Travis (2003). These factors are individual
differences, family, peers, employment and spirituality.
The Ex-Offender (Individual Differences)
Many of the consequences that individuals go through are due to their own decision.
However, there are some consequences that seem like they are because of outside forces. Just
like this term that Sieber, Gunter-Hunt, and Farrell-Holtan (1993) used to describe the stress that
elderly people are likely to experience when they have to move out of their familial home and
into institutional care. This “relocation stress” is analogous to the “blow to the psyche” or the
“entry shock” that individuals experience during the initial stages of incarceration (Erikson,
1982). Under this form of personal disaster, incarcerated individuals are likely to experience not
only a form of anxiety and depression (Crawley & Sparks, 2006) but also a refusal to accept their
current identity or “master status” as prisoners (Raphael, 1986) and an internal “quest for
meaning” to try and search for what to make of their lives (Hodgkinson & Stewart, 1991).
In this form of existential crisis, those that are incarcerated may have an uncertain and
distorted view of the world and/or of themselves. Normally when encountering an experience
that is so dreadful, normal individuals usually have at least something of significance left to
bring meaning to their lives, such as other aspects of their lives beyond the experience. However
in the perspective of the prisoner, one cannot simply look to another dimension to find meaning
because once one arrives in prison, it is the start of a new “life” (Cohen &Taylor, 1972).
In attempts to “survive” this new environment, the incarcerated tends to adapt certain
ways of thinking or coping strategies (Zamble & Quinsey, 1997). These responses usually
associated with the psychoanalytic concept of defensiveness or defense mechanism, manifest
among the individuals in different ways. In a study by Crawley & Sparks (2006), many of their
interviewees adapted a pragmatic and accepting view on their situation. These individuals
recalled past experiences of brutality to provide an “appropriate way” to behave within the walls
of prison and used these as the fulcrum of their psychological survival. Others underwent a form
of regression and whenever asked about their experiences in prison, would steer the conversation
to their experiences (events, people, and places) outside prison and before the events that lead to
their imprisonment (Crawley & Sparks, 2006).
However once the incarcerated have owned up or gotten “used-to” to these ways of
thinking and behaving, and with the absence of the proper guidance and help, “entry shock” and
the same feelings of anxiety and fear arise once again for the individual who has spent most of
their time in a correctional facility that doesn’t resemble that of the outside world and provides
little support in their re-entry. Which is why looking into the different individuals to see how
each of them react and adapt to these sorts of changes can help in understanding how
reintegration can be improved.

In essence, the literature above suggests that the individual can hinder successful
reintegration however; the individual-level influences such as family and peers will serve as the
factors that can foster successful reintegration. These influences include the major life events that
affect the moral values and principles of an individual (Svenson, Weerman, Pauwells, Bruinsma,
& Bernasco, 2013). Events such as getting married (Farrington & West, 1995), acquiring a
steady job (Farrington, Gallagher, Morley, St. Ledger, & West, 1986), and moving to live in a
low-crime neighbourhood (Osborn, 1980) were studied by Farrington and Davis (2007) to
encourage an individual’s increased motivation to reintegrate with society. However, these
influences heavily rely on the participation of other factors such as the ex-offender’s social
networks, either families or peers.
Family
The challenges associated with re-entry from jail are daunting (Solomon et al., 2008).
Substance addiction, job and housing instability, mental illness, and a host of health problems are
part of the day-to-day realities for a significant share of this population (Williams-Queen, 2014).
Consequently, re-entry intervention and programs should not only focus on providing the
economic and structural resources to live but should also address the social and emotional
aspects of life in the perspective of the offender (Denney, Tewksbury & Jones, 2014). In this
regard, social support has been found to play an essential role in crime and recidivism (Taylor &
Becker, 2015).
Social support has been defined as “the perceived or actual instrumental and/or
expressive provisions supplied by the community, social networks, and confiding partners” (Lin,
1986, p.18). In the offender context, having a network of family, friends, and/or community that
can provide financial or emotional support while an offender is incarcerated and as the offender
re-enters society is considered as social support (Denney et al., 2014).
A large body of research indicates that the most important social network, of course, is
the family (Berg & Huebner, 2011; Denney et al., 2014; Hagan & Dinovitzer, 1999; Naser &
Visher, 2006). The core members of an offenders’ social support system is the family (Berg &
Huebner, 2011; Malik-Kane & Visher, 2008). Interestingly, during a personal crises (e.g.,
divorce, death, and serious health complications), family members are the primary sources of
psychological, material, and financial support (Berg & Huebner, 2011; Cattell, 2001).In
particular, Berg and Huebner (2011) contend that upon release from prison, offenders commonly
rely on parents, grandparents, siblings, aunts, and uncles. Thus, family is a vital component to
understanding the re-entry process of ex-offenders (Naser & Visher, 2006).
It is important to recognize that there are family situations that can hinder successful
reintegration of the ex-offender (Flower, 2013). In particular, Mills and Codd’s study (as cited in
Flower, 2013) emphasized that families of ex-offenders, “may themselves engage in criminal
activity or be the cause of the initial offending, and in such cases are unlike to promote a
reduction in re-offending”(p. 12).Moreover, an ex-offender, who has family members who also
engaged in crime, or who has a history of abuse and neglect by family members, is likely to be at
greater risk of re-offending because criminal behavior has been learned, often from an early age
(Sampson & Laub, 1993).
In addition, incarcerated parents with a child expect to resume their parenting role and
live with their child after release (Petersilia, 2000; Bloom, Barbara &Steinhart, 1993; Beck et al.,
1991). These incarcerated parents still face re-entry challenges such as housing and job
instability (Petersilia, 2000; Bloom et al., 1993). The said difficulties, along with the challenge of
childcare these incarcerated parents encounter upon re-entry, may lead the ex-offender to be
limited in their participation in the intervention programs catered for them (Hagan & Dinovitzer,
1999). Due to this, successful reintegration may be hindered.
Moreover, ex-offenders who do not have consistent and reliable social support from
family members are also likely to engage in criminal behavior since these individuals do not feel
that they have a social network that can provide moral and/or financial support that may keep
them from reverting back to criminal behavior. In this regard, ex-offenders who do not have a
new social support system may return to their old social support system of individuals who
participate in criminal activities, drugs or alcohol use which leads to a higher risk for recidivism
(Denney et al., 2014).
On a different note, a positive supportive relationship within the family can foster
successful reintegration of ex-offender into the society (Flower, 2013). Further, emotional,
financial/tangible support or any type of support offered by the family after release can affect an
ex-offender’s re-entry into society (Naser & Visher, 2006). In particular, employment and
reduction in substance use was the outcome of emotional, housing and financial support given by
the family (La Vigne, Visher & Castro, 2004). The provision of emotional support within family
ties can reduce the impulse to offend by providing ex-offenders with emotional resources to help
cope with the stressful re-entry process (Glaser, 1964).
Family ties play a fundamental role in post-release success (Glaser, 1964). The stigma,
lack of skill and competitive resume that most ex-offenders face in finding work lead them to
rely on family members to procure a job for them (Berg & Huebner, 2011; Petersilia, 2003).
Moreover, good quality social ties with the family can foster successful reintegration and lower
the risk of recidivism through facilitating job attainment (Berg & Huebner, 2011; Glaser, 1964;
Visher, Debus, &Yahner, 2008). Supporting this, ex-offenders who have close ties with family
members and maintain a steady job are less likely to engage in criminal behavior (Visher, Debus
& Yahner, 2008).
The repercussion of social ties on offending can be understood through the lens of social
control theory which assumes that the motivation to re-offend is restrained by their relations to
society (Hirschi, 1969). The family is considered as “buffering agent” for a newly released
prisoner wherein the family can reconnect the offender to the conventional community and
thwart their impulses to re-offend (Laub & Sampson, 2003). Family ties can structure offender’s
daily routine (Berg & Huebner, 2011) and place restrictions on where and whom to socialize and
what types of behavior they can engage while socializing (e.g. heavy drinking, partying in bars
and clubs, and drug use) (Warr, 1998).
Exclusion from the conventional social network in the community or commonly known
as stigma is an outcome of a criminal record (Matza, 1969). The family has been found to
overlook offender’s stigma (Eckland-Olson et al., 1983). A study of newly released prisoners in
New York City noted that “the ones that talked most about their family’s acceptance of them”
were those who indicated success in employment and desistance from crime (Nelson, Dees &
Allen, 1999, p. 10). This implies that general family acceptance and encouragement are related to
successful reintegration (Travis, 2005).

In general, the literature suggests that family is a vital component of the reintegration
pathway of an ex-offender. Most importantly, a positive supportive relationship within the family
is a persistent correlate of successful reintegration (Berg & Huebner, 2011).
Peers
The unrelenting problem that ex-offenders face in the community upon their re-entry has
been underestimated in improving re-entry outcomes (Shivy, Wu, Moon & Man, 2007). Another
important factor that plays a role in the reintegration of the ex-offender is their peers (Taylor &
Becker, 2015). Peer support is critical at key stages of an offender’s journey such as release
when offenders are vulnerable to relapse in criminal behavior (Trace & Johnson, 2013).
Peer relationships can hinder successful reintegration in several ways. In particular,
findings by Igbo and Ugwuoke (2003) revealed that the two primary factors that affect
recidivism are poor environmental conditions of the prison and the negative attitude of the public
towards ex-offenders. The study of Osayi (2015) asserts that prisoners can easily relapse to crime
when they do not successfully reintegrate in the society because of socio-cultural factors that
affect their efforts in that direction.
Stigma resulting from being a person who was once incarcerated appeared to be a
common theme in the realities that ex-offenders face once outside of prison (as cited in
Williams-Queen, 2014). While the family is apt to overlook ex-offender stigma (Eckland-Olson
et al., 1983), peers are unlikely to be accepting of a criminal record (Wilson & Davis, 2006). Ex-
offenders who often experience stigma coming from peers can affect the ex-offender’s future by
way of social systems, confidence and overall self-worth (Wilson & Davis, 2006).
Another example of how peer relationships can hinder successful reintegration is when
these relationships are with criminal peers. Cobbina, Huebner, and Berg (2012) explored the
influence of peer relationships to re-offending and found that “recidivism is strongly related to
whether they associate with others who engage in criminal activity” (p. 349).
Moreover, consistent with the importance of peer support to successful reintegration,
Hochstetler, DeLisi & Pratt (2010) examined how social support influenced hostility and
prisoner re-entry into the community. The identification of social support was whether the
offender had peers that could assist them financially, listen to their problems or help them desist
from crime. The research concluded that offenders who experienced a harsh prison environment
and did not have peers to rely on for support may hold on to their experiences in prison and
display hostility while reintegrating back into society.
Social support coming from peers can foster successful reintegration and may even lower
the risk for recidivism. Ex-offenders who have positive relationships with their peers show a
lower risk of reverting back to crime (Taylor & Becker, 2015). Supporting this, the study of
Visher and Travis (2003) found that an ex-offender who has social support from peers would
potentially fend better than an ex-offender who does not have peer support.
In addition, Broome and colleagues (1996) discovered that probationers (offenders) who
completed a 4-month residential substance abuse treatment program reported compatibility with
other clients (offenders) resulted in significantly lower re-arrest rates. Moreover, the sample
population of probationers who saw other clients as “helpful” showed a lower risk of recidivism.
This suggests that positive peer support could lower the likelihood of recidivism.
Interestingly, peer support can lead to a variety of positive outcomes when it comes to the
mental health of incarcerated individuals,. In particular, peer social support has a significant
positive effect on the psychological well-being among incarcerated men (Johnson Listwan et al.,
2010). Supporting this, peer support was associated with a reduction in depression and anxiety
symptoms of incarcerated men (Iwamoto, Gordon & Oliveros, 2012). This implies that peer
support programs which help all offenders build strong community connections and reduce the
risks of re-offending can also help offenders with mental health problems gain maximum value
from their treatment programs and provide even stronger connections to help reduce recidivism.
The literature suggests that families and peers are essential factors in the transition of the
ex-offender from prison to the community. As has been detailed extensively in the literature,
offenders released from prison to the community face daunting challenges that lead these ex-
offenders to rely heavily upon their family members and peer relationships in order to cope with
the obstacles they face upon release (Naser & Visher, 2006; Taylor & Becker, 2015). In
particular, family support and peer support have been associated with better re-entry outcomes
and successful reintegration (Denney et al., 2014; Berg & Huebner, 2011; Naser & Visher,
2006).
It should become increasingly obvious to those who assist in establishing productive,
law-abiding lives of incarcerated individuals who return home that ex-offenders need so much
more than rules and punishment to hinder them from committing more crimes (Dougherty,
2013). Most of these ex-offenders start bare from the bottom upon their re-entry into society and
having a criminal record which comes with consequences even long after the individual has
completed his or her sentence continue to prevent successful reintegration and hinder goal
achievement for the rest of an ex-offender’s life.

Spirituality
Moreover since the degrees of presence of social support plays such a big role for an
individual, formerly incarcerated individuals might run to their spiritual leader for guidance or
help. Fowler et al. (2011) defined spirituality as an intimate relationship between the individual
and a Supreme Being that develops in finding meaning and purpose of one’s life. It is also
considered a good determinant of belief, values and goals system that goes beyond religious
affiliation instead striving for inspiration, reverence, awe, meaning, and purpose (Slattery &
Parker, 2011; Culliford, 2002).
Although spirituality is an essential factor in the reintegration of an ex-offender, it can
also hinder successful reintegration. In particular, it only addresses one spectrum of need and the
need to shift from a holistic approach in modifying behaviour is important (Slattery & Park,
2011). A study conducted by Hirschi (2002) stated that a great number of randomly selected high
school students found that there is no relationship between levels of religious commitment
among youth and criminal behavior. This implies that religious commitment cannot deter
delinquent act. Moreover, differing religions in the family can increase the risk of criminal acts
since fighting over ideas about religion causes conflicts in the family (Pearce & Haynie, 2004).
Other studies also found that religious dominance in a society can increase the rates of violence.
In fact, studies of the Conservative Protestant Thesis suggested that individuals who attend
church more frequently and hold a strong belief in God are more supportive of violence than
others. Furthermore, communities with high rates of Christianity are more accepting of violence
and have more violence and crime in their society (Lee, 2006).
On a different note, spirituality can also foster successful reintegration. The spirituality of
an individual is a significant factor that could successfully eliminate maladaptive human

behavior, reduce recidivism, substance abuse and it can also be an alternative education for youth
(Walton, 2007). In fact, transforming negative to positive behavior is measurable through
understanding the conflict arising in an individual’s spirituality and in an individual’s
maladaptive identity (Chase, 2012). Faith-based organizations and communities oftentimes
initiate the lead for character and faith building programs in facilitating restoration and
successful reintegration of ex-offenders (Rossman et al., 1999). Hence, the formerly incarcerated
individuals have reaped the benefits of faith-based spiritual strategies that contributed to their re-
entry to the society (Swanson, 2009; Slattery & Park, 2011).
In support to the role of spirituality in the ex-offender’s successful reintegration, Travis
Hirschi’s (1969) Social Control Theory can best explain its importance. It states that immoral
acts are a result of an individual’s disconnection in to the society. Attachment, commitment,
involvement, and belief are the four significant building blocks to the society. Attachment refers
to an individual’s interpersonal relationships. It is a factor that fears the individual to be
disapproved by peers leading to rejection. Commitment refers to how much time and energy an
individual invested. Whenever the person considers participating in an immoral activity, he must
consider the risk the person has of losing the time and energy he or she has made in conventional
behavior. Involvement represents how occupied individual’s schedule is. Moreover, an involved
individual is tied to appointments in conventional activities, so the opportunity to do an immoral
act rarely arises. If a person has strong beliefs in society’s norms, he or she is less likely to
violate them. Religious institutions are perceived to foster normative beliefs and strengthen
individual attachment, commitment, and involvement for a successful reintegration (Hirschi,
2002); hence, Social Control Theory concludes that by strengthening an individual’s bond to
society through involvement in religious institutions, immoral activities are to decrease (Baier
and Wright, 2001).
Therefore the spirituality of the individual plays a crucial role on the success of
reintegrating the ex-offenders to the society (Walton, 2007). It gives high importance in
influencing the outward behavior by targeting the internal moral fibers that start from developing
a strong faith to a higher being; thus, faith-based spirituality changes the way individuals
approach conflict (Swanson, 2009). It also provides pro-social skills by allowing the ex-offender
actively participate in religious affiliation that helps in decreasing the tendency to violate the law
(Walton, 2007). Most importantly the spirituality of the individual should be reinforced more
often since it targets the holistic development and increasing the chance of successful
reintegration to the society (Slattery & Park, 2011).
State Policies for Employment
As mentioned previously, most prisons do very little to facilitate a smooth reintegration
from prison to community and many of the obstacles that prevent successful reestablishment of
ex-offenders after prison are often public laws that restrict the rights and opportunities of those
with criminal records. Most individuals released from being incarcerated had a job prior to
incarceration and want legal and stable employment after release. Visher et al. (2008) suggests
that searching and maintaining a legitimate job can reduce former offenders from reoffending.
However, attaining a good position with a good pay means having a record with no stain at all.
State policies for employment can hinder successful reintegration in several ways. One of
the requirements in hiring an employee in the Philippines is that one must submit an NBI
clearance without having the hit mark. The NBI clearance is important because it will act as a
proof to a future employer that an individual does not have any criminal liabilities. In other
words, having an NBI clearance with the hit mark will give an individual a hard time finding the
right job that will match their skills and capabilities. According to former prisoners themselves,
finding and maintaining a stable employment is a chief element of their adjustment to life after
prison and change in identity (Wakefield & Western, 2005). Many experts believe that such
experiences are the key to successful reintegration (Bushway & Reuter, 2002). When former
prisoners are released to the community, some of them may find work with their former
employer or in jobs that do not need much skills or lesser costumer interaction (Holzer et al.,
2007). Establishments and companies play a role in giving chances to former incarcerated
individuals to find an occupation. Obviously, they pose as barriers, directly or indirectly, that can
hinder the successful reintegration of ex-offenders. Employers may give direct barriers in hiring
formerly incarcerated individuals, including laws and occupational licensing requirements that
withhold job applicants with criminal records from attaining specific jobs. On the other hand,
indirect barriers include widespread laws that permit employers to exclude job applicants with
criminal records regardless of the nature and extent of the record (Harris & Keller, 2005). In
addition, employers may be unwilling to risk liability for hiring individuals with criminal records
into jobs requiring interaction with the public, the handling of cash, or the direct supervision of
the children (Visher et al., 2011).
In addition, Holzer and his colleagues (2004) have used employer survey data to analyze
employer’s decision to hire individuals with criminal records. In employers’ survey administered
to over 3,000 employers, 60% of employers would probably not hire applicants with criminal
record. But even among those with criminal records, employers clearly valued prior work
experience: employers were less averse to hiring a person with property or drug-related criminal
records than persons recently released from prison with little or no work experience or those with
a history of violent crime. These “collateral consequences” of incarceration negatively affect the
employment and earnings of former prisoners (Travis, 2005). Thus, the considerable personal
and public impediments to employment coupled with the apparent status of former prisoners in
the eyes of employers produce a dire situation for individuals seeking work after a period of
incarceration.
Studies have proven that former prisoners have a slimmer chance of being employed after
their release (Needles, 1996). Most, if not all employers, are reluctant to hire former prisoners,
because of their criminal past. This makes it hard for former incarcerated individuals to reform
and reintegrate into the society. One state policy in the Philippine context is discussed to foster
successful reintegration of ex-offenders into society which is the Senate Bill No. 114 or also known
as Former Prisoners’ Employment Act of 2007 that seeks to provide incentives to private
establishments hiring inmates. It proposes an additional deduction from the gross income,
equivalent to fifteen percent (15%) of the total amount paid as salaries and wages to former
prisoners, to be given to business establishments employing former prisoners (S. 114, 2007). It
also seeks to create a Committee on Employment Opportunities for Former Prisoners under the
Department of Justice, which is tasked to draft the implementing rules and regulations for the
training and employment of former prisoners (S. 114, 2007).
With a continuing increase in the prison population in the Philippines, certain
interventions and programs should be implemented to manage the prison population. Although
prison systems spend a lot of money on rehab programs with services such as intelligence,
education, emotional and mental stability and job skill, there are still few programs designed to
aid ex-offenders with employment, housing, and substance abuse treatment (Braman, 2004).
Many ex-offenders are unable to receive the help they need and minimal attention is
being paid to the needs of many returning prisoners from the supportive and transitional services
(Visher & Travis, 2003). It might do well for correctional facilities to regard inmates as patients
who need treatment and guidance in order to become productive and responsible members of
society upon their release (Hirano et al., 2003). But then again, many of these barriers are the
result of public laws that directly restrict the rights and opportunities of those with criminal
records.
Studies have shown that newly released inmates that are leaving the penitentiaries with
very little preparation for the life outside, no money, and no place to go are at high risk of
recidivism (Maltz, 2001). In fact, according to the Prison Reform Trust (2010) about 49-61% is
the range of the crime the individual reconvicted and an estimated of 50% of recidivism rate is
represented (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2009). Fischer (2005) says 60% of all parolees reoffend
within a span of three years with either a new criminal record or an administrative or technical
violation (Visher & Travis, 2003; Flower, 2013).
Although the literature on reintegration and recidivism is quite extensive already, there is
a gap in the literature that needs to be filled. There is scant literature that focuses on how the
following factors (Individual Differences, Family, Peers, Spirituality and State Policies for
Employment) can foster successful reintegration. The existing body of literature often focuses on
the factors that can hinder successful reintegration. It is now time to flip the coin and talk about
how these factors foster successful reintegration leading to low recidivism.
That is why the present study aims to look into in depth information as to how these
factors can foster successful reintegration and ultimately lessen recidivism among ex-offenders.
Theoretical Framework
The use of interpretative phenomenological analysis in studying how the factors
contribute to the successful reintegration of the ex-offender into the society is significant in this
study since it addresses specific knowledge and the ex-offenders’ detailed subjective experiences
(Romanoff, 2012). The phenomenological tradition has been suggested by known criminologists
in understanding the ex-offenders point-of-view by encouraging them to elaborate on their lived
experiences and situations upon re-entry into society (Seidman, 2006; Taylor, 2007). With
regards to the current study, using the lens of Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), it
aims to look into how these factors (Individual Differences, Social Network, State Policies and
Spirituality) contribute to the successful reintegration of an ex-offender which fosters low
recidivism.
Moreover, IPA allows us to explore in detail how the ex-offender’s subjective
experiences and their perceptions with regards to their re-entry into society. It will also help in
getting a thorough perspective on the individual differences, social network and spirituality
which are subjective in nature (Smith & Osborn, 2008). However, it would be hard for one to
access it completely since it is complicated with the researchers own conceptions and biases
(Steedman, 1991); thus, an interpretative activity is being used in understanding in-depth the
individual’s personal world. Furthermore, phenomenology will be drawn since its objective is to
explore lived experiences of an ex-offender (Smith & Osborn, 2008) and aids in accessing the
individual’s personal world, thus getting an in-depth understanding of these experiences
(Conrad, 1987). It also focuses on the affect, behavior, and cognition of the ex-offender and how
these variables influence the ex-offender’s decision-making and how it leads to successful re-
entry to the society (Maxwell, 2005). Sullivan (2007) suggests that using qualitative approach in
crime-related studies, which in this case the factors affecting reintegration and recidivism of an
ex-offender, is useful in policy formation by extracting the personal reflections and decision
making processes of an ex-offender that eventually affects their behavior to either re-offend or
re-enter to the society successfully.
However, using qualitative research and phenomenological analysis in understanding
crime related studies have been underutilized and marginalized because most quantitative studies
have dominated in this scope of research (Sullivan, 2007). Moreover, Taylor (2007) have pointed
out the disadvantage of using quantitative studies because surveys can’t provide complex and
personal experiences needed for an in-depth understanding of ex-offenders and their choices for
use in policy evaluations and prevention efforts. Hence, using qualitative approach particularly
phenomenological analysis in understanding the vast amount of variation and importance of
context and situational aspects of how the factors contribute to successful reintegration is
significant in our study (Sullivan, 2007; Taylor, 2007; Miller, 2008).

Statement of the Problem
The researchers aim to answer the following question: (1) How can the contributing
factors (Individual Differences, Family, Peers, Spirituality and State Policies for Employment)
foster successful reintegration and ultimately lessen recidivism among ex-offenders?
Significance of the Study
This study is timely in the sense that there is a need for more factors that can be
incorporated into the existing correctional programs so as the successful reintegration of the ex-
offenders may be more suited. It is also timely because the existing programs have been there for
several years and maybe it is now the time to provide more suggestions for it to be improved. It
is relevant because some of the factors the researchers are studying may not yet be incorporated
into the program and the present study is empirically calling for the idea that these factors may
be important factors for successful reintegration.
The results of the present study has several implications: (1) It can provide suggestions
on improving the current interventions programs intended for the re-entry and reintegration of
ex-offenders into the society, (2) It may influence current state policies affecting employment
reintegration of ex-offenders, (3) It may be able to provide as to how the programs may be able
to reduce recidivism and (4) It can provide suggestions in implementing newer intervention
programs. The researchers aim to learn how these ex-offenders successfully reintegrate into
society so that we can provide suggestions for the existing programs.
Moreover, this study can help in reducing recidivism through understanding the root
causes of recidivism in Cebu City and to educate not just the social workers but also the entire
community on how to help reduce the recidivism rate of the city. This study could also provide
an understanding of the effects of stigma and social discrimination to reintegration of ex-
offenders. Most of all, this study will be a significant endeavour in promoting better correctional
facilities that will help in the re-entry of ex-offenders into the society.
CHAPTER II
Methods
Participants
Four (4) ex-offenders who are residing in Metro Cebu and who have successfully
reintegrated into society were asked to participate in the study. The crime committed by the
respondents and the time they served in prison does not provide a difference since the aim of the
study focuses on general offending supported by general recidivism rates in the Philippines.
Another reason for not specifying the offense committed and time served of the ex-offender is
that a record such as recidivism rates for a particular offense was not accessible to the
researchers. However, the demographic variables such as type of offense and time served was
made available to the researchers upon data gathering.
Table 1
Respondents Gender Type of Offense Time Served

PAX 1 Male Non-heinous 4 days (recidivist)
PAX 2 Female Non-heinous 2 years
PAX 3 Male Non-heinous 2 weeks
PAX 4 Male Non-heinous 3 ½ years
For the purpose of this study, respondents were determined to have successfully
reintegrated to society if they had self-identified to have completed the detention time in prison
and had not committed the same or had been arrested for a new criminal offense. The age range
for ex-offenders were from 25 to 40 years old. The sampling methods that the researchers used
were purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Snowball sampling was used due to the
possible difficulty of finding said respondents. Researchers contacted one ex-offender and asked
if the individual could refer other ex-offenders relevant to the current study. Purposive sampling
was used since respondents were recommended to us through our connections and data extracted
from the Non-Government Organizations (NGO) who specialize in re-entry
program/opportunities for ex-offenders.
Setting
Data was gathered through individual face-to-face interview with the four (4) ex-
offenders. The interview took place at a private area agreed by both the researcher and the
respondent. The area was free from distracting noise for the benefit of the two parties involved
and so that the interview can evoke comfort and safety.
Research Design
The present study utilized a phenomenological qualitative approach which “involves
thorough inspection of the subject’s lived experience, tries to look at individual experience and is
concerned with an individual’s personal perception or account of an object or occurrence”
(Smith & Osborn, 2008). The goal of phenomenological qualitative approach is to examine the
uniqueness of individual's lived situations. The purpose of the study is to determine how
Individual Differences, Family, Peers, Spirituality and State Policies for Employment affect the
ex-offender’s successful reintegration to society thus leading to low recidivism. The aim of the
study is to know how the ex-offenders perceived the mentioned factors in their reintegration into
society. This study will explore the role of the different factors that help increase the chances of a
successful reintegration experience and how respondents learned to effectively manage the
various challenges living in a community after being released from prison. The researchers used
individual interviews for the gathering of data while data analysis involved transcribing and
coding the data pool with reference to the research question in order to summarize the main and
subordinate themes.
Materials
Interviews were recorded through audio recorders and were transcribed for later analysis.
Informed Consent, Agreement to Participate in Research, Interview Protocol with Guide
Questions (see Appendices) were used by the researchers to guide them as they conduct their
pre-interview and interview proper.
Procedure
The first thing that the researchers did was to look for respondents through connections
that may help in identifying prospective respondents. These connections were reached through
meet-ups, social network accounts and provided contact numbers. The researchers also tried to
look for respondents in Non-Government Organizations (NGO) that specialize in catering
services for ex-offenders. Once respondents were found and contacted, they were asked to
participate in a pre – interview. A pre – interview was conducted so that both parties will get to
know each other. The time allocated for pre-interview served as the giving of Informed Consent
(see Appendix A), signing of an Agreement to Participate in Research (see Appendix B),
informing and explaining the details and purpose of the study, rapport building (see Appendix C
for sample questions) and at the same time asking them about their most convenient time and
place for the proper interview.
Interview proper was conducted soon after the signing of necessary forms and after the
researcher and respondent have agreed on a time and place to conduct the interview. The
respondents were interviewed in an individual face-to-face basis. The interview process involved
a semi-structured interview with the four (4) ex-offenders at convenient times and locations. That
is, the researcher interviewed the respondents based on a list of questions expanded from the
primary research question (see Appendix C). The questions were open-ended, which allowed the
respondents to freely express their experiences, thoughts, and feelings about their experience
reintegrating into the society. Follow-up questions were improvised during the interview. Each
interview lasted for more or less than 90 minutes and was voice-recorded.
After gathering the data, the analysis involved transcribing and coding the data pool with
reference to the research question and through the coded data pool, the researchers summarized
the main and subordinate themes gathered from the lived experiences of the respondents.
Data Analysis
The researchers transcribed the data from the voice records and coded the data pool with
reference to the research question in order to summarize the main and subordinate themes.
Through repeated reviews of the interview data, major and subordinate themes related to the
research question were summarized and reported in the section below. In reporting the research
outcomes, pseudonyms will be used to protect the ex-offenders’ privacy.

CHAPTER III
Results
Each factor gathered from the study has corresponding subthemes. The ex-offenders’
Individual Differences refers to how their unique characteristics affect their re-entry process, so
responses from the respondents that tackled their levels of willpower and choice, self-sustaining
attitude, good interpersonal skills, and accountability for actions were classified as subthemes to
this factor. Being accepted with no reservations and receiving endless positive support from the
family is sorted into the factor of Family. The facilitative factor of Peer includes positive peer
support, good influence from friends, and good community influence. Employment includes
subthemes that entail an ex-offender acquiring a job after imprisonment through initiative or
connections.
In addition to the five facilitators of successful reintegration that has been mentioned in
the literature review of this study, the researchers found that a sixth factor, Politics, also assists
in the reintegration of ex-offenders. Politics, as a new facilitator, refers to responses of the
respondents that include their political connections or activities which helped ease their
reintegration pathway.
Four respondents shared their detailed experiences on how Individual Differences,
Family, Peers, Employment, Spirituality, and Politics were able to facilitate their successful
reintegration. These six different and interdependent factors played a significant role in the
reintegration pathway of each ex-offender. This section will present the facilitators gathered
from the respondents that were sorted into themes and subthemes.
Individual Differences
Individual differences emphasized how the ex-offender would view the world and/or
themselves after imprisonment such as their coping strategies, decisions, and attitude towards a
certain situation. In that context, these are the ex-offender’s characteristics that would foster a
reintegration that is successful or not.
Table 2
THEMES RESPONDENTS (N=4)

Willpower and Choice 50% (2)
Self-sustaining attitude 75% (3)
Good interpersonal skills 25% (1)
Accountability for Actions 25% (1)
As shown in Table 2, respondents emphasized the importance of having the willpower
and choice in creating a more responsible lifestyle despite of being in the same environment that
contributed to their incarceration, having a self-sustaining attitude, having good interpersonal
skills, accountability for actions. These subthemes will be further discussed with supporting
statements from respondents.
The respondents expressed that upon their release from prison, there are countless
temptations that could hinder their success in reintegrating back into the society and the ability to
avoid these temptations has surely helped ease their reintegration pathway. One respondent
avoided negative family and peer influence by making sure that gatherings did not involve social
vices such as drinking, smoking, and substance use.
P1: Aw pirmiro (pag-gawas sa prisohan) sige sila (mga ig-agaw) ug panghagad (ug suyop), niya
balibad lang jud ko ana. (Box 66)
“They (cousins) always invited me (to use drugs) after I was released..”
P1: Pero karun di na kay ko ganahan makig-ipon sa mga classmates usahay… ako siyang
saboton daan… unsa mani ato ning klarohon ahh. Unsa maning pag kuan karon? Inom ra ni kay…
reunion unya beer man gihapon kasagaran kuan, ako na lang pili-on ang katong apil ko katong mga
kaon-kaon ra ba. (Box 97)
“But right now, I don’t really like gatherings with classmates sometimes. I have to
confirm first if what will happen during the gathering. If it’s a reunion, there will certainly be beer so I
will only choose to attend gathering wherein we only eat.”
Respondents also stressed the importance of how the “self” can affect the direction of an
ex-offender upon release. It was mentioned that actions are a product of choice so in that case,
being a drug addict or legally offending, is also a choice. Thus, change is also a product of
choice. One respondent is quoted below saying that rehabilitation centers are not a guarantee for
a drug addict to change and that change can only happen when it starts within.
P3: Sa self gyud, Nimo gyud na gikan. Kung musud kag rehab, nya wa kay iusab sa imong
kinabuhi, ang program sa rehab will not work. It goes hand in hand. The time na mahuman ka sa imong
program, nya you step out of that gate, choice comes again. (Box 82)
“It starts in the self. If you enter rehab and you don’t plan to change anything in your
life, then the program in the rehab center will not work. It goes hand in hand. Once you’re done with your
program and you step out of that gate, choice comes again.”
P1: Ultimately akong pag-tanaw ana is ila ra ng choice sad oy. Actually ila ra ng desisyon, kung
magminaldito siya ing ana. (Box 124)
“The way I see it, it’s their choice. Actually, it’s their decision if they want to behave
badly (commit crime or legally offend).”
The ex-offenders’ self-sustaining attitude, such as initiative and resourcefulness, is one of
the primary reasons of their successful reintegration since this is where their attitude towards a
certain situation is tested such as finding ways to acquire employment, solving their addiction
problems, and sustaining their own need or their family. This self-sustaining attitude can help ex-
offenders avoid going back to their old ways or reoffending thus decreasing the risk of
recidivating.
P2: Mangita jud ko ug akoa, mang laba ko, mangutaw. Ana ko mangita ko ani ug diskarte uy,
mang laba ko, mangutaw mo limpyu ko sa balay sa doktora kay dako man sad ug hatag ang doktora kay
maluoy man siya nako. Usahay moingon siya nga Cor, pang canvass ug mga pasyente unya dad-a dito sa
ayala kay naa man didto iyang clinic, ang basement jud. Kay taga pasyente naa man kay 50 pesos unya
maka dala gud ko usahay ug 10. (Box 43)
“I really find my own (employment) such as doing laundry, ironing clothes, cleaning the
house of a friend who is a doctor. The doctor gives me a large amount as compensation out of pity. I have
friend who is a doctor. She once told me to bring patients into her clinic. And since with each patient, I
can get Php 50, I can sometimes bring 10 patients.”
P3: Sauna I am the problem. Now I am part of the solution. Inani raman na it’s either problem or
solution. Might as well be part of the solution than part of the problem. (Box 121)
“Before I was the problem now I am part of the solution. It’s either problem or solution
might as well be part of the solution than part of the problem.”
On the other hand, one respondent experienced social stigma and resorted to living in the
mountains to look for ways to gain income by himself. This self-sustaining attitude of ex-
offenders help them cope and adapt well in a stressful environment thus reintegration is
successful even without help from outside factors.
P4: Ah mao lagi na, mura lagi ta’g lain atung paminaw kay laina sa mga tanaw’s mga taw kay
mura maldito lagi kaayo ta. Nya walay ganahan mu duol nimo. So, pag gawas nako tua ko’s bukid. So,
didto ko, nananum kog vegetables. Nag tanom kog cauliflower mga string beans, mga sweetcorn… para
lang naa koy income ba. Nya after that, naa sad toy baboy. (Box 36)
“The way people see me it’s as if I’m a really bad person. No one would come near you.
So when I got out (of prison), I went to the mountains and there I planted vegetables. I planted
cauliflower, string beans, sweetcorn so that I have income. After that, there was also the piggery.”
Still in the aspect of individual differences, creating and maintaining good relationships
with others also emerged as a facilitator to successful reintegration. Having good interpersonal
skills affect how others deal with ex-offenders, coining this as a give-and-take system,
respondents received family and peer support because of the support that they have shown to
their family and peers prior to imprisonment.
P2: Mo ana gud sila nga bisag usa pa ka kalisud day naa juy maabot nimu nga blessing. Maka
ingon ko nga basin siguro tungod ni sa akong pag tabang. (Box 96)
“They would tell me, “However difficult it may seem, there will always be a blessing.” I
can say that maybe this is all because of the help I gave to others.”
Respondents agreed that the support they received from these people were able to help
them realize that they are not outcasts of the society and that there are people who accept them as
they truly are. This in turn fosters accountability of actions since the awareness of having people
care for them can prevent them from reverting back to criminal behavior.
P3: Kay kung kahibaw ka nay nangita nimo, you will not do such things na makadaot nimo. Naa
may nangita nimo. Naay nag look after ba. Aware ka ba nga naa kay ulian, nga kailangan ka muuli. (Box
166)
“If you know that someone is looking for you, you will not do such things that can
negatively impact you. You have the awareness that someone is looking after you, you have a place to go
home to and that you have to go home because they are looking for you.”
In connection to accountability fostered by received support, respondents also have their
own fair share of being an outcast especially those whose criminal behavior adversely affected
their relationship with family and peers. The ability to acknowledge mistakes and ask people for
an apology is a determinant of change which can lead people to trust the ex-offender again.
P3: But kung mu humble down lang ka, sugatan nimo sila, pasayloa ko ha. Sorry kaayo gihimo
ko to nya naa na kos rehab. Makakita or makadungog lang sila na nagusab ka, mausab sad na ilang
heart. So karon, mga gipangilad nako na Tiya ug Tiyo nabalik na sila nako karon. Ang trust ba, nabalik
na. (Box 119)
“If you humble down your attitude such as asking them for an apology and saying “Sorry
if I did that to you and right now I am in rehab” and they see or hear that you are a changed man, then
the way they think about you will also change. So those relatives I’ve lied to before, they put their trust in
me once again.”
Ex-offenders think that it is important to develop a sense of responsibility and
accountability of their actions. Even after receiving interventions from outside factors such as the
rehabilitation centers, family, and peers, the “self” is still the deciding factor of the ex-offender’s
behavior upon release. The next theme that emerged during the interviews will be discussed in
the next section.
Family
The family is one of the two vital social networks that can affect the ex-offender’s
reintegration. The researchers’ contend that ex-offenders rely on family as their primary source
of psychological, material, or financial support upon release. Receiving positive support from the
family can foster successful reintegration of ex-offenders. The present findings agree with the
literature that positive family support can hinder the risk of an ex-offender to revert to criminal
behavior. In line with this, Table 3 shows that being accepted with no reservations and receiving
endless positive support from the family has definitely helped ex-offenders start a new and better
life.
Table 3

Family
Acceptance without reservations 100% (4)
Endless positive support 100% (4)
Respondents think that the genuine acceptance received from the family made them
realize their support despite all they have done. Thus, this fostered the ex-offenders to change
and to avoid re-offending.
P4: So pag ingon nako “Sorry nak, naka sala gyud ko nimo. Don't follow sa akung footsteps kay
bad example”. Ingun dayun akong anak, "It's okay dad. You're still my dad." Ana siya. (Box 65)
“When I said, “Sorry son, I committed a mistake. Don’t follow my footsteps because I’m
a bad example.” My son replied, “It’s okay, dad. You’re still my dad.” Ana siya.
P3: So karon, mga gipangilad nako na Tiya ug Tiyo nabalik na sila nako karon. Ang trust ba,
nabalik na. Mao na ako gi-ampingan karon na di magubag ug balik. (Box 119)
“So right now, those relatives whom I lied to for my own benefit, we now have a good
relationship. Their trust in me is back and I’m working really hard not to break it again.”
P3: Ang gamay nako karon, makadungog siya, mahisgotan akong ngan na addict ko sauna,
muana siya “Adik diay nas papa ma? Okay naman nas Papa run gud.” (Box 204)
“My youngest child, when my past as a drug addict is mentioned, she would retort with
“Is Papa an addict? He’s okay now.”
Being accepted by the family without reservations is particularly manifested during
imprisonment such as frequent visitations and meal delivery. This gave the respondents the
awareness that their family did not give up on them and is doing the best they could to show their
sympathy and love.
P2: Oo permi jud ko naay dalaw. Moana gud sila nga maypa ka nanay no naa kay dalaw permi.
(Box 54)
“Yes, I always had a visitor. They would envy me because someone always visits me.”
P4: Hatdan kog pagkaon pamahaw, duha ka itlog ana nya spam, nya diko ka hurot kay busog na
kay ko, akung ipa kaon sa tao. bai, ikaw nalay kaon bai o, arun maka kaun sad ka. (Box 81)
“Meals were delivered to me, 2 eggs and spam. I can’t even finish it especially when I’m
already full so I just give it to others.”
P2: Suportado man ko ug pagkaon didto kay maninda gud na ug pagkaon ang akong igsuon.
Motawag ra gud ko, kanang manang hatdi ko ug humba manang ha kay daghan lang manang kay mang
hatag pud kos akong kauban. (Box 47)
“My sister supported me with meals when I was inside the prison. I can ask her to bring
me a meal that is good enough for me and my fellow inmates.”
One respondent was showered with genuine acceptance to the point of being protected
from further investigation from police. The action in itself promotes a positive effect on re-entry
wherein the family controlled the situation of the respondent.
P1: Kay katong gi pangita ko sa pulis ana.. akong manghud nga babae kay wa jud ko pagawasa
sa kwarto. Kay kabalo siya mu gawas ko ug kwarto din a jud ko mabalik. Gi pang taguan akong mga
kuan, mga panabla nga kutsilyo ana. (Box 111)
“When the police was looking for me, my sister didn’t allow me to go out of the room
because she knew that once I get out, I will never be able to come back. She also hid my weapons.”
The support of a family can greatly promote successful reintegration of ex-offenders. In
the findings, respondents received endless support during and after imprisonment and they
emphasized how family support, ranging from psychological, moral, or financial, determined the
success of their re-entry.
One respondent has a very supporting wife who did everything to get him out of prison.
This kind of support shown by immediate family is one way for ex-offenders to desist from
crime since this overlaps with accountability for actions.

P3: Dako jud kaayo kog pagsalig na pagawson jud kos akong asawa. Nag expect jud ko ato na
pangitaan kog paagi sa akong asawa. Nakakita gyud siyag paagi, nangutang siya or unsa, nya nabail jd
ko. Mao to nakagawas ko. (Box 100)
“I really believed that my wife will bail me out. I knew that she will really find a way for
me to get outside of prison, whatever it was that she had to do. I got out of prison because of her.”
P3: One thing I thank the Lord is that He gave me a wife na who doesn’t give up on me. Up until
now, praying and hoping I change for the better. (Box 41)
It is clear that support shown to the ex-offenders when they were still inside the prison
also played a crucial role in the success of their re-entry. Seeing a welcoming party upon release,
an individual would certainly be overwhelmed with the love and acceptance from his/her family.
P1: So pag uli nako sa amo-a, gi kuan jud ko ato, gi andaman jud ko ug kanang cake-cake. Mga
ing-ana ba. Lipay sila nakagawas ko. (Box 29)
“So when I got home (from prison), they welcomed me warmly and even prepared a cake.
They were happy that I got out.”
Even during imprisonment, the amount of support that one respondent received was
incredible. Case in point, attendance during court hearings is validated by the Judge which may
ease the probability of leniency or innocence of the defendant. This was primarily a great help
for the case of Participant 2.
P2: Akong mga anak kay moadto sila, akong mga apo. Kada hearing nako, motambong sila.
Unya moana man ang judge nga “Kinsa ang pamilya ni Retinol? Please Rise”. Unya tindog dayun akong
mga igsuon, usa ka pamilyahan jud. Moana jud na ang judge, “Mao ni akong gusto. Gusto ko nga
motambong jud ang mga tag tungod kay diha nako maila nga importante kay kas pamilya kay daghan
man nag mahal nimo.” (Box 25)
“My kids and grandchildren always attended my hearing. When the judge would say,
“The family of Retinol, please rise”, my entire family would stand. The judge would always remark that
this was what he liked since he can see that I was given importance and that my family loves me.”
Genuine acceptance and positive family support reconnects the ex-offender into the
conventional community thus thwarting their impulses to re-offend. The other social network
that influenced the respondent’s successful reintegration will be discussed further in the next
section.
Peers
The literature emphasized that the re-entry outcomes of ex-offenders in the aspect of peer
relationships has been underestimated. Peers would refer to a group of people outside the
immediate family that can provide ex-offenders psychological, financial, or moral support upon
release which foster successful reintegration. The findings of the present study as shown in Table
4 indicates that successful reintegration can be facilitated by positive peer support, good peer
influence, and good community influence.
Table 4

Peers
Positive peer support 75% (3)
Good peer influence 50% (2)
Good community influence 50% (2)
Respondents agreed that positive peer support would refer to receiving help,
encouragement, and acceptance from their friends, old or new. It was also agreed that good peer
influence is composed of a changed behavior brought upon the influence of their friends. Good
community influence would pertain to any organization that helps shape the ex-offender into
becoming a better person. Respondents were greatly influenced by these factors which lead to
their successful reintegration.
Acceptance in the form of visitation and encouragement has helped ease their
reintegration pathway since the thought of having someone care for them was good enough to
promote change thus respondents desisted from crime.
P2: Kadtong na priso ko niduaw man nako ang akong mga classmates na pulis na jud, naa sila
sa Gorordo. Nahibung gud ko ngano nakahibaw sila nga na priso ko. (Box 29)
“When I was in prison, my classmates who were already policemen visited me. I was
even quite shocked how they knew I was in prison.”
P3: Moral support, sometimes financial. Encouragement. (Box 76-78)
In two of our respondents, employment was facilitated by supportive peers and in the
essence of gaining employment through connections, they thought it important to develop an
accountability for actions in order to maximize the opportunity that has been given to them.
P3: Nadawat rako in terms of kuan lang connections. Kaila man nako. (Box 111)
“I got accepted due to connections. I know the owner.”
P4: Mao tu, nya akung gi ingnan tu akoang amigo nga classmate niya “Kuyog lang ko
kampanya.” Ingana ba, para naa koy lingaw ba. One week after, pagka Sunday ana June 23, pag abot
nakos ila, ni ana siya ‘Ikaw lang ngadtos CPRDC.” (Box 37-38)
“I told my friend “I’ll just join you during the campaign period” so that I have something
to do. One week after, I was summoned to their place and was told that I’d be in charge of handling
CPDRC.”
P4: Lipay kay ko. Lipay kay ko. Na koy supporta bah. Amigo gihapun nako hangtud karun. Die
hard ba die hard nga amigo.... Daghan na sila mga amigo nako nga die hard. Kanang usa nako ka
amigo, die hard nga amigo, pag laya nako, nag negosyo ming duha. Nag negosyo mig lechon. inig
sabado dalaw man sa ngado sa asa ko. Di adto mi gawas gate baligya mi ug lechon sa mga dalaw sa sud.
(Box 162)
“I was really happy that I received support from them. He’s my friend even until now. I
consider him a die hard friend. I have lots of friends who I consider to be die-hard. When I got out of
prison, I was his business partner and we sold lechon to those who want to visit inmates from CPDRC.”
Consistent with the importance of positive peer support, peers facilitating employment of
respondents served as an opportunity to change for ex-offenders such as Participant 3 and 4.
Changed positive behavior brought upon by the influence of peers played a significant
role in the respondents’ reintegration pathway. In one of their “sessions”, this particular
respondent was put in the hot seat and told off about the attitude that he had to change. The
respondent was given awareness by his peers and this evidently helped him change his attitude
and behavior for the better.

P3: Mao to nausab ra sad na sya sa tungod sa akong barkada. Ga open forum mi. Nanuyop mi
nya ila ko gi badlong sa akong attitude. Didto ra sad nako gi twist ako attitude. (Box 87)
“I changed because of my friends. We had an open forum and they told me about my
negative attitude. That’s when I twisted my attitude for the better.”
One respondent had to unfortunately change his group of friends since it was affecting his
reintegration pathway negatively. This overlaps with willpower and choice since this is
considered as avoiding relapse/temptation. The respondent emphasized that his new set of
friends were crucial to the success of his re-entry since the behavior that adversely affected his
life was eliminated through the good influence that he received from his new set of peers.
P1: Karun jud nag bag-o nako ug mga amigo pero ako pa gi kuan ako migo before. Pero wa man
jud sila. Naninguha ko. Mag bible study mi sa ilaha ana. Niya mas pili-on pa man nila ang. (Box 111)
“Right now, I found myself a new set of friends but I’m still convincing my friends before
to change their lives. I encourage them to join bible studies but they just won’t budge. They would rather
choose drugs than this.”
The poor conditions of the previous community of an ex-offender can increase the risk of
recidivism. This conditions in the community may adversely affect the directions that the
individual himself is working on. Thus, the importance of community conditions which can
foster successful reintegration should be given more focus in the future studies. One respondent
contends that a community should be able to help an individual in need. This respondent was in a
rehabilitation center for a long period of time and it has greatly influenced his mentality and
approach to situations.
P3: Kami baya as drug addicts we classify ourselves as outcasts of the society. Kanang wala nay
labot. Kinsa man diay amo kasocialize? Kato ra sad parehas namo. Mao ramay dali namo ma socialize.
Whereas karon, drug addict mi nya mu socialize namis mga tao na di parehas namo. Part nas amo social
therapy. Hinay hinay i-reintegrate mi sa society. Kay kung i-sud ka dinhi 1 year, way gawas gawas, after
sa imong program mugawas ka, maoverwhelm kas kalibutan, sa gawas, imong friends masugatan nimo.
Whereas kung anam anam, staggard imo pag gawas, maka adjust man ka. (Box 139)
“As drug addicts, we classify ourselves as outcasts of the society. To whom can we
socialize? Only to those who are like us. Right now, I’m a drug addict but I’ve learned how to socialize
with people who do not have the same experience as me. That’s part of our social therapy (in House of
Hope). You reintegrated slowly into the society so that you will not be overwhelmed and once you’re back
to the outside world, you know how to cope and adapt with anything.
P3: Makaabot kag 2 months dinhi, you will have bible studies outside. Ang imo mamingle kay
katong mga taga church nga dili mga addict. Didto makafeel mi ug welcome ba. Makafeel mi ug welcome
ba. Kahibaw gud na sila na drug addict mi, nga naa pamis rehab. And they accept us with open arms.
Box 141)
“Once you reach 2 months here (in House of Hope), you will have bible studies outside.
You get to mingle with people from other churches who are not addicts. With them, we feel that we are
welcomed. They know our pasts and that we are still rehab but they continue to accept us with open
arms.”
In general, peers bring upon positive change in an ex-offender’s behavior under the
condition that it be influentially good for the individual. Thus, peers are proven to play a crucial
role in the reintegration pathway of the individual and this findings of the present study show
that being in an influentially good company, whether it be friends or an organization, boosts self-
support, willpower, and accountability for actions. The good community influence that
rehabilitation centers and organizations can bring are but one of the few ways to help ex-
offenders successfully reintegrate into the society. This community influence can overlap with
Spirituality since the respondents who emphasized the positive impact of a good influential
community were part of the faith-based organization House of Hope. These two overlapping
themes will be discussed further in the next section.
Spirituality
The researcher’s definition of this factor remains that it is an intimate relationship
between the individual and a Supreme Being that develops in finding meaning and purpose of
one’s life. Successful reintegration facilitated by this factor usually overlaps with the community
as an aspect. Any religious affiliation that helps the individual strive for change, inner peace, and
betterment of one’s life can fall under this category. As shown in Table 5, the respondents agreed
that self-actualization and commitment to faith are the subthemes that facilitated their successful
reintegration.
Table 5

Spirituality
Self-actualization 50% (2)
Commitment to faith 75% (3)
Finding meaning, purpose, and potential of one’s life pertains to self-actualization while
the commitment to faith or devotion refers to how this intimate relationship with the Supreme
Being positively affected the respondents’ way of life.
Respondents contend that they found who they are really are inside the organization that
they chose to stay in. They believed that the purpose of everything that has happened to them
was all due to God’s plan. Throughout their stay in the rehabilitation center, respondents have
come to realize that God alone can save them. Respondents believe that God’s grace prompted a
way for them to change and that change was in the form of programs in House of Hope.
P3: Sa pagkakaron, Maybe God allowed it to happen for making me this person right now.
Daghan kaayo kog realizations. So kami, ngano gitugtan man mi na malugmok sa drugas? Kay basin
unta ato along the way makarealize mi na sayop among gibuhat.. (Box 57)
“For now, maybe God allowed it to happen in order to make me this person right now. I
have so many realizations. Why were we allowed to be addicted in drugs? In order for us to realize that
what we’re doing is wrong.
P3: It’s only God who can save us. Dili kung asa ka dapita nabelong na grupo.. (Box 189)
“It’s only God who can save us. Not what group you belong.”
P1: Tungod ra jud na sa sya sa Ginoo, kay akong tan-awon akong kaugalingon di jud ko
ganahan mag usab, nindot man na ang bisyo, pero diri gi tudlo-an man mi ug bibliya ni ingun jud ko sa
kanang kabag-ohan di jud na mag gikan sa atoa pero sa grasya sa ginoo. Ingon sa John 8:32 “ if the
Son sets you free, you shall be free indeed. “Naka pangutana ko sa ako ka ugalingon, bitaw no, ngano
sige man ko ug balik pa. gi luwas namn ko sa kuan, mao to gi surrender nako akong kinabuhi na. (Box
117)
“This is all because of God. I see myself as someone who don’t have plans of changing
because vices are really tempting. But in here, the bible is being taught and change does not start from
us, it starts with the Grace of God. John 8:32 mentioned that “If the Son sets you free, you shall be free
indeed.” I even asked myself, “Why do I always go back to my old ways when I am already saved?”
That’s why I surrendered my life to Him.”
Respondents also recognize that the training they received inside the rehabilitation center
wouldn’t have been successful if it weren’t for their commitment to God’s plans. They were able
to maximize their full potential in public speaking and rapport building that they even get the
chance to influence other people to change.
P1: Sa una ako kuan ra man ko rota kay balay, sugalan, pusher, ana ra jud ba imananan, ug diba
kung maka suyop ko di na gae ko mo tingog kanang di nako makigsturya… ingana but pag kuan nko diri
kana na naghinay hinay nako ug sturya at least ma connect ba samot na diri nga itrainingon jud ka ug
sturya sa atubangan after 2months ikaw mu song lead. Pero usually sa amoa is more of kana bitaw, unsa
na oi, intrinsic nga maikog, mauwawon, ana ba. So naka train nasad ko para pag magsturya ug lain,
makipag fellowship required man sad ni sa amoa. (Box 60)
“Before my routine would be house-gambling-pusher-vices-drugs. If I induce myself with

drugs, I don’t talk to anyone but when I submitted here, I was taught to speak to others and infront of
people. After 2 months, you have to lead a song. I was trained here to become the better version of
myself.”
P3: Diri sa HoH. Diri ko na train spiritually, pagbasa sa bible, and applying it. Wisdom ba.
Definition of it is applied knowledge. Naa kay knowledge pero di nimo iapply, it’s useless man. Mao sad
na sa bible. Mubasa ka sa bible unsa imong nakuha, i-apply sad nimo, ipakita nimos imong kinabuhi.
Mao na makapangutana sila, “Roq, lahi na lagi ka. Naunsa diay ka?” Diha naka makasud. (Box 153)
“Here in House of Hope, I was trained spiritually, how to read the bible and how to
apply it which is wisdom. You have the knowledge but you don’t apply it, it’s useless in the end. That’s the
way it is with the Bible too. You have to apply it in your life. So when they ask, “Roq, you have changed.
What happened to you?” Then you can go explain and influence someone else.”
One respondent converted into another religion in order to be a lot closer to God. This
perceived intimate relationship with a Supreme Being helped the ex-offender desist from crime
since they have to uphold certain practices and some sort of psychological contract exists
between the primal and the spiritual needs.
P3: Karon is born again Christian man ko. Im not condemning Catholics ha. Ara gud ko nagtubo.
Dako kaykog respeto ana. Wa ko nagingon na bati na or unsa. I’m just having my own choice ba. Para
nako, ang religion ba, ari ko dinhi kay tanaw nako mas dali ko makaabot padung sa Ginoo. But at the
end, kinsa man na atong padulngan? It’s the same God we are serving. (Box 149)
“I’m already a Born Again Christian. I’m not condemning Catholics because I grew up
in that religion. This is my own choice because for me religion is where you settle for the easiest way to
the Lord. But at the end, it’s the same God we are serving.”
In another note, respondents agreed that the commitment to faith or devotion indirectly
helped them become the changed person that they are right now. The concept of praise and
worship, bible study, and observing prayer time is an interesting topic that will be further
supported by statements of respondents.
P2: Basta magpa duol lang kos Ginoo. Ako man jud na niya gipangayo ang akong kalayaan. Ana
ko Lord, kung imo lang ko pasayluon sa akong sala, ako jud ipakita nimu nga mag usab jud ko. Di nako
mag usab sa akong sala. (Box 109)
“If I just bring myself closer to God.. I asked the Lord my freedom and told him that if He
will forgive me for my sins, I will surely change for the better. I won’t sin again.”
Leaving everything to a prayer seems to be a similar concept to most of our respondents.
When the going gets tough, these respondents would rely on prayer, repentance, and the promise
to surrender one’s life in order to be saved from a situation they didn’t expect to be. Once these
requests or favors are granted, respondents see it as a blessing given from God. They would want
to return the favor and in order to do that, they surrender their life to God, to serve fellows, and
to become an instrument of God’s grace.
P3: Priority nako is pag commit sa akong kinabuhi sa Ginoo. Siya ray bahala nako asa ko niya
patrabahon. But then naa gihapon nas akong huna huna pag buhi sa akong pamilya. We go hand in hand
ba. Kasuway man gud ko nga ako ray nagplano. Ako ako ra ba. Imo ba kaha ni Lord nu? Kung ako ako
ra, decision decision nya sayop diay. Tik-yaop diay ko.. (Box 164)
“My priority is to commit my life to God. He’ll take care of me, whatever His plans are.
But then the importance of sustaining the needs of my family is still there but God’s plans and my plans
should go hand in hand. I’ve experienced following my own play and in the end, I failed miserably. That’s
why I always ask “God, is this for me?”
In essence, spirituality encompasses the beliefs, moral standards, and principles that
resulted from the faith-based interventions experienced by the respondents and their life
circumstances. These beliefs, moral standards, and principles was able to help the successful
reintegration of our respondents The next sections will discuss more on how the government has
contributed to the successful reintegration of ex-offenders.
State Policies for Employment
Employment was predicted to become an issue for ex-offenders upon their release. The
study’s literature provided that ex-offenders ultimately revert back to criminal behavior because
of the additional employment issues that they face once they get outside of prison. Respondents
had no significant experience that can be related to this theme.
P3: Trabaho way sweldo. Naa kay time ba. Naa kay oras na tingtrabaho. Mao na kay ang nawa
namo sa among pagka drug addict kay among sense of responsibility man. Nanrabaho mi dili na para sa
among pamilya, para na sa among kaugalingon. Paras bisyo. So diri ibalik ka, ireintegrate kag balik.
Iassign ka. Inana ka pag humble down sa Ginoo ba na inana ka pagparealize ba. (Box 132)
“Working without pay. You have time to work. We lost our sense of responsibility when
we chose to become drug addicts. Yes, we can work but we work not for our family but for ourselves and
for the drugs. Here in HoH, you will reintegrated, you will be assigned. God will humble you down in
order for you to learn.”
The results may only be considered as overlapping with self-sustaining attitude and good
community influence but the above statement shows that the work ethics he absorbed from his
training inside a rehabilitation center was put to good use when he was employed after
imprisonment. Although the government was not able to address employment issues of ex-
offenders, the other factors of successful reintegration such as family, peers, spirituality, and
self-sustaining attitude helped the respondents’ in their endeavor for a better life.
Politics
The most interesting finding in the present study is under the theme Politics. This would
refer to strategies people use to seek advantage of others’ situation, power or authority. In the
case of our respondents, this manifested as bribery, politicking, and family ties/situation that
certainly affect the re-entry process of an individual.
Table 6

Politics
Bribery 25% (1)
Politicking 75% (3)
Family ties / situation 25% (1)
P4: Best friend tu ni gov katung barkada nako. Akoy guy driver. So sa campaign, silbe akoy
escort ni gov all around Cebu sa caravan. Na luoy ra siguro tu si Gov, ah gikan ni sa prisohan, tabangan
ta ni bi. Sa tanan consultant sa capitol, akoy una gi offeran. Akoy una gi tagaan ug trabahon ni gov. part,
ikaw may gikan sa prisonhan ikaw lay sa CPDRC. (Box 137)
“My friend was Gov’s bestfriend so during Gov’s campaign, I was the one driving. Gov
might have pitied me so he offered me the consultant job for CPDRC.”
P4: So mao tu, election man gud. pangitaan ug sa maskin wala kay sa. Ako di ko politico, I'm
here to help lang ba Gov. "Gov, loyal kong gov. Kanang naa ko ngari parang gov". (Box 63)
“It was elections and everyone was digging dirt on someone. I told them, “I’m no
politician but I’m here to help Gov” because I’m loyal to Gov.”
P2: Unya ka run pag cross exam nako, niana man nang usa ka fiscal nga ayaw ko ingna nga
wala kay 100 thousand, unya mo priima ko basta naa kay 100 thousand, unya niana ko nga wala man ko
anang kantidara sir kay dugay na raba ko na retired, 2004 pa gud na retired. Unya ako asawa na sakit
raba, cancer unya nahurot ra ba akong napundar akong nadwat kay nahurot, akong mga balay gae nga
napalit kay nabligya nako. Unya ana siya nga wala jud tay mahimo kay dili ko mo primia. Mao nang
nadala jud ko sa kalunasan. (Box 30)
“When I reached cross exam in fiscal, I was asked if I had 100 thousand but when I told
them I had no money with me because I’m already retired, my husband has cancer and my savings were
already spent, they told me that they can’t sign the form. That’s the reason why I was really detained in
Kalunusan.”
Before, during, and after the imprisonment of an individual, politicking is very rampant
in our country. This politicking is even more prevalent when it comes to the law. Respondents
experienced politicking before, during, and after imprisonment affecting their re-entry process.
The most intriguing aspect of this new factor is that our respondents certainly had political
connections that helped ease their reintegration pathway. The researchers would like to delve
deeper into this factor so as to further expand the literature on successful reintegration of ex-
offenders.
These six interdependent factors have aspects that overlaps with each other. The literature
of this study provided substantial amount of reference as to how these factors facilitated
successful reintegration. Each factor should positively increase the chances of crime desistance
through positive family and peer support, genuine acceptance from family and peers, self-
sustaining attitude, good interpersonal skills, strong commitment to faith, self-actualization, and
political connections. Each factor served as the respondents’ gateway to experiencing a proper
life – with income, family and peers to rely on in times of shame and stigma, support group, and
the chance to live as a better version of themselves.

CHAPTER IV
Discussion
The purpose of this study is to know how Individual Differences, Family, Peers,
Employment and Spirituality foster successful reintegration and ultimately lessen recidivism
among ex-offenders. However, one factor outside the proposed factors emerged as the results
were analyzed. Politics is the factor that was acknowledged through consistent statements from
respondents as to why this factor helped them reintegrate to the society.
The research results were a conclusion of interpretations assembled from information
provided in individual interviews with respondents that suggest that life outside and inside prison
are a total opposite. All respondents stated that entering prison is a new place to start all over
again. This directly correlates to Cohen & Taylor (1972) who claimed that “once a person arrives
in prison, it is the start of a new life”. Building life inside prison is dreadful and many individuals
tend to adapt ways of thinking as to not be bothered by the thoughts outside the prison cell. One
participant claimed that focusing your mind inside prison will eventually help you. This is in line
in attempts to survive the new environment by getting accustomed to ways of thinking or coping
strategies (Zamble & Quinsey, 1997). One remarkable respondent provided brief experiences
inside prison and more on lengthy experiences outside prison like how she managed to survive
through selling foods and going to different houses to ask for their laundry. The way the
respondent answered questions is parallel to that of when asked about their experiences in prison,
some would regress and some would travel back to the experiences they had prior to
incarceration (Crawley & Sparks, 2006).

The subthemes within this factor of successful reintegration (willpower and choice, self-
sustaining attitude, positive interpersonal skills and accountability of one’s actions) revolve
around how ex-offenders try to regain control of their lives once they are released. In Benabon &
Trole’s “Willpower and Personal Rules” (2006), an individual’s willpower is an attempt at self-
control where there is an initial choice between a “no-willpower” option where the benefits are
immediate and tempting, and a “willpower activity” where the benefits are delayed or initially
perceived as non-existent. The guiding benefits that successfully reintegrated ex-offenders
choose, however, are long-term goals such as life-stability, family trust, and peer acceptance.
Therefore, the current focus is to opt for change from their previous situations due to an
overpowering want.
Once choosing “willpower activity,” the next phase of an individual’s willpower is
between “giving up” and “persevering.” In this phase, the choice seemingly intensifies for the
ex-offender since there is a looming temptation to settle for a more immediate benefit compared
to the delayed gratification of persevering.
Successfully reintegrated ex-offenders tend to show that their overpowering want for life-
stability/control, family trust, and peer acceptance have them opt for persevering even though
benefits are not as immediate as “giving-up.”
However, choosing is theorized to deplete an individual’s self-strength (Vohs, 2006)
since the act requires one to override instinctual responses and interrupt status-quo functions in
order to change, which is likely the causing tendency for individuals to recidivate.
In the cases of most of the successfully reintegrated individuals in this study, many of
their choices are not geared to actually overriding who they are right now, but instead they
highlight aspects of themselves that apparently coincide with what society accepts or a side of
the ex-offender that eases the success of reintegration. This coincides with the paradoxical
theory of change within Gestalt Therapy (Reck, 2006; Beisser, 1970) that states that change
happens in an individual when they become who they are instead of trying to be who/what they
are not.
P3: Sauna I am the problem. Now I am part of the solution. Inani raman na it’s either problem or
solution. Might as well be part of the solution than part of the problem. (Line 121)
“Before I was the problem now I am part of the solution. It’s either problem or solution
might as well be part of the solution than part of the problem.”
P3: Sa self gyud, Nimo gyud na gikan. Kung musud kag rehab, nya wa kay iusab sa imong
kinabuhi, ang program sa rehab will not work. It goes hand in hand. The time na mahuman ka sa imong
program, nya you step out of that gate, choice comes again. (Line 82)
“It starts in the self. If you enter rehab and you don’t plan to change anything in your
life, then the program in the rehab center will not work. It goes hand in hand. Once you’re done with
your program and you step out of that gate, choice comes again.”
P1: Sa una ako kuan ra man ko rota kay balay, sugalan, pusher, ana ra jud ba imananan, ug diba
kung maka suyop ko di na gae ko mo tingog kanang di nako makigsturya… ingana but pag kuan nko diri
kana na naghinay hinay nako ug sturya at least ma connect ba samot na diri nga itrainingon jud ka ug
sturya sa atubangan after 2months ikaw mu song lead. Pero usually sa amoa is more of kana bitaw, unsa
na oi, intrinsic nga maikog, mauwawon, ana ba. So naka train nasad ko para pag magsturya ug lain,
makipag fellowship required man sad ni sa amoa. (Line 60)
“Before my routine would be house-gambling-pusher-vices-drugs. If I induce myself with

drugs, I don’t talk to anyone but when I submitted here, I was taught to speak to others and infront of
people. After 2 months, you have to lead a song. I was trained here to become the better version of
myself.”
And in this, the subthemes of “self-sustaining attitude” and “positive interpersonal skills”
becomes a choice to the ex-offender on whether he/she will perform certain opportunities to
bolster his/her upright citizenship, make better friends, and keep him/herself capable of making
an honest living
P3: 2009 nanganak akong wife sa katong girl, bunso. Na-panic man ko. Unsaon man nako
pagbuhi sa akong anak? Way trabaho akong asawa, volunteer ko dinhi. Nigawas ko. Mao to trabaho kog
hotel. Nakaingon ko kay tungod man gud sa training dinhi, trabaho ka wa kay sweldo. Na boost akong
working habits. Naapply nako didto. Trabaho ka without thinking na masweldoan ba ka nya na-apply
nako didto so nisaka dayon ko. (Line )
“In 2009, my wife gave birth to my baby girl. I panicked. How was I going to provide for
my child? My wife had no work, I was volunteer here (at House of Hope). I left (rehab) and yeah, I
worked at a hotel. I can really say that because of the training here, work without pay, my working
habits improved. I really applied it in my work. I worked without thinking that I’d be paid, and when
I applied it, I soon got promoted.”
P1: Pero karun di na kay ko ganahan makig-ipon sa mga classmates usahay… ako siyang
saboton daan… unsa mani ato ning klarohon ahh. Unsa maning pag kuan karon? Inom ra ni kay…
reunion unya beer man gihapon kasagaran kuan, ako na lang pili-on ang katong apil ko katong mga
kaon-kaon ra ba. (Line 97)
“But right now, I don’t really like gatherings with classmates sometimes. I have to
confirm first if what will happen during the gathering. If it’s a reunion, there will certainly be beer so
I will only choose to attend gathering wherein we only eat.”
P4: Ana ba, so didto ko, ni adto kog bukid. Maa man koy gamay nga farm sa nguba, talamban.
So, didto ko, nananum kog vegetables. Nag tanom kog cauliflower mga string beans, mga sweetcorn…
para lang naa koy income ba. (Line 36)
“Yeah, so I went to the rural area. I had a small farm in Talamban. So, I was there
planting vegetables. I had cauliflower, string beans, sweetcorn…just so that I could have income.”
This factor, however, does not act alone when affecting the reintegration success of an
individual. The motivations required for ex-offenders to choose to be better versions of
themselves have a tendency to stem from external factors such as an ex-offenders influencing
peers and family members.
Family
All of the respondents cited that constant support was one of the biggest factors that
motivated them to get through life inside prison cell. The factor Family has a subtheme that
points out the importance of being accepted without reservation. It includes frequent visits in
prison, meal delivery and providing legal assistance. This is in support to that of Cattell (2001)
that family members are the primary sources of needs inside prison.
Moreover, another subtheme that can be found in this factor is the endless moral support
provided by the family. Encouragements, uplifting advices, sympathy and love are some of the
ways how endless supports from family operated through the individual. This is congruent of the
findings of Berg and Huebner (2011) that the core members of an offender’s social support
system are the family.
Some of the respondents cited that after release, their needs are provided by their family.
Some of the respondents make their way to survive by applying their skills by using the materials
supplied by some of the family members. One participant cited how his son served as his
motivation to avoid temptations and to restrain his self from gambling into drug addiction again.
These findings are related to that of Visher & Castro (2004) wherein employment and reduction
in substance abuse was the outcome of emotional, housing and financial support given by the
family.
Also, majority of the respondents claimed that family members are not bothered by their
status as a former prisoner and are also the ones who helped them glued their fragmented dignity
into being whole again. This finding is congruent to that of Eckland-Olson et al., (1983) finding
that family members tend to overlook the offender’s stigma and helps to promote self-confidence
again. Overall, family members had a big impact on the situations the ex-offenders face from
being inside prison to entering back to society.
Peers
Another important factor that plays a role in the reintegration of ex-offenders is their
peers. One participant reiterated that after his release from prison, some of his friends looked
down on him like he was a 2nd class citizen. This finding is related to that of Wilson & Davis
(2006) wherein peers are unlikely to be accepting a former friend’s criminal record.
Peer support is critical at key stages of an offender’s journey such as release when
offenders are vulnerable to relapse in criminal behavior (Trace and Johnson, 2013). In line with
this, one participant cited that he had to unfortunately change his group of friends since it was
affecting his reintegration pathway negatively. Subthemes under this factor are identified as
positive peer support, good peer influence and good community influence. These subthemes
were identified as to how the Peer factor helped respondents in reintegrating back to the society.
Positive peer support was evident through two respondents who cited that some peers were able
to visit them, encouraged them and helped them during inside prison and also after release.
These statements are in line to that of Visher & Travis (2003) that an ex-offender who has social
support from peers would potentially fend better than an ex-offender who does not have peer
support.
Moreover, respondents emphasized that acceptance in the form of visitation and
encouragement has helped ease their reintegration pathway since the thought of having someone
care for them was good enough to promote change thus respondents desisted from crime. This
finding supports the claim of Taylor & Becker (2015) that ex-offenders who have positive
relationships with their peers show a lower risk of reverting back to crime. Attaining a job
through peer connections is considered as a positive peer support, however, the above literature
didn’t provide any support to this, that’s why employment through peer connections is
considered as an essential finding of this study. Two respondents manifested this finding through
acquiring a job handed down by a friend and the other one acquired a job through the
recommendation of someone inside an organization.
In addition, good peer influence was evident in one participant wherein working for the
betterment of the organization where he is currently employed in and maintaining his loyalty to
his friend are few of the factors that helped him reintegrate back to society. This finding is
directly correlated to that of Denney et al. (2014) that peer support has been associated with
better re-entry outcomes and successful reintegration. Changed positive behavior brought upon
by the influence of peers played a significant role in the respondents’ reintegration pathway. In
one of their “sessions”, this particular respondent was put in the hot seat and told off about the
attitude that he had to change. The respondent was given awareness by his peers and this
evidently helped him change his attitude and behavior for the better. This finding supports to the
claim of Listwan et al (2010) that peer influence has a significant positive effect on the personal
well-being among incarcerated individuals. Indeed, peers have a big influence on how former
incarcerated individuals enter society again.
The results also indicate that community influence also plays a part in ex-offenders’
efforts to successfully reintegrate back to society. Though the study’s literatures didn’t provide
any support to this but one respondent gave evidence to this. The participant cited during the
time when her reputation was investigated through the order by the judge, her neighbors and the
barangay captain testified that the offender was indeed a person with good reputatioon. In
general, Peers are part of the individual-level influences that ex-offenders get to interact with
first because they have the immediate means of helping the ex-offenders upon release. That’s
why their influences to the former incarcerated individuals are crucial.
Spirituality
This factor includes two subthemes: self-actualization and commitment to faith or
devotion. All of the respondents agreed that relying everything to God while inside prison has
helped them went through the hardships inside and outside the prison cell. All of the respondents
cited that aside from moral support they got from their family, they also believed that having a
personal relationship with God have helped them on their re-entry process to the society. They
considered that who they are now is all because of their commitment, devotion and faith to God.
These statements correlate to that of Walton (2007) that the spirituality of an individual is a
significant factor that could successfully eliminate maladaptive behavior, reduce recidivism,
substance abuse and it can also be an alternative education for youth. Still in line with this, two
participants cited that God played a big role in their lives in their attempts to resist reoffending
again. One research participant cited that whenever faced with his weakest point, he goes to a
silent place immediately and pray to God for him to be able to resist the urge.
Further, most of the research participants believed that becoming closer to God was made
possible by the activities offered to them while inside and outside prison. As for example, bible
studies and prayer meetings introduced the ex-offender to different forms of prayer that were
foreign for them before. These statements support to what Slattery & Parker (2011) and Culliford
(2002) have cited in their study regarding the role of spirituality. It was highlighted by the
researchers that spiritual activities inside prison and rehabilitation center can encourage
individuals to strive for inspiration, reverence, awe, meaning, and purpose.
On the other hand, two respondents claimed that faith-based programs and trainings in a
rehabilitation program aided them to become the person that they are now. Hence, it supports
Rossman’s (1999) study on the significant role of Faith-based organizations and communities
that supports the lead for character and faith building programs in facilitating restoration and
successful reintegration of ex-offenders. In fact, Swanson (2009) and Slattery & Park (2011)
have found out that formerly incarcerated individuals will reap benefits from faith-based spiritual
strategies that will contribute to their reentry to the society. It gives the researchers the idea of its
significance in the holistic transformation of an ex-offender. However, they stated that constant
religious practices are nothing if the individual doesn’t have the willpower to change. Just like
what Hirschi (2002) has stated in his research findings that there was no correlation between
religious commitment and criminal behavior.
Researchers have found out that spirituality alone or religious commitment can’t decrease
recidivism or delinquent criminal behavior. That is why in this point, two factors, individual
characteristics and spirituality, are evidently overlapping with each other. We found out that
religious commitment and devotion that is driven by will-power is activated by self-
actualization. Also, as supported by the research participants, one factor cannot exist without the
other. It supports the claims of the researchers that each factor is interdependent with one another
and can’t exist without the other. In line with this, the respondents also claimed that through
personality development inside the rehabilitation center, they were able to find their strengths
such as public speaking and being a direct positive influence to the public, especially the youth.
These findings are directly related to that of Rossman et al. (1999) that faith-based organizations
and communities oftentimes initiate the lead for character and faith-building programs in
facilitating restoration and successful reintegration of ex-offenders.
Moreover, the spirituality of an individual is vital not only inside prison but also during
the times of reintegrating back to society. According to Swanson (2009) it also gives high
importance in influencing the outward behavior by targeting the internal moral fibers that starts
from developing a strong faith to God and its role in faith-based organizations that aids in
changing the way ex-offenders approach conflict within them. In addition, Social Control Theory
concludes that by strengthening an individual’s bond to society through involvement in religious
institutions and faith-based organizations, immoral activities are to decrease (Baier and Wright,
2001).
Therefore, the role of spirituality and the presence of individual characteristics as an
overlapping factor are to aid in successful reintegration of the ex-offenders in the society. The
presence of two interdependent factors explained the researcher’s claims that all the factors are
interdependent and can’t exist without the other.
Employment
Attaining a job after incarceration is a critical phase for individuals re-entering society.
Visher et al. (2008) suggests that searching and maintaining a legitimate job can reduce former
offenders from reoffending. Findings garnered in the study proved that the factor employment
was either a hit or a miss.
Three research participants identified themselves as self-employed through the utilization
of their past skills that were learned prior to incarceration. They were able to apply those skills
after release and thus helped them in sustaining their everyday needs. One research participant
cited that employment was handed down by him through peer connections. In this case,
overlapping of factors is evident again with this finding. Peers and Employment were the
interdependent factors that helped the individual acquire a stable job.
Moreover, one remarkable research participant cited that employment was his least
priority as of the moment because he is occupied in attaining back the trust he lost from the
people who mattered to him. This supports the finding of Farrall (2002) that some ex-offenders
attain employment longer than expected because reconstructing life after prison is one of the
very first steps in reintegrating back to the community. However, literatures provided in this
study, particularly state policies that facilitate successful reintegration, aren’t supported by the
findings gathered from respondents.

Finally, one remarkable research participant cited that it was through employment that he
was able to reintegrate back successfully to the society and used that opportunity to glue back his
fragmented self-image. Through this finding, employment is still a significant factor to consider
in aiding ex-offenders reintegrate back to the society.
Politics
The factor that emerged interestingly in our study is Politics. It evidently plays a significant
role in the successful reintegration of individuals. One research participant said that his friend
helped him become closer to a politician during the campaign and it was that event which paved a
way for him to acquire a top ranking job in a correctional facility. The overlapping of themes,
which are peer and politics, are clearly present. Peer factor, particularly the subthemes Positive
peer influence, was present in this experience because it was through his friend that he was able to
hold a top ranking job. It was a positive influence in the sense that it greatly helped him in
reentering back to the society.
Moreover, the new factor, Politics, played an important role because the research
participant was able to attain a public office position vested upon by his politician friend despite
the respondent’s criminal record. However, Politics is not considered as an independent factor,
and as stated above, it is connected to another factor. According to the data we have gathered,
politics has helped the ex-offenders’ successful reintegration because they get support in acquiring
a job, support in getting out of prison easily, going out of the country and support from the
government officials through bribery. This in turn supports the concept of political capitalism.
Political capitalism is defined as an economic and political system in which the economic and
political elite cooperate for their mutual benefit (Holcombe, 2015).

Controversially, the use of political power for political gain and for employment is a
manifestation of exploitation of opportunities (Love, 1991). One participant cited that in exchange
of being appointed for a high position in the government his loyalty and service are expected.
Despite being detained in the premises of a particular city jail, he was allowed to visit his family
during the time he was serving his sentence. After being acquitted from his case, he was granted
the privilege to travel to a different country and be appointed for a high position in the government.
In line with this, the concept of progressivism supports this finding. Progressivism is defined as a
movement for political interest and business transactions. It is a movement that is operated on the
assumption that the general welfare of the community could be best served by satisfying the
concrete needs of business through policy regulation (Allison, 2013). However, it is controlled by
political elite that is directed towards self interest in the expense of the common people (Bartels,
2008).
Nevertheless, the presence of political capitalism is a fundamental component to economic
elites in controlling public policy for the purpose of reaping benefits for themselves. It then
becomes an essential factor in supporting formerly incarcerated individuals to reenter the society.
Limitations and Recommendations for further study
However, since the goal of this study is to foster growth in the study of successful ex-
offender reintegration, the researchers suggest a few points in order to assist any further studies
on the topic.
This study currently revolves around the experiences of four (4) ex-offenders and because
of their small numbers; it is currently difficult to come to a sound generalization regarding the
factors that assisted them in their successful reintegration. So, the researchers recommend that
further studies reach out to a more abundant respondent base. This does not just mean increasing
the number of respondents, but would suggest the inclusion of a variety of ex-offenders from
differing background and studying how these background factors (such as age, gender, family
ties, and organizational ties) interplay and affect the ease of their reintegration. In addition to
this, the current funding of the researchers could only accommodate that they gather respondents
or successful ex-offenders found only in Metro Cebu. Therefore, the researchers suggest
including the experiences of successful ex-offenders from other portions of the Philippines in
order to deduce a more over-encompassing set of factors that affect the reintegration of
Philippine ex-offenders.
Regarding the specific factors affecting successful reintegration, the researchers
recommend looking deeper into the factor of an ex-offender’s political ties so as to gain more
understanding in just how it affects reintegration or whether or not it affects the majority of ex-
offenders or just a certain few. Further, more studies on the factor of Philippine spirituality
should be looked into since this research has found that it is currently the most significant factor
in fostering successful reintegration. However, the researchers would like to suggest that these
further studies focus on the devoutness and religiousness of Filipino ex-offenders (or how
serious they are about their religiousness) and not just their specific religion or faith in itself. In
addition to further studying each of the factors, the researchers’ initial perspective towards the
study lacked the view that these factors are interdependent amongst each other. Therefore in
order to gain further information and gain a greater understanding on how these factors affect
individuals, the researchers recommend future studies to gather data that focus on the interplay
among the different factors since a single factor does not manifest as the sole reason for a
successful reintegration.
In general, these suggestions may be proven of value to the government, specifically
those in charge of the welfare and improvement of the country’s correctional facilities, the ex-
offenders themselves, and future studies that would wish to further the knowledge pool of this
topic.
Implications
The present study aimed to identify how the factors helped the ex-offenders successfully
reintegrate into the society. Since the data gathered clearly shows that there is definitely a
problem with the existing interventions and programs for re-entry purposes, this study can
provide suggestions on improving the existing interventions and programs intended for the re-
entry and reintegration of ex-offenders into the society. As manifested by the lack of
employment among ex-offenders, whether due to interest or not, the present study may influence
current state policies affecting employment of ex-offenders. Further, it may be able to provide as
to how the programs for ex-offenders may be able to reduce recidivism. Finally, this study can
provide suggestions in promoting better correctional facilities for those inside the bars suffering
from unfair treatment, injustice, and lack of livelihood programs and activities that foster growth
and productivity.
Limitations and Recommendations for further study
However, since the goal of this study is to foster growth in the study of successful ex-
offender reintegration, the researchers suggest a few points in order to assist any further studies
on the topic.
This study currently revolves around the experiences of four (4) ex-offenders and because
of their small numbers; it is currently difficult to come to a sound generalization regarding the
factors that assisted them in their successful reintegration. So, the researchers recommend that
further studies reach out to a more abundant respondent base. This does not just mean increasing
the number of respondents, but would suggest the inclusion of a variety of ex-offenders from
differing background and studying how these background factors (such as age, gender, family
ties, and organizational ties) interplay and affect the ease of their reintegration. In addition to
this, the current funding of the researchers could only accommodate that they gather respondents
or successful ex-offenders found only in Metro Cebu. Therefore, the researchers suggest
including the experiences of successful ex-offenders from other portions of the Philippines in
order to deduce a more over-encompassing set of factors that affect the reintegration of
Philippine ex-offenders.
Regarding the specific factors affecting successful reintegration, the researchers
recommend looking deeper into the factor of an ex-offender’s political ties so as to gain more
understanding in just how it affects reintegration or whether or not it affects the majority of ex-
offenders or just a certain few. Further, more studies on the factor of Philippine spirituality
should be looked into since this research has found that it is currently the most significant factor
in fostering successful reintegration. However, the researchers would like to suggest that these
further studies focus on the devoutness and religiousness of Filipino ex-offenders (or how
serious they are about their religiousness) and not just their specific religion or faith in itself. In
addition to further studying each of the factors, the researchers’ initial perspective towards the
study lacked the view that these factors are interdependent amongst each other. Therefore in
order to gain further information and gain a greater understanding on how these factors affect
individuals, the researchers recommend future studies to gather data that focus on the interplay
among the different factors since a single factor does not manifest as the sole reason for a
successful reintegration.
In general, these suggestions may be proven of value to the government, specifically
those in charge of the welfare and improvement of the country’s correctional facilities, the ex-
offenders themselves, and future studies that would wish to further the knowledge pool of this
topic.
Trustworthiness
The trustworthiness of the research is an important aspect in evaluating the worth of the
research (Lincoln & Guba, 1985). In line with this, the researchers used a series of techniques to
ensure the trustworthiness of present study.
External audit was one of the techniques utilized by the researchers to provide accuracy
and validity of research study. One expert consultant was tapped by the researchers in order to
assess the processes and findings of the research and give feedback during the data gathering and
data analysis. Although it is given that the outsider may contradict the researchers’ interpretation,
agreement by both parties were evident throughout the research process since consultation hours
were scheduled for the purpose of overseeing the processes of the study.
Another technique utilized was Analyst Triangulation. The present study is analyzed by
four different people and through this technique, findings were reviewed by the four different
people of the research group. Researchers used the Inter-Rater Reliability when coding the data
pool and deciding for the final overarching main and subordinate themes. In essence, data was
reviewed by multiple analysts thus providing multiple ways of understanding the data.
Finally, a report of the researchers’ perspectives, positions, values and beliefs throughout
the research process is provided in the reflexivity section in order to present to the readers and
future researchers the biases and beliefs of the current researchers that may have affected the
gathering, analysis, and interpretation of data.
Reflexivity
Upon deciding what research topic to study, the researchers focused on their interest on
studying the minorities of the society, specifically those who continually experience social
stigma. The population of these respondents were considerably rare given that the issue
addressed ex-offenders who successfully reintegrated into the society. The stigma that these ex-
offenders face was the primary reason why the researchers pursued the study. The researchers
believed that offenders were unfortunately seen as “outcasts” once they get out of prison and that
is because of the association that “Once a criminal, will always be a criminal.” Also, researchers
thought that the stigma they face upon re-entry can increase their chances of recidivating, thus
failing to reintegrate into the society. During the first drafts of the study, the researchers thought
that these ex-offenders should be put in a spot wherein the second chance that were given to
them was put into good use. The notion that “Ex-offenders should also get equal chances and
opportunities in employment, relationships, and justice” has not been evidently discussed since
the bulk of research concerning ex-offenders focused more on recidivism rather than their
reintegration thus the researchers agreed to gather successfully reintegrated ex-offenders to
contribute new ideas in the field of reintegration pathway of ex-offenders.
Gathering prospective respondents was made possible by the researchers’ connections,
leading them to experience and mingle directly with people working with these ex-offenders. It
was the researchers’ discretion to act normally and be less nervous upon meeting the respondents
for the purpose of the research. As the researchers met with the respondents, they expected the
respondents to show signs of drug abuse and behavioral manifestations of being inside the prison
such as being buff, bloodshot eyes, rugged outfit, and rowdy and crass language. However,
everything mentioned seemed to be false for all the respondents were well-versed, dressed
properly, and no manifestations of drugs use were observed. The fear of being hurt by the
respondents were also present because the researchers believed that these ex-offenders, even if
they were considered by others to have successfully reintegrated, manifested aggression issue
and that they may have trigger points that the researchers can delve into once the in-depth
interview starts. However, the researchers’ safety were not at risk since the place for the in-depth
interview were decided by and for the best interest of both parties.
As data gathering progressed, the researchers expected that they will have a hard time
asking questions that were really sensitive and personal but majority of the respondents really
shared their re-entry experiences and tried their best to answer any of the questions presented.
Although there was one respondent who did not disclose in-prison experience fully well, the
researchers believe that answering the question may lead to confidentiality issues. The
researchers also expected that the respondents would make use of the social desirability bias but
it was evident that their lived experiences were significantly true since all of them were living a
life that is decent and reliable. This was manifested in the referrals and testimonies that the
researchers gathered after they’ve interviewed the respondent. Also, during the interviews, the
level of trust that the respondents gave surprised the researchers in a way that even the most
controversial detail of their re-entry was disclosed.

Moreover, the personal lived experiences of researchers may play a role during the
analysis of data. Case in point, one researcher is influenced with Gestalt therapy discipline due to
being a facilitator in the Facilitator Circle and so when he codes the statements from the
respondents, his decision regarding the main and subthemes are greatly influenced by how he
views other people, specifically in their willpower and choice. In addition, researchers believe
that once ex-offenders get out of prison their primary source of support directly comes from the
family and that their determination to start a new life is propelled by their positive individual
differences. Counter-transference such as admiring the family-oriented and self-sustaining
attitude of the ex-offender may significantly affect the coding of main and subthemes, especially
since the literature provided already proposes the factors Individual Differences and Family.
Also, one researcher admitted that during the coding he wanted to highlight the Spirituality
aspect that assisted the ex-offenders’ reintegration since it was the factor that he believed to have
affected the ex-offenders’ the most. This particular researcher is also an active Christian and is
also leading a discipleship group which is similar to that of the ex-offenders’ experience in the
faith-based rehabilitation center.
Further biases and expectations from the researchers include that the data gathered will
contain negative experiences, which happens to be an advantage for the researchers since
respondents show that these negative experiences propelled them to start a new and better life.
Two of the researchers also have a bias towards the life experiences (e.g. political endeavors,
drug abuse) of the respondents since they cannot fully sympathize and relate with the
respondents. Although, all the respondents were aware that their circumstances were a product of
their choice, the researchers believe that the individual characteristic of the person is not the only
factor that plays a significant role in their reintegration pathway.

Furthermore, one researcher from the study does not necessarily believe that one
respondent has successfully reintegrated. The researcher and the respondent resides in the same
area and the former believes that the nature of the place that the ex-offender is currently residing
in is still known for criminal offenses. However, the researcher acknowledges the evidences that
the ex-offender has successfully reintegrated.
Finally, the researchers acknowledge that Individual Differences, Family, Peers,
Spirituality, and Politics each play a significant and different role in the reintegration pathway of
the ex-offender. However, the researchers also believe that even though biases were present
throughout the study which possibly affected the interpretation of the data, the researchers cannot
deny that respondents’ experiences has helped them reintegrate successfully.

CHAPTER V
Summary and Conclusion
Over the past decade, an alarming increase of 20% in the Philippine recidivism rate was
reported along with the overcrowding and severe conditions of our country’s prison cells.
Offenders often leave prisons with few marketable skills, inferior education, severe emotional
problems, broken spirits and an anxiety for what comes next (BuCor, 2010). The importance of
having certain measures to ensure successful reintegration of ex-offenders has not been
addressed and very little is done to prevent the challenges that ex-offenders face once they get
out of prison (Visher & Travis, 2003). Existing studies (e.g. Dougherty, 2013; Shinkfield &
Graffam, 2009; Maltz, 2001) contend that successful reintegration promotes a reduction in
recidivism.
The present study examines how Individual Differences, Family, Peers, State Policies for
Employment, and Spirituality fosters successful reintegration and ultimately lessen recidivism
among ex-offenders. Through the use of in-depth interviews with four (4) ex-offenders, findings
suggest that each factor previously mentioned plays a crucial role in the reintegration pathway of
an ex-offender.
Results indicated that each factor gathered from the study has corresponding subthemes.
The ex-offenders’ Individual Differences refers to how their unique characteristics affect their re-
entry process, so responses from the respondents that tackled their levels of willpower and
choice, self-sustaining attitude, interpersonal skills, and accountability for actions were classified
as subthemes to this factor. Being accepted with no reservations and receiving endless positive
support from the family is sorted into the factor of Family. The facilitative factor of Peer
includes positive peer support, good influence from friends, and good community influence.
Employment includes subthemes that entail an ex-offender acquiring a job after imprisonment
through initiative or connections.
In addition to the five facilitators of successful reintegration that has been mentioned in
the literature review of this study, the researchers found that a sixth factor, Politics, also assists
in the reintegration of ex-offenders. Politics, as a new facilitator, refers to responses of the
respondents that include their political connections or activities which helped ease their
reintegration pathway. This new interesting factor includes subthemes that entail experiences of
bribery, politicking, and family situations/ties that can create VIP treatments whilst inside the
prison.
These six different and interdependent factors played a significant role in the
reintegration pathway of each ex-offender. The results imply that suggestions can be provided to
better the existing interventions, programs, and correctional facilities intended for ex-offenders.
Another implication is that the data gathered can help reduce the recidivism rates in Metro Cebu
since existing studies (e.g. Dougherty, 2013; Shinkfield & Graffam, 2009; Maltz, 2001) show
that successful reintegration fosters a reduction in recidivism.
In a nutshell, this study contributed new ideas in the field of reintegration pathways of ex-
offender. It should be emphasized the researchers recommend future studies to specify variables
that are relevant to the research topic. Future studies should also go further the factors that were
provided in this study in order to understand the interplay and underlying mechanisms associated
to successful reintegration. May this study and its data pave way to the betterment of what lays
outside the prison bars.

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Appendix A
University of San Carlos

Department of Psychology
Dear Sir/Ma’am:
Greetings!
We are the researchers from University of San Carlos – Talamban Campus, currently taking up
Bachelor of Science in Psychology. We are conducting a qualitative study about the successful
reintegration of ex-offenders into society. The purpose of the research is to know how individual
differences, family, peers, spiritualism and state policies affect the ex-offender’s successful
reintegration into society. We aim to know how the mentioned factors determine the successful
reintegration of ex-offenders, thus leading to low recidivism.
Your participation in the study will involve an interview with an estimated length of 90 minutes.
The interview will be voice recorded for later analysis.
The research possesses no risks at all. We will do our best that confidentiality is maintained by
not citing your actual name within the actual study. You may choose to leave the study at any
time, and may also request that any data collected from you not be used in the study.
Should you have any questions, we are open to any discussion pertaining to our topic. We can be
reached through the information provided below.
Jalen Crae Co Janine DanicaEstel

09225745036 09334561211
jalencrae@gmail.com janinedanicaestel@gmail.com
Patrick John Portes Godivy Blanche Rondina

09236455186 09323712027
patrickportes94@gmail.com godivyblanche@gmail.com
Yours truly,
Co, Jalen Estel, Janine Portes, Patrick Rondina, Godivy

Appendix B
Agreement to Participate in Research
Title of Research: Reintegration and Recidivism
1. You have been asked to participate in a research study understanding the factors that
foster successful reintegration and facilitate low recidivism among ex-offenders.
2. If you agree to participate, you will be asked to 90-minute, face-to-face, tape-

recorded interview in an agreed location of both researcher and respondent between
November 23 to December 11, 2015. The researchers will provide all forms and
materials needed for completion of this study. You are also being asked for your
permission to audiotape this interview, but if you wish not to be recorded, only notes
will be taken.
3. This study will involve minimal risk and discomfort. The probability of harm and
discomfort will not be greater than your daily life encounters. Risks may include
emotional discomfort from answering interview questions.
4. You will not directly benefit from participating in this study. Indirect benefits will
include the promotion of our understanding of what factors can contribute to the
successful reintegration into society of ex-offenders.
5. There are no alternative procedures
6. Although the findings of this study may be published, no information that can identify
you will be included since pseudonyms will be provided instead of your actual name.
7. There is no compensation for your participation in this study.
8. Questions concerning this research may be addressed to Godivy Rondina (421-

1471/09323712027).
9. No service of any kind, to which you are otherwise entitled, will be lost or
jeopardized if you choose to “not participate” in the study.
10. Your consent is being given voluntarily. You may refuse to participate in the entire
study or any part of the study. If you choose to participate in the study, you are free
to withdraw at any time without any negative effect on you or your relations to any
organization you were recruited from.
11. At the time that you sign this consent form, you will receive a copy of it for your
records, signed and dated by the researchers.
_____________________________________ ______________
Respondent’s Signature Date
_____________________________________ ______________
Researcher’s Signature Date
Appendix C
Interview #_______________
Date_______/_____/_______
Interview Protocol
Welcome and thank you for your participation today. My name is _________ and I am a
4th year Psychology Student in University of San Carlos. This interview will take about 90
minutes and will include questions regarding your experiences during your re-entry to society
after you were released in prison. I would like your permission to tape record this interview, so I
may accurately document the information you convey. If at any time during the interview you
wish to discontinue the use of the recorder or the interview itself, please feel free to let me know.
All of your responses are confidential. Your responses will remain confidential and will be used
to develop a better understanding of the contributing factors to successful reintegration of ex-
offenders like you.
At this time I would like to remind you of your written consent to participate in this
study. I am the responsible researcher, specifying your participation in the research project:
Reintegration and Recidivism. You and I have both signed and dated each copy, certifying that
we agree to continue this interview. You will receive one copy and I will keep the other under
lock and key, separate from your reported responses. Thank you.
Your participation in this interview is completely voluntary. If at any time you need to
stop, take a break, please let me know. You may also withdraw your participation at any time
without consequence. Do you have any questions or concerns before we begin? Then with your
permission we will begin the interview.
Questions: (FOR PRE-INTERVIEW)
1. How are you? How do you feel?
2. How old are you?
3. How many are you in the family?
4. What do you usually do in your free time? Work?
5. What crime were you imprisoned for? (if possible)
6. How long did you serve time in prison?
Questions: (FOR INTERVIEW PROPER)
1. How’s life being an ex-offender who successfully reintegrated into society?
2. How can you describe your relationship with your family after you were released?
3. How did your family support you? (financially, emotionally)
4. What are your dreams/goals as of right now?
5. What was the reaction of your peers when you first met them after your release?
6. How did you procure your job? How can you describe the process?
7. How did faith-based organizations play a role in your re-entry?
8. Before we conclude this interview, is there anything else you would like to share?
Thank you so much for participating in this study! I will contact you about the results of this
study after we gather and analyze all the data. Rest assured that all of this will be confidential.
Appendix D
PAX 1
Interviewer/s: Janine Estel, Patrick Portes, Godivy Rondina

Date: January 1, 2016
Venue: House of Hope
Transcriber: Patrick Portes

Rater 1: Janine Estel
Rater 2: Godivy Rondina
Arbiter: Jalen Co
Transcript Subtheme
Box I Text R1 R2 A Decided Overarchin
# / rb final g theme
ite
P r
subtheme
sc
or
e
0
or
1
1 P …Station, na
detain…
2 P sa una highschool pa Experience Duration of 1
ko sa carbon 1 day, in prison prison
niya mga biyente ka experience
pin nako mga 4 days
diha sa fuente, mao
ra to akong prison
on experience ana…
3 I pero kuan sir, like
ahh unsa imong like
ahh case ato na
time?
4 P Sa highshcool shabu Consequen Reason of 1
kay nag gi raid ang ce of the imprisonment
pot session, niya addiction
pirtimi namo ginuk-
danay didto natagak
ko sa sapa ug
nakuyapan ko
gamay ug nadakpan
sa police. Pero wa
ko nagdugay didto
kay naa man koi
uncle nga pulis,

gikuha man ko.
Gikuan ba,.. mahog
nga pila ra ka oras.
Sa ikaduha hantak,
kanang kumpyansa
ra ko, di ko
mudagan ana. Pero
oy tan-aw na ko na
trap na man diay ko.
timing man sad to
nga holiday. So pila
ko ka adlaw adto
naka gawas mi tues
na sa hapon, holiday
lunes… ana.
5 I Unsay hantak sir?
6 P coins game ba.. addiction Addiction 1
7 I Ahh gambling…
8 P murag wa man siyay addiction - 0
eninglish guro
9 I Ah gambling sir
10 P Oo, tulo gud ka addiction Addiction 1
biyentingko ana…
11 I ahh...
12 P connected gihapon Consequen Addiction 1
na sa among pagka ce of the
adik2x kay sumpay addiction
mana diha man mi
ug kwarta… unsa
man inyong kuan sa,
prison experience
gyud ? unsay..
13 I prison experience sir
and after ana sad…
14 P Kung, naa ka sa Experience Negative 1
prisohan, katong in prison experience
upat nako ka adlaw inside prison
nimo lain kaayo sa
tanan. kay imung
bantayan ngit2x ra
ug hayag. Unya, pag
pirmirong adlaw,
biyernes ay huwebes
sa gabii, kanang
kuan man jud to
kaning mga gamay

pa mi ba, nay shabu
ang kaso ana. Pag
abot biyernes naa
nay na nood,
sabado. Hangtod…
ang.. niya pila lang
mi maka higda kay
kami man naka una.
Ang uban di na
katog, mag ana na
lang. So dugay kay
ang oras, unya
kanang la-ay ug
gusto kanang
ganahan na ka mu
gawas ba. Unya naa
kay daghan time
maka-ila sa imung
kuan dira sa imung
mga kauban katong
nadakpan sad, naay
hubog naay mga all
walks of life ba,
nagka abot abot mo
didto. Niya, the
good thing is that
makakita ka sa
kahimtang sa uban.
Unsay, mao diay ni
iyang pangutok ana.
Ako anad man ko ug
kuan at that time
hayahay ang
kinabuhi ba. Katong
sulod lang sa balay,
Sud kaon, mangayo
ug kwarta,
mangawat,
mangasol ana.
Nagsalig ra sa kuan
pa bitaw, hayahay
nga kinabuhi. So
mao to nga that
time, nga karun ko
maka ingon nga
hala, it’s a one way

to ba sa pag tudlo sa
akoa sa ginoo nga
ana kanang dili diay
sayun ang kinabuhi.
Ing-ana ba Ing-ana
ra to , mao ra mo
didto, buyron kay sa
tanan, dugay ang
oras, malipay ra ta
kung naay pagkaon.
Mao na. At the same
time sge ghapon ka
ug kuan kung kanus-
a ka maka gawas.
15 P After ato, naa ka Life before Life after 1
didto, (naa ko rehab imprisonment
didto), paggawas
namo didto sa
capitol murag
nahutdan akong
kahadlok. Aw isog
naman ko daan sa
una di naman ko
mahadlok pero at
that time murag
invincible ka ba,
paggawas kay ahh,
way kuan, wa kay
kulba. Kanang
murag mabuhat
nimo tanan ba, so
unsa to ako gibuhat
ana kanang murag
kana laging kana
gud mga minaldito
kanang murag
dugay ka ma kuan...
hadlok na sad
mubuhat ug
kuan2x… mga sala
tungod ato kung
nakasuway naka
didto ba
16 P Mao ng bad side kay Life inside Consequences 1

ma anad na ka didto prison of being inside
sa prisohan which is the prison
ang uban sad mao to
ang nakita sa mga
piniriso karun unya
ang kinabuhi bitaw
nga nailhan kay naa
more sa prisohan
anad na sila didto.
Mao ng igka gawas
nila, wa silay
buhaton, didto sila
magduha2x na sila
manulis, manguan,
ana-ana. Kay, naa
naman didto ila
huna-huna. Murag at
ease na sila ba.
Comfortable na kay
didto. Iggawas nila
mayntag naa silay
kuan ing-aning
ginabuhat sad.
17 I so, maka ingun ka
sir nga ang gibuhat
nga mga
interventions sa
sulod sa prisohan
para ma usab kay
dili effective?
18 P actually, sa Reality of Reality of our 1
prisohan, walay prison jails prison system
interventions..
19 I So wala kay
nadawat nga…
20 P naka sulod mo sa Reality of - 0
kalunasan? prison jails
21 I sa cpdrc ra sir, pero
kita mi sa kalunasan
dapit
22 P sa cpdrc I think lain Reality of Reality of our 1
na ang cpdrc ug lain prison jails prison system
kalunasan ug
sistema, kay didto
kumpleto…
23 I Sa kalunasan?
24 P shabu, bino, nubbin, Reality of Loopholes in 1
unsa man imo prison jails the prison
gusto? Naa sila system
tanan sulod. naay
sugal taga floor gud
hantak, way kuan
didto, mga dinakpan
man tanan. Wa may
kuan… ako tan-aw
na kay ila na gituyo
kay, ila ng gi ing-
ana… una kwarta
niya para ma pre-
occupied sad ang
prisohan. Ug di
nama ghuna2x ug
mu escapo. Mga
ing-ana ba.
Maminos ilang
problema ba. So naa
ni silay mga loop
hole sa atong
gobyerno. Mao na
sila ang… ambot
unsaon na pag
pugong na sila-sila
ra man ang nag
kuan na man silay
bahin. In fact naa tai
mga bjmp diri nag
pa rehab. Kaning
mga nakuan ni sila
na nasakpan sa drug
test ba unya required
mana. Kung di sila
mag pa rehab,
putbol sila, fired.
Mao na diri… tulo
na kabuok. Mao ng
ilang testimony sad
bisag asa. Karun
siguro, diri sa pikas,
kay naa silay
connection.
25 I Kanang… kumusta
man imong life
karun sir after na
priso ka?
26 P karun lain maning Life after Successful 0
klaseng pagka rehab reintegration
prisoha sa amo,
priso mani sa pagka
addiction. Karun
kay after my rehab
is kanang nindot na,
malinawon, naay
kalipay, naa bitaw
kay, kontento naka
sa imung kinabuhi.
Dili naka
mangandoy ug
katong mga kalipay
nga kanang at that
time mao na gyud
na imong kuan ba
need. Mao gyud
imong gusto, mao
na mag gusto naka
mag inom, adik-
adik, sugal, mao
rana, sulbad na
imong kinabuhi.
After ato, wala na…
wala na… kanang sa
karun wa nako
karun kontento na sa
kinabuhi at the same
time ga plano pud sa
kaugmaon.
27 I pero during the time
na release ka sa
prisohan, kuya.
Naay… naa kay
support na dawat
from your family?
28 P Oo, upat ka adlaw, Help from Not visited b 0
sa akong paminaw family the family
ato, wa jud ko kuha-
a, gi patagam ko
nila. Sa ako sad
kaugalingon ayaw
sad ko bisita-a kay
kahibaw ko nga
kahibaw na sila wa
jud ko nila gikuan,
gi adto.
29 P so pag uli nako sa Help from Support 1 Acceptanc Positive
amo-a, gi kuan jud family received upon e from Family
ko ato, gi Andaman release family support
jud ko ug kanang
cake-cake. Mga ing-
ana ba. Unya, lipay
kay sila, unya
kumusta man ang
priso? Murag ana
sila ba, Murag wa ra
man. Ana, ahh pero
paggawas nako
deretso naa nakoy
dala shabu.
30 P Kay ang piyansa ato Life of - 0
ako man nag buot being an
pila ako piyansa kay addict
nagwala man ko sa
capitol,tungod ana
ba.
31 P Kay sa katong gi Life of Power of 0
tagu-an gi bogbog being an authority
pa man ko unya na addict figures
hasol ang mga pulis
kay nahayang. Ako
gikataw-an. Pag
abot didto, Pagka
dakpan, gi bogbog
ko gikuha ang
kwarta. Sila sir.
Unya pag tan-aw
didto sa piskal,
planted man. Ako gi
ingnan, ikaw sir ha?
Ako gi ana-an.
Karun pag pila ra
gud mi ka adlaw
didto. Unya hapit
naman ala singko,
unya pag pangutana
na ko nada bugal-
bugal ba, sir kung
ala-singko naman,
unsaon ta mani,
kung masarad-an ta
ani, dugay name
sige ug pa abot
didto. Ala una gud
mi ng lakaw unya
karun kay gi sarad-
an mi didto. Aw
balik jud mo didto
dong. Didto nako na
hasul. Kaw ha, kaw
ha, (fist sound)
nagyawyaw,kumpiy
ansa kay ka nako…
ako na gi gulat ang
pulis.
32 P Mao to, hala, gadali- Life of Politicking 0
dali na mi ato. ako being an
na gi pa buot sa addict
piyansa, pero naa na
gitagaan nako para
bayad. City
ordinance mana.
Akoy nag buot.
Ingun tong kuan,
pilay bayad nimo?
Mga 150 ra. Niya
duha ra mi kabuok.
Unya gi tagaan pud
ko sa iyang asawa
ug silangan so 150
ra mi duha mao ng
dako kay mi ug
kwarta 850. Mao to
ako gipalit ug daan.
33 P So pag abot nako sa Life of Drug use after 0
balay, kaon being an release even
ginagmay unya wag addict with support
tang nasad. Naa from family
gihapon support sa
pamilya gihapon.
Pero di man mu
kuan, basta shabu,
mas ma selfish man

ka nga pagka tao.
Imo ra man
kaugalingon imung
gikuan ana, di man
ka ka kuan ana. Imo
ra gyud ba. Kung
gusto ka kuyogan
tika ron adto ta sa
kalunasan. Ganahan
ka? adto man ko
ron.
34 (LAUGHS)
35 P bisita sa ako uncle. Life after Good 0
Kuan man siya ex- rehab relationship
army. Tiguwang na with
gud. Usually, family/relatives
quarterly ko mu
anha niya. Wa ko ka
adto pag pasko.
36 I Pero aside from the
support gikan sa
imung family, naa
pai lain nga support,
like financial
support ba ron?
After nimo naka
gawas…
37 P wala… Help from No financial 0
other support
factors received
38 I pero ang pagtan-aw
sa imong family sir,
naa bai kausaban?
Pag tan-aw sa imoha
after nimo ni priso?
39 P wala, lipay sila Life after Acceptance 0
nakagawas ko.. prison
niya-niya ga tuo sila
nga di nko mu
hantak ana-ana.
40 P Aw pagka gabii diay Life of Relapse 1
ana hantak man being an
dayun (laughs) wa addict
oy, sugal dayun.naa
raman dapit sa amoa

kamputhaw.
41 I pero kabalo sila
anang imong bisyo-
bisyo, sir?
42 P Kabalo.. wala na Life of - 0
silay… being an
addict
43 P wala na silay
kuan…
44 P sa una sigeg autobio No restrictions 0
pugong, ana badlong from family
pero wala na oy,
gikuan na sad…
45 I pero same mo ug
like nag puyo ka
together sa imong
mama ug papa?
46 P oo kuan ra man mi autobio - 0
tapad ra ug balay…
naa balay sa akong
papa pero diri ko
nag dako sa akong
lola.
47 I so sa imo kang lola
nag puyo?
48 (nods) autobio - 0
49 I so karun sir,diri ka
nag stay?
50 P Oo nag stay dha, autobio - 0
pent house
51 I ahh, so kani siya nga
kanang ah
rehabilitation sir,
pila namn ka ka
years diri sir nag
kuan… nag stay?
52 P dugay na oy, diri na autobio Duration in 1 Duration Rehabilitat
ko 17 ako edad aw rehab (Rehab ion
18. For two years experience
roughly siguro 5 )
years plus, ana-ana.
Ana an man ko
diri… lakaw ug
sulod balik…
53 I Ngano mana sir?
54 P Katong ni balik ko Rehab life Consequences 0

diri 2008, before of addiction
nag sinulog, gi
pangita man ko sa
kuan kana laging
naa kay saa ba.
Gipangita ka sa
pulis so ni ikyas ko
dri
55 I Hmm…
56 P Pa rehab after ato Rehab life Rehab life 1 Experience Good
1year nag volunteer in Rehab community
, unya nag skwela influence
ko ug bible school,
so wala jud ko diri
so niya ni balik ko
diri pag march pa
pero mag sige nako
ug ari-ari diri katong
nag skwela pa ko ug
bible school kay
kuan man sad ko
diri apil mana sa
among mag preach
ba. Bag-o pa ko diri
pag may.
57 I This year?
58 P oo, this year, pero Help from Rehab life 1 Experience Good
dugay na jud ko diri. house of of in Rehab community
Part pa man gae ko hope influence
diri sa kuan sa pag on
pamalhin jud namo.
Didto pa man mi sa
mambaling sa una.
Paghuman didto.
Upat pa mi kabuok.
59 I gi unsa mani pag
tabang kaning house
of hope sa imong
pag balik sa society,
sir? Pag reintegrate
nimo balik ?
60 P Sa? Sa unsa ning Help from House of Hope 1 Trainings Good
nakatabang ? ang sa house of programs (faith- in Rehab community
house of hope o sa hope based org) influence
unsa ba? Aw diri,
diri pa lang 6months

ka hinay-hinay
naman ka ug kuan
sa simba ug lain
simbahan. Ipa ila-ila
ka ba. Naa sad miy
program diri nga
6months ka maka uli
ka sa imung pamilya
for pila ra sad ka
hours after service,
sge uli ka basta
before 9 mu balik ka
ana. At least hinay-
hinay ba tos ana
hinay-hinay ug
attend ug bible study
at least ma usab
imong circle of
friends niya ma
kuan nasad sila,
pero murag gradwit
pasalamat sad
murag kuwang pa
sad siguro na.
among kuan sa
reintegration sa
society. Pero mao
rana among pamaagi
para at least naa pud
miy kuan sa church
ba, contact. Kay
faith-based man mi
diri, bible ug libro.
61 I pero para nimo
sir,dako ahh kanang
ahh maka ingon ka
nga dako pud ni ug
tabang sa imung pag
reintegrate balik sa
society?
62 P dako oy, kay ngano? Influence Positive impact 1 Change of Good
sa una ako kuan ra from of faith based routine due community
man ko rota kay factors org to training influence
balay, sugalan, in
pusher, ana ra jud ba
imananan, ug diba Rehabilitat

kung maka suyop ko ion
di na gae ko mo
tingog kanang di
nako makigsturya…
ingana but pag kuan
nko diri kana na
naghinay hinay nako
ug sturya at least ma
connect ba samot na
diri nga itrainingon
jud ka ug sturya sa
atubangan after
2months ikaw mu
song lead. Ang uban
ana mag struggle
kay wala lagee anad
ug sturya. Sa
atubangan ma uwaw
pa. Ana so, ang
uban ana mag kuan.
Mu uli sa una mu
uli. Sa akong side is
gamit siya nganu
kay labi na ako
akrun nag serve ko
diri, mu tudlo naa
man jud ko sa gawas
kay magsturya ana
pero dili naka
mahadlok ba kay
ang adik hadlok man
mi makig sturya ug
uban gawas lang
guro sa katong uban
nga hapit maglisod
ug utok. Kanang
mangigilad ba.
Kanang mu duol ra
para mangilad. Pero
usually sa amoa is
more of kana bitaw,
unsa na oi, intrinsic
nga maikog,
mauwawon, ana ba.
So naka train nasad
ko para pag
magsturya ug lain,
makipag fellowship
required man sad ni
sa amoa.
63 I balik ta atong imong
routine sir katong
balay, sugal, ikaw ra
ato or like imoha ng
decision or na
influence ka sa
imung peers or unsa
ba?
64 P actually murag both Attempts Choice and 0
na siya. Kay pirmiro to avoid negative
akong mga ig-agaw temptation influence of
nag later on ko friends
nagka gabi ko ako
na usa kanang huot
na kog unsa na,
musuyop ba ako
rang usa ba, ana ba.
Kanang wala na lage
kay kuan, okay ra
nga wa mo diha kay
basta ako lingaw ko
diri ana… ing-ana
65 I paggawas nimo sir,
kumusta man to
sila? Ilang reaction?
Katong mga kuyog
nimo mga ig-agaw
nimo?
66 P aw pirmiro sige sila Attempts Peer reaction 0
ug panghagad, niya to avoid after
balibad lang jud ko temptation imprisonment
ana niya bugal-
bugal ginagmay
pero di sila jud
katanto ug bugal-
bugal kay kabalo
sila sa ako ka agi.
But later on nakuan
jud ko nila nga dina
jud ko. Aw wala nay
hagad ron…
67 I Hmmm…
68 P lingaw ana, wala Attempts Peer reaction 0
na... For the sake of to avoid after
kuan. Kahibaw na temptation imprisonment
ka anang pinoy
bisag di gud ka mu
kuan. Ana ana.. ana
lang gud bahala na
jud..
69 I Hmmm…
70 P akong mga ig-agaw Life of Peer reaction 0
usahay ana.. kabalo being an after
sila din a jud ko di addict imprisonment
sila mag hisgot ug
ing-ana kung naa ko
sa atubangan.
71 I so katong after ka na
detain, sir, kay
kanang naka kita ka
ug trabaho ato sir,
naa ba kay trabaho
after ato ?
72 P wa man jud koy Life of No interest in 1 Relapse Negative
hilig ug trabaho being an employment Individual
basta adik-adik, di addict after release differences
man jud ka hilig
mag trabaho, kanang
gusto man jud ka ug
easy kwarta. Pero
mangalas man ko ug
hantakan sad ato
73 I ahhh.. hantakan imo
source of income
ato?
74 P oo, mangalas… Life of Source of 0
being an income
addict
75 I pila man imo
makuha sa hantakan
sir?
76 P depende ug pila di Lif e of Expenses after 0
napud nimo ma-ihap being an release
kay imo kita kay addict
imo ra sad iinom…
77 I Hmmmm…
78 P suyop ana… Life of Expenses after 0

being an release
addict
79 I so basically sir like
ang imong income
ato is for the sake of
maka inom ka, maka
sugal ka, mga bisyo
nimo sir {maka
sustain sa imung
bisyo? }, didto tanan
imo kuan..?
80 P ana ra gyud… Life before - 0
being an
addict
81 I So mao na imung
lifestyle like before
pa jud ka ma priso?
Like mao na to
imohang…
82 P Oo mao na ang prior Life before Life prior to 1
to priso pero before being an imprisonment
ko addiction nindot addict
kay ako kinabuhi,
CNU man ko nag
skwela.
83 I Ahhh … unsay
course sir?
84 P Anang elementary - Academic life 0
to highschool
85 I Hmm…
86 P Pag 2nd year nag Start of History of drug 1
sugod nako ug addiction addiction
bisyo-bisyo.
Namaligya ko dira
ug mariwana sa una,
second year.
87 I Highschool?
88 P oo… Pag third year Start of Drug addiction 1
wa na. ang halin sa addiction
mariwana ako na
ipalit ug shabu. Mao
to didto na upside
down akong
kalibutan. Mao ra
jud to. Sports ana,
different sports,
pagka addiction jud
wag tang tanan,
papas
89 I ahh, so into sports
diay ka sa una, sir?
90 P Oo… autobio Other interests 1
91 I pero kato sir, wala
na ka katiwas sa
imung pag skwela
sir ?
92 P Hinay2x, tiwas jud Life after Academic life 1
mga pito guro ko ka prison
tuig sa highschool,
walo? After ato diri
nako ari ko
nakatiwas ug
highschool pag
graduate nako diri
pag 2008. 2009 na
ko naka skwela ug
college. Ah mana..
93 I unsay course nimo
sa college, sir?
94 P AB Biology Autobio Academic life 1
95 I Ahhh
96 P Wan a, akong mga Regrets Future plans 0
classmates nindot na
kayo ug balay, dako
na kayo, naay mga
kuan ba, naa nay
trabaho, naay mga
anak, pero ako
uwahi pero okay ra
kay mu apas man
ko..
97 P pero karun di na kay Attempts Attempts to 1 Willpower Positive
ko ganahan makig- to avoid avoid relapse and Choice Individual
ipon sa mga temptation differences
classmates usahay…
ako siyang saboton
daan… unsa mani
ato ning klarohon
ahh. Unsa maning
pag kuan karon?
Inom ra ni kay…
reunion unya beer

man gihapon
kasagaran kuan,
ako na lang pili-on
ang katong apil ko
katong mga kaon-
kaon ra ba. Pero di
man jud na sila
kalikayan sila mu
inom. At least
ginagmay ra bitaw.
98 P occasional…
99 P kanang manghagad Attempts Attempts to 1 Willpower Positive
sila unya ra siguro to avoid avoid relapse and choice individual
ko oy, ako ra tan- temptation differences
awon oy. Ako sa,
dagahn kayo
mangapil mga
bulabog ayy. Di
nako…
100 I Pero karun sir unsa
man imong
pangandoy para sa
imung kinabuhi, sir
101 P karung uma-abot mu aspirations Future plans 1 Life Goals Positive
skwela ug masteral individual
inig ka june, niya na differences
akoy target three
years time
magminyo ana, pero
padayun ghpon ang
ka-ugmaon…
102 I naa na diay kay
fiancé , sir?
103 P pangitaonon pa. aspirations Future plans 1 Life Goals Positive
individual
differences
104 I wa pa diay kay
uyab, sir? HAHA
105 P pangitaonon pa. aspirations Future plans 1 Life Goals Positive
individual
differences
106 P Mao na imong
itubag pirmi
HAHAHA, 3 years
time nindot nga naa
siyay time span;

nindot ng tubag
pirmi pangita-onon
pa HAHAHA
107 P para at least padung aspirations - 0
na three years ma
pressure na ka, di
kay kumpiyansa kay
ka, kana bitaw mga
batan-on hayahay
kay sa tanan, murag
wa kay problema…
108 I Unya kuan sir, from
a scale of 1 to 10,
daghan man kay
kag, daghanman
kayo naka help nimo
sir no? especially
kaning house of
hope. Kuan sir from
a scale of, irank daw
sir, kung unsay mas
naka tabang, pinaka
naka tabang nimo
from house of hope,
family, imohang
self, friends, unsa
man ang number 1
sir? Nga nakatabang
gyud ?
109 P una family… Degree of Positive impact 1 Perceived Positive
impact of family support Family
from the Support
factors
110 I family jud?
111 P kay katong gi Help from Positive impact 1 Active Positive
pangita ko sa pulis family of family and support Family
ana.. kay pwede ta peers support
ko nila Pasagdan
niya akong
manghud nga babae
kay wa jud ko
pagawasa sa kwarto.
Kay kabalo siya mu
gawas ko ug kwarto
din a jud ko
mabalik. Gi pang
taguan akong mga
kuan, mga panabla
nga kutsilyo ana…
so ika duha kaning
house of hope kay
murag refuge namo
ba. Ika tulo kaning
skwelahan. So far
mao ra man. (nag
yaw-yaw) ug kuan
sad ako friends,
christian friends
mga bag-o. Karun
jud nag bag-o nako
ug mga amigo pero
ako pa gi kuan ako
migo before. Pero
wa man jud sila.
Naninguha ko. Mag
bible study mi sa
ilaha ana. Niya mas
pili-on pa man nila
ang
112 I Tagay?
113 P naay mag pa score Attempts Attempts to 0
ana. Asa man ka? to avoid influence peers
Niya mulakaw ba. temptation to change
Apas ko ana pero
wa na sa ilang balay
ana. Pasagdan lang
sa nako. Pero sige
gihapon ko ug kuan.
Unsa man di pa mo
mu surrender? Mag
pa rehab ta ana. Kay
di man jud ko mu
tabang kung di jud
ka mag pa rehab.
114 I ikaw ra pud ni
decide sir nga mag
ari ka diri sir?
115 P decide nga napugos, Consequen Reason for 1
pero mao gipangita ce of being being in rehab
man ko sa pulis nga an addict
wanted tungod
anang tulis-tulis
kana laging mga
bisyo nimo ba, wan
a kay kuan, sige na
ka ug, tuo bitaw ka
nga di bitaw ni
imong kwarta ana
ganahan nimo ana.
Mapugos ka ug
buhat ug di nimo
ganahan… Mao
to…
116 I niya pero, kanang
kuan sir, sa
kadaghan sa imong
bisyo, ug mga gi
pangbuhat nimo
before. Na kaya ra
to nimo sir nga imo
tong biyaan para
mag pa rehab ka sir?
Unya unsa man ang
rason ngano behind
it sir ba, sa ka grabe
sa imong lifestyle
before nga…
117 P tungod ra jud na sa Life before Change brought 0
sya sa Ginoo, kay rehab upon spiritual
akong tan-awon involvement
akong kaugalingon during rehab
di jud ko ganahan
mag usab, nindot
man na ang bisyo,
pero diri gi tudlo-an
man mi ug bibliya ni
ingun jud ko sa
kanang kabag-ohan
di jud na mag gikan
sa atoa pero sa
grasya sa ginoo.
Ingon sa John 8:32 “
if the Son sets you
free, you shall be
free indeed. “ Ika
tulo, Ika duha na
gud ko na rehab. At
the third ato. Naka

pangutana ko sa ako
ka ugalingon, bitaw
no, ngano sige man
ko ug balik pa. gi
luwas namn ko sa
kuan, mao to gi
surrender nako
akong kinabuhi na.
nakig sabot sad ko
nila, nga din a
mubalik sa daan nga
kinabuhi, pero wa
sad pasabot nga una
nakong gawas diri,
wa ko nag struggle,
struggle oy.
Palahubog kay ko sa
tanan. Kanang
redwine. I-chiser ran
a namo sa 5years, so
birthday sa akong
lolo… gawas ko,
birthday nay
redwine, aahh tulo
gud ako laway, tan-
aw ko ba pag yabo,
ako gi buhat ahhh
dagan ko, lakaw, sa
kwarto ampo.
Kahinumdom ko
murag ga hilak man
guro ko ato. Mao
lage sa kuan, sa
imong binuhatan,
niya bati kay ba. Di
ka ganahan mo
balik, niya ikaw
ganahan man ka,
mao to na ngayo ko
ug tabang sa ginoo,
tungod ra jud na sa
iyang grasya, ing-
ani ko ron, pila na
ka years, it think 7
years plus, wa na
gae ko nag ihap.

Mga pila na ko ka
tuig nag-bago kay
kasagaran mag ihap
man ka, 1 year.
Wala na kay lifetime
naman imo plano.
(Murmurs)
118 I Ikaw as kuan sir, as
ex-offender sir, unsa
man imong ma
ingun nga iimprove
dapat sa prisohan
para makatabng sa
mga pareha nimo sir
ba nga ex-offender,
kung unsaon nila
pag reintegrate
successfully into the
society?
119 P (Murmurs) para suggestion Suggestions for 1
nako is naa bitaw s improvement of
silay, padung na sila programs for
mahuman, ibalhin ex-offenders
sila ug lain lugar,
center na didto
bitaw mag kuan, naa
didto ang mga
program, kumpleto
nga aspect ana
spiritual, sa physical
labi ng kung naay
magpa-abot nga
trabaho pero dili
didto nga lugara
para at least ibalhin
sila ug laing mga
lugar nga ana ba.
Didto mag sugod
ang kuan, mga
intervention ana ana,
pero labaw sa tanan
kay kanang
physical, aw
spiritual. Duha
kanang trabaho nila
at least ma
responsible sila ka
yang uban ana nila
kasagaran ka ron
nadakpan dru.. drug
related man jud,
mamaligya ing-ana,
makapangutana ta,
ngano wa mani ga
baligya man sila kay
wa mai trabaho.
Unya naay easy
money so…
120 I So dapat sir, naa jud
interventions ug
matabang ug pangita
ka ug trabaho ?
121 P Oo kana sad jud, suggestion Suggestions for 1
ibutang sila ba, kay s improvement of
maka support sa programs for
ilang kaugalingon, ex-offenders
uli ka sa balay, niya
ikaw amahan,
bugoy, naka agi
naka ug baligya ug
shabu, sayun ra nga
kwarta, nadakpan
ka, ika-gawas nimo
ayay, hilak bata way
kuan..
122 I way gatas
123 P oo, unya unsa man Life after Willpower 0
imong kuan ana… at rehab
least naa sad kay ma
kuan bitaw, sumpay
sad ni siya sa kuan,
sa spiritual kay part
sad ang ma
discipline ba,ana
bag-ong kinabuhi
ana,kay kung way
katagbawan ang
kalag… imo ng
taga-an ug trabaho
mu undang mana
kay kuwang ra ana
at least kontento
siya sa
kaugalingon.(murm
uring)
124 P Ultimately akong Life after Ex-offender’s 1 Willpower Positive
pag-tanaw ana is ila rehab decision- and choice individual
ra ng choice sad oy. making skills differences
actually ila ra ng after release
desisyon, kung
magminaldito siya
ing ana…
125 I naa pa kay
pangutana? Naa pa
kay pangutana? (PJ)
Wala na (Godivy)
so, I think mao na to
siya sir, so…
salamat kay sa sa
kuan sir ha… sa sa
time for answering
the questions kay
umm knowing pud
ba nga at least naa
miy insight gikan sa
imoha nga ikaw
pud naka agi ka and
then ikaw pud
murag ahh living
testimony ba of how
you really
reintegrated back to
the society. And we
hope sir nga kanang
as days go by kay
murag makita gyud
namo ang progress
pud and at the same
time ang kaning
among research kay
mu flourish pud sila
ug help out ug
other…
126 P Kung gusto jud ka Life after Peers 0
naa koi migo diha sa imprisonm
amoa, tiguwang na ent
gud na balik-balik
na sa priso, karun
pag gawas niya ug
balik namaligya na
siya ug shabu.
127 (Everyone Laughs)
128 P Sa kamputhaw man
ang amoa…
129 I Bali sa among study
gyud sir,,okay unta
na sir kay sigeg
balik2x kay apil
man jud na siya
aspect jud na siya sa
among study ba.
Recidivism man
tawag ana sir, iyang
recidivism rate ba.
(kanang balik-balik
(PJ) ), kanang bisag
ni gawas na siya
niya ni balik
gihapon. Apil jud
siya sa among study
unta. Pero ang
particular sample
namo nga
participants kay
kuan.. ang
nakatarung na sa
ilang kinabuhi, wala
na nag binugoy,
(Naka-establish na
gyud), naka-
establish na gyud ug
tarung pero aside
skay… kasagaran
studies man gud sir
kay ni point ngano
ni in-out, unsay
nakapa unsuccessful
sa ilang
reintegration niya
mao to, kami among
gi try ug find out
kay unsay naka
successful sa ilang
reintegration. (ang
future implications
sa among study sir
kay is to really help
out jud individuals
to grow) To provide
sad siguro ug
suggest sa mga
gobyerno gani nga
awareness sad sir
ba…
130 P Bitaw no, Reality of - 0
kasagaran.. Naa toi jail
ni kuan sa una buhi- systems
an
131 I Oo kana sir
132 P hala buhi-I ko, ang Reality of Reality of our 1
mga piniriso di na jail prison system
ganahan mu systems
gawas… na mai
nagpa abot… katong
na uso pa ang
salvage ba… karun
ana na…
133 I pero naka think ko
sir ba, kung ang
culture sa kalunasan
kay lahi gyud sa
CPDRC, nakita
bitaw gyud namo
sir, kay sa CPDRC
pinangga kay sila
didto, kanang
atiman kay ba, sa
kalunasan kay
katong imong gi
pang-ingon.. na
shock ko ba naa jud
toi presence gihapon
sa drugs so… ilang
culture didto kay
lahi jud diay… di
sila ganahn mu
gawas kay naay
gahulat nila nga mu
patay, naa pud na
didto ilang gusto..

oo..
134 P Naa pud didtoy Reality of - 1
suspect didto jail
(murmurs) systems
135 I ang sa cpdrc sir kay
di sila ganahan mu
gawas kay pinangga
naman kay sila…
136 P actually sa Reality of - 1
kalunasan kay (unsa jail
na? main entrance? systems
Ba na?) main
edition, ang pulis
diri ra kutob, so
open ra tanan, on
time sulod mo
tanan, aning oras ba,
pag abot ninyo, all
for all didto…
ingana ang mga tao
didto…
137 I pero ka experience
sad ka sir kung unsa
ka huot ang
priosohan karun
138 P oo… actually.. kung Reality of Reality inside 1
naa koy mga amigo jail prison
ma priso dili ko systems
pirmi mag sge ug
bisita, diri sa
mandaue na ka ara
namo ara? Luyo sa
LTO? Mandaue city
jail… Huot kay sa
tanan, double deck
ang ilang brigada
tapad na silang
tanan…
139 I mga drug-related
kasagaran sir?
140 P kasagran uban ana... Reality of Reality inside 1
kasagaran dili man jail prison
siguro timpi musud systems
jud sa prisohan, labi
na sa mga bayot
kay… kato didto sa

manduae amo
kasturya kay kato
jud assistant
commander, napay
bayaw sa akong
amigo ana, naay
kasturya, huot oy,
(Murmurs) daghan
kay ug bayot..
141 I daghan bayot sir?
142 P bayot ilogan, bayot, Reality of - 0
sa one to one ang jail
mga bayot, reyna- systems
reyna…
143 I so tinood na sir nga
manghilabtan jud
ang mga,
maghilabtanay jud
mo didto?
144 P dili oy… Reality of - 0
jail
systems
145 I dili? Ang mga bayot
hilabtan sir?
146 P dili kay naay tag-iya Reality of Reality inside 1
ang mga bayot.. naa jail prison
nay mga uyab-uyab systems
ug bana-bana, kasal-
kasal na sila didto..
147 I Ahhh nay tag-iya.
HAHAHA
148 P Oo uyab-uyab, kasal Reality of Reality inside 1
kasal jud na sila jail prison
didto, di ka pataka systems
ug kaon didto ug
bayot, kung naay
kuan bayot pero
bayad ka…
149 (murmurs) everyone
150 P sample ako, first Reality of Money 1
time ko adto, na jail system involvement
priso ba, wakoi inside prison
patik, depende sa
ako kaso, tungod sa
ako kaso, na murder,
di ko hilabtan.. niya
kinahanglan sad ko
mag pa patik ug PC
45 para ana… pero
kung dili sad kuan
ba kuan ra required
ko mu bayad, 500
ang buwan para di
ko mahilabtan
didto…
151 I hmmmm…
152 P required ka… pero Reality of - 0
kanang rape ug jail system
uban…
153 I unsaon mana sila
didto sir?
154 P bun-ogon… Reality of Reality inside 1
depende ra na nila… jail system prison
naay bagang
goma…
155 I ngano ing-ana mana
sir, depende sa
imong kaso? Ang
trato nila didto?
156 P O okay naa man sad Reality of - 0
silay balaod sad nga jail system
ila… prison rules…
157 I bitaw, katong
gihatag sa atoa ba…
158 P usa pud nilang ka Reality of Rules inside the 1
kuan sad, mangawat jail system prison made by
sad kag ahat, grabe offenders
ilang kaso didto, wa
jud nay hilabtanay,
masakpan man ka
nga mangawat didto
kay imong kwarta
butangan man nila
ug kanang (Sero-
sero-sero serial
number) gikopya na
didto, diba
kumpiyansa man ta
ilang ng kopyanhan
ang serial number?
ako ng kwarta,
ngano man? Dira

naay serial number
ayy.. sakpan ka nga
mangawat ayy
patakalan ka..
depende ra nasa
imong kaso, ang
luoy rape,
159 I Bun-ogon jud?
160 P bul-ogon jud… lag Reality of - 0
mit.. naa siyay jail system
parenti didto.. priso
parenti… patay sad
ka…
161 I nganung.. unsay
rason nganu bun-
ogon sir? kuan,
tungod sa ilang
gibuhat or tungod
kay ganahan lang
sila…
162 P Dili, naa jud Reality of - 0
something nga kung jail system
nag rape ka patay
jud ka didto…
163 P hmmm patay jud ka
didto…
164 P siguro bawsan sad Reality in - 0
ka ug rape… jail system
165 I bali na ing-ana jud
ang nahitabo, naa
man salida ana sir,
bali na issue siya ba
kay kuan sad siya,
na set-up siya nga
rape kuno, pag sulod
jud niya kay buan-
buang jud siya,
kanang miracle in
cell no. 7 ba…
166 I miracle in cell #7?
167 P diba kuan man to
siya…
168 P ipa salida man to
namo diri…
169 P gi bun-og man to

siya ato sa prisohan,
gi bun-og diay to
siya? oo, pagsulod
niya, pagkahibaw sa
kaso
170 P lain lain manang Reality in Different 0
culture sa kada jail system cultures that
prisohan sa play out inside
“Kalunansan” as the prison
long as dili ka
manghilabot ug
kuan lang jud ka…
required lang ka mu
bayad ug 500 basta
wa kay patak nga
PC 45… dili ka
mnaghilabot ug pa
kuan kuan lang ka…
luoy lage ang rasyon
pagkaon… gamay
kaayo, pero uso sad
ang bagay didto.
Ang karton nila
didto ana ra oh… sa
ubos pa jud na...
ilang pagkaon
ginamos ra…
(Murmurs) unya??...
171 I mao ra to sir wa
namiy pangutana…
ikaw sir naa kay
ganahan i-add?
172 P Mao ra to, mu lakaw Life after - 0
man gud ko, bisita rehab
lage sa akong
uncle…
173 I Sge sir, salamat sir
174 P salamat sad ninyo… Life after - 0
rehab
Appendix E
PAX 1
Interviewer/s: Janine Estel, Patrick Portes, Godivy Rondina
Date: January 1, 2016
Venue: House of Hope
I/P Text
P …Station, na detain…
P sa una highschool pa ko sa carbon 1 day, niya mga biyente ka pin nako mga 4 days
diha sa fuente, mao ra to akong prison on experience ana…
I pero kuan sir, like ahh unsa imong like ahh case ato na time?
P Sa highshcool shabu kay nag gi raid ang pot session, niya pirtimi namo ginuk-danay
didto natagak ko sa sapa ug nakuyapan ko gamay ug nadakpan sa police. Pero wa ko
nagdugay didto kay naa man koi uncle nga pulis, gikuha man ko. Gikuan ba,.. mahog
nga pila ra ka oras. Sa ikaduha hantak, kanang kumpyansa ra ko, di ko mudagan ana.
Pero oy tan-aw na ko na trap na man diay ko. timing man sad to nga holiday. So pila
ko ka adlaw adto naka gawas mi tues na sa hapon, holiday lunes… ana.
I Unsay hantak sir?
P coins game ba..
I Ahh gambling…
P murag wa man siyay eninglish guro
I Ah gambling sir
P Oo, tulo gud ka biyentingko ana…
I ahh...
P connected gihapon na sa among pagka adik2x kay sumpay mana diha man mi ug
kwarta… unsa man inyong kuan sa, prison experience gyud ? unsay..
I prison experience sir and after ana sad…
P Kung, naa ka sa prisohan, katong upat nako ka adlaw nimo lain kaayo sa tanan. kay
imung bantayan ngit2x ra ug hayag. Unya, pag pirmirong adlaw, biyernes ay
huwebes sa gabii, kanang kuan man jud to kaning mga gamay pa mi ba, nay shabu
ang kaso ana. Pag abot biyernes naa nay na nood, sabado. Hangtod… ang.. niya pila
lang mi maka higda kay kami man naka una. Ang uban di na katog, mag ana na lang.
So dugay kay ang oras, unya kanang la-ay ug gusto kanang ganahan na ka mu gawas
ba. Unya naa kay daghan time maka-ila sa imung kuan dira sa imung mga kauban
katong nadakpan sad, naay hubog naay mga all walks of life ba, nagka abot abot mo
didto. Niya, the good thing is that makakita ka sa kahimtang sa uban. Unsay, mao
diay ni iyang pangutok ana. Ako anad man ko ug kuan at that time hayahay ang
kinabuhi ba. Katong sulod lang sa balay, Sud kaon, mangayo ug kwarta, mangawat,
mangasol ana. Nagsalig ra sa kuan pa bitaw, hayahay nga kinabuhi. So mao to nga
that time, nga karun ko maka ingon nga hala, it’s a one way to ba sa pag tudlo sa
akoa sa ginoo nga ana kanang dili diay sayun ang kinabuhi. Ing-ana ba Ing-ana ra to
, mao ra mo didto, buyron kay sa tanan, dugay ang oras, malipay ra ta kung naay
pagkaon. Mao na. At the same time sge ghapon ka ug kuan kung kanus-a ka maka
gawas.
P After ato, naa ka didto, (naa ko didto), paggawas namo didto sa capitol murag
nahutdan akong kahadlok. Aw isog naman ko daan sa una di naman ko mahadlok
pero at that time murag invincible ka ba, paggawas kay ahh, way kuan, wa kay kulba.
Kanang murag mabuhat nimo tanan ba, so unsa to ako gibuhat ana kanang murag
kana laging kana gud mga minaldito kanang murag dugay ka ma kuan... hadlok na
sad mubuhat ug kuan2x… mga sala tungod ato kung nakasuway naka didto ba
P Mao ng bad side kay ma anad na ka didto sa prisohan which is ang uban sad mao to
ang nakita sa mga piniriso karun unya ang kinabuhi bitaw nga nailhan kay naa more
sa prisohan anad na sila didto. Mao ng igka gawas nila, wa silay buhaton, didto sila
magduha2x na sila manulis, manguan, ana-ana. Kay, naa naman didto ila huna-huna.
Murag at ease na sila ba. Comfortable na kay didto. Iggawas nila mayntag naa silay
kuan ing-aning ginabuhat sad.
I so, maka ingun ka sir nga ang gibuhat nga mga interventions sa sulod sa prisohan
para ma usab kay dili effective?
P actually, sa prisohan, walay interventions..
I So wala kay nadawat nga…
P naka sulod mo sa kalunasan?
I sa cpdrc ra sir, pero kita mi sa kalunasan dapit
P sa cpdrc I think lain na ang cpdrc ug lain kalunasan ug sistema, kay didto
kumpleto…
I Sa kalunasan?
P shabu, bino, nubbin, unsa man imo gusto? Naa sila tanan sulod. naay sugal taga floor
gud hantak, way kuan didto, mga dinakpan man tanan. Wa may kuan… ako tan-aw
na kay ila na gituyo kay, ila ng gi ing-ana… una kwarta niya para ma pre-occupied
sad ang prisohan. Ug di nama ghuna2x ug mu escapo. Mga ing-ana ba. Maminos
ilang problema ba. So naa ni silay mga loop hole sa atong gobyerno. Mao na sila
ang… ambot unsaon na pag pugong na sila-sila ra man ang nag kuan na man silay
bahin. In fact naa tai mga bjmp diri nag pa rehab. Kaning mga nakuan ni sila na
nasakpan sa drug test ba unya required mana. Kung di sila mag pa rehab, putbol sila,
fired. Mao na diri… tulo na kabuok. Mao ng ilang testimony sad bisag asa. Karun
siguro, diri sa pikas, kay naa silay connection.
I Kanang… kumusta man imong life karun sir after na priso ka?
P karun lain maning klaseng pagka prisoha sa amo, priso mani sa pagka addiction.
Karun kay after my rehab is kanang nindot na, malinawon, naay kalipay, naa bitaw
kay, kontento naka sa imung kinabuhi. Dili naka mangandoy ug katong mga kalipay
nga kanang at that time mao na gyud na imong kuan ba need. Mao gyud imong
gusto, mao na mag gusto naka mag inom, adik-adik, sugal, mao rana, sulbad na
imong kinabuhi. After ato, wala na… wala na… kanang sa karun wa nako karun
kontento na sa kinabuhi at the same time ga plano pud sa kaugmaon.
I pero during the time na release ka sa prisohan, kuya. Naay… naa kay support na
dawat from your family?
P Oo, upat ka adlaw, sa akong paminaw ato, wa jud ko kuha-a, gi patagam ko nila. Sa
ako sad kaugalingon ayaw sad ko bisita-a kay kahibaw ko nga kahibaw na sila wa jud
ko nila gikuan, gi adto.
P so pag uli nako sa amo-a, gi kuan jud ko ato, gi Andaman jud ko ug kanang cake-
cake. Mga ing-ana ba. Unya, lipay kay sila, unya kumusta man ang priso? Murag ana
sila ba, Murag wa ra man. Ana, ahh pero paggawas nako deretso naa nakoy dala
shabu.
P Kay ang piyansa ato ako man nag buot pila ako piyansa kay nagwala man ko sa
capitol,tungod ana ba.
P Kay sa katong gi tagu-an gi bogbog pa man ko unya na hasol ang mga pulis kay
nahayang. Ako gikataw-an. Pag abot didto, Pagka dakpan, gi bogbog ko gikuha ang
kwarta. Sila sir. Unya pag tan-aw didto sa piskal, planted man. Ako gi ingnan, ikaw
sir ha? Ako gi ana-an. Karun pag pila ra gud mi ka adlaw didto. Unya hapit naman
ala singko, unya pag pangutana na ko nada bugal-bugal ba, sir kung ala-singko
naman, unsaon ta mani, kung masarad-an ta ani, dugay name sige ug pa abot didto.
Ala una gud mi ng lakaw unya karun kay gi sarad-an mi didto. Aw balik jud mo
didto dong. Didto nako na hasul. Kaw ha, kaw ha, (fist sound)
nagyawyaw,kumpiyansa kay ka nako… ako na gi gulat ang pulis.
P Mao to, hala, gadali-dali na mi ato. ako na gi pa buot sa piyansa, pero naa na gitagaan
nako para bayad. City ordinance mana. Akoy nag buot. Ingun tong kuan, pilay bayad
nimo? Mga 150 ra. Niya duha ra mi kabuok. Unya gi tagaan pud ko sa iyang asawa
ug silangan so 150 ra mi duha mao ng dako kay mi ug kwarta 850. Mao to ako gipalit
ug daan.
P So pag abot nako sa balay, kaon ginagmay unya wag tang nasad. Naa gihapon
support sa pamilya gihapon. Pero di man mu kuan, basta shabu, mas ma selfish man
ka nga pagka tao. Imo ra man kaugalingon imung gikuan ana, di man ka ka kuan ana.
Imo ra gyud ba. Kung gusto ka kuyogan tika ron adto ta sa kalunasan. Ganahan ka?
adto man ko ron.
(LAUGHS)
P bisita sa ako uncle. Kuan man siya ex-army. Tiguwang na gud. Usually, quarterly ko
mu anha niya. Wa ko ka adto pag pasko.
I Pero aside from the support gikan sa imung family, naa pai lain nga support, like
financial support ba ron? After nimo naka gawas…
P wala…
I pero ang pagtan-aw sa imong family sir, naa bai kausaban? Pag tan-aw sa imoha after
nimo ni priso?
P wala, lipay sila nakagawas ko.. niya-niya ga tuo sila nga di nko mu hantak ana-ana.
P Aw pagka gabii diay ana hantak man dayun (laughs) wa oy, sugal dayun.naa raman
dapit sa amoa kamputhaw.
I pero kabalo sila anang imong bisyo-bisyo, sir?
P Kabalo.. wala na silay…
P wala na silay kuan…
P sa una sigeg pugong, ana badlong pero wala na oy, gikuan na sad…
I pero same mo ug like nag puyo ka together sa imong mama ug papa?
P oo kuan ra man mi tapad ra ug balay… naa balay sa akong papa pero diri ko nag
dako sa akong lola.
I so sa imo kang lola nag puyo?
(nods)
I so karun sir,diri ka nag stay?
P Oo nag stay dha, pent house
I ahh, so kani siya nga kanang ah rehabilitation sir, pila namn ka ka years diri sir nag
kuan… nag stay?
P dugay na oy, diri na ko 17 ako edad aw 18. For two years roughly siguro 5 years
plus, ana-ana. Ana an man ko diri… lakaw ug sulod balik…
I Ngano mana sir?
P Katong ni balik ko diri 2008, before nag sinulog, gi pangita man ko sa kuan kana
laging naa kay saa ba. Gipangita ka sa pulis so ni ikyas ko dri
I Hmm…
P Pa rehab after ato 1year nag volunteer , unya nag skwela ko ug bible school, so wala
jud ko diri so niya ni balik ko diri pag march pa pero mag sige nako ug ari-ari diri
katong nag skwela pa ko ug bible school kay kuan man sad ko diri apil mana sa
among mag preach ba. Bag-o pa ko diri pag may.
I This year?
P oo, this year, pero dugay na jud ko diri. Part pa man gae ko diri sa kuan sa pag
pamalhin jud namo. Didto pa man mi sa mambaling sa una. Paghuman didto. Upat pa
mi kabuok.
I gi unsa mani pag tabang kaning house of hope sa imong pag balik sa society, sir? Pag
reintegrate nimo balik ?
P Sa? Sa unsa ning nakatabang ? ang sa house of hope o sa unsa ba? Aw diri, diri pa
lang 6months ka hinay-hinay naman ka ug kuan sa simba ug lain simbahan. Ipa ila-
ila ka ba. Naa sad miy program diri nga 6months ka maka uli ka sa imung pamilya
for pila ra sad ka hours after service, sge uli ka basta before 9 mu balik ka ana. At
least hinay-hinay ba tos ana hinay-hinay ug attend ug bible study at least ma usab
imong circle of friends niya ma kuan nasad sila, pero murag gradwit pasalamat sad
murag kuwang pa sad siguro na. among kuan sa reintegration sa society. Pero mao
rana among pamaagi para at least naa pud miy kuan sa church ba, contact. Kay faith-
based man mi diri, bible ug libro.
I pero para nimo sir,dako ahh kanang ahh maka ingon ka nga dako pud ni ug tabang sa
imung pag reintegrate balik sa society?
P dako oy, kay ngano? sa una ako kuan ra man ko rota kay balay, sugalan, pusher, ana
ra jud ba imananan, ug diba kung maka suyop ko di na gae ko mo tingog kanang di
nako makigsturya… ingana but pag kuan nko diri kana na naghinay hinay nako ug
sturya at least ma connect ba samot na diri nga itrainingon jud ka ug sturya sa
atubangan after 2months ikaw mu song lead. Ang uban ana mag struggle kay wala
lagee anad ug sturya. Sa atubangan ma uwaw pa. Ana so, ang uban ana mag kuan.
Mu uli sa una mu uli. Sa akong side is gamit siya nganu kay labi na ako akrun nag
serve ko diri, mu tudlo naa man jud ko sa gawas kay magsturya ana pero dili naka
mahadlok ba kay ang adik hadlok man mi makig sturya ug uban gawas lang guro sa
katong uban nga hapit maglisod ug utok. Kanang mangigilad ba. Kanang mu duol ra
para mangilad. Pero usually sa amoa is more of kana bitaw, unsa na oi, intrinsic nga
maikog, mauwawon, ana ba. So naka train nasad ko para pag magsturya ug lain,
makipag fellowship required man sad ni sa amoa.
I balik ta atong imong routine sir katong balay, sugal, ikaw ra ato or like imoha ng
decision or na influence ka sa imung peers or unsa ba?
P actually murag both na siya. Kay pirmiro akong mga ig-agaw nag later on ko nagka
gabi ko ako na usa kanang huot na kog unsa na, musuyop ba ako rang usa ba, ana ba.
Kanang wala na lage kay kuan, okay ra nga wa mo diha kay basta ako lingaw ko diri
ana… ing-ana
I paggawas nimo sir, kumusta man to sila? Ilang reaction? Katong mga kuyog nimo
mga ig-agaw nimo?
P aw pirmiro sige sila ug panghagad, niya balibad lang jud ko ana niya bugal-bugal
ginagmay pero di sila jud katanto ug bugal-bugal kay kabalo sila sa ako ka agi. But
later on nakuan jud ko nila nga dina jud ko. Aw wala nay hagad ron…
I Hmmm…
P lingaw ana, wala na... For the sake of kuan. Kahibaw na ka anang pinoy bisag di gud
ka mu kuan. Ana ana.. ana lang gud bahala na jud..
I Hmmm…
P akong mga ig-agaw usahay ana.. kabalo sila din a jud ko di sila mag hisgot ug ing-
ana kung naa ko sa atubangan.
I so katong after ka na detain, sir, kay kanang naka kita ka ug trabaho ato sir, naa ba
kay trabaho after ato ?
P wa man jud koy hilig ug trabaho basta adik-adik, di man jud ka hilig mag trabaho,
kanang gusto man jud ka ug easy kwarta. Pero mangalas man ko ug hantakan sad ato
I ahhh.. hantakan imo source of income ato?
P oo, mangalas…
I pila man imo makuha sa hantakan sir?
P depende ug pila di napud nimo ma-ihap kay imo kita kay imo ra sad iinom…
I Hmmmm…
P suyop ana…
I so basically sir like ang imong income ato is for the sake of maka inom ka, maka
sugal ka, mga bisyo nimo sir {maka sustain sa imung bisyo? }, didto tanan imo
kuan..?
P ana ra gyud…
I So mao na imung lifestyle like before pa jud ka ma priso? Like mao na to imohang…
P Oo mao na ang prior to priso pero before ko addiction nindot kay ako kinabuhi,
CNU man ko nag skwela.
I Ahhh … unsay course sir?
P Anang elementary to highschool
I Hmm…
P Pag 2nd year nag sugod nako ug bisyo-bisyo. Namaligya ko dira ug mariwana sa una,
second year.
I Highschool?
P oo… Pag third year wa na. ang halin sa mariwana ako na ipalit ug shabu. Mao to
didto na upside down akong kalibutan. Mao ra jud to. Sports ana, different sports,
pagka addiction jud wag tang tanan, papas
I ahh, so into sports diay ka sa una, sir?
P Oo…
I pero kato sir, wala na ka katiwas sa imung pag skwela sir ?
P Hinay2x, tiwas jud mga pito guro ko ka tuig sa highschool, walo? After ato diri nako
ari ko nakatiwas ug highschool pag graduate nako diri pag 2008. 2009 na ko naka
skwela ug college. Ah mana..
I unsay course nimo sa college, sir?

P AB Biology
I Ahhh
P Wan a, akong mga classmates nindot na kayo ug balay, dako na kayo, naay mga kuan
ba, naa nay trabaho, naay mga anak, pero ako uwahi pero okay ra kay mu apas man
ko..
P pero karun di na kay ko ganahan makig-ipon sa mga classmates usahay… ako siyang
saboton daan… unsa mani ato ning klarohon ahh. Unsa maning pag kuan karon?
Inom ra ni kay… reunion unya beer man gihapon kasagaran kuan, ako na lang pili-
on ang katong apil ko katong mga kaon-kaon ra ba. Pero di man jud na sila kalikayan
sila mu inom. At least ginagmay ra bitaw.
P occasional…
P kanang manghagad sila unya ra siguro ko oy, ako ra tan-awon oy. Ako sa, dagahn
kayo mangapil mga bulabog ayy. Di nako…
I Pero karun sir unsa man imong pangandoy para sa imung kinabuhi, sir
P karung uma-abot mu skwela ug masteral inig ka june, niya na akoy target three years
time magminyo ana, pero padayun ghpon ang ka-ugmaon…
I naa na diay kay fiancé , sir?
P pangitaonon pa.
I wa pa diay kay uyab, sir? HAHA
P pangitaonon pa.
P Mao na imong itubag pirmi HAHAHA, 3 years time nindot nga naa siyay time span;
nindot ng tubag pirmi pangita-onon pa HAHAHA
P para at least padung na three years ma pressure na ka, di kay kumpiyansa kay ka,
kana bitaw mga batan-on hayahay kay sa tanan, murag wa kay problema…
I Unya kuan sir, from a scale of 1 to 10, daghan man kay kag, daghanman kayo naka
help nimo sir no? especially kaning house of hope. Kuan sir from a scale of, irank
daw sir, kung unsay mas naka tabang, pinaka naka tabang nimo from house of hope,
family, imohang self, friends, unsa man ang number 1 sir? Nga nakatabang gyud ?
P una family…
I family jud?
P kay katong gi pangita ko sa pulis ana.. kay pwede ta ko nila Pasagdan niya akong
manghud nga babae kay wa jud ko pagawasa sa kwarto. Kay kabalo siya mu gawas
ko ug kwarto din a jud ko mabalik. Gi pang taguan akong mga kuan, mga panabla
nga kutsilyo ana… so ika duha kaning house of hope kay murag refuge namo ba. Ika
tulo kaning skwelahan. So far mao ra man. (nag yaw-yaw) ug kuan sad ako friends,
christian friends mga bag-o. Karun jud nag bag-o nako ug mga amigo pero ako pa gi
kuan ako migo before. Pero wa man jud sila. Naninguha ko. Mag bible study mi sa
ilaha ana. Niya mas pili-on pa man nila ang
I Tagay?
P naay mag pa score ana. Asa man ka? Niya mulakaw ba. Apas ko ana pero wa na sa
ilang balay ana. Pasagdan lang sa nako. Pero sige gihapon ko ug kuan. Unsa man di
pa mo mu surrender? Mag pa rehab ta ana. Kay di man jud ko mu tabang kung di jud
ka mag pa rehab.
I ikaw ra pud ni decide sir nga mag ari ka diri sir?
P decide nga napugos, pero mao gipangita man ko sa pulis nga wanted tungod anang
tulis-tulis kana laging mga bisyo nimo ba, wan a kay kuan, sige na ka ug, tuo bitaw
ka nga di bitaw ni imong kwarta ana ganahan nimo ana. Mapugos ka ug buhat ug di
nimo ganahan… Mao to…
I niya pero, kanang kuan sir, sa kadaghan sa imong bisyo, ug mga gi pangbuhat nimo
before. Na kaya ra to nimo sir nga imo tong biyaan para mag pa rehab ka sir? Unya
unsa man ang rason ngano behind it sir ba, sa ka grabe sa imong lifestyle before
nga…
P tungod ra jud na sa sya sa Ginoo, kay akong tan-awon akong kaugalingon di jud ko
ganahan mag usab, nindot man na ang bisyo, pero diri gi tudlo-an man mi ug bibliya
ni ingun jud ko sa kanang kabag-ohan di jud na mag gikan sa atoa pero sa grasya sa
ginoo. Ingon sa John 8:32 “ if the Son sets you free, you shall be free indeed. “ Ika
tulo, Ika duha na gud ko na rehab. At the third ato. Naka pangutana ko sa ako ka
ugalingon, bitaw no, ngano sige man ko ug balik pa. gi luwas namn ko sa kuan, mao
to gi surrender nako akong kinabuhi na. nakig sabot sad ko nila, nga din a mubalik sa
daan nga kinabuhi, pero wa sad pasabot nga una nakong gawas diri, wa ko nag
struggle, struggle oy. Palahubog kay ko sa tanan. Kanang redwine. I-chiser ran a
namo sa 5years, so birthday sa akong lolo… gawas ko, birthday nay redwine, aahh
tulo gud ako laway, tan-aw ko ba pag yabo, ako gi buhat ahhh dagan ko, lakaw, sa
kwarto ampo. Kahinumdom ko murag ga hilak man guro ko ato. Mao lage sa kuan,
sa imong binuhatan, niya bati kay ba. Di ka ganahan mo balik, niya ikaw ganahan
man ka, mao to na ngayo ko ug tabang sa ginoo, tungod ra jud na sa iyang grasya,
ing-ani ko ron, pila na ka years, it think 7 years plus, wa na gae ko nag ihap. Mga pila
na ko ka tuig nag-bago kay kasagaran mag ihap man ka, 1 year. Wala na kay lifetime
naman imo plano. (Murmurs)
I Ikaw as kuan sir, as ex-offender sir, unsa man imong ma ingun nga iimprove dapat sa
prisohan para makatabng sa mga pareha nimo sir ba nga ex-offender, kung unsaon
nila pag reintegrate successfully into the society?
P (Murmurs) para nako is naa bitaw silay, padung na sila mahuman, ibalhin sila ug lain
lugar, center na didto bitaw mag kuan, naa didto ang mga program, kumpleto nga
aspect ana spiritual, sa physical labi ng kung naay magpa-abot nga trabaho pero dili
didto nga lugara para at least ibalhin sila ug laing mga lugar nga ana ba. Didto mag
sugod ang kuan, mga intervention ana ana, pero labaw sa tanan kay kanang physical,
aw spiritual. Duha kanang trabaho nila at least ma responsible sila ka yang uban ana
nila kasagaran ka ron nadakpan dru.. drug related man jud, mamaligya ing-ana,
makapangutana ta, ngano wa mani ga baligya man sila kay wa mai trabaho. Unya
naay easy money so…
I So dapat sir, naa jud interventions ug matabang ug pangita ka ug trabaho ?
P Oo kana sad jud, ibutang sila ba, kay maka support sa ilang kaugalingon, uli ka sa
balay, niya ikaw amahan, bugoy, naka agi naka ug baligya ug shabu, sayun ra nga
kwarta, nadakpan ka, ika-gawas nimo ayay, hilak bata way kuan..
I way gatas
P oo, unya unsa man imong kuan ana… at least naa sad kay ma kuan bitaw, sumpay
sad ni siya sa kuan, sa spiritual kay part sad ang ma discipline ba,ana bag-ong
kinabuhi ana,kay kung way katagbawan ang kalag… imo ng taga-an ug trabaho mu
undang mana kay kuwang ra ana at least kontento siya sa kaugalingon.(murmuring)
P Ultimately akong pag-tanaw ana is ila ra ng choice sad oy. actually ila ra ng
desisyon, kung magminaldito siya ing ana…
I naa pa kay pangutana? Naa pa kay pangutana? (PJ) Wala na (Godivy) so, I think mao
na to siya sir, so… salamat kay sa sa kuan sir ha… sa sa time for answering the
questions kay umm knowing pud ba nga at least naa miy insight gikan sa imoha nga
ikaw pud naka agi ka and then ikaw pud murag ahh living testimony ba of how you
really reintegrated back to the society. And we hope sir nga kanang as days go by kay
murag makita gyud namo ang progress pud and at the same time ang kaning among
research kay mu flourish pud sila ug help out ug other…
P Kung gusto jud ka naa koi migo diha sa amoa, tiguwang na gud na balik-balik na sa
priso, karun pag gawas niya ug balik namaligya na siya ug shabu.
(Everyone Laughs)
P Sa kamputhaw man ang amoa…
I Bali sa among study gyud sir,,okay unta na sir kay sigeg balik2x kay apil man jud na
siya aspect jud na siya sa among study ba. Recidivism man tawag ana sir, iyang
recidivism rate ba. (kanang balik-balik (PJ) ), kanang bisag ni gawas na siya niya ni
balik gihapon. Apil jud siya sa among study unta. Pero ang particular sample namo
nga participants kay kuan.. ang nakatarung na sa ilang kinabuhi, wala na nag
binugoy, (Naka-establish na gyud), naka-establish na gyud ug tarung pero aside
skay… kasagaran studies man gud sir kay ni point ngano ni in-out, unsay nakapa
unsuccessful sa ilang reintegration niya mao to, kami among gi try ug find out kay
unsay naka successful sa ilang reintegration. (ang future implications sa among study
sir kay is to really help out jud individuals to grow) To provide sad siguro ug suggest
sa mga gobyerno gani nga awareness sad sir ba…
P Bitaw no, kasagaran.. Naa toi ni kuan sa una buhi-an
I Oo kana sir
P hala buhi-I ko, ang mga piniriso di na ganahan mu gawas… na mai nagpa abot…
katong na uso pa ang salvage ba… karun ana na…
I pero naka think ko sir ba, kung ang culture sa kalunasan kay lahi gyud sa CPDRC,
nakita bitaw gyud namo sir, kay sa CPDRC pinangga kay sila didto, kanang atiman
kay ba, sa kalunasan kay katong imong gi pang-ingon.. na shock ko ba naa jud toi
presence gihapon sa drugs so… ilang culture didto kay lahi jud diay… di sila ganahn
mu gawas kay naay gahulat nila nga mu patay, naa pud na didto ilang gusto.. oo..
P Naa pud didtoy suspect didto (murmurs)
I ang sa cpdrc sir kay di sila ganahan mu gawas kay pinangga naman kay sila…
P actually sa kalunasan kay (unsa na? main entrance? Ba na?) main edition, ang pulis
diri ra kutob, so open ra tanan, on time sulod mo tanan, aning oras ba, pag abot
ninyo, all for all didto… ingana ang mga tao didto…
I pero ka experience sad ka sir kung unsa ka huot ang priosohan karun
P oo… actually.. kung naa koy mga amigo ma priso dili ko pirmi mag sge ug bisita,
diri sa mandaue na ka ara namo ara? Luyo sa LTO? Mandaue city jail… Huot kay sa
tanan, double deck ang ilang brigada tapad na silang tanan…
I mga drug-related kasagaran sir?
P kasagran uban ana... kasagaran dili man siguro timpi musud jud sa prisohan, labi na
sa mga bayot kay… kato didto sa manduae amo kasturya kay kato jud assistant
commander, napay bayaw sa akong amigo ana, naay kasturya, huot oy, (Murmurs)
daghan kay ug bayot..
I daghan bayot sir?
P bayot ilogan, bayot, sa one to one ang mga bayot, reyna-reyna…
I so tinood na sir nga manghilabtan jud ang mga, maghilabtanay jud mo didto?
P dili oy…
I dili? Ang mga bayot hilabtan sir?
P dili kay naay tag-iya ang mga bayot.. naa nay mga uyab-uyab ug bana-bana, kasal-
kasal na sila didto..
I Ahhh nay tag-iya. HAHAHA
P Oo uyab-uyab, kasal kasal jud na sila didto, di ka pataka ug kaon didto ug bayot,
kung naay kuan bayot pero bayad ka…
(murmurs) everyone
P sample ako, first time ko adto, na priso ba, wakoi patik, depende sa ako kaso, tungod
sa ako kaso, na murder, di ko hilabtan.. niya kinahanglan sad ko mag pa patik ug PC
45 para ana… pero kung dili sad kuan ba kuan ra required ko mu bayad, 500 ang
buwan para di ko mahilabtan didto…
I hmmmm…
P required ka… pero kanang rape ug uban…
I unsaon mana sila didto sir?
P bun-ogon… depende ra na nila… naay bagang goma…
I ngano ing-ana mana sir, depende sa imong kaso? Ang trato nila didto?
P O okay naa man sad silay balaod sad nga ila… prison rules…
I bitaw, katong gihatag sa atoa ba…
P usa pud nilang ka kuan sad, mangawat sad kag ahat, grabe ilang kaso didto, wa jud
nay hilabtanay, masakpan man ka nga mangawat didto kay imong kwarta butangan
man nila ug kanang (Sero-sero-sero serial number) gikopya na didto, diba
kumpiyansa man ta ilang ng kopyanhan ang serial number? ako ng kwarta, ngano
man? Dira naay serial number ayy.. sakpan ka nga mangawat ayy patakalan ka..
depende ra nasa imong kaso, ang luoy rape,
I Bun-ogon jud?
P bul-ogon jud… lag mit.. naa siyay parenti didto.. priso parenti… patay sad ka…
I nganung.. unsay rason nganu bun-ogon sir? kuan, tungod sa ilang gibuhat or tungod
kay ganahan lang sila…
P Dili, naa jud something nga kung nag rape ka patay jud ka didto…
P hmmm patay jud ka didto…
P siguro bawsan sad ka ug rape…
I bali na ing-ana jud ang nahitabo, naa man salida ana sir, bali na issue siya ba kay
kuan sad siya, na set-up siya nga rape kuno, pag sulod jud niya kay buan-buang jud
siya, kanang miracle in cell no. 7 ba…
I miracle in cell #7?
P diba kuan man to siya…
P ipa salida man to namo diri…
P gi bun-og man to siya ato sa prisohan, gi bun-og diay to siya? oo, pagsulod niya,
pagkahibaw sa kaso
P lain lain manang culture sa kada prisohan sa “Kalunansan” as long as dili ka

manghilabot ug kuan lang jud ka… required lang ka mu bayad ug 500 basta wa kay
patak nga PC 45… dili ka mnaghilabot ug pa kuan kuan lang ka… luoy lage ang
rasyon pagkaon… gamay kaayo, pero uso sad ang bagay didto. Ang karton nila didto
ana ra oh… sa ubos pa jud na... ilang pagkaon ginamos ra… (Murmurs) unya??...
I mao ra to sir wa namiy pangutana… ikaw sir naa kay ganahan i-add?
P Mao ra to, mu lakaw man gud ko, bisita lage sa akong uncle…
I Sge sir, salamat sir
P salamat sad ninyo.
Appendix F
List of Tables
Table 1
Respondents Gender Type of Offense Time Served

PAX 1 Male Non-heinous 4 days (recidivist)
PAX 2 Female Non-heinous 2 years
PAX 3 Male Non-heinous 2 weeks
PAX 4 Male Non-heinous 3 ½ years
Table 2

Willpower and Choice 50% (2)
Self-sustaining attitude 75% (3)
Good interpersonal skills 25% (1)
Accountability for Actions 25% (1)
Table 3

Family
Acceptance without reservations 100% (4)
Endless positive support 100% (4)
Table 4

Peers
Positive peer support 75% (3)
Good peer influence 50% (2)
Good community influence 50% (2)
Table 5

Spirituality
Self-actualization 50% (2)
Commitment to faith 75% (3)
Table 6

Politics
Bribery 25% (1)
Politicking 75% (3)
Family ties / situation 25% (1)

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Reintegration and Recidivism i

Reintegration and Recidivism:

A Phenomenological Study On Those Who Made It Through The Bars

Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences

University of San Carlos

Cebu City, Philippines

Of the Requirements for the Degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN PSYCHOLOGY

March 16, 2016

alternative approaches for successful reintegration and lessening recidivism rates.

V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 66

legal sanctions and eventually imprisonment in correctional facilities.

(Carlson & Garrett, 2008).

2001). More specifically, recidivism is being reflected as a persistent correlate of reintegration

(Shinkfield & Graffam, 2009). Reintegration refers to whenever an institutionalized individual is

successful reintegration and thereby lead to low recidivism.

beings, and more importantly, become reintegrated with society.

Reintegration is a general term that refers to whenever an institutionalized individual or

want or isolating them from society.

incarcerated individual (Rujjavanet, 2013).

ex-prisoners (Shinkfield & Graffam, 2009). Moreover, promoting successful reintegration is an

Factors affecting Reintegration and Recidivism

are factors affecting an individual’s pathway to reintegration. As mentioned previously, state

differences, family, peers, employment and spirituality.

The Ex-Offender (Individual Differences)

associated with the psychoanalytic concept of defensiveness or defense mechanism, manifest

their imprisonment (Crawley & Sparks, 2006).

reintegration can be improved.

encourage an individual’s increased motivation to reintegrate with society. However, these

networks, either families or peers.

re-enters society is considered as social support (Denney et al., 2014).

understanding the re-entry process of ex-offenders (Naser & Visher, 2006).

(Sampson & Laub, 1993).

1999). Due to this, successful reintegration may be hindered.

(Denney et al., 2014).

cope with the stressful re-entry process (Glaser, 1964).

& Yahner, 2008).

and clubs, and drug use) (Warr, 1998).

successful reintegration (Travis, 2005).

is a persistent correlate of successful reintegration (Berg & Huebner, 2011).

Peer relationships can hinder successful reintegration in several ways. In particular,

affect their efforts in that direction.

Moreover, consistent with the importance of peer support to successful reintegration,

display hostility while reintegrating back into society.

It should become increasingly obvious to those who assist in establishing productive,

achievement for the rest of an ex-offender’s life.

Parker, 2011; Culliford, 2002).

Although spirituality is an essential factor in the reintegration of an ex-offender, it can

an individual is a significant factor that could successfully eliminate maladaptive human

(Walton, 2007). In fact, transforming negative to positive behavior is measurable through

understanding the conflict arising in an individual’s spirituality and in an individual’s

maladaptive identity (Chase, 2012). Faith-based organizations and communities oftentimes

entry to the society (Swanson, 2009; Slattery & Park, 2011).

In support to the role of spirituality in the ex-offender’s successful reintegration, Travis

acts are a result of an individual’s disconnection in to the society. Attachment, commitment,

to an individual’s interpersonal relationships. It is a factor that fears the individual to be

individual is tied to appointments in conventional activities, so the opportunity to do an immoral

individual attachment, commitment, and involvement for a successful reintegration (Hirschi,

and Wright, 2001).

reintegration to the society (Slattery & Park, 2011).

State Policies for Employment

As mentioned previously, most prisons do very little to facilitate a smooth reintegration